federal national mortgage association

EMERGENCY AGENCIES 75

Title VI was created by an amendment to the National Housing Actsigned by the President on March 28, 1941. Its scope was expandedby the amendments of May 26, 1942, so that in addition to providingfor the insurance of mortgages on one- to four-family dwellings forsale or rent, with occupancy priority to war workers, it also providedfor the insurance. of mortgages not exceeding $5,000,000 on rentalhousing for war workers. The final war housing insurance authoriza-tion was $1,800,000,000; receipt of applications under the Title VI WarHousing Program was terminated in September 1945.

Title VI was revived in May 1946 by the Veterans EmergencyHousing Act with substantially the same provisions and an additional$2,000,000,000 authorization. The mortgages are protected by theWar Housing Insurance Fund.

The Federal National Mortgage Association, organized by the Re-construction Finance Corporation on February 10, 1938, under theNational Housing Act as amended February 3, 1938, provides a readymarket for insured mortgages.

O1IGANIZATION.-The work of the Federal Housing Administrationis directed by the Commissioner. The general administrative staffincludes the General Counsel, five Assistant Commissioners, theComptroller, and f our Zone Commissioners.

The principal divisions of the Administration, the general natureof each of which is indicated by its name, are as follows: FieldOperations, Legal, Underwriting, Title I, Administrative Services,Rental Housing and Property Management, Finance and Industry,Research and Statistics, and Comptroller.

INSURING OR SERVICE OFFICES-FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION

State Address

ALABAMA—------------------- 2225 Third Avenue N., Birmingham 3.ALASKA-----------P----------- Federal Building, Juneau.ARIZONA --- ------------- 140 S. Central Avenue, Phoenix.ARKANSAS.- -- -- Old Post Office Building, Little Rock.CALiFORNIA ------------- -- Rives-Strong Building, Los Angeles 16.

315 Montgomery Street, San Francisco 4.Broadway Building, San Diego.

COLORADOO----- -------- 2106 N. Broadway, Denver 2.CONNECTICUT ---- ------- 125 Trumbull Street, Hartford 3.DELAWARE ---------- Industrial Trust Building, Wilmington.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA----—-—- 734 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington 25, D. 0.FLORIDA-------------- -- Greenleaf Building, Jacksonville 2.

Coral Gables City Hall, Miami 34.Fonte Building, 1529 Grand Central Avenue, Tampa.

GEORGIA ----------------- 101 Marietga Street Building, Atlanta 3.HAWAII ------ .--.--- Federal Building, Honolulu.IDAHO—-- — ------ —- 805 Idaho Street, Boise.ILLINOIS——----—--———--- Merchandise Mart, Chicago 54.

605 Illinois Building, Springfield.INDIANA—--- ------------- Guaranty Building, Indianapolis 9.IOWA---------—----— Insurance Exchange Building, Des Moines 9.KANSAS - ------ National Bank Building, Topeka.KENTUCKY—-1——————— 505 Post Office Bilding, Louisville 2.LOUISIANA-—————---—--- Richards Building, New Orleans 12.

MAINE- --- ------ —---- Exchange Building, Bangor.MARYLAND—-.—.—————-- Fidelity Building, Baltimore 1.MASSACHUSETTS -- -- - —- 40 Broad Street Building, Boston 9.

Security Building, 44 Vernon Street, Springfield.

7384860—47—6

76 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

INSURING OR SERVICE OFFICES-FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION-Continued

State Address

MICHIGAN ------ ---------- Penobscot Building, Detroit 26.516-518 Grand Rapids National Bank Building, Grand Rapids

MINNESOTA .-------------------- New Post Office, Minneapolis 1.MississiPPI.----—---------------- Lamar Life Building, Jackson Ill.MiSSouRI .-.--.--------------- 315 N. Seventh Street, St. Louis 1.

Land Bank Building, Kansas City 6.lMONTANA - .---------------- Federal Building, Helena.NEBRASKA ---------------------- Woodmen of the World Building, Omaha 2.NEVADA----. ----------------. Lunsford Building, Reno.NEW HAMPSHIRE ------ —-—-—- O 70 Market Street, Manchester.NEW JERSEY -- .------ ----.---- Raymond-Commerce Building, Newark 2.

Post Office Building, Camden.NEW MEXICO --—--------——----- 401 N. Second Street, Albuquerque.NEW YOREK .------- 90 Church Street, New York City 16.

The City & County Savings Bank Building, Albany 7.Main Post Office Building, Buffalo 3.

NORTH CAROLINA - ... Guilford Building, Greensboro.NORTH DAKOTA -------------— — 510 First National Bank Building, Fargo.OHIO- --...... .................... New Post Office Building, Cleveland 13.

Old Post Office Building, Columbus 15.15 Old Customhouse, Toledo.35 E. Seventh Street, Cincinnati.

OKLAHOMA -228 NW. Second Street, Oklahoma City 2.Richard Building, 106 E. Third Street, Tulsa.

OREGON __-----------------____ Platt Building, Portland 5.PENNSYLVANIA_—- - .--- --- Public Ledger Building, Philadelphia 6.

Henry W. Oliver Building, Pittsburgh 22.PUERTO RIco —-- - P. 0. Box 3592, San Juan 17.

RHODE ISLAND -———— 58 Weybosset Street, Provdence 3.SOUTH CAROLINA -- — - Federal Land Bank Building, Columbia 29.SOUTH DAKOTA --New City Hall, Sioux Falls.

TENNESSEE-—.— - -- - Federal Building, Memphis 1.TEXAS------- -------- Cotton Exchange Building, Dallas 1.

Electric Building, Fort Worth 2.Busk Building, Houston 2.Alamo National Bank Building, San Antonio B.

UTAH-—————————— Dooly Building, Salt Lake City 1.VERMONT-F——————— Parkhill Building, Burlington.

VIRGINIA ----------- Parcel Post Building, Fifth and Main Streets, Richmond.WASHINGTON.- — Dexter-Horton Building, Seattle 4.

812 Columbia Building, Spokane.WEST VIRBGINA- -- -- Chamber of Commerce Building, Charleston 32.

WISCONSINs------------- Wisconsin Broadway Building, Milwaukee 2.WYOMING ---- —------ - Post Office Building, Cheyenne.

Federal Public Housing Authority

CREATION.-The Federal Public Housing Authority, as one of thethree main constituent units of the National Housing Agency, hasresponsibility for federally administered public housing programs.To it were transferred by Executive Order 9070 of February 24, 1942,the functions, powers, and duties relating to public housing theretoforeperformed by the Federal Works Agency and its constituent units oragencies (United States Housing Authority, Public Buildings Ad-ministration, Division of Defense Housing, Mutual Ownership De-fense Housing Division), the War Department and the Navy Depart-ment (except housing located on military or naval reservations, posts,or bases), and the Farm Security Administration (nonfarm housing).


Under the order, also, the Defense Homes Corporation and its func-tions, powers, and duties are administered by the Commissioner ofthe Federal Public Housing Authority.

EMiiERGENCY HOUSING.-Thle Federal Public Housing Authority isengaged in the management of public war housing during the periodof reconversion^ for occupancy by distressed families of veterans andservicemen, civilian employees of the War and Navy Departmentsand of private industries completing war contracts, and distressed fam-ilies dislocated or displaced as a result of the war or demobilization.The Authority was authorized, under amendments to title V of theLanham Act, to provide temporary dwelling accommodations to Stateand local governmental bodies and educational institutions for dis-tressed veterans and servicemen through the reuse and conversion ofsurplus military buildings, temporary war housing, and other Gov-ernment structures. This housing is subject to terms of the LanhamAct requiring its ultimate disposition for other than housing pur-poses. The Authority is authorized to dispose of federally ownedpermanent war housing as expeditiously as possible and temporarywar housing when it has become surplus to the needs of war anddemobilization.

Low RENET HOUSING AND SLUIM CLEARANCE.-Pursuant to the UnitedStates Housing Act of 1937, as amended, the United States HousingAuthority entered into contracts for financial assistance, in the formof capital loans and annual subsidies, to aid local public housing agen-cies in the development and administration of low rent housing andslum clearance projects. The Federal Public Housing Authority isnow administering these contracts, and is responsible for the reactiva-tion of projects planned before the war but deferred because of mate-rials and labor shortages. Projects originally intended for low renthousing but used for housing war workers are being converted to lowrent status upon a finding that they are no longer needed in warhousing.

The Authority also administers nonfarm housing projects developedby the Farm Security Administration, including three "greenbelt"communities, and some 30 rural or suburban projects which are nowbeing sold to their occupants or other purchasers.

REGIONAL AND AREA OFFICES-FEDERAL PUBLIC HOUSING AUTHORITY

Region Director Headquarters

No. 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- Sumner K. Wiley.---- 24 School Street, Boston 8,chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island. Mass.

No. 2. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, John A. Kervick..---— 270 Broadway, New York 7,Maryland, Delaware. N. Y.

No. 3. Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Min- Orvil R. Olmsted----- 201 N. Wells Street, Chicagonesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska 6, Ill.Missouri.

No. 4. North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, John P. Broome --.- Georgia Savings Bank Build-Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, ing, Atlanta 3, Ga.Virginia.

No. S. Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Marshall W. Amis—.. 725 Texas and Pacific Pas-New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas. senger Building, Ft. Worth

2, Tex.No. 6. California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Hawaii.. Langdon W. Post--.- 760 Market Street, San Fran.

cisco 2, Calif.


REGIONAL AND AREA OFFICES-FEDERAL PUBLIC HOUSING AUTHORITY-Con.

Region Director Headquarters

No. 7. Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Jesse Epstein Skinner Building, Fifth

Wyoming, Alaska. Avenue and Union Street,Seattle 1, Wash.

No. 8. Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio and Charles B. Lawrence, 2073 E. Ninth Street, Cleve-Michigan. Jr. land 15, Ohio.

General Field Office. District of Columbia; in Oliver C. Winston -.. Longfellow Building, Con-

Virginia, Fairfax County, Arlington County, necticut Avenue at M

and the city of Alexandria; in Maryland, Mont- Street NW., Washing-

gomery County, Prince Georges County, and ton 25, D. O.the war housing localities of Cedar Point, IndianHead, and Meadedale; Puerto Rico, the VirginIslands, Cuba, and the Canal Zone, and specialprojects not assigned to the regional offices.

Approved.RAYMOND M. FOLEY

Administrator

National Intelligence Authority2430 E Street NW.

EXecutive 6115

MEMIBERS

Secretary of State -..--.------------------- GEORGE C. MARSHALLSecretary of War-------------------------- ROBERT P. PATTERSONSecretarvy of the Navy --- _------------- JAMES FORRESTALPersonal Representative of the President ---- FLEET ADM. WILLIAM D. LEAHYDirector of Central Intelligence (Non-voting

member)------------—----------------- REAR ADM. RoscoE H. HILLEN-KOETTER

CREATION.-The National Tntelligence Authority was established byPresidential directive of January 22, 1946. The directivedesignatedas members of the Authority the Secretary of State, the Secretary ofWar, the Secretary of the Navy, and one other person to be namedby the President as his personal representative.

The Director of Central Intelligence, who sits as a nonvoting mem-ber of the Authority, is the head of the Central Intelligence Group,which is under the direction and control of the National IntelligenceAuthority. The Director of Central Intelligence is advised by anIntelligence Advisory Board consisting of the heads (or their repre-sentatives) of the principal military and civilian intelligence agenciesof the Government having functions related to national security, asdetermined by the National Intelligence Authority.

PURPOSE.-The National Intelligence Authority was established toplan, develop, and coordinate Federal foreign intelligence activitiesrelated to the national security.

Approved.ROSCOE H. HILLENKOETTER

Director of Central Intelligence


Office of the Housing ExpediterSocial Security Building, Fourth Street and Independence Avenue SW.

REpublic 7500; Information, Branch 71346

OFFICIALSExpediter - ---- - ...-...-.. _.......... FRANK R. CREEDONDeputy Expediter (Office of Operations) ...... WILLIAM E. O'BRIENDeputy Expediter (Office of Production) ....... ROBERT JOHNSONDeputy Expediter (Office of Rent Control)-.... TIGHE E. WOODSAssistant Expediter (Office of Administration)_. JOHN J. MADIGANGeneral Counsel ----- _ ---. ._ ADOLPH H. ZWERNEBDirector of Information... _._- .._ _..______.. JOHN T. O'BRIEN

CREATION.-The position of Housing Expediter was first createdwithin the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion by the Presi-dent on December 12, 1945. By Executive Order 9686, effective Janu-

y 26, 1946, the Office of the Housing Expediter was established as anindependent agency to formulate and carry out a Veterans' EmergencyHousing Program. The Expediter was delegated broad powers overall agencies whose activities were related to housing, including all

powers and functions of the Office of War Mobilization and Recon-version which were necessary or suitable to carry out the housingprogram. The Expediter was later named by the President as Na-tional Housing Administrator and on February 6, 1946, was confirmedin that position.

The Office of the Housing Expediter was established by Congressunder the terms of the Veterans' Emergency Housing Act of 1946enacted on May 22, 1946 (60 Stat. 208; 50 App. U. S. . 1822).

By Executive Order 9820, effective January 11, 1947, the functionsof the Office of the Housing Expediter were segregated from thefunctions of the National Housing Agency.

Executive Order 9836, effective April 1, 1947, transferred to theOffice of the Housing Expediter all housing functions of the CivilianProduction Administration, as well as certain of the personnel en-gaged in the performance of these functions.

Executive Order 9841 of April 23, 1947, transferred to this Office,from the Office of Temporary Controls, all functions with respect torent control, effective May 4, 1947.

LEGISLATION-.The authority of the Housing Expediter is con-ferred by the Veterans' Emergency Housing Act of 1946. The actprovides for veterans' preference in the sale or rental of new homesand authorizes restrictions on the sales prices of new homes andthe exercise of priorities and allocations powers to assist in providingscarce materials for housing under the act. A fund of $400,000,000was authorized for premium payments to stimulate additional pro-duction of scarce materials. Such premiums were to be used withrespect to selected industries, and were to be payable only on addi-tional output over and above the output otherwise attainable. Fifteenmillion dollars of the premium payments fund was authorized forbuilding access roads to standing timber on lands under Federal juris-diction, as a means of increasing the supply of lumber. The act alsoprovides authority for underwriting or guarantee of the market forprefabricated houses and "new type" building materials which havebeen tested and found to be sound.

o0 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

REGIONAL OFFICES-OFFICE OF THE HOUSING EXPEDITER

Region Expediter Address

No. 1. Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, John M. Dobbs .-.. — Exchange Building, 53 State

New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont. Street, Boston, Mass.

No. 2. New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- Louis L. Bennett . - 2 Park Avenue, New York 16,

vania, Maryland (except areas listed under N. Y.

Washington Metropolitan Area Office),Delaware.

No. 3. Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Mis- Charles J. Eoran ------. 201 N. Wells Street, Chicago 6,

souri, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Ill.

Dakota, South Dakota.No. 4. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mis- Clarence N. Walker-..-.-- 302 First Federal Building, 44

sissippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pryor Street NE., Atlanta 3,

Tennessee, Virginia (except areas listed Ga.

under Washington Metropolitan AreaOffice).

No. 5. Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ellis H. Charles --- B--- Room 319, 1114 Commerce

Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. Street, Dallas 2, Tex.

No. 6. Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Preston L. Wright-...- 821 Market Street, San Fran-

and Hawaii. cisco, Calif.

No. 7. Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washing- George W. Coplen -- New World Life Insurance

ton, Wyoming, Alaska. Building, Seattle 4, Wash.

No. 8. Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, West C. Stott Noble -C------ Cuyahoga Abstract Building,

Virginia. 717 E. Superior Avenue,Cleveland, Ohio.

Washington Metropolitan Area. District Markley Shaw. ..------ 762 HOLC Building, 101 Indi-

of Columbia; Calvert, Charles, St. Mary's, ana Avenue NW., Washing-

Prince Georges, and Montgomery counties ton 25, D. 0.

in Maryland; Arlington and Fairfax countiesand the city of Alexandria in Virginia; andother off-continent areas except Hawaii.

Approved.FRANK R. CEEEDON

Expediter

Office of Selective Service Records

National Headquarters, Twenty-first and C Streets NW.

REpublic 5500

OFFICIALS

Director .---------- 7---------_____- .-____ MAJ. GEN. LEWIS B. HERSHEY

Deputy Director .----:-::::: -:-::: ------- BRIG. GEN. CARLTON S. DARGUSCH

Assistant Director -.- -- COL. LEwis F. KOSCH

Adjutant General - - LT. COL. SAMUEL L. DAVIS

Assistant Executive . ...------------------- COL. RAYMOND T. HIGGINS

Assistant Executive -------------- --------- LT. COL. OLIVER H. FOLK

Assistant Executive .---------------------- DR. RAYMOND V. BOWERS

Budget Officer -.---------- ---.----------- LT. COL. ARTHUR R. BOONE

Chief Information Officer .------- ---------- LT. COL. IRVING W. HART

Chief Liaison and Legislative Officer - - COL. Louis H. RENFROW

Chief Medical Officer -... . ...------------- CoL. RICHARD H. EANES

Executive Assistant to the Director --------- COL. CAMPBELL C. JOHNSON

General Counsel .-------- CoL. DANIEL 0. OMER


Division Chiefs:Fiscal and Personnel Group- ----- _-...... COL. RICHARD H. EANES

Appointments and Personnel Division .... RONALD '1. HOLMESFinance and Supply Division _--___ -. COL. CLOYD T. CALDWELLHeadquarters Officer.-------------- - LEWIE CULLEN STEPHENS

Mobilization and Demobilization Group ..._ COL. GEORGE A. IRVINField Division_------------------._.. COL. GEORGE A. IRVINManpower Division___-------..._..... LT. COL. GEORGE T. GARNETTVeterans Personnel Division------..... . LT. COL. REYNOLD J. BOSSIDY

Records and Statistics Group--_-___-- - KENNETH H. MCGILLCommunications and Records Division __ LT. COL. MICHAEL R. LONDONResearch and Statistics DRDivision, DR. JAMES M. SMITH

CREATION- AN&D PTJRPOSE.-The Office of Selective Service Recordswas established by act of March 31, 1947 (Public Law 26, 80th Cong.,ist sess.), to liquidate the Selective Service System, following thetermination of its functions on March 31, 1947, and to preserve andservice the Selective Service records.

ACTIVITIES.-The act authorized the Director to:1. Prescribe the necessary rules and regulations to carry out the

provisions of the act.2. Create and establish Federal record depots in the several States,

the District of Columbia, Territories, and possessions of the UnitedStates, and to maintain such other offices as may be necessary.

3. Utilize the agencies of the Federal Government with the consentof the Theads thereof, and to accept the services of all officers and agentsof the several States, the District of Columbia, Territories, and pos-sessions of the United States and subdivisions thereof.

4. Appoint and fix the compensation of such officers and employeesas may be necessary, with or without regard to the Classification Actof 1923, as amended.

5. Delegate and provide for the delegation of any authority vestedin him under the act to such officers, agents, or persons as he maydesignate or appoint for such purpose or as may be designated orappointed for such purpose pursuant to such rules and regulationsas he may prescribe.

LEwis B. HERSHEYDirector

Price Decontrol BoardSloan Building, 709 Twelfth Street NW.

EXecutive 6400, Branch 2891

MEMBERS

Chairman.--------------------------------------------- Roy L. THOMPSON

DANIEL W. BELL GEORGE H- MEAD

CREATION AND PURPOSE.—The Price Decontrol Board was estab-lished by the Price Control Extension Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 669),approved July 25, 1946, as an independent agency in the executive


branch of the Government. The Board members are appointed bythe President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Boardwas created for the purpose of reviewing appeals from denials bythe Price Administrator or the Secretary of-Agriculture of decontrolpetitions. Its consent is also necessary before maximum prices maybe reestablished upon a commodity from which maximum prices havebeen removed.

The Sugar Control Extension Act of 1947 (Public Law 30, 80thCong., 1st sess.), approved March 31, 1947, extended to October 31,1947, the powers of the Board with respect to sugar.

AcTIVITIES.-The Board reviews appeals from decontrol petitions inaccordance with authority contained in sections IA (e), (g), and (h)of the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, as added by the PriceControl Extension Act of 1946.

Approved.

Chairman

War Contracts Price Adjustment Board

Secretary's Office: Room 3D712, The Pentagon; REpublic 6700, Branch 73636

MEMBERS

Chairman--- ------------------ JOHN R. PALL (U. S. Maritime Com-Jomission Price Adjustment Board)

Vice Chairman____----------------- COL. JOHN S. SENSENBBBNNER (War De-partment Price Adjustment Board)

EDWIN B. BARKER (Navy Price Adjustment Board)RAYMOND EBERLY (Treasury Department Price Adjustment Board)Roy H. HALQUIST (Office of Materials Distribution, Department of Commerce)C. R. LARRABEE (Reconstruction Finance Corporation Price Adjustment Board)

STAFF

General Counsel—------------------ CLARENCE A. McLAUGHLINAssociate Counsel------------------ FRANCIS HOAGUE

Secretary--—--------------------- NATHAN BASS

CREATION AND AUTHORITY.-The War Contracts Price AdjustmentBoard was created by the Renegotiation Act of 1943 (title VII of theRevenue Act of 1943, approved February 25, 1944, sec. 701 (d) (1)58 Stat. 85, 50 App. U. S. C. 1191).

ORGANIZATION.-The Board is composed of representatives of theDepartments of War, Navy, and Treasury, the Reconstruction FinanceCorporation, the Office of Materials Distribution of the Department ofCommerce (formerly the Civilian Production Administration), andthe United States Maritime Commission. Members of the Board areofficers or employees of the department or agency by which they areappointed, and serve without additional compensation for their serv-ices on the Board. Four members of the Board constitute a quorum,and the Board may act by a majority of a quorum.

PURPOSE AND ACTIVITIES.-Under the Renegotiation Act, the Boardhas authority over renegotiations for fiscal years ending after June


30, 1943. The Board establishes principles, policies, and procedureswith reference to such renegotiations, and these principles, policies,and procedures have been embodied in the Renegotiation Regulations,issued by the Board and available to the public through the Superin-tendent of Documents.

Pursuant to subsection (d) (4) of the Renegotiation Act of 1943, theBoard has delegated to the various departments named in the act theauthority to conduct renegotiation proceedings in accordance with theprinciples set forth in the Renegotiation Regulations. The Boardmay, in its discretion, either upon its own motion or at the request of acontractor or subcontractor, review any determination of excessiveprofits made by order by a department under delegated authority.- Approved.

NATHAN BASSSecretary

Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Pentagon

REpublic 6700, Branch 72700

FLEET ADMIRAL 'WV~ILLIAM D. LEAHY (Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chiefof the United States Army and Navy)

FLEET ADMIRAL CHESTER W. NIMITZ (Chief of Naval Operations)GENERAL OF THE ARMY DWIGHT D. EISENHOWERB (Chief of Staff, United States

Army)GENERAL CARL SPAATZ (Commanding General, Army Air Forces)Secretary----------.---------- -....... CAPT. W. G. LALOR (USN)Deputy Secretary---..-.-.-.-.--....... (VACANCY)

Under the direction of the President, the Joint Chiefs of Staff con-sult together on matters of joint concern to the armed forces, advisethe President as to their use, and take appropriate action to implementhis plans and policies as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy.The Joint Chiefs of Staff comprise the United States membership ofthe Combined Chiefs of Staff.

W. G. LALORSecretary, Joint Chiefs of Staff

Permanent Joint Board on Defense-United Statesand Canada

tTJTED STATES SECTION

Boom 6173, New Department of State BuildingTwenty-first Street and Virginia Avenue NW.


Chairman ----------- F_.-------------... FIORELLO H. LAGUARDIAMAJ. GEN. GuY V. HENRY, U. S. A.REAR ADM. J. CARY JONES, U. S. N.COL. CHARLES H. DEERWESTER, U. S. A.CAPT. GEORGE W. ANDERSON, JR., U. S. N.Secretary—- ....... -- ---..- -- --- ANDREW B. FOSTER (Depart-

ment of State)


CANADIAN SECTION

Chairman --- _----- GEN. THE HON. ANDREW G.L. MCNAUGHTON

MAJ. GEN. CHURCHILL MANNAIR VCE MARSHAL W. A. CURTIS, C. B. E., D. S. C. (Royal Canadian Air Force)

Commo. F. L. HOUGHTON (Royal Canadian Navy)COL. J. E. C. PANGMANGROUP CAPT. S. W. COLEMANSecretary ----------------------------- SAUL F. RAE (Department of

External Affairs)

The Permanent Joint Board on Defense was set up by the UnitedStates and Canada in pursuance of a joint announcement of thePresident and Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King, dated August17 1940, at Ogdensburg, N. Y., for the purpose of carrying out studiesrelating to sea, land, and air problems, including personnel andmat6riel, and to consider, in the broad sense, the defense of thenorthern half of the Western Hemisphere.

Approved.ANDREW B. FOSTER

Secretary, United States Section

Combined Chiefs of Staf-United States andGreat Britain

The PentagonREpublic 6700, Branch 72700

UNITED STATES MEMBERS

FLEET ADMIRAL WILLIAM D. LEAHY (Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chiefof the United States Army and Navy)

FLEET ADMIRAL CHESTER W. NIMITZ (Chief of Naval Operations)GENERAL OF THE ARMY DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (Chief of Staff, United States

GENERAL CAEL SPAATZ (Commanding General, Army Air Forces)

Secretary--- —--————— — CAPT. W. G. LALOR (USN)

Deputy Secretary—-----------— - (VACANCY)

GREAT BRITAIN MEMBERS

ADM. SIR HENRY MOOREGEN. SIR WILLIAM MORGANAIR CHIEF MARSHAL SIR GuY GARROD

CREATION.—Establishment of the Combined Chiefs of Staff was

announced by the War Department on February 6, 1942.ACTIVITIES.-The Combined Chiefs of Staff work on matters deriv-

ing from the wartime cooperation of Great Britain and the United

States.Approved. W. G. LALO

United States Secretary, Combined Clhiefs of Staff


Combined Shipping Adjustment Board-United Statesand Great Britain

Department of Commerce BuildingEXecutive 3340, Branch 78

UNITED -STATES MEMBER

VICE ADM. WILLIAM W. SMITH (Chairman, United States Maritime Commission)HUNTINGTON T. MoRsE, Alternate (Assistant to the Commission)

GREAT BRITAIN MEMBERS

F. V. CRoss (British Shipping Attach6 in the United States)In London:

RT. HON. A. BABRNBS (Minister of War Transport)

Creation of the Combined Shipping Adjustment Board was an-nounced by the President of the United States and the Prime Min-ister of Great Britain on January 26, 1942. The wartime functionof the Board was to adjust and concert at Government level in oneharmonious policy the work of the British Ministry of War Transportand the War Shipping Administration.

The Board, while presently inactive, remains in being principallybecause of its affiliation with the Combined Military TransportationCommittee. The membership of the Board now comprises the UnitedStates Maritime Commission and the British Ministry of Transport.

Approved.W. W. SMvrITH

United States Member

Combined Tin CommitteeSocial Security Building, Fourth Street and Independence Avenue SW.


Chairman_--------------------------- A. H. PHILIPSE (Netherlands)Iembers:

Netherlands---------------_-___ A. H. PHILIPSEUnited States --------------------- ERWIN VOGELSANG (Office of Materials

Distribution, Department of Com-merce)

United Kingdom------------------ MURRAY MCDOUGALLFrance--------------------------- R. G. LEHMANNBelgium-------------------------- R. SAVOTEChina- --------------------- P. W. HUANGIndia---------------------------- D. N. KowsHIBCanada-------------------------- H. A. SCOTT

Secretaries--------------------------- MARION WORTHING (United States)C. B. WILSON (United Kingdom)

CREATION AND PunPosE.-The Combined Tin Committee was ini-tially organized as an advisory committee of the Combined Raw Mate-rials Board. Pursuant to the proposals announced by the President


of the United States and the Primers of Great Britain andCanada in a joint statement on December 10, 1945, the member gov-ernments agreed to reconstitute the Committee on an autonomousbasis, after the termination of the Combined Raw Materials Board onDecember 31, 1945. It is the function of the Committee to review theinternational supply and requirements position of tin metal and toagree on allocations to member and non-member countries.

UNITED STATES REPRESENTATiON.-United States representation onthe Committee is coordinated by the Office of Materials Distributionof the Department of Commerce (formerly the Civilian ProductionAdministration), which appoints the United States member and staffofficers. Consultation among the appropriate policy and operatingagencies of the United States Government is effected through a UnitedStates Operating Committee, on which are represented the Depart-ment of State, the Office of Metals Reserve, and the Office of Inter-national Trade and the Office of Materials Distribution of the Depart-ment of Commerce.

Approved.Approved. MARION WORTHING

Secretary

Filipino Rehabilitation Commission


Chairman ..-.------------------ MILLARD E. TYDINGS (United States Senator)

CARL HAYDEN (United States Senator)ARTHUR H. VANDENBERG (United States Senator)C. JASPER BELL (United States Representative)RICHARD J. WELCH (United States Representative)FRFD L. CRAWFORD (United States Representative)LYNN R. EDMINSTER (Vice Chairman. U. S. Tariff Commission)E. D. HESTER (Economic Adviser to the American Ambassador to the Philip-

WAYNE COY (Assistant to Editor, Washington Post, and former Assistant Director,Bureau of the Budget)

FiLiPINO MEMBERS

Vice Chairman----------------- BRIG. GEN. CARLOS P. ROMULO

JAIME HERNANDEZ SENATOR THOMAS CONFESOR

DR. URBANO A. ZAFRA SENATOR THOMAS CABILI

SENATOR CARLOS P. GARCIA MAXIMO KALAW

ASSEMBLYMAN PEDRO LOPEZ MANUEL V. GALLEGO

Secretary - VERNON E. MOORE (Room 113, House OfficeBuilding, Washington 25, D. C.; Telephone,REpubiic 1868, Branch 4505)

CREATION AND PURPOsE.-The Filipino Rehabilitation Commission

was created by act of Congress approved June 29, 1944 (58 Stat. 626;48 U. S. C. 1243), amending the Philippine Independence Act of 1934.The purpose of the Commission is to investigate and formulate recom-mendations on all matters affecting post-war economy, trade, finance,

EMERGENCY AGENCIES 87economic stability, and rehabilitation of the Philippine Islands, in-cluding the matter of damages to public and private property and topersons occasioned by enermy attack and occupation.

Approved.MILLARD E. TYDINGS

Chairman

Philippine War Damage Commission

Calles Arroceros at Quezon Bridge, Manila, Phillipines;Department of the Interior Building, Washington 25, D. C.

REpublic 1868

MEMBERS

Chairman- _------------------__ -...._.._... ..__ -.._.... FRANK A. WARINGJOHN A. O'DONNELL FRANCISCO A. DELGADO

OFFICIALS

Secretary..----------------------................. PHILIPP L. CHARLESExecutive Director.-------------................. R. H. ROWNTREEDirector of Information------------................. JOHN SNURE Jr.Liaison Officer_--------..... .................. GUILLERMO GOMEZDirector, Washington Office.------........---.... VERNON E. MOOREGeneral Counsel-----------.----------__-_---- -.-.. PAUL D. SHRIVER

Chief, Regulations and Law Advisory Division -.... EARL A. STOUPDirector of Administration---------................ . JOHN M. SMITH

Budget Officer-...------------.. ...-............ RICHARD QUILLChief, Management Services Division-. ----- JOHN W. KEEChief, Fiscal Division-.. ----- -----....- LELAND P. DRANEYChief, Personnel Division.--------- .__________ JOHN K. AYERS

Chief Examiner------------------------------------ ERNEST SCHEINAssistant Chief Examiner--------- _______..._ PAUL R. GRIFFINChief, Private Property Claims Division—--...... FRANK A. GOEBELChief, Public Property Claims Division---...... ALLAN T. SYLVESTER

CREATION AND AUTHORITY.-The Philippine War Damage Com-mission was created by act approved April 30, 1946 (60 Stat. 128; 50App. U. S. C. 1751). The act authorizes the Commission to makecompensation for physical loss or destruction of or damage to certainkinds of property, public and private, in the Philippines occurringafter December 7, 1941, and before October 1, 1945, as a result of thewar. The Commission consists of three members appointed by thePresident, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

ACTIVITIES.-War damage in the Philippines is estimated to be inexcess of one billion dollars. The act authorizes the expenditure ofonly about one-half of this amount. It is believed that approximatelyone million claims will be filed with the Commission by individuals,firms, corporations, and the government. Receiving these claims,adjudicating them, and making payment of approved amounts mustbe completed by the Commission not later than April 30, 1951, underthe provisions of the act.

Approved.FRANK A. WARING

Chairman

g8 -UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Joint Brazil-United States Defense Commission


2015 Temporary Building 2, 1901 D Street NW.


Chairman - ---------------- REAR ADM. MARSHALL R. GREER

Chief, U. S. Army Section ------- --- MAJ. GEN. OTTO P. WEYLANDMember, U. S. Army Section-————- COL. GODWIN ORDWAY, Jr.Secretary General-------------------- MAJ. HERMAN V. DIETZE, A. C.LT. COL. W. F. DUNCANCAPT. W. V. O'REGAN, U. S. N.CAPT. GEORGE W. ANDERSON, U. S. N.CAPT. ROBERT B. KADEL, ORD

BRAZILIAN MEMBERS

2009 Temporary Building 2, 1901 D Street NW.

REpublic 6700, Branches 78894 and 78002

Chief - -------------- ADM. JORGE DODSWORTH MARTINSArmy Member------------------ BRIG. GEN. HENRIQUE B. D. T. LOTTAir Member ------------------- AI BRIG. GEN. IVAN CARPENTER FERREIRANavy Member --- ----------- CAPT. HEITOR B. COELHOSub-Secretary----------------- MAJ. FREDERICO MINDtLLO

The Commission, composed of military delegates-Army, Navy,and Air Forces-of the two countries, was established in August 1942by agreement between the United States and Brazil. Meetings areheld in Washington for the purpose of assisting the Joint Brazil-United States Military Commission in Rio de Janeiro in specific mat-ters of training, studies, liaison, and procurement.

Approved. MARSHALL R. GREER

Chairman

Joit Mexican-United States Defense Commission


Chairman and Senior Army Member(Room 2E844, The Pentagon; RE-public 6700, Branch 3607)---------- MAJ. GEN. GuY V. HENRY, U. S. A.

Senior Navy Member (101 Octagon An-nex, 1735 New York Avenue, N. W.;REpublic7500, Branch 72866)------- REAR ADM. J. CARY JONES, U. S. N.

Secretary, U. S. Section (Room 2E844,The Pentagon; REpublic 6700, Branch2520) -- -------------------- COL. CHARLES H. DEERWESTER, G.S.C.

MEXICAN MEMBERS

Mexican Embassy, 2829 Sixteenth Street NW.ADams 6000

LT. GEN. LEOBARDO RuIZ CAMARILLO, ChiefREAR ADM. 1. GARCIA JURADO, Sub-ChiefLT. COL. DAVID CHAGOYA RODRIGUEZ, Secretary


CRIEATION AND ATrH~ORITY.-The Governments of Mexico and theUnited States on January 12, 1942, announced the organization of amixed defense commission. The United States Section of the JointMexican-United States Defense Commission was officially establishedby Executive Order 9080 of February 27, 1942.

PUBPOSE.-The purposes of the Commission are to study problemsrelating to the common defense of the United States and Mexico, toconsider broad plans for the defense of Mexico and adjacent areasof the United States, and to propose to the respective governments thecooperative measures which, in its opinion, should be. adopted.

GuY V. HENRYChairman

Inter-American Defense Board

1735 New York Avenue NW.

REpublic 7500, Branch 72S68

OFFICERS

Chairman,---------------------- LT. GEN. M. B. RIDGWAYCoordinator-----___-_--_-- --_-__ BRIG. GEN. FREDERICK A. IRVINGSecretary General -----------..-- COL. W. R. PIERCE

DELEGATES

Argentina--------------____-- LT. GEN. CARLOS VON DER BECKEBRIG. ARIST6BULO F. RBYESREAR ADM. CARLOS SARAVIACOL. ALFREDO A. BAISICOMMO. FEDERICO F. Ruiz

Bolivia--------..-------------- MAJ. GEN. FELIPE M. RIVERAMAJ. HUMBERTO FEBN.tNDEZ F.

Brazil-------------------------- VICE ADM. OCTAVIO FIGUEIREDO DE ME-DEIROS

AIR BRIG. GEN. IVAN CARPENTER FERREIRABRIG. GEN. HENRIQUE B. D. T. LOTT

Chile-----------..------------- REAR ADMI. HORACIO DE LA FUENTECOL. MILCfADES CONTRERASCOMDR. LuIS RECART S.WING COMDK. FELIX OLMEDO,

Colombia---------------------- GEN. LEOPOLDO PIEDRAHITA E.LT. COMDR. Luis A. BAQUERO HERRERA

Costa Rica--------------------- COL. FERNANDO DR LA GUARDIACOL. BERNARDO DR LA GUARDIA

Cuba-------------------------- LT. COMDR. FELIPE CADENASDominican Republic------------- MAJ. AMADO HERNINDEZ POLANCOEcuador------------------------ GEN. Luis LABREA ALBA

MAJ. EDMUNDO CARVAJALEl Salvador--------------------- COL. ARTURO RIVAS-MENAGuatemala--—------------------ COL. OSCAR MORALES L6PEz

COL. SALVADOR BERCI(NHaiti-------------------------- COL. ROCHE B. LAROCHEHonduras-,-------.---------- MAJ. JUAN DA COSTAMexico------------------------- LT. GEN. LEODARDO C. RUIZ

COL. TEODORO GONZXLEZ BENITEZLT. SAMUEL FERNN.kDEZ VELASCO

Nicaragua---------------------- COL. CAMILO GONZALEZ CERVANTES

90 HUNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Panama..---------------------- MAJ, ABEL QUINTEROParaguay --------------------- CAPT. JUAN C. PiEZ

LT. COL. MANUEL GONZXLEZ RIQUELMEPeru ---- ------------------- REAR ADM. FEDERICO DfAz DULANTO

COL. MIGUEL MONTEZA TAFURCOL. GUILLERMO SUEBO B.

United States ---. —-- - LT. GEN. M. B. RIDGWAYREAR ADM. J. CARY JONESREAR ADM. MARSHALL R. GREEBMAJ GEN. OTTO P. WEYLANDCOL. GODWIN ORDWAY, Jr.

Uruguay- ----------------- BRIG. GEN. HECTOR J. MEDINACOMDR. JUAN CARLOS DEAMBROSIOMAJ. CARLOS MARfA SENCI6N

Venezuela--------------------- COL. JORGE MARCANO

ADVISERS

Argentina ---------------------- COL. BENJAMIN B. GARGIULOLT. COL. JUAN CARLOS LORIO-LT. COL. IGNACIO AVALOSLT. COMDR. RICARDO P. ANZORENA

Bolivia ---- ------- CAPT. HERNAN JUSTINIANO GUITERAS

.Br..azil---.~------ ------ LT. COL. JOSE VICENTE DE FARIA LIMAMAJ. FREDERICO MINDELLOLT. COMDR. MANOEL JOAO DE ARAUJO NETO

LT. JOSE LEITE SOARES, Jr.LT. JOSE DE MAGALHAES FRAGA LoURENgO

Chile --------------------- COMDR. OSCAR FEBBARICAPT. LEOPOLDO TACCHI

Colombia ----------------------- MAJ. GUILLERMO AYERBE C.Ecuador ----------------------- CAPT. REINALDO VAREA

LT. GUSTAVO IZURIETA

El Salvador--------------------- MAJ. MANUEL ALFONSO MARTINEZ

Mexico-----—------------------ MAJ. JosI MENDOZA VALENCIACAPT. VICTOR ESPER6N URBINACAPT. FERNANDO HERNXNDEZ VEGA

Peru------- ---------------- LT. COMDn. CARLOS FRBASUnited States --- —---------- COL. RICHARD Z. CRANE

COL. CHARLES H. DEERWESTERCOL. NILS 0. OHMANCOL. MILAN G. WEBERLT. COL. HARMON LAMPLEY, JR.LT. COL. HOWARD W. CLARK

Uruguay----------------------- SECOND LT. JORGE F. FRAN§OIS ZUNINO

Venezuela---—---------------- LT. RUBAN A. Oslo N.

SECRETARIAT

LT. COL. EMORY S. ADAMS, Jr., GSC COL. GREGORIO MLROUEZ, ORCCAPT. BEATRIZ H. ANDERSON, WAC COL. W. R. PIERCE, GSCMAJ. H. RALSTON BUSHART, ORC MAJ. ADRIEN A. TALBOT, ACCAPT. ROBERT M. CARSWELL, JR., ORC JosE B. VALLARINO

LT. COL. ANDREW F. GORDON, GSC LT. COL. CALIXTO C. VALLE, GSCLT. COL. GEORGE H. HOLLINGSWORTH, GSCAttached to the Secretariat------- LT. COMDE. HARVEY R. NYLUND, USN

CREATION AND ATHOEITY.-The Inter-American Defense Board isa permanently constituted organization composed of military, naval,and aviation technical delegates appointed by each of the governmentsof the 21 American Republics. It was established in accordance with


Resolution XXXIX of the meeting of Foreign Ministers at Rio deJaneiro in January 1942. The Board, which is an autonomous inter-national organization under the auspices of the Pan American Union,meets regularly in the City of Washington.

PuRPosE.-The Board studies and recommends to the governmentsof the American Republics measures necessary for the defense of theWestern Hemisphere.

Approved.W. R. PIERCESecretary General

International Emergency Food Council1735 DeSales Street NW.

EXecutive 7760

ME2MBER NATIONS

Australia Finland PortugalAustria France Republic of the PhilippinesBelgium Greece SiamBrazil Hungary SwedenCanada India .SwitzerlandChile Italy Turkey

China Mexico Union of South AfricaCuba Netheirlands United KingdomCzechoslovakia New Zealand United StatesDenmark NorwayEgypt Poland

OFFICIALS

Chairman.------------------------- L. A. H. PETBES (Netherlands)Vice Chairman.--------------------- J. C. VAN EsscHE (Belgium)Secretary General---...........,., DE. D. A. FITZGERALD

CREATION AND AUTHORITY.-The creation of the InternationalEmergency Food Council was recommended during the Special Meet-ing on Urgent Food Problems convened by the Food and AgricultureOrganization in Washington on May 20, 1946. Immediately follow-ing this meeting, the Combined Food Board invited twenty-one nationsto participate in the organization of the Council. On July 1, 1946,the International Emergency Food Council took over for the postwaremergency period the activities of the war-created Combined FoodBoard.

The Council has no administrative authority. It formulates andrecommends for acceptance of member governments, plans for the in-ternational distribution of foods or related materials which are inrelatively short supply.

A Central Committee of nine country members conducts the affairsof the Council between its sessions.

738488°-47-7


PURPosEs.-The purposes of the Council are to consider and for-mulate plans with regard to any question in respect of which membergovernments may have a common concern relating to the supply anddistribution of foods, agricultural materials from which foods a de-rived, and equipment and non-food materials used for the productionof such foods; and to make recommendations to the member govern-ments in respect to any such question.

ACTIVITIES.-The major activities of the Council are organized alongcommodity lines. Twelve commodity committees periodically reviewthe supply and requirements for commodities under their purview, atthe same time consulting with non-member countries who may haveimport requirements, or who may be in a position to contribute somesupplies to meeting world requirements.

MEMBERSHIP.-Any country which has an important interest in theinternational trade of a commodity is eligible for membership in thecommittee dealing with that commodity. Membership in the Councilis open to any government which is a member of one or morecommodity committees, or has a general interest in the internationaltrade of the commodities within the purview of the Council.

Approved.D. A. FITZGERALD

Secretary General

Department of State*Twenty-first Street and Virginia Avenue NW.

REpublic 5600

OFFICIALS

Secretary of State -. ___.. _-...__.. .. _..._. GEORGE C. MARSHALLSpecial Assistant to the Secretary in charge of

Research and Intelligence -----. WILLIAM A. EDDYSpecial Assistant to the. Secretary for Press

Relations --- -------.. . .... ______ MICHAEL J. MCDERMOTTSpecial Assistant to the Secretary .-____ CHARLES E. BOHLEN

Under Secretary of State .----- _____ DEAN ACHESON'Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs -- VWILLIAM L. CLAYTONCounselor of the Department ----------------.- BENJAMIN V. COHENAssistant Secretary of State -.(for American Re-

public Affairs) -_..________________ SPRUILLE BRADENAssistant Secretary of State (for Public Affairs) --- WILLIAM BENTONAssistant Secretary of State (for Economic Affairs) - WILLARD L. THORPAssistant Secretary of State (for Transport and

Communications Affairs) _---- --------___ GARRISON NORTONAssistant Secretary of State (for Occupied Areas)_ JOHN H. HILLDRING.Assistant Secretary of State (for Administration)_ JOHN E. PEURIFOY

Deputy Assistant Secretary-.... ---------- CHARLES M. HULTENLegal Adviser .-._. . ......._.. ......__________ CHARLES FAHYDirector, Executive Secretariat-.. .,,,-.... CARLISLE H. HUMELSINE

Policy Registry Branch ---- . __ _......._ BROMLEY IK. SMITH, ActingChief Committee Secretariat Branch- _. .___ JAMES Q. REBER ActingProtocol Officer, Protocol Staff -- ___-_____.___ STANLEY WOODWARDChief, Correspondence Review Branch ....- ., BLANCHE R. HALLA

Director, Office of European Affairs -------..... H. FREEMAN MATTHEWSDeputy Director -- _--- .... ,,......--.- -JOHN D. HICKERSONChief, Division of British Commonwealth

Affairs---- ----- ___._,__,._____.,__ EDWARD T. WAILESChief, Division of Eastern European Affairs-..-- LLEWELLYN E. THOMP-

Chief, Division of Central Europe an Affairs----- JAMES W. RIDDLEBERGERChief, Division of Southern European Affairs-- WALWORTH BARBOuR, Act-

ingChief, Division of Northern European Affairs ---- HUGH ,S. CUMMING, Jr.Chief, Division of Western European Affairs -- - SAMUEL REBER

Director, Office of Far Eastern Affairs--,....,. JOHN CARTER VINCENTDeputy Director.-... - --- ..---- JAMES K. PENFIELDChief, Division of Chinese Affairs.-..___--- ARTHUR R. RINGWALTChief, Division of Northeast Asian Affairs.----- HUGH BORTONChief, Division of Southeast Asian Affairs---.- ABBOT Low MOFFATChief, Division of Philippine Affairs.- .. _--- RICHARD .R. ELY, Acting

Director, Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs LOY W. HENDERSONDeputy Director---J- -------------- _.---- HENRY S. VILLARDChief, Division of Near Eastern Affairs.—----- GORDON P. MERRIAMChief, Division of Middle Eastern and Indian

Affairs-------,.,,------------------,,. HAROLD B. MINORChief, Division of African Affairs- CLARE H. TIMBERLAKEDirector. Office of American Republic Affairs--- ELLIS 0. BRIGGS

Deputy Director- ---------------------- ROBERT W. WOODWARDChief, Division of Mexican Affairs------.---- GUY W. RAYChief, Division of Caribbean Affairs--.-- WILLARD F. BARBERChief, Division of Central America and Panama

Affairs-————— __-----_----__------ ROBERT NEWBEGIN

Orgranization chart on page 574.1 To be succeeded by Robert A. Lovett, effective July 1, 1947.

93


Director, Office of American Republic Affairs-Con.C f, Division of Brazilian Affairs ------------. ALLAN DAWSON

C f, Division of River Plate Affairs---------- CECIL B. LYONC f, Division of North and West Coast Affairs-- MILTON K. WELLSC f, Division of Special Inter-American Affairs- JOHN C. DREIER

Director, Office of Special Political Affairs -_ DEAN RUSK

Deputy Director _ - --------------------- ELWOOD N. THOMPSON, Act-ing

Chief, Division of International OrganizationAffairs ---_ - --------------------------- DURWARD V. SANDIFER

Chief, Division of International Security Affairs- JOSEPH E. JOHNSONChief, Division of Dependent Area Affairs------ 0. BENJAMIN GERIG

Director, Office of International Trade Policy ---- CLAIR WILCOXDeputy Director- _-- --- - PAUL H. NITZEChief, Division of Commercial Policy - WINTHROP G. BROWNChief, International Resources Division-------- DONALD D. KENNEDYChief, Petroleum Division -------------------- JOHN A. LOFTUSChief, Division of International Labor, Social,

and Health Affairs ---------------------- THOMAS HOLLAND, ActingDirector, Office of Financial and Development

Policy---------------------------------- NORMAN T. NESS

Chief, Division of Financial Affairs ----------- HAROLD R. SPIEGELChief, Division of Investment and Economic

Development ----------------------------- HUBERT F. HAVLIKChief, Division of Lend-Lease and Surplus War

Property Affairs -------------------------- CLIFFORD C. MATLOCK,Acting

Director, Office of Economic Security Policy ------- EDWIN . MARTIN, Acting

Chief, Division of Economic Security Controls--- WALTER S. SURREYChief, Division of German and Austrian Eco-

nomic Affairs ----------------------- CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGERChief, Division of Japanese and Korean Eco-

nomic Affairs---------------------------- EDWIN M. MARTIN

Commissioner, Office of Foreign Liquidation---— MAJ. GEN. DONALD H. CON-NOLLY

Deputy Commissioner for Operations---------- FRED W. RAMSEY

Monetary Consultant---------------------- CHESTER M. CARREDeputy Commissioner for Policy—----------- HORACE REEDAssistant to the Commissioner---------------- ALDEN W. BOYDSpecial Assistant to the Commissioner-—------- BEN G. CROSBY

Executive Director - -------------------- GEORGE T. ELLIMANAssistant to the Executive Director (Adminis-

tration)------- --------------------- JOHN H. MAHAN

Area Director for Pacific, Persian Gulf, Africa,Middle East, India and Burma—--------- ARVIN P. UPTON

Area Director for Europe------------------ ROBERT C. CREEL

Area Director for Western Hemisphere------- LEo ERCKChief Compliance Officer- TRAVIS E. FLETCHDirector, Administrative Division----------- LT. COL. JAMES H. TROTH

Director Fiscal and Accounting Division ----- RAYMOND J. QUEENIN

Director; General Disposals Division-------- FRANCIS T. MURPHYDirector, Legal Division—----------------- CHARLES H. KENDALLDirector, Maritime Division---------------- CORNELIUS LYNDE

Director, Research and Statistics Division---- GuY E. NoYES

Field Commissioner for Canada and NorthAtlantic Areas ------------------------- CHARLES B. JONES

Field Commissioner for Military Programs---- MAJ. GEN. RALPH H. Woo-TEN

Director, Office of Transport and CommunicationsAffairs --- ------ ------------ WALTER A. RADIUS

Chief, Aviation Division- ----------------- LIVINGSTON T. MERCHANT

Chief, Shipping Division- ------------ JESSH E. SAUGSTADChief, Telecommunications Division---------- FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 95Director, Office of Public Affairs - ......__.._... _ FRANCIS H. RUSSELL

Chief, Division of Public Liaison... _...._- -. MARGARET R. T. CARTER,Acting

Chief, Division of Public Studies _ S. SHEPARD JONES, ActingChief, Division of Historical Policy Research- G. BERNARD NOBLEChief, Division of Publications-............ E. WILDER SPAULDING1

ActingDirector, Office of International Information and

Cultural Affairs --..------------..--------- WILLIAM T. STONEDeputy Director -------------.............. G. STEWART BROWNExecutive Secretary, Program Planning and

Evaluation Board---.------------------- __ VICTOR HUNT, ActingAdviser, UNESCO Relations Staff -------- _---. CHARLES A. THOMSONChairman, Interdepartmental Committee on

Scientific and Cultural Cooperation ----...- WILLIAM BENTONDeputy Chairman ------------------------- HOWLAND H. SARGEANTVice Chairman -----------------------..... ILLIAM T. STONEExecutive Secretary ..----------------- OLCOTT H. DEMING

Chief, International Press and Publications Divi-sion-... ---------------------............ J. NOEL MACY

Chief, International Broadcasting Division---... KENNETH D. FRYChief, International Motion Pictures Division..-- JOHN M. BEGGChief, Division of International Exchange of

Persons---------. .........-........... HERSCHEL BRICKELLChief, Division of Libraries and Institutes --. __- RICHARD H. HBINDELChief, Area Division I (Europe) --............ ERIC BELLQUISTChief, Area Division II (Near East and Africa) __-- JOHN M. STEEVES ActingChief. Area Division III (Far East)----------- ROBERT H. BERKOV, ActingChief, Area Division IV (American Republics) - - FITZHUGH GRANGERChief, Area Division V (Occupied Areas) ...----. HENRY P. LEVERICH

Director General of the Foreign Service ------.-- CHRISTIAN M. RAVNDALDeputy Director General---------------.--- (VACANCY)Director, Office of the Foreign Service ------- HAYWOOD P. MARTIN, ActingChief, Division of Foreign Service Planning----- TYLER THOMPSONChief, Division of Foreign Service Personnel ---- CECIL WAYNH GRAYDirector, Foreign Service Institute------------ WILLIAM P. MADDOXChief, Division of Foreign Reporting Services A. CYRIL CGILLEY, ActingChief, Division of Foreign Service Administra-

ion-------------------------------------- HOWARD DONOVANChief, Division of Foreign Buildings Operations- FREDERICK LARKIN

Director, Office of Departmental Administration—- STANLEY T. OREAR, ActingChief, Division of Management Planning------ JUST LUNNINGChief, Division of Departmental Personnel—- - W. PIERCE MACCOYChief, Division of Central Services---------- WILLIAM D. WEIGHTChief, Division of Communications and Records- WALTER K. SCOTTChief, Division of Cryptography—-C.------- CAPT. LEE W. PARKE

Chief, Division of International Conferences---- WARREN KELCHNERChief, Central Translating Division--------.. GUILLERMO A. SUEO

Director, Office of Budget and Finance---------- J. CARNEY HOWELL ActingChief, Division of Bud-et- - ----------- _ FRANKLIN A. HOLMESChief, Division of Finance-----------------_ Louis F. THOMPSONChief, UNRRA Divisionl--------------—--- EDWARD E. KUNZE, Acting

Director, Office of Controls------------------ HAMILTON ROBINSONChief, Passport Division -- - - - -- RUTH B. SHIPLEYChief, Visa Division----------------------- GEORGE J. HAERINGChief, Special Projects Division--------------- ALBERT E. CLATTENBUBGi

Jr.Chief, Division of Foreign Activity Correlation_ JACK D. NEALChief, Division of Security and Investigations.. THOMAS F. FITCHChief, Munitions Division --------------- _--- ELMER T. CUMMINSDirector, Office of Intelligence Research---------- ALLAN EVANSDeputy Director--------------------------. A. SIDNEY BUFORD 3DChief, Division of Research for American Re-

publics- ------...--.--- ROLAND D. HUSSEY

96 JUNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Director, Office of Intelligence Research-Con.Chief, Division of Research for Europe ------- H. STUART HUGHES, Acting

Chief, Division of Research for Far East------- CHARLES C. STELLEChief, Division of Research for Near East and

Africa --- ------------------------------- Louis E. FRECHTLING,. Act-ing

Chief, Division of International and FunctionalIntelligence----------------------------- WILLIAM T. HAM

Director Office of Intelligence Collection andDissemination - —- —- ——------ GEORGE R. FEARING, Jr.

Deputy Director - -----------_ _ FREDERICX G. KILGOURChief, Acquisition and Distribution Division ---- PHILIP G. STRONGChief, Reference Division -------- —- JOHN H. OTTMILLER, Acting

Chief, Biographic Information Division ------- HENDRIK VAN Oss, Acting

Chief, Map Intelligence Division------------ OTTO E. GUTHEE

CREATION AND AUTHoRTY.-Prior to the adoption of the Constitu-tion the foreign affairs of the United States were conducted succes-sively by the Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775-77), the

Committee of Foreign Affairs (1777-81), and the Department of For-eign Affairs (1781-89). The Department of Foreign Affairs wasreconstituted, following the adoption of the Constitution, by an act

of Congress approved July 27, 1789 (1 Stat. 28).The name of the Department was changed to "Department of State

and its activities extended to include some of a purely domestic natureby an act approved September 15, 1789, "to provide for thesafe-keeping of the Acts, Records, and Seal of the United States, and for

other purposes" (1 Stat. 68; 5 U. S. C. 151). Since 1789 many statutesaffecting the Department have been enacted, but its primary functions

have remained unaltered.PuTRFosE.-The principal responsibility for the determination of the

policy of the Government in relation to international problems de-

volves upon the Department of State. Some of the more vital de-

cisions on questions of foreign affairs are made by the President, but

the day-to-day international negotiations, the specific measures for the

promotion of solidarity with friendly countries, the development of

policies and programs for American participation in the UnitedNations and other international organizations, and the conduct of the

voluminous correspondence with the diplomatic and consular repre-

sentatives of the United States as well as with the representatives of

foreign powers accredited to the United States, are delegated to the

Department of State. Certain domestic duties of the Department

have been transferred from time to time, by legislation, to other

agencies including the Departments of Justice, the Interior, and

Commerce, but the Department of State is still charged with such

duties as the custody of the Great Seal of the United States, thepublication of the Statutes at Large, and the conduct of correspond-ence with the States of the Union on the ratification of proposedamendments to the Constitution and on the "ascertainment" of

presidential electors.ORGANIZATION.-The work of the Department is directed by the

Secretary of State, who is the highest ranking member of the Cabinet.

lHe is at the head not only of the home establishment in Washingtonbut also of the Foreign Service of the United States in lands abroad.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 97

The Directors of the 18 Offices of the Department report to theSecretary and the Under Secretaries, directly or indirectly, as follows:Directly:Office of European AffairsOffice of Far Eastern AffairsOffice of Near Eastern and African AffairsOffice of Special Political AffairsThrough the Assistant Secretary for American Republic Affairs:Office of American Republic Affairs

Through the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs:Office of Public AffairsOffice of International Information and Cultural AffairsThrough the Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs:Office of International Trade PolicyOffice of Financial and Development PolicyOffice of Economic Security PolicyOffice of Foreign LiquidationThrough the Assistant Secretary for Transport and Communications Affairs:Office of Transport and Communications AffairsThrough the Assistant Secretary for Administration:Office of the Foreign ServiceOffice of Departmental AdministrationOffice of Budget and FinanceOffice of ControlsThrough the Spccial Assistant to the Secretary for Research and intelligence:Office of Intelligence ResearchOffice of Intelligence Collection and Dissemination

The Foreign Service of the United States includes ambassadorsand ministers, Foreign Service officers, Foreign Service Reserve officers(specialists in economics, cultural affairs, agriculture, and other fields),Foreign Service Staff officers and employees, and consular agents; allof these are required to be American citizens except consular agentsand certain clerks and employees. Officers in the Foreign Service arelisted in the Department's quarterly Foreign Service List. ForeignService officers are ordinarily assigned as career ministers, counselorsof embassy or legation, attaches, diplomatic secretaries, consuls gen-eral, consuls, or vice consuls. Diplomatic representatives of theUnited States are accredited to the following countries:

Embassies

Argentina Denmark India PolandAustralia Dominican Iran PortugalBelgium Republic Iraq SiamBolivia Ecuador Italy SpainBrazil Egypt Mexico TurkeyCanada El Salvador ^Netherlands Union of SovietC anadalEl Sr a lvado Nicaragua SocialistChile France Norway Republics

Colombia Greece Paraguay VenezuelaCosta Rica Guatemala Peru YugoslaviaCuba Haiti Republic of theCzechoslovakia Honduras Philippines

g98 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Legations

Afghanistan Iceland Luxembourg SwitzerlandAustria Ireland Morocco ' SyriaEstonia' Latvia 1 New Zealand Union of SouthEthiopia Lebanon Saudi Arabia, AfricaFinland Liberia Kingdom ofHungary Lithuania Sweden

American missions have been established at Sofia, Bulgaria, and atBucharest, Rumania. The United States maintains an Office of thePersonal Representative of the President at Vatican City.

The United States maintains the following special offices: Officeof the United States Political Adviser on German Affairs, at Berlin;Office of United States Political Adviser to the Supreme Commanderfor Allied Powers, at Tokyo; and Office of United States PoliticalAdviser to the Commanding General of United States OccupationForces in Korea, at Seoul.

Certain of the above offices are authorized to perform consularduties as well as diplomatic functions. In addition, the United Statesmaintains approximately 250 consular offices in cities throughout theworld.

ACTIVITIES

The principal activities of the Department of State, arranged inaccordance with the organization of the Department into offices anddivisions, are set forth below. The work of the first group, consistingof the Secretary of State and his principal aides, covers the entire fieldof the Department's activities.

THE SECRETARY OF STATE.As head of the Department of State and

principal adviser to the President in the determination and executionof American foreign policy, the Secretary of State is charged with the

responsibility for all the activities of the Department.UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE.-The Under Secretary serves as the

Secretary's deputy in all matters and, in the absence of the Secretary.as Acting Secretary of State.

UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR EcoNoMIc AFrAIRS.-This officer

has over-all responsibility for the policies and actions of the Depart-ment of State in relation to economic affairs and serves as chairman of

the (interdepartmental) Executive Committee on Economic ForeignPolicy. In the absence of the Secretary of State and the UnderSecretary of State, he becomes Acting Secretary.

COUNSELOR.-The Counselor of the Department advises and assiststhe Secretary in the solution of major problems of foreign relations,including the negotiation of treaties with foreign governments. In

the absence of the Secretary and the two Under Secretaries, he becomesActing Secretary of State.

ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF STATE.-One of the Assistant Secretaries

has charge of relations of the United States with the other Americanrepublics. Another Assistant Secretary is responsible for the public

information policy of the Department and for international culturalrelations. A third Assistant Secretary has general jurisdiction inthe field of international economic affairs. A fourth Assistant Secre-tary is responsible for work pertaining to international transport and

i Closed.


communications. A fifth has jurisdiction over occupied-area affairs,and a sixth supervises the work of the Department of State in thefields of Departmental and Foreign Service administration andcontrols.

LEGAL ADvIsER.-The Legal Adviser and his staff are responsiblefor all matters of a legal character concerning the Department and theForeign Service. The Office of the Legal Adviser also includes aLegislative Counsel; Special Assistants for Atomic Energy Mattersand German-Austrian Affairs; Assistant Legal Advisers for PoliticalAffairs, International Organization Affairs, International ClaimsEconomic Affairs, Administration and Foreign Service. MilitaryAffairs and Occupied Areas, Public Affairs, and Special Problems;and an Assistant for Treaty Affairs.

SPECIAL AN-D OTIIER AsSISTATS.-One of the Special Assistants tothe Secretary, with rank equivalent to that of an Assistant Secretary,is in charge of research and intelligence; a second Special Assistantis in charge of the Department's relations with the press. One otherSpecial Assistant aids the Secretary in his immediate office.

EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT.-This Secretariat coordinates the work ofthe offices of the Secretary and Under Secretaries. It also includes aPolicy BR2gistry Branch, a Committee Secretariat Branch, a ProtocolStaff, anda Correspondence Review Branch.

Office of American Republic AffairsThis Office is responsible for the formulation of over-all policies for

the conduct of the relations of the United States with the other Ameri-can republics and for the coordination, as to these countries, of theprograms and activities of other offices and divisions of the Depart-ment and of other Federal agencies. The several Divisions of theOffice of American Republic Affairs are responsible for relations withthe countries and territories named in the ensuing para-raphs.

DIvIsIoN OF MEXICAN AFFAIRS .- Mexco.DIvIsIoN OF CARIBBEAN AFFAIRs.-Cuba. Dominican Republic. Haiti

and (in collaboration with the appropriate divisions in the Office ofEuropean Affairs) European possessions in the area, except BritishHonduras.

DIvISIoN OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND PANAMA AFFAIRs.-Guatemala,El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.

DIVIsION OF BRAZILIAN AFFAIRiS.-Brazil.Division OF RIVES PLATE AFFAIRS.-Argentina, Paraguay, and Uru-

guay.DIVISION OF NORTH AND VEST COAST AFFAIRS.-Bolivia, Chile, Co-

lombia. Ecuadl.or, Peru, and Venezuela.DIVISION OF SPECIAL INTER-AMERICAN. AFFA IRS.-This Division in-

itiates and coordinates policy and action regarding the Inter-AmericanSystem (multilateral relationship among the American republics) andits agencies. organs, and conferences.

Office of European Affairs

The Office of European Affairs is responsible for matters similar tothose described as the responsibility of the Office of American RepublicAffairs, relating to the following countries:


DIVISION OF BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AiFAIRS.-British Common-wealth of Nations, and British territories (jointly with the otherinterested geographic offices and divisions) except India, Burma,Ceylon, and possessions in Africa.

DIVISION OF EASTERN EUROPEAN AFFAIRS.-Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics (jointly with the Division of Northeast Asian Affairs in mat-ters relating to the Soviet Far East) , Poland, and other areas of east-ern Europe.

DIVISION OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN AFFAIRS.-Germany, Austria, and

Czechoslovakia.DIVISION OF SOUTHERN EUROPEAN ArFAIRS.-Aibania, Bulgaria,

Hungary, Italy, Rumania, San Marino, Yugoslavia, and the Vatican.DIVISION OF N ORTHERN EUROPEAN AFFAIRs.-Denmark, Finland, Ice-

land, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, territories of these countries(jointly with the other interested geographic offices and divisions),and the Polar Regions.

DIVISION OF WESTERN EUROPEAN AFFAIRS.-Andorra, Belgium,France, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Portugal, Spain, Swit-zerland, and territories of these countries (jointly with the otherinterested geographic offices and divisions), except possessions inAfrica.

Office of Far Eastern Affairs

The Office of Far Eastern Affairs is respoisible for matters similarto those described as the responsibility of the Office of American Re-public Affairs, relating to the following countries:

DIVISION OF CHINESE AFFAIRs.-China.DIVISION or NORTHEAST ASIAN AFFAIRS.-Japan, Korea, the former

Japanese m-andated islands in the Pacific, Japanese island possessionsnow under the de facto control of the United States, and (in conjunc-

tion with the Division of Eastern European Affairs) the Soviet "Far

Eastern Region,"' including former Japanese possessions now under

Soviet control.DIVISION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN AFFAIRS.-Siam and (jointly with

the Oflice of European Affairs) Indochina, Malaya, British Borneo,

Netherlands Indies, Portuguese Timor, and British and French island

possessions in the Pacific.DIVISION OF PHILIPPINE AFFAIRS.-Republic of the Philippines and

American-controlled islands of the Pacific (except those within the

jurisdiction of the Division of Northeast Asian Affairs).

Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs

The Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs is responsible for

matters, similar to those described as the responsibility of the Office

of American Republic Affairs, relating to the following countries:

DIVISION OF NEAR EASTERN AFFAIRS.-Egypt; Greece, Iraq, Lebanon,

Palestine and Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia and other countries of the

Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Turkey, and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.DIVISION OF MIDDLE EASTERN AND INDIAN AFrAIRS.—Afghanistan,

Burma, Ceylon, Iran, India, and Nepal.


DIVISION OF AFRICAN AFFAIRS.-Ethiopia, Liberia, and all otherparts of Africa (including colonies, protectorates, and mandated ter-ritories) except the Union of South Africa, Algeria, Egypt, and theAnglo-Egyptian Sudan.

Office of Special Political Affairs

This Office is charged with responsibility for the formulation andcoordination of policy and action relating to the special politicalaffairs described below.

DIvIsION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AFFAIRS.-This Divisionis responsible for full utilization by the United States of the UnitedNations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, spe-cialized and regional international organizations, and the interna-tional judiciary.

DivisioN OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS.-This Division isresponsible for matters regarding the Security Council of the UnitedNations, including the security aspects of relations between regionalsystems or arrangements and the United Nations.

DIVISION OF DEPENDENT AREA AFFAIRS.-This Division is responsi-ble for initiating and supporting American policies and actionsaffecting non-self-governing territories.

Office of International Trade Policy

The Office of International Trade Policy is charged with responsi-bility for the initiation, formulation, and coordination of policy andaction by the Department of State for international economic, trade,and commercial affairs.

DivisioN OF COMMERCIAL POLICY.-This Division is responsible forthe formulation and coordination of the international commercialpolicy of the United States; protection and promotion of Americanforeign trade (on the basis of private enterprise) and of Americancommercial and agricultural rights abroad; elimination of interna-tional discriminatory trade practices; and general promotion ofmultilateral world trade.

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES DIVISION.-This Division is responsiblefor the formulation and coordination of policy and action with respectto agricultural and industrial commodities and resources (exceptingpetroleum) of major international economic interest; conservation ofinternational fishery and wildlife resources: and elimination of re-strictive business practices of international combines and cartels.

PETROLEUM DIVIsIoN.-This Division is responsible for the formula-tion and coordination of policy and action in all foreign policy mat-ters pertaining to petroleum and petroleum products.

DIvIsIoN OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR, SOCIAL, AND HEALTI-I AFFAIRS.-This Division is charged with responsibility for the formulation andcoordination of policy and action in matters pertaining to the appli-cation of appropriate principles in our foreign relations pertainingto labor, social, and health matters, and for promoting internationalcooperation in these fields.


Office of Financial and Development Policy

This Office is responsible for the initiation, formulation, and coordi-nation of policy and action by the Department of State for interna-tional financial and economic development affairs.

DIVISION Or FINANCIAL AFFAIRS.-This Division is responsible for

development of financial arrangements and practices to promote (a

international financial equilibrium and interchange of trade; (b)stabilization of exchange rates and liberalization of exchange con-

trols; and (c) rehabilitation of the currencies, and restoration of the

banking, credit, and fiscal systems, of devastated countries.DIVISION OF INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.-This Di-

vision is responsible for matters pertaining to restoration and de-

velopment of mutually beneficial public and private investment abroad

as a basis for expanding multilateral trade; promotion of the economicdevelopment of foreign countries; and protection of the foreigninvestments of American nationals.

DIvISION OF LEND-LEASE AND SURPLUS WVAR PROPERTY AFFAIRS.-

This Division is responsible for coordinating with over-all American

foreign relations (and particularly with economic foreign policies)

the settlement of lend-lease obligations and the disposal of surpluswar property.

Office of Economic Security Policy

This Office is responsible for initiation, formulation, and coordina-

tion of policy and action by the Department for economic security

policy, including economic aspects of the occupation of Germany,

Austria, Japan, and Korea.DIVISION OF ECONOMIC SECURITY CONTROLS.-This Division is re-

sponsible for promoting such foreign economic policies as will tend

to prevent future economic aggression by the Axis states but will

permit the relaxation of certain wartime economic controls.DIvIsION OF GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN ECONOMIC AFrAIRS.-This Divi-

sion is responsible for matters pertaining to economic and financialaspects of (a) the occupation and control of Germany in accordance

with the principles established by the Potsdam Conference; and (b)

the occupation and control of Austria and its reestablishment as an

independent state.DIVISION OF JAPANESE AND KOREAN ECONOMIC AFFAIRS. 'This Di-

vision is responsible for matters pertaining to economic and finan-

cial aspects of the occupation and control of Japan and Korea and the

reestablishment of Korea as an independent state.

Office of Foreign Liquidation

This Office is responsible for taking action (based on prevailing

foreign policy) on lend-lease settlements and the disposal of surplus

war property. The Office includes five area divisions, three property-

types divisions, two technical divisions, and four service divisions.


Office of Transport and Communications Affairs

This Office initiates and coordinates policy and action concerningthe international aspects of transport and communications.

AVIATION DIVISION.-This Division has responsibility for initiatingand implementing policy and action in the Department in all matterspertaining to international civil aviation, including (a) developmentand operation of airlines and air transport abroad; (b) negotiation ofinternational agreements covering civil aviation matters; (c) consider-ing problems relating to airport and air-navigation facilities; (d)preparation of basic material for participation in international avia-tion conferences; (e) dealing, jointly with other divisions, with prob-lems concerning surplus aircraft, civil-aviation policy in foreigncountris, tr aining of foreign aviation personnel in the United Statesand abroad, disposition of foreign air bases, mainteinance of adcquateair navigation facilities, and international air mail; and (f) obtainingmilitary and civil flight permits for American aircraft proceedsn5abroad and, upon request of diplomatic missions accredited to thUnited States, for foreign aircraft visiting the United States.

SHIPPING Divisiox.-This Division is responsible for the formula-tion and coordination of policy and action in matters concerning inter-national shipping. This includes such activities as (a) analysis andstudy of all international aspects of shipping; (b) observationandreview of developments in the maritime services and laws of othercountries: (c) analysis and recommendation with regard to foreignpolicy aspects of subsidies and other governmental assistance to ship-ping and with regard to discriminatory laws or practices againstAmerican shipping; (d) initiation of policy on international aspectsof inland transport matters and coordination of activities of otherFederal agencies in this field; (e) formulation and execution of policyon matters involvigo the effect of ocean-freight and marine-insurancerates on foreign trade; (f) initiation and coordination of policy andaction in connection with seamen's affairs; (g) analysis of regulatorymeasures and standards that affect shipping and trade, in order todetermine their relationship to foreign policy; and (h) formulationand coordination of the work of the Department concerned withprotection abroad of seamen and official services to ships by theForeign Service of the United States.

TELECOMMHUNICATIONs DivIsIoN.-This Division is charged with re-sponsibifity for the formulation and coordination of policy and actionin matters pertaining to the international aspects of telegraph, tele-phone, cable, and postal communications: and of radio, with referenceto technical as distinguished from informational phases.

Office of Public.Affairs

This Office formulates and coordinates policy and action concern-ing American foreign policy in its aspect of affecting and being affectedby the American public.

DIVISIoN OF PUBLIC LIAISON.-This Division maintains liaison be-tween the Department of State and the American public in order thatthe public may (by means other than the issuance of releases to thepress) be kept informed regarding the international relations of the


United States and may be aided in presenting their views to theDepartment.

DIvISION OF PUBLIC STUDIES.-This Division surveys and analyzsespublic expression (in all media) concerning foreign affairs and pre-pares reports on public opinions, public attitudes, and areas of lack of

public information respecting American foreign policy.DIVISION OF HISTORICAL POLICY RESEARCH.-This Division is re-

sponsible for formulating and executing policy with respect to research

in the field of American foreign policy, historically considered, in-

cluding preparation of studies and compilations, maintenance of the

Department's Library, and maintenance of liaison with the NationalArchives.DIvISION OF PUBLICATIONS.-Initiation and coordination of the pub-

lication policy of the Department of State and execution of the De-

partient's publishing program are the responsibilities of the Divisionof Publications.

Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs

This Office is responsible for the promotion among foreign peoples

of a better understanding of the aims, policies, and institutions of theUnited States; the coordination of policy and action regarding pro-grams of the United States in the field of international informationand cultural affairs; the dissemination abroad of information about

the United States through all appropriate media-; the promotion offreedom of information among peoples; the furtherance of the inter-national exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills; and the integra-tion with over-all American foreign policy of the programs andactivities of other Federal agencies involving the international inter-change of persons, knowledge, and skills. The Office includes a Pro-gram Planning and Evaluation Board, a UNESCO (United NationsEducational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) Relations Staff,and the Secretariat of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientificand Cultural Cooperation.

INTERNATIONAL PRESS AND PUBLICATIONS DIVISION.—-This Divisionis responsible for the initial formulation of operational policy with

respect to, and for the conduct of, the participation of the Departmentin the international dissemination of information through the media

of the press, publications (excluding books), and related visualtechniques.

INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING DivIsIoN.-This Division is respon-

sible for the initial formulation of operational policy with respect to,

and for the conduct of, the participation of the Department in the

international dissemination of information through the medium ot

radio broadcasting.INTERNATIONAL MOTION PICTURES DIVISION.-This Division is re-

sponsible for the initial formulation of operational policy with respectto and for the conduct of, the participation of the Department in the

international dissemination of information through the medium of

motion pictures.DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF PERsoNs.-This Division

is responsible for the initial formulation of operational policy with


respect to, and the conduct of, the participation of the Department inthe international exchange of information, knowledge, and skills sofar as such operations involve (a) the exchange of students, professors,specialists, or other persons, and (b) relationships between organiza-tions in the fields of the sciences, letters, and arts.

DIVISION OF LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTEs.-This Division is respon-sible for the initial formulation of operational policy with respect to,and for the conduct of, the participation of the Department in theinternational exchange of information, knowledge, and skills so faras such operations involve the establishment of, assistance to, theoperation of, or the provision of books and other cultural materials for,libraries, cultural centers, schools, or other institutions in foreignlands, and the provisions of such materials for other uses by thediplomatic missions of the United States.

AREA DIvisioNs.-The functions of the Area Divisions of this Officeinclude (a) planning the informational and cultural programs in theirrespective areas, (b) coordinating the various programs of this Officeabroad at the operating stage and establishing controls over projectsin operation and over requests and proposals for action, (c) main-taining liaison with the appropriate geographic offices of the Depart-ment and their component divisions, (d) in cooperation with the Officeof the Foreign Service and other offices, recruiting, training, and super-vising field employees engaged in the informational and cultural pro-gramns, and (e) preparing analytical studies of field reports to furtherthe planning of more effective programs. The regions with which theArea Divisions are concerned are indicated below.

AREA DivIsIoN I (EUROPE).-—Countries under the jurisdiction ofthe Office of European Affairs, with the exception of Germany, Austria,and Trieste, and with the addition of Greece.

AREA DIVISION II (NEAR EAST AND AFRICA).-Countries under thejurisdiction of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs, -withthe exception of Greece.

AREA DIVISION III (FAR EAST).-Countries under the jurisdictionof the Office of Far Eastern Affairs, with the exception of Japan andKorea.

AREA DIVISION IV (AMERICAN REPUBLICS).-Countries under thejurisdiction of the Office of American Republic Affairs.

AREA DIVISION V (OCCUPIED AREAS).-Germany, Austria, Japan,Korea, and Trieste.

Office of the Foreign Service

Under the Foreign Service Act of 1946, approved August 13, 1946(Public Law 724, 79th Cong., 2d sess.), the Foreign Service of theUnited States is directly governed by a Director General, a Board ofthe Foreign Service (three Assistant Secretaries of State and otherGovernment officers), and a Board of Examiners for the Foreign Serv-ice (constituted in accordance with regulations prescribed by theSecretary of State).

DIVISION OF FOREIGN SERVICE PLANNING.-Responsibility for pro-gramming, planning, and recommending continual adjustments andimprovements in the over-all administration of the Foreign Service

g106 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

is assigned to the Division of Foreign Service Planning, in collabora-

tion with other offices and divisions of the Department. This respon-

sibility includes (a) defining and analyzing functions and activities;

(b) initiating and reviewing projects and programs to be under-

taken by the Foreign Service; (c) analyzing and making recom-

mendations concerning the organization and management of establish-

ments abroad; (d) working to assure coordination of administrativepolicies, procedures, and practices of the Foreign Service with those

of the Department and other agencies; (e) preparation, in collabora-

tion with other divisions, of budgetary programs covering Foreign

Service needs and of programs for the allotment of available funds;

(f) assisting in the development of effective organizational, admin-

istrative, and procedural techniques relating to the Foreign Service;(g) initiating and drafting legislation and executive and regulatory

orders affecting the administration of the Foreign Service; and (h)

conducting other planning activities for the continuous improvementof the administrative management and direction of the Foreign

Service in Washington and abroad.DIVISION or FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL.-This Division is respon-

sible for (a) recruitment, appointment, and promotion of all Foreign

Service personnel; (b) stimulation of effective personnel management

in establishments abroad; (c) planning and development of position-

classification and salarv-administration programs and establishing the

alignment of both; (d) cooperation with other divisions in the develop-

ment and use of training programs; and (e) counseling with ForeignService personnel.

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE.-The Institute is responsible for carry-

ing out programs of training for Foreign Service and departmentalpersonnel and, upon request, for employees of other Governmentagencies who are being sent abroad, including programs for (a) basic

officer training; (b) advanced officer training; (c) management and

administrative training; and (d) language training.DIVISION OF FOREIGN REPORTING SERvIcEs.-This Division is charged

with responsibility for (a) administrative coordination of instruc-tions and supervision of foreign reporting services required by the De-

partment and by other agencies in order to prevent duplication or

conflict of requests or instructions, and programming of work sched-

ules in respect to the economic and commercial reporting activities of

the Foreign Service; (b) recommending adjustments needed in the

field to comply with reporting requests and making recommendationsto assure adequate and prompt distribution of reports; (c) adminis-

tration of the system for evaluation of Foreign Service reports; and

(d) seeing that there is a comprehensive flow of background and policy

information to reporting officers in the field. Liaison ofcers of otherGovernment departments and agencies assigned to this Division serve

as a Board of Advisers in respect to economic and commercial report-

ing services.DIvIsIoN OF FOREIGN SERVICE ADMINISTRATION.-This Division is

responsible for the supervision of the Foreign Service in matters con-

cerning (a) notifications of outbreaks of disease, sanitary reports, and

bills of health; (b) exports to the United States; (c) services in

connection with the decease of Americans abroad; (d) notarial acts

and other instruments executed abroad for use in the United States;


(e) protection of American property and interests abroad; and (f)miscellaneous services to Americans abroad. The Division is also re-sponsible for assuring to establishments in the field the effective serv-icing of their requests for supplies, equipment, etc., to meet general ad-ministrative needs, and in this connection performs such special dutiesas (a) arranging the opening and closing of Foreign Service establish-ments abroad; (b) operating the diplomatic pouch service and super-vising diplomatic couriers; (c) supervising the Department's despatchagencies; and (d) giving general administrative assistance to missionssent abroad by other agencies.

DIvISION OF FOREIGN BUILDINGS OPERATIONS.-This Division is re-sponsible for the housing, maintenance, and furnishing of ForeignService establishments abroad, including (a) purchasing of propertiesand constructing of buildings to house the diplomatic, consular, andother agencies of the United States Government abroad; (b) makingthe initial purchase of residential and special office furniture and fur-nishings; and (c) leasing of sites and property abroad.

Office of Departmental Administration

The Office of Departmental Administration is responsible for ad-ministrative activities and services applying to the entire Departmentexcept those relating to security, the budget, and fiscal affairs.

DIvIsIoN OF MANAGENMENT PLANNING.-This Division is responsiblefor performing such f unctions as (a) assisting in the effective manage-mnent of the Department; (b) continuous appraisal of the Depart-ment's organizational and functional relations with other govern-mental and intergovernmental agencies; (c) investigation, analysis,and appraisal of the Department's organizational structure; (d)analysis of functions, work assignments, and lines of authority andresponsibility among the offices and divisions of the Department witha view to clearer dennition; (e) study and analysis of work methodsand procedures with a view, to simplification of work, standardizationof methods and procedures, elimination of waste, and improvedutilization of employee skills; (f) preparation, or assistance inpreparation, and review of departmental regulations and announce-ments and other documents concerning organizational structure,.functions, lines of authority and responsibility, work methods, andprocedures; and (g) participation with other divisions in the con-sideration of such matters as the preparation of budget estimates andallotment of positions, the evaluation and classification of positions,the allotment and utilization of space and equipment, and recordsadministration.

DIVISION OF DEPARTMENTAL PERSONNEL.-This Division has respon-sibility for (a) planning, development, and execution of policies andprocedures governing personnel management in the Department; (b)administration and execution of the applicable provisions of law andof regulations controlling Government personnel-management pro-grams; and (c) supervision of the development, installation, andmaintenance of personnel records.

DIVISION OF CENTRAL SERVIcEs.-This Division is charged with re-sponsibility for such duties as (a) procurement, supply, and motor

738486°-47—8


vehicle services of the Department and the purchase of administrativesupplies and equipment for the Foreign Service; (b) procurement andallocation of space; (c) provision of a complete reproduction, servicefor administrative printing; and (d) the making of arrangements tofacilitate the official travel of officers and employees of the Depart-ment and Foreign Service within and outside the continental limitsof the United States.

DivisioN OF COMM-UNICATIONS AND RECORDS.-This Division is re-sponsible for the formulation of policies and the development andestablishment of procedures and regulations governing the dispatch,receipt, and distribution of all correspondence, and telegraphic com-inunications of the Department of State. It has jurisdiction over theoperation of the central departmental files and records.

DivisioN OF CRYPTOGRAPHY.-This Division is responsible for (a)the construction of codes; (b) the development of procedures andmethods for the use of codes; (c) the selection of code equipmentadequate for the needs of the Department and the Foreign Service;and (d) the maintenance of security of information transmitted bymeans of cryptographic systems.

DIvISION OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES.-This Division is respon-sible for the planning, coordination, and execution of all organizationaland administrative aspects of the preparation and conduct of inter-national conferences.

CENTRAL TRANSLATING DIVISION.-This Division is responsible,among other things, for all the translating and interpreting wothe Department, including (a) translation from English of certainofficial publications or other material recommended for distributionabroad by Government departments and agencies participating inthe program of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific andCultural Cooperation, and, in cooperation with other divisions andoffices of the Department and the Interdepartmental Committee, theformulation and administration of programs for the distribution ofsuch translations; (b) translation from English of addresses and state-ments on foreign policy, as required, such translations to serve as theofficial translated version of those public utterances; (c) translationof communications addressed to the President by heads of foreignstates and other material referred by the White House, and of diplo7inatic notes and miscellaneous material; and (d) the critical exam-ination of foreign texts of draft treaties to which the United Statesis to be a party, with a view to the closest harmonizing thereof with theEnglish text.

Office of Budget and Finance

This Office is responsible for consultation with and advice to the prin-cipal policy officials of the Department with respect to (a) the budget-ary implications of their plans and programs, (b) presentation andjustification of budgetary estimates to the Bureau of the Budget .andthe Congress, and (c) development of the financial program andsupervision of the budgetary and fiscal operations of the Department.

DIVISION or BUDCGET.-This Division is responsible for all bn dgetaryoperations of the Department, including the Departmental Service,


the Foreign Service, and international commissions, organizations andother bodies affiliated with the Department. These operations include(a) development of budgetary plans and procedures for carrying intoeffect the financial program; (b) coordination, analysis, and compila-tion of budgetary data; (c) conduct of budgetary consultations withinthe Department; (d) preparation of estimates of appropriations andjustification thereof to the Bureau of the Budget and the Congress;(e) drafting of legislation affecting budgetary and fiscal policy andoperations; (f) assistance to the Budget Officer of the Department inthe hearings on the appropriation estimates before the Bureau of theBudget and the Congress; (g) budgetary control of appropriationsthrough the allocation and allotment of funds and positions withinthe limitations prescribed by the Bureau of the Budget and the Con-gress; and (h) preparation of budgetary reports for the informationof officials of the Department and as required by the Bureau of theBudget and the Congress.

DIviSION OF FINANcE.-This Division is responsible for the fiscaloperations of the Department, including international commissions,organizations, and other bodies affiliated with the Department, andthe Foreign Service of the United States. These operations include(a) development, design, and installation of systems, methods, proce-dures, and forms for the control of fiscal operations; (b) maintenanceof accounts and related records, including pay roll and departmentalleave and retirement records; (c) audit of fiscal documents and ac-counts' (d) fiscal control of the obligation and disbursement of funds;(e) technical supervision of all field accounting and disbursing officers;(f) carrying out of fiscal arrangements necessary to the fulfillmentof the financial obligations incurred by the United States throughmembership in international organizations; (g) collaboration with theDivision of Foreign Service Administration in completing arrange-ments for the use by other departments and agencies of the Governmentof the fiscal facilities of the Foreign Service in the field; (h) collabora-tion in the procurement and sale of foreign exchange by ForeignService establishments abroad; and (i) preparation of fiscal andrelated reports as requested by officials of the Department, the ForeignService, the Bureau of the Budget, the Treasury Department, theGeneral Accounting Office, and the Congress.

UNRRA DIvisIoN.-This Division has responsibility for (a) direct-ing the various phases of the UNRRA supply operations through thefacilities of Government procuring agencies; (b) providing suchassistance in regard to the formulation of policies and programs inconnection with American participation in UNIRIA as may berequested; (c) assisting UNRRA in processing relief supply re-quirements; (d) processing UNRRA requisitions for supplies to beprocured from American contributions to UNRRA; (e) preparingcommitment letters and other procurement documents; (f) maintain-ing continual liaison with UNRRA and with the procuring and servic-ing agencies on procurement and movement of relief supplies; (g)maintaining accounting and operating records; and (h) preparingperiodic and special reports as required.


Office of Controls

The responsibilities of this Office are indicated in the paragraphswhich follow.

PASSPORT DIVISION.-This Division is responsible for formulatingand coordinating policy and action in all matters pertaining to (a) theadministration of laws and regulations relating to the control ofAmerican citizens and nationals leaving and entering territory underthe jurisdiction of the United States; (b) limitation of travel ofAmerican citizens in foreign countries; (c) determination of eligibilityto receive passports or to be registered as citizens or nationals of theUnited States in American consulates; (d) prevention and detectionof fraud in passport matters and the preparation of cases involvingfraud for prosecution in the courts; (e) issuance of passports; (f) ad-ministration of passport work performed by the executive officersof the outlying Territories and possessions of the United States; (g)supervision of passport agencies; and (h) direction of clerks of courtswith regard to passport matters.

VISA DIVISION.-The Visa Division is charged with responsibilityfor the formulation and coordination of policy and action in all mat-ters pertaining to (a) alien visa control; (b) the issuance of exitpermits; (c) the control of immigration quotas; (d) collaborationwith other divisions of the Department and other agencies of theGovernment concerning the control of travel of aliens to and fromthe United States.

SPECIAL PROJECTS DivIsIoN.-This Division is responsible for theformulation and coordination of policy and action in all matters per-taining to (a.) the whereabouts and welfare of Americans abroad and,the transmission of funds to them; (b) the evacuation and repatriationof Americans from foreign countries; (c) coordination of foreignrelief operations of private agencies with the foreign policy of theGovernment; (d) representation by the United States Governmentof the interest of foreign governments and problems arising fromthe wartime representation of American interests by third powers incountries where the United States has no representative; (e) super-vision of the representation in the United States by third powers ofthe interests of governments having no representative in the UnitedStates; and (f) planning for the establishment of Interim Offices forGerman Affairs to represent the Allied Control Council for Germanythroughout the world, and particularly an Interim Office in IWash-ington to perform quasi-consular functions in respect of Germannationals in the United States.

DIVISION or FOrEIGN ACTIVITY CORRELATION.-This Division is con-cerned with formulating and coordinating Department of State policyin regard to foreign security information; taking the necessary actionto implement that policy; and directing all Departmental programsin this field.

DIvIsIoN OF SECURITY AND INVESTIGATIONS.—This Division is re-sponsible for investigation of Departmental and Foreign Serviceapplications for appointment, for making such investigations in con-nection with the granting of passports and visas as may be necessary,and for rendering investigative assistance to other offices and divi-sions of the Department upon request.


MuNITIoNis DIVISION.-.This Division performs various duties de-volving upon the Department of State with respect to the registra-tion of arms manufacturers and the control of international trade inarms and implements of war.

Office of Intelligence Research

This Office is responsible for planning, developing, and implement-ing an integrated intelligence-research program for the Department,coordinating it with those of other Federal agencies in order to pro-vide the Department with foreign intelligence necessary for the for-mulation and execution of American foreign policy and to providethe National Intelligence Authority and the Central IntelligenceGroup with studies pertinent to the national security. Four geo-graphic divisions and one international and functional division con-duct positive intelligence research in the areas of responsibility indi-cated below:

DIVISION OF RESEARCH FOR AM[ERICAN REPUBLICS.-Mexico, Centraland South America, and the island republics of the Caribbean Sea.

DIVISION OF RESEARCH FOR EUROPE.-All of continental Europe (ex-cept Greece and European Turkey); Union of Soviet Socialist Re-publics; Great Britain, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand,and the Union of South Africa; Iceland and Greenland; Algeria;and European dependencies in South America and the Caribbean.

DIVISION OF RESEARCH FORp FAR EAST.-China, Korea, Japan, Re-public of the Philippines, Siam, French Indochina, Malayan Unionand Singapore, Netherlands Indies, and other islands and territoriesin this area.

DIVISION OF RESEARCH FOR NEAR EAST AND AFRICA.-All of Africa,except Algeria and the Union of South Africa; and all of the NearEastern and Middle Eastern countries., including Greece, India, andBurma.

DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL INTELLIGENCE.-This Division plans and executes programs of intelligence researchin such subjects, crossing regional lines, as trade and finance, trans-port and communications, food and agriculture, social and culturalaffairs, population and labor, natural and other economic resources,and technological developments.

Office of Intelligence Collection and Dissemination

This Office is charged with the acquisition and distribution ofpositive intelligence source materials; the maintenance, cataloguing,and indexing of the Department's central collection of intelligencematerials and reports; and the distribution of finished intelligence.

ACQUIsITON AND DISTRIBUTION DIVISION.-To this Division is as-signed responsibility for (a) the procurement of positive intelligencematerials to meet existing and anticipated needs of the Department,(b) the distribution to the offices of the Department and to otherauthorized Government agencies, of incoming intelligence materialsnot handled by the Division of Communications and Records or theDivision of Foreign Reporting Services, (c) detailed coordination ofthe Department's intelligence-acquisition program with those of other


Government agencies, and (d) procurement and allocation of foreignpublications received through American Foreign Service officers.

REFERENCE DIVISION.-This Division has responsibility for (a)maintaining, cataloguing, indexing, and classifying by subject the De-partment's central collection of positive intelligence materials andreports, (b) servicing requests for intelligence materials, (c) inform-ing users of the receipt of new intelligence, and informing the Acquisi-tion and Distribution Division of the needs for new intelligencematerials, and (d) preparing annotated bibliographies on current andlong-range research and intelligence subjects.

BIOGRPrIHIC INFORMATION DivISION.-This Division has responsibil-ity for systematically organizing and evaluating information concern-ing persons in foreign countries who are of intrinsic importance orwhose activities or views may be considered significant for the UnitedStates in connection with the determination and implementation offoreign policy.

MAP INTELLIGENCE DIVISION.-This Division is responsible forserving the Department and other Govermnent agencies (a) by thecollection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of foreign map andother cartographic intelligence, (b) by maintaining a comprehensivecollection of maps, atlases, gazeteers, and other cartographic referencematerials needed for the consideration of international questions, and(c) by preparing new maps.

CARIBBEAN COMMISSION

The Department of State exercises administrative jurisdiction overthe United States Section of the Caribbean Commission. It is thefunction of this Commission, which includes also representatives ofFrance, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, to encourage andstrengthen social and economic cooperation between member countriesand their territories and colonies in the Caribbean area.

INSTITUTE OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS

INTER-AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION

Under Executive Order 9710 of April 10, 1946, the Secretary ofState is responsible for the cooperative programs conducted by theInstitute of Inter-American Affairs and the Inter-American Educa-tional Foundation, which were formerly controlled by the Office ofInter-American Affairs. Both corporations are headed by the samepresident. Their two boards of directors, whose members are ap-pointed by the Secretary of State, are nearly identical in personnel.Officials of the Department of State are included on the Boards. Someof the cooperative agreements into which the two corporations haveentered with the other American republics continue into the latterpart of 1948. The programs are financed by contributions from theUnited States and from the other American republics in which thework is being done.

The Inter-American Educational Foundation has as its generalobjective the development of cooperative educational programs whichemphasize the improvement of elementary, secondary, and normal


schools;* vocational and health education, especially in rural areas;community-centered schools; literacy; the teaching of the Englishlanguage; and the interchange of teachers and students between theUnited States and the other American republics.

The Institute of Inter-American Affairs conducts cooperative healthand sanitation programs, such as establishment of health centers andhospitals; provision for improved water supply, sewage disposal, andmosquito control; study fand control of special diseases; compilationof vital statistics and epidemiological"information; enforcement ofsanitary regulations; establishment of public health training centers;and health education. The food-supply program may be brieflydescribed as consisting of agricultural extension work designed tointroduce improved methods of food culture.

Approved.GEORGE C. MARSHALL

Secretary of State

International Organizations in Which the United StatesParticipates

EXPLANATORY NOTE : Descriptions of many of the organizations listed below may be foundin the publication entitled International Agencies in Which the United States Partici-pates. Omitted from the lists below are bilateral bodies. subordinate bodies of listedorganizations, and organizations which have been completely inactive for a number ofyears.

1. International organizations in which the United States participates in one of thefollowing ways: (1) the United States participates officially as a member of theorganization ; (2) the United States Government makes annual financial contributions tothe organization ; (3) the United States Government is a party to an internationalagreement creating the organization.

Apricultural:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences.International Seed Testing Association.

Coinmmcreial and Financial:Emergency Economic Committee for Europe.Inter-American Economic and Social Council.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.International Bureau for the Publication of Customs Tariffs.International Monetary Fund.International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property.Preparatory Commission of the International Trade Organization.

Commodities:European Coal Organization.Inter-American Coffee Board.International Cotton Advisory Committee.International Emergency Food Council.International Sugar Council.International Tin Study Group.International Wheat Council.Rubber Study Group.

Educational, Scientijic, Cultural:Central Bureau of the International Map of the World on the Millionth Scale.Inter-American Statistical Institute.International Astronomical Union.International Bureau of Weights and Measures.International Council of Scientific Unions.International Geographical Union.International Hydrographic Bureau.International Meteorological Organization.International Scientific Radio Union.International Statistical Institute.International Union of Chemistry.International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.Pan American Institute of Geography and History.United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Political and Legal:Allied Commission for Austria.Allied Commission on Reparations.Allied Control Commission for Bulgaria.Alliel Control Commission for Hungary.Allied Control Commission for Rumania.


Political and Legal-ContinuedAllied Control Council for Germany.Allied Council for Japan.Allied Swiss-German External Assets Liquidation Commission.Committee of Control of the International Zone of Tangier.Council of Foreign Ministers.Emergency Advisory Committee for Political Defense.Far Eastern Commission.Inter-Allied Reparations Agency.Inter-American Juridical Committee.International Court of Justice.International Military Tribunal.International Military Tribunal for the Far East.Interparliamentary Union for Promotion of International Arbitration.Mediterranean Zone Board of International Organization for Mine Clearance of

European Waters.Pan American Union.Permanent Court of Arbitration.United Nations.United Nations War Crimes Commission.

Social an(i :ealth:American International Institute for the Protection of Childhood.Caribbean Commission.Inter-American Commission of Women.Inter-American Committee on Social Security.Inter-American Indian Institute.Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees.Interim Commission of the World Health Organization.International Central Office for the Control of Liquor Traffic in Africa.International Commission for the Decennial Revision of the International Lists of

Diseases and Causes of Death.International Labor Organization.International Office of Public Health.

1

International Penal and Penitentiary Commission.Pan American Sanitary Bureau.Permanent Central Opium Board.Preparatory Commission of the International Refugee Organization.Supervisory body, established by the convention for limiting the manufacture and

regulating the distribution of narcotic'drugs (1931).United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.

Transport and Comnmunications:Engineering Committee of the North American Regional Broadcasting Conference.European Central Inland Transport Organization.Inter-American Radio Office.International Civil Aviation Organization.International Commission for the Maintenance of the Lighthouse at Cape Spartel.International Commission of the Rhine River.International Ice Patrol and Ice Observation Service.International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts.'International Telecommunications Union.Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses.Permanent International Association of Road Congresses.Postal Union of the Americas and Spain.Provisional Maritime Consultative Council.Universal Postal Union.

II. International organizations in which the United States participates by sending tech-nical representatives to conferences and meetings.

International Society for the Study of Chemistry of the Soil.Commodities:

North American Council on Fishery Investigations.Educational, Scientific, Cultural:

International Bureau of Education.International Bureau for Technical Education.International Geological Congresses.International Union of Biological Sciences.

,International Union of Physics.

International Committee of Military Medicine and Pharmacy.International Hospital Association.

Transport and Commnsiications:Pan American Highway Confederation.Pan American Railway Congress.

'A protocol providing for the merger of the International Office of public Health intothe World Health Organization or its interim Commission has been submitted to member

This organization is expected to be merged with the International Civil AviationOrganization in 1947.

Department of the TreasuryFifteenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW.

EXecutive 6400, Branches 342, 345-47

OFFICIALSSecretary of the Treasury _____ ._-.... _ JOHN W. SNYDER

Secretary to the Secretary ------------------ MARY KELLYUnder Secretary of the Treasury ..- _ __.._.__._ A. L. M. WIGGINS

Assistant to the Under Secretary -. __.____.. JOHN S. GRAHAMAssistant Secretary of the Treasury -...... _._.._ EDWARD H. FOLEY, Jr.Assistant Secretary of the Treasury . . __.. (VACANCY)

Executive Assistant to Assistant Secretary. . B. E. L. TIMMONS, 3dGeneral Counsel -............................. JOSEPH J. O'CONNELL, Jr.Fiscal Assistant Secretary of the Treasury........ EDWARD F. BARTELT

Assistant to the Fiscal Assistant Secretary. WILLIAM T. HEFFELFINGERTechnical Assistant to the Fiscal Assistant

Secretary -........................... , EDWARD D. BATCHELDEBExecutive Assistant to the Fiscal Assistant

Secretary -............................ , FRANK F. DIETRICHHead, Fiscal Service Operating and Methods

Staff ....--..-----..........-..... , ...- WALTER F. FRESESpecial Assistant to the Secretary -------... ,.. ANDREW N. OVERBYAssistant to the Secretary -.. . ... .__- _ VERNON L. CLARKAssistant to the Secretary ------.. ______ ARTHUR GARDNERAdministrative Assistant to the Secretary- _...-- WILLIAM W. PARSONS

Assistant Administrative Assistant to theSecretary -..........................-.. PAUL MCDONALD

Director of Personnel .........- _.__._.__.. THEODORE F. WILSONBudget Officer _-.._..._..__---......... WILLARD L. JOHNSONChief Clerk ....- ._--. ___________.___..._ FRANK A. BIRGFELDSuperintendent of Treasury Buildings- DENZIL A. RIGHT

Chief Coordinator-___.__.- - __- .____..- MALACHIIL.HARNEY, ActingChief, U. S. Secret Service---........--------- JAMES J. MALONEYTax Legislative Counsel--............. - - STANLEY S. SURREYDirector, Foreign Funds Control-----......... JOHN S. RICHARDSDirector of Public Relations-- -- ....-- CHAS. P. SHAEFFERDirector of Monetary Research..------ .. __._. HAROLD GLASSERAssociate Director of Monetary Research..--..- OBvIs A. SCHMIDTDirector of Research and Statistics----------... GEORGE C. HAAS

Librarian -- __..-----._---. ISABELLA S. DIAMONDDirector of Tax Research—------------ _.---__ Louis SHEER, ActingLegal Division:

Assistant General Counsel--------------.-- JOHN P. WENCHELAssistant General Counsel--.....----..- NORMAN 0. TIETJENSAssistant General Counsel-----.....------- THOMAS J. LYNCHAssistant General Counsel------------------ CHARLES OLIPHANTAssistant General Counsel------------------ JOSEPH B. FRIEDMANAssistant General Counsel----------...- STEPHEN J. SPINQARN

Bureau of the Public Debt:Commissioner of the Public Debt ---------- EDWIN L. KILBYAssociate Commissioner-------------------- DONALD M. MERRITTDeputy Commissioner——- -.__--------- Ross A. HEFFELFINGEBRegister of the Treasury—- -------------- EDWARD G. DOLANChief, Division of Loans and Currency------- MARVIN WESLEYChief, Division of Public Debt Accounts and

Audit---------- -------------------- MELVIN R. LOAFMANChief, Division of Paper Custody—--------- C. EARL GRANTHAM

'Organization chart on page 575.

115


Bureau of Engraving and Printing:Director..------------------------------- ALVIN W. HALLAssociate Director--CLARK R. LONGAssistant Director (Production) -- THOMAS F. SLATTERY

Bureau of Accounts:Commissioner of Accounts ---------------- R. .MAXWELLAssociate Commissioner-GILBERT L. CAKEAssistant Commissioner-JOSEPH GREENBERGChief Accountant----------------------- GEORGE E. JONESAssistant to the Commissioner-H. R. GEARHARTExecutive Assistant to the Commissioner----- EDMUND C. NSSEAChief Disbursing Officer, Division of Dis-

bursement------ PAUL D. BANNINGChief, Division of Bookkeeping and Warrants— JOsEPH A. WOODSONChief, Division of Deposits---------------- BERNAD M. MULVIHILLChief, Division of Financial Reports-LEONARD A. RITCHIEChief, Division of Investments-STEPHEN P. GERARDI

Bureau of the Comptroller of the Currency:Comptroller-C B.------- PRSTON DELANODeputy Comptroller- ------------------ C B. PHAMDeputy Comptroller- -------- . B. MCANDLSSDeputy Comptroller----------------------- J L. ROBETSON

Office of the Treasurer of the United States:Treasurer of the United States------------- WILLIA A. JULIANAssistant Treasurer-MARION BANISTERAssistant to the Treasurer-MICHAEL E. SLINDEE

United States Savings Bonds Division:National Director -------- VERNON L. CLARKAssociate National Director-LAURENCE M. OLNEYDirector of Information ----------- Lois CAOWDirector of Payroll Savings Division--------- LEON J. MAKHAMDirector of Special Field Activities-HAROLD B. MASTERDirector of Administration--------------- BILL MDONALD

Bureau of Narcotics:Commissioner of Narcotics --------------- HARRY J. ANSLINGER

Deputy Commissioner------------------- WILL S. WOODBureau of Internal Revenue:

Commissioner of Internal Revenue--------- JOSEPH D. NUNAN, JR.

Assistant Commissioner------------------ WILLIAM T. SHERWOOD

Assistant Commissioner- -------— - STEWART BERKSHIRE

Special Deputy Commissioner ------------- ELDON P. KINGAssistant to the Commissioner—----------- T. C. ATKESONDeputy Commissioner—---- - D. SPENCER BLISSDeputy Commissioner—------------------ PAUL A. HANKINS

Deputy Commissioner-------------------- E. I. McLARNRYDeputy Commissioner ------------------- CARROLL E. MEALEY

Deputy Commissioner—-------------------- VICTOR H. SELF

Chairman, Excess Proflits Tax Council------ CHARLES D. HAMEL

Head, Salary Stabilization Unit------------- WILBER A. GALLAHAN

Head, Technical Staff---------------------- AUBREY R. MARES

Chief, Intelligence Unit——- ——--------- W. H. WOOLFBureau of Customs:

Commissioner of Customs----------------- WILLIAM R. JOHNSON

Assistant Commissioner-------------------- FRANK Dow

Director of the Mint- --------- MS. NELLIE TAYLOE Ross

Associate Director----------------------- LELAND HOWARD

Bureau of Federal Supply (formerly ProcurementDivision):

Director --- ---------- ---------- CLIFTON E. MACK

Assistant Director-.- J. B. TOMPKINS

Deputy Director---- ------- PAUL KING

Deputy Director-C.---— - -- C W. EICHELBERGEB

Deputy Director- -- S. A. SNYDER

Deputy Director- ------- W. S. MACLEOD

Deputy Director-W----- W. M. B. FREEMAN

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 117

United States Coast Guard:Commandant.---------------.-..._..._._.. ADM. JOSEPH F. FARLEYAssistant Commandant-—-----_--_- ------- REAR ADMI. MERLIN O'NEILL

Chairman, Committee on Pratice--------------- JOHN L. GRAVES

CREATION AND Au-rorrIY ".-The Treasury Department was createdby act of Congress approved September 2, 1789 (1 Stat. 65; 5 U. S. C.241). Many subsequent acts have figured in the development of theDepartment, delegating new duties to its charge and establishing thenumerous bureaus and divisions which now compose the Treasury.

PURPOSE.-The original act established the Department to super-intend and ma-nage the national finances. This act charged the Sec-retary of the Treasury with the preparation of plans for the im-provement aind management of the revenue and the support of thepublic credit. It further provided that lie should prescribe the formsfor keeping and rendering all manner of public accounts and for themaking of returns. Hle was empowered to grant, subject to thelimitations of the. amended act, all warrants for moneys to be issuedfrom the_ Treasury pursuant to legal appropriations, and to furnishinformation, upon request, to either or both branches of Congresson any matter referred to him or pertaining to his office. The actfurther stated it to be the duty of the Secretary "generally to performall such services relative to the finances as he shall be directed toperform" (y1 Stat. 65; 5 U. S. C. 242).

With the expansion of the country and its financial structure,frequent revisions and amendments to the act have so broadened thescope of the Treasury Department that it now embraces a score ormore of diversified bureaus, divisions, and offices, and many newduties have been delegated to its charge. Besides managing thefinancial affairs of the Nation, the Department now controls the coin-age and printing of money and the procurement of Federal supplies.The Coast Guard, the Narcotics Bureau, and the Secret Service havebeen placed under the supervision and jurisdiction of the Department.

The Secretary of the Treasury is required by law to submit anannual report to Congress upon the condition of the finances, and tomake public the first of each month the last preceding weekly state-inent of the Treasury (5 Stat. 696; 5 U. S. C. 271).

The Secretary of the Treasury is Chairman of the Board of Trustees,Endowment Fund, of the American Red Cross; Chairman, Libraryof Congress Trust Fund Board; Chairman, National AdvisoryCouncil on International Monetary and Financial Problems; Chair-man, Contract Settlement Advisory Board; U. S. Governor of theInternational Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Recon-struction and Development; and managing trustee, Board of Trusteesof the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund. He isa member of the Board of Trustees of the Postal Savings System, theSmithsonian Institution, the Foreign Service Buildings Commission,the National Archives Council, the National Park Trust Fund Board,the Board of Trustees of the National Gallery of Art, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board, the National Munitions Control Board, the Boardof Directors, Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation, the Advisory


Board, Export-Import Bank of Washington, the Joint Committee onReduction of Nonessential Federal Expenditures, and trustee of theFranklin D. Roosevelt Library.

ORGANIZATION.-Affairs of the Treasury Department are generallysupervised by the Secretary of the Treasury. He is assisted in themanagement and direction of the Department's numerous and variedbranches by the Under Secretary of the Treasury, two Assistant Sec-retaries of the Treasury, the Fiscal Assistant Secretary of the Treas-ury, the General Counsel, and a staff of administrative, special, andtechnical assistants who supervise and correlate the activities of thedifferent bureaus, offices, and divisions. Each bureau is under thegeneral direction of a chief, who reports to the Secretary and hisimmediate assistants.

The principal branches of the Department are as follows:

Bureau of the Comptroller of the Cur- Fiscal Servicerency Office of the Fiscal Assistant

Bureau of Customs SecretaryBureau of Engraving and Printing Bureau of AccountsBureau of Internal Revenue Bureau of the Public DebtBureau of the Mint Office of the Treasurer of theBureau of Narcotics United StatesCommittee on Practice United States Savings Bonds DivisionDivision of Monetary Research Foreign Funds ControlDivision of Personnel Office of Superintendent of TreasuryDivision of Research and Statistics BuildingsDivision of Tax Research Bureau of Federal SupplyLegal Division United States Secret ServiceOffice of the Chief Clerk United States Coast Guard

Office of the Tax Legislative Counsel

ACTIVITIES

Bureau of the Comptroller of the Currency

The Bureau of the Comptroller of the Currency was created byact of Congress approved February 25, 1863 (12 Stat. 665).

SUPERVISION oF NATIONAL BANKS.-The Comptroller has generalsupervision over all national banks in operation, the organization ofnew national banks, the consolidation of national banks, or Statewith national, conversion of State banks into national, the grantingof rights to operate branches by national banks, and the administra-tion, through receivers, of any that fail. He also receives reportsfrom banks in voluntary liquidation and from trustees holding assetsfor the benefit of depositors of banks reorganized under section207 of the Bank Conservation Act, March 9, 1933 (48 Stat. 2; 12U. S. C. 201). He requires national banks to submit reports of con-dition at least three times a year. The Comptroller also supervisesall banks and trust companies, building and loan associations notchartered under the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, as amended, andcredit unions not chartered under the Federal Credit Unions Act,doing business in the District of Columbia. The Comptroller, inaccordance with present status, is responsible for the preparation ofan annual report to Congress on the status of national banks.

DEPARTMENT OF THE T REASURY 119

APPOINTMENT OF RECEIVERS AND FORFEITURE OF CHARTER.-He isempowered to appoint a receiver for any national bank which hefinds insolvent, and may bring suit for forfeiture of charter againstany national bank for deliberate violations of the national bankinglaws.

APPOINTMENT OF CONSERVATORs.-The Comptroller may appointconservators to administer the affairs of national banks pendingreorganization or ultimate receivership, and is required to approvereorganization plans for such banks if nonassenting creditors orstockholders are to be found.

EXAMINATION oF NATIONAL BANKS.-The Comptroller's office main-tains a staff of examiners who make regular examinations of allnational banks, reporting on the condition of solvency and state ofcompliance with the provisions of law with respect to such banks.

ISSTUE OF BOND-SECURED NATIONAL BANK NoTEs.-Until August 1,1935, the Comptroller had charge of the issue and redemption ofnational bank notes secured by United States bonds. The expira-tion of the 3-year privilege provided by section 29 of the FederalHome Loan Bank Act of July 22, 1932 (47 Stat. 740), and redemp-tion of the consols and Panama Canal 2-percent bonds on July 1 andAugust 1, 1935, respectively, resulted in the discontinuance of cir-culation by national banks after the last-named date. The Comp-troller still is charged with the responsibility for issue and redemp-

-tion of Federal Reserve notes and Federal Reserve Bank notes.FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSJURANCE CORPORATION.-The Comptroller of

the Currency is an ex-officio member of the Federal Deposit Insur-ance Corporation.

Bureau of Customs

The Bureau of Customs was created by the act approved March 3,1927 (44 Stat. 1381; 5 U. S. C. 281).

GENERAL DUTIES.-The Bureau of Customs, under the Commis-sioner, administers the powers and duties vested in the Secretaryof the Treasury pertaining to the importation and entry of merchan-dise into and the exportation of merchandise from the United States,and to the regulation of certain marine activities.

COLLECTION OF DUTIES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT.-The Bureau's prin-cipal -function is the assessment and collection of import duties and,incident to this, the prevention of smuggling, including the smugglingof contraband, such as narcotics. The Bureau cooperates with otherGovernment aoencies in enforcing the preventive, sanitary, and otherlaws relating to articles brought into the United States, and in somecases to outgoing articles. It maintains a service which investigatessmuggling activities, compliance with the customs and navigationlaws, and such administrative matters as may require investigation.

MARINE ACTIVITIEs.-The Bureau handles the registry, enrollment,and licensing of vessels; admeasurement of vessels; collection of ton-nage taxes; entrance and clearance of vessels and aircraft; regulationof vessels in the coasting and fishing trades; use. of foreign vessels inthe territorial waters of the United States; recording of mortgagesand sales of vessels; protection of steerage passengers; and the remis-


sion and mitigation of fines, penalties, and forfeitures incurred underthe laws governing these matters.

OTHER ACTIVITIES.-In connection with the export control program,the Bureau of Customs is charged with inspection of all exportdeclarations and permits presented as a prerequisite to-export in orderto insure compliance with the licensing provisions of the State Depart-ment, the Bureau of Narcotics, the Office of International Trade of theDepartment of Commerce, and other agencies of the Governmentto prevent the exportation of controlled materials of every descriptionexcept under proper license or permit. When deemed necessary, anactual examination of exported articles is made by customs officers toinsure compliance with export control requirements. On the requestof the Office of International Trade, Department of Commerce, thecustoms investigative unit conducts field investigations of individuals.firms, and corporations conducting business relating to exports ofmerchandise from the United States, of violations of the ExportControl Act, and of suspected irregular exports.

The Bureau examines, on behalf of the State Department, passportsof American citizens departing from the United States at seaports andairports for certain countries.

By direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Bureau ofCustoms cooperates with the Foreign Funds Control of the Depart-ment by maintaining physical control of persons and their effectsentering and leaving the United States to insure that no securities are'taken out of or brought into the United States except in such amountsor values as may be authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury. Thepersons and baggage of suspects entering the United States aresearched to prevent the bringing of gold into this country in violationof the Gold Reserve Act of January 30, 1934 (48 Stat. 337; U. S. C.titles 12 and 31).

The Bureau of Customs enforces the rationing orders issued by theOffice of Price Administration insofar as such orders apply (1) tosupplies and stores for vessels entering United States ports, (2) topersons entering the United States, and (3) to merchandise importedinto the United States. It assists the Civilian Production Adminis-tration 1 in the enforcement of its orders relating to the importation ofstrategic materials. It also cooperates with the Department of Agri-culture in connection with restrictions on the importation of certainfoods.

DISTRICT OFFICES-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

District Collector Address

go. 1. Maine, New Hamp- Joseph T. Sylvester -- U. S. Customhouse, 312 Fore Street, Portland 3,

shire. Maine.No. 2. Vermont -....-- - James E. Manahan--.. Corner South Main and Stebbins Streets, St.

Albans.No. 4. Massachusetts - William R. Burke, Jr__ I. S. Customhouse, 2 India Street, Boston 9.

No. 5. Rhode Island -- —-- Louis T. Rocheleau n-U-- U. S: Customhouse, Weybosset Street, Provi-dence 3.

No. 6. Connecticut - Mrs. Fannie D. Welch_. P. 0. Building, 120 Middle Street, Bridgeport 9.

No. 7. St. Lawrence - Leo E. Trombly--R-— Hall Building, 127 North Water Street, Ogdens-burg, N. Y.

I Now Office of Materials Distribution, Department of Commerce.


DISTRICT OFFICES-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS-Continued


No. S. Rochester - ....... Austin J. Mahoney---. Federal Building, 30 Church Street, Rochester 14N.Y.

No.. Bufalo-............Ross E. Brown ......... P.O. Building, 115 Ellicott Street,; Buffalo N.Y.No. 10. New York -........... Harry M. Durning -.... U. S. Customhouse, Bowling Green, New York

City 4. .No. 11. Philadelphia----- A. Raymond Rafi .- U. S. Customhouse, Second and Chestnut

Streets, Philadelphia 6, Pa.No. 12. Pittsburgh ----...- Mrs. Elaine Beadling_ New Federal Building, Seventh Avenue and

Grant Streeti Pittsburgh 19, Pa.No. 13. Maryland -George T. Cromwell--- U. S. Customhouse, Gay, Lombard, and Water

Streets, Baltimore 2.No. 14. Virginia .- ... Alexander H. Bell-—— U. S. Customhouse, Main and Granby Streets,

Norfolk 10No. 15. North Carolina - John Bright Hill-—— U. S. Customhouse, Water Street, Wilmington.No. 16. South Carolina - William J. Storen U. S. Customhouse, 200-6 East Bay Street,

Charleston 3.No. 17. Georgia- ....... Howell Cone ---....... U. S. Customhouse, Bay and Bull Streets,

Savannah.No. 18. Florida - --.— - Allie J. Angle - ... . S. Customhouse, Florida Avenue, between

Zach and Twigg Streets, Tampa 1.N\o. 1. Mobile---.———. Joseph H. Lyons .- . Courthouse and Customhouse, 113 St. Joseph

Street, Mobile 4, Ala.No. 20. New Orleans .- —. A. Miles Pratt .- U. S. Customhouse, 423 Cana! Street, New

Orleans 16, La.No.21.Sabine --------- Victor Russell - .... U- U. S. Customhouse, 501 Fifth Street, Port

Arthur, Tex.No. 22. Galveston---P--— Fred C. Pabst -- 401 Post Office, Customhouse and Courthouse

Building, Seventeenth and Strand Streets,Galveston, Tex.

No. 23. Laredo -H-- —- - Harry P. Hornby.-------218 Federal Building, Laredo, Tex.No. 24. El Paso------—- Harris Walthall------ 108 U. S. Courthouse, El Paso, Tex.No. 25. San Diego - Robert E. Noonan --- 325 West F Street, San Diego 1, Calif.No. 26. Arizona---- ---- Craig Pottinger-- - P. 0. Building, Nogales.No. 27. Los Angeles - —-- -Witliam Jennings H. W. Hellman Building, 354 South Spring

Bryan, Jr. Street, Los Angeles 13, Calif.No. 28. San Francisco---— Paul R. Leake - U—- U. S. Customhouse, Washington and Battery

Streets, San Francisco 26, Calif.No. 29. Oregon.-----——— Mrs. NanWoodHoney- Federal Building, 220 Northwest Eighth Place,

man. Portland 9.No. 30. Washington -— Howard H. McGowan.- Federal Building, First Avenue and Madison

Street, Seattle 4.No. 31. Alaska- --- --- James S. Connors- Federal and Territorial Building, Fourth and

Main Streets, Juneau.No. 32. Hawaii-—-— - Robert L. Shivers-—.- U. S. Customhouse, King and Richard Streets,

Honolulu 6.No. 33. Montana, Idaho --- William H. Bartley- .. Post Office and Courthouse. 215 First Street,

North, Great Falls, Mont.No. 34. Dakota—- ——- John O'Keefe - U-- —-- U. S. Federal Building, Stutsman and Cavalier

Streets, Pembina, N. Dak.No. 35. Minnesota---------- Mrs. Viena P. Johnson-_ 218 U. S. Courthouse, Marquette Avenue and

Third Street, Minneapolis 1.No. 36. Duluth and Supe- Mrs. Clara E. Sarvella- 205 Federal Building, Duluth, Minn.

rior.No. 37. Wisconsin -— — Henry V. Sohwalbach --- Federal Building, 317 East Wisconsin Avenue,

Milwaukee 2.No. 38. Michigan---.——. Martin R. Bradley --- 100 W. Lamed Street, Detroit 26.No. 39. Chicago—-- - Joseph A. Ziemba - — U. S. Customhouse, 610 South Canal Street, Chi-

cago 7, Dl.No. 40. Indiana.----- .. Alden H. Baker - 115 N. Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis 4.No. 41. Ohio--——...——..a Mrs. Bernice Pyke -- —-244 Federal Building, Cleveland 14.


DISTRICT OFFICES-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS-Continued


No. 42. Kentucky _------— Harry M. Brennan.-- Fincastle Building, Third and Broadway, Louis.~~~,_~~~~~~~~~- ~ville 2.

No. 43. Tennessee - Abe D. Waldauer- 249 Post Office Building, Front Street at MadisonAvenue, Memphis 3.

No. 45. St. Louis - James R. Wade .---- 514 New Federal Building, Twelfth Boulevardand Market Street, St. Louis 1, Mo.

No. 47. Colorado -B.----- HIarry A. Zinnl -. ... U. S. Customhouse, Nineteenth and StoutStreets, Denver 2.

No. 49. Puerto Rico - —. . .- Mrs. Jean S. Whitte- U. S. Customhouse, Deposito Street, La Marina.

more. San Juan 9.

No. 51. Virgin Islands .- _- Carl L. Root .------ Post Office and Customhouse, Norre Gade andKing's Wharf, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas.

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, under the Director, designs,engraves, and prints for the Federal Government, Federal ReserveBoard, and Government-owned corporations, all currency, bonds,notes, certificates; checks; revenue, customs, war savings, and postagestamps; military certificates; and other forms of engraved documents.It performs a similar function for the insular possessions.

Bureau of Internal Revenue

The Office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, commonly re-ferred to as the Bureau of Internal Revenue, was created by the actof July 1, 1862 (12 Stat. 432; 26 U. S. C. 1).

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION OF INTERNAL REVENUE LAws.-The Bu-

reau of Internal Revenue, under the direction of the Commissioner,has general supervision over the determination, assessment, and collec-tion of all internal revenue taxes. It is charged with the enforcementof the internal revenue laws, and prepares and distributes the formsand instructions for the filing of tax returns.

INCOME AND PROFITS TAXES.-The Income Tax Unit administers theincome and profits tax provisions of the internal revenue laws, prepar-ing regulations in this regard, receiving, auditing, and verifying thereturns, and reviewing and disposing of claims for refund.

EXCESS PROFITS RELIEF.-The Excess Profits Tax Council adminis-ters all claims for relief from excess profits tax under section 722 ofthe Internal Revenue Code.

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL.-The Alcohol TaxUnit is charged with the administration of the laws relating to themanufacture, warehousing, and distribution of spirituous liquors,wines, fermented liquors, and industrial alcohol; the determination,assertion, and assessment of taxes and penalties on liquors; the inquiryand investigation relative to the filing of returns for occupational andcommodity taxes; the regulation of the manufacture and use of liquorbottles and the chemical analysis of liquors and numerous other prod-ucts to determine their taxable status. It administers the provisionsof the Federal Alcohol Administration Act of -August 29, 1935 (49


Stat. 977; 27 U. S. C. 201-11), relating to the regulation of interstateand foreign commerce in distilled spirits, wines, and malt beveragesand the labeling and advertising thereof. It is also charged with theinvestigation, detection and prevention of willful and fraudulent viola-tions of internal revenue laws relating to liquors.

EMIPLOYMENT TAXES.-The Employment Tax Unit administers thetaxes imposed by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, the FederalUnemployment Tax Act, and the Railroad Retirement Act.

OTHER INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.-The Miscellaneous Tax Unitadministers the internal revenue laws as they apply to other thanalcohol, employment, and income and profits taxes, preparing regu-lations in connection therewith, receiving, auditing, and verifyingthe returns, and reviewing and disposing of claims for refund andabatement.

SALARY STABILIZATION.-The Bureau is responsible for the judgingand closing of all cases of alleged violation of the Wage and SalaryStabilization laws and regulations formerly administered both by thisunit and also the National Wage Stabilization Board. Except for theprocessing of prior violations, all wartime wage and salary controlswere terminated by Executive Order 9801 of November 9, 1946.

SUPERVISION OF COLLECTORS AND FIELD FORCES.-The Accounts andCollections Unit is charged with the administration of matters havingto do with the organization and management of the offices of collectorsof internal revenue, including their field forces, and with the adminis-trative audit of revenue and disbursing accounts of the Internal Reve-nue Service. It also issues stamps to collectors of internal revenue.

FIELD SERVICE.-The four main divisions of the Field Service arethe Field Collection Service, the Field Audit Service, the SupervisoryField Service of the Alcohol Tax Unit, and Field Divisions of theTechnical Staff. In addition, the Bureau maintains a staff of intelli-gence agents, supervisors of accounts and collections, miscellane-ous and sales-tax agents, and salary stabilization officers. Repre-sentatives of the General Counsel's Office are assigned to field stationsas counsel for the various field services.

COLLECTION DISTRICTS-BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE

District Collector's Office Collector

ALABAMA ------ —------—----—- Birmingham 3 ..-_ ---- Henry J. WillinghamALASKA (part of Washington District)- -------- --ARIZONA ----------------------- -- .__ Phoenix-------- William P. StuartARKANSAS ---------------------- Little Rock ------ ——--- Horace E. ThompsonCALIFORNIA (1st District) -- - San Francisco I -l--.- James G. SmythCALIFORNIA (6th District) ---- — Los Angeles 53 (P.O. Box 391)_ Harry C. WestoverCOLORADO -------- ---- —-- Denver 2----—————- Ralph NicholasCONNECTICUT - .----------------------- Hartford 1 - ------- Frank W. KraemerDELAWARE - .------ ------------------- Wilmington 99 -Norman CollisionDISTRICT OF COLUTMBIA (Part of Mary- . - -----

land District).FLORIDA ----------------------------- Jacksonville 1 ..- John L. Fahs

GEORGIA -.----- —-—- - Atlanta 3 ---- —-- Marion H. AllenHAWAII -... .....-- Honolulu 3 - .-----—-—---- Henry Robinson

IDABO .-..---------- ------------------- Boise---------—-—--- -- John R. VileyILLINOIS (1st District) ------- — Chicago 90 -Nigel D. Campbell

738486° 47--9


COLLECTION DISTRICTS-BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE-Continued

District Collector's Office Collector

li.lNois (8th District) -- - - - Springfield -.- Vincent Y. DallmanINDIANA ------------- -— — -.....- Indianapolis 6-- — — F. Shirley WilcoxIOWA———————.— —--- Des Moines 8 .-—— - Edward H. BirminghamKANSAS— ——-————-- Wichita 1 -———— — Lynn R. BrodrickKENTUCKY--——-------------------- - Louisville 1 _-—— —--—-- Seldon R. GlennLOUISIANA- New Orleans 16- Charles A. DonnellyMAINE------- ---— ------------ Augusta _-- _---- Clinton A. Clauson

MARYLAND- —————————— Baltimore 2_ .- George HofferbertMASSACtUSETTS --------------------- Boston 9 8----— — Dennis W. Delaney

MICHioAN- --------------------- - Detroit 31 - Giles KavanaghMINNESOTA.-: ---- ..............---- St. Paul 1 —_—- — ElmerF. KelmMississ . ..ippi-------------- --- -- Jackson 109 -.--- Eugene Fly

MisSouaI (1st District) -— — - St. Louis I (P. 0. Box 1740)- James P. FinneganMiSSOUsI (6th Distrisct) -_ __- __ Kansas City 6 --- ----- —- ___ Dan M. NeeMONTANA —-H-------- ----— — Helena - ------ ————-_ Lewis PenwellNEBAKAx A-—————————— Omaha 2. -—————_ George WV. O'MalleyNEVADA--B-------- - Renon- ———————— Robert L. Douglass

NEW HAMPSHIRE .- --— -—-- —--- Portsmouth _-- - - Peter M. Gagne

NEW JERSEY (Ist District) -_ -_- -- Camden - ————— Harry L. MaloneyNEW JESEY (5th District) -- —-- Newark 2 - John E. ManningNEW MEXICO —-—----------------— —--- Albuquerque---------------- Steven P. Vidal

NEW YORE (Ist District) -- —-- 210 Livingston Street, Joseph P. MarcelleBrooklyn 2.

NEW YORK (2d District) -- ——-- Customhouse, New York 4-- William I. PedrickNEW YoRK (3d District) -- —-- 110 E. Forty-fifth etreet, James W.. Johnson

New York 17.NEW YOK.(14th District) - —- Albany 1 .-- —-------- Harry M. Hickey

NEW YORK (21st District)- -- - Syracuse 1 --Frank J. Shaugisnessy

NEW YORK (28th District)---—-—- Buffalo 1 (P. 0. Box 60, Ni- George T. McGowanagara Sq. Sta.)

NOETH CAROLINAG —————— Greensboro------ —-- Charles H. RobertsonNORTH DAKOTA- -Fargo ------- —-—- - Hector H. PerryOBIO (1st District)--——————— Cincinnati I (P. 0. Box 1818). Thomas A. Gallagher

OHIO (10th District) --Toledo I -———-- —- John J. Quinlivan

OHIO (11th District) --Columbus 16 -- - Harry F. BuseyOHIO (18th District) --Cleveland 16 (P. 0. Box Thomas M. Carey

5879)OKLAHOMA-——————————— Oklahoma City I (P. 0. Box Henry Clifford Jones

1318)

OREGON- - —- - - Portland 9 (P. 0. Box 1341)- James W.Maloney

PENNSYLVANIA (lst District)------- Philadelphia 7--- —--- Francis R. Smith

PENNSYLVANIA (12th District) - Scranton 14- ----— --- Joseph T. McDonald

PENNSYLVANIA (23d District)-——— Pittsburgh 30 (P. 0. Box Stanley Grangi-r2008)

RHODE ISLAND- -Providence 2 (P.O.Boxl6)- Farrell D. Coyle

SOUTH CAROLINA- --- Columbia 3-— ------- William P. Bowers

SOUTH DAKOTA-————————— Aberdeen (P. 0. Box 370) Thomas C. Rasper

TENNESSEE--———————- Nashville 3--------.--- Lipe Henslce

TEXAS (1st District) -- - Austin 8 (P. 0. Box 1150)-.- Frank Scofield

TEXAS (2d District) --Dallas I (P. 0. Box 119) — Herbert E. Arnold, Acting

UTAH- ---- ---- -- - Salt Lake City 1 (P. 0. Box William J. Korth

1288)

VERMONT----- — -- --- Burlington -------- Sam E. Richardson

VmGiNiA -- --- - -- - - Richmond 17---------- Nathaniel B. Early, Jr.

WASIUNGTON- -- Tacoma 2 (P. 0. Box 1619)-- Clarke Squire

WEST VnSGINiA -- -.. - -- Parkcrsburg -F--- F. Roy Yoke

WISCONSIN-I---——----- -- Milwaukee 1---- —- - FrankSJ. Kuhl

WYOMINao-Ch------ ------ eyenne------- Frank G. Clark


Bureau of the Mint

The Mint of the United States was established by act of Con-gress April 2, 1792 (I Stat. 246). The Bureau of the Mint was estab-lished by act of Congress February 12, 1873 (17 Stat. 424; 31 U. S. C.251-73).

SUPERVISION or MINTS, ASSAY OFFICES, AND DEPOSITORIES.-The Bu-reau of the Mint, in -Washington, under the Director, has generalsupervision of tlhe United States mints, assay offices, and depositories.It directs the coinage of money, domestic and foreign; the striking ofmedals for the armed services and others; and supervises all activitiesof the seven mint institutions in the field, receiving, assaying, payingfor, storing, and safeguarding the Nation's gold and silver stocks. TheBureau, subject to' the approval of the Secretary, prescribes the rulesfor the transaction of business at the mints, assay offices, and deposi-tories, receiving daily reports of their operations; reviews theaccounts, authorizes the expenditures, and superintends the annualsettlements for these institutions, making special examination of themwhen necessary.

MINT RECORDS AND PUBLICATIONS.-The Bureau of the Mint pub-lishes a quarterly statement of the values of foreign moneys for cus-tomhouse use and other public purposes, and reports annually to theSecretary on mint operations for the fiscal year. The annual reportincludes estimates of domestic and foreign production of gold andsilver, also monetary statistics pertaining to the United States andto most of the countries of the world.

FIELD INSTITUTIONS-BUREAU OF THE MINT

Address Officer in Charge

United States Mint, Philadelphia 30, Pa-——---- Edwin Dresset, SuperintendentUnited States Mint, Denver 2, Colo----------..---- Moses Smith, SuperintendentUnited States Mint, San Francisco 2, Calif----- Neal H. Callaghan, SuperintendentUnited States Assay Office, New York 5, N. Y-------- Sigmund Solomon, SuperintendentUnited States Assay Office, Seattle 4. Wash-—-------- George Swarva, Assayer in ChargeUnited States Bullion Depository (Gold), Fort Knox, Russell Van Horne, Chief Clerk in Charge

Ky.United States Bullion Depository (Silver), West Point, Sigmund Solomon, Superintendent. U. S. Assay

N. Y. Office, New York, N. Y.

Bureau of Narcotics

The act of June 14, 1930 (46 Stat. 585; 5 U. S. C. 282-82a), createdin the Treasury Department a bureau known as the Bureau ofNarcotics, the law providing that the Commissioner of Narcotics shallbe in charge thereof and perform such duties in respect to its activ-ities as are prescribed by the Secretary or required by law.

ADMINISTRATION OF NARCOTIC LAWS.-The Bureau of Narcotics,under the Commissioner, supervises the administration of those sec-tions of the Internal Revenue Code relating to narcotic drugs and

126 UNITED STATES- GOVERNMENT MANUAL

marihuana, the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942, and related stat-utes, including the administration of the permissive features of theNarcotic Drugs Import and Export Act. It cooperates with theBureau of Customs in enforcing prohibitive features of the latter act.

ENFORCEMENT, AND ISSUANCE OF NARCOTIC IMPORT AND EXPORT PER-MITS.-It is charged with the investigation, detection, and preventionITS,---It is charged with the investigaiof violations of the Federal narcotic and marihuana laws, and of theOpium Poppy Control Act of 1942. It issues. permits to import thecrude narcotic drugs and to export drugs and preparations manu-factured therefrom under the law and regulations, and determines thequantities of drugs to be manufactured in the United States for medi-cal purposes. The Bureau also has the authority to issue licenses forproduction of poppies and for the manufacture of opium productstherefrom, under the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942, wheneversuch production and manufacture become necessary to supply medicaland scientific needs for opium products.

DETERMINATION OF NARCOTIC IMPORT QUOTAS.-In cooperation withthe Public Health Service, the Bureau of Narcotics determines thequantities of crude opium and coca leaves to be imported into theUnited States for medical and other legitimate uses.

COOPERATION WITH STATES AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES.-It cooperates

with the Department of State in the discharge of the internationalobligations of the United States concerning the traffic in narcoticdrugs and with the several States in the suppression of the abuse ofnarcotic drugs and marihuana in their respective jurisdictions.

DISTRICT OFFICES-BUREAU OF NARCOTICS

District Supervisor Address

No. 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- Pliny A. Williams------ 1120 Post Office Building, Boston 9,

mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Mass.Connecticut.

No. 2. New York State and the Fifth Garland H. Williams.--—- Suit 605, 90 Church Street, New York

internal Revenue Collection District 7, N. Y.of New Jersey.

No. 3. Delaware, New Jersey (except Joseph M. Bransky--- 619 Stephen Girard Building, Philadel.

the Fifth Internal Revenue District), phia 7, Pa..

No. S. District of Columbia, Mary- Boyd M. Martin - 314 Post Office Building, Baltimore 2,

land, North Carolina, Virginia, Md.

No. 6. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Thomas W. McGeever- 601 Ten Forsyth Street Building,

South Carolina. Atlanta 3, Ga.

No. 7. Kentucky, Tennessee, Lonisi- George W. Cunningham 418 Federal Building, Louisville 1, Ky.

ana, Mississippi.No. 8. Michigan, Ohio--———— George H. White---— 802 Federal Building, Detroit 26, Mich.

No. 9. Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin --.- Joseph Bell-------- 817 U. S. Post Office Building, Chicago7, Ill.

No. 10. Texas, Arizona, New Mexico—--- Terry A. Talent---—-- 205 U. S. Courthouse Building, ElPaso, Tex.

No. 11. Arkansas Kansas, Missouri, Theodore J. Walker—- 743 U. S. Courthouse Building, Kansas

Oklahoma. City 6, MO.No. 12. Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Anker M. Bangs- 314 U. S. Courthouse Building, Minne-

North Dakota, South Dakota. apolis 1, Minr.No. 13. Colorado, Utah, Wyoming—.- James J. Biggins..-.- 100 Customhouse, Denver 2, Colo.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 127-

DISTRICT OFFICES-BUREAU OF NARCOTICS-Continued

District Supervisor Address

No. 14. California, Nevada --- .- Robert W. Artis--- -- Room 2104, 100 McAllister Street, SanFrancisco 2, Calif.

No. 15. Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Allyn B. Crisler-...... 311U.S. Courthouse Building, Seattle4,Washin gton, Territory of Alaska. Wash.

No. 16. Territory of Hawaii ..-....... William K. Wells. Act- 575 Alexander Young Building,ing. Honolulu 1, T. B.

Committee on Practice

The Committee on Practice (formerly the Committee on Enroll-ment and Disbarment) receives and acts upon applications of attorneysand agents for admission to practice before the Treasury Department,receives and acts upon applications for re-enrollment from attorneysand agents who have been disbarred, conducts hearings, makes in-quiries, makes recommendations to the Secretary of the Treasury,and performs other duties prescribed by Department Circular 230,revised April 1, 1947.

The Committee on Practice receives and acts upon applications ofindividuals, corporations, associations, and partnerships for custom-house brokers' licenses, issues customhouse brokers' licenses, makesrecommendations to the Secretary of the Treasury, and performs otherduties as prescribed by Department Circular 559, revised May 1, 1947.

Division of Monetary Research

The Division of Monetary Research was established in the Officeof the Secretary, effective March 25, 1938, by Treasury DepartmentOrder 18, dated March 25, 1938.-

The Division provides information, economic analyses, and recom-mendations for the use of the Secretary of the Treasury and otherTreasury officials to assist in the formulation and execution of thepolicies of the Department in connection with the Stabilization Fund,other operations under the Gold Reserve Act, the Silver Purchase Act,and the Bretton Woods Agreements Act.

Analyses are made pertaining to gold and silver, the flow of capitalfunds into and out of the United States, the position of the dollarin relation to foreign currencies, monetary, banking, and fiscal poli-cies of foreign countries, exchange and trade restrictions abroad, andsimilar problems. Analyses are also prepared relating to the customsactivities of the Department and to the duties of the Secretary of theTreasury under the Tariff Act and on other matters pertaining tointernational trade, including the trade agreement program.

The Division also is responsible for the economic and financial workin connection with the negotiation of exchange stabilization andfinancial agreements made by the United States with foreign govern-ments and central banks. The Treasury's operations under exchange


stabilization agreements and other gold transactions with foreigngovernments and central banks are performed by the StabilizationFund, which is administered by the Division.

Division of Personnel

The Division of Personnel was established July 1, 1940, followingits organization pursuant to section 6 of Executive Order 7916of June 24, 1938.

The Division of Personnel, under the supervision of the Directorof Personnel, is charged with administering the personnel programof the Department, including appointment, recruitment, placement,training, transfer, promotion, separation, efficiency ratings, safety,health, discipline, grievances, working conditions of employees, otheremployer-employee relations, and classification of positions.

Division of Research and Statistics

The Division of Research and Statistics was established in theOffice of the Secretary, effective September 17, 1934, by TreasuryDepartment Order 8, dated September 17, 1934. It superseded theSection of Financial and Economic Research in the Office of theSecretary.

FISCAL RESEARcH.-The Division serves as a technical staff for theSecretary and other policy-forming officials on matters relating to theeconomic aspects of fiscal operations and policies, particularly as theyconcern the management of the public debt. Estimates of tax andcustoms revenues are prepared for use in the planning of Treasuryfinancing operations, in budget messages and summaries, and in con-nection with proposed revenue legislation.

STATISTICS.-The Director of Research and Statistics has direct an-thority over and responsibility for the production, analysis, and pub-lication of statistics, and the conduct of economic research in allbranches of the Treasury Department except as these responsibilitiesare specifically delegated to the Divisions of Monetary Research andTax Research.

GOVEREK•MENT ACTTUARY.-The Government Actuary, who is an As-sistant Director of Research and Statistics, serves as Treasury consult-ant on actuarial problems in connection with pension and trust fundsand other matters involved in the Department's operations, and onproblems of investment mathematics involved in financing. He ad-vises on existing and proposed retirement legislation, and is a mem-ber of the Federal Board of Actuaries and of the Actuarial AdvisoryCommittee of the Railroad Retirement Board.

Division of Tax Research

The Division of Tax Research was established in the Office of theSecretary, effective June 1, 1938, by Treasury Department Order 18,dated March 25, 1938.

The Division of Tax Research assembles the facts and prepares theeconomic, statistical, and technical analyses needed (a) to aid the


Secretary, the Under Secretary, and other Treasury officials in theformulation of Treasury tax policy, (b) to aid the Ways and MeansCommittee of the House of Representatives, the Finance Committeeof the Senate, and the Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxationin their consideration of tax proposals and legislation, and (c) toprovide information on various tax matters, as requested, to the Presi-dent, members of Congress, various Government officials, and thepublic.

To carry out its functions, the Division is required to make basicsurveys of the tax problems of the Federal Government, to devisealternative methods of meeting revenue requirements, and to developmethods of adjusting the tax system to changing economic conditions.The tax system as a whole is analyzed with a view to obtaining revenueyields large enough to meet prospective revenue requirements and tomaking adjustments in a manner which will be fair to taxpayers andwill avoid undesirable economic effects. Individual taxes are studied(1) to determine their effects on the particular groups of taxpayersinvolved, (2) to avoid inequity among taxpayers within a given group,(3) to ascertain and develop methods of meeting the administrativeand compliance problems of the tax, and (4) to devise ways of integrat-ing the particular tax with the tax system as a whole. These studiesrequire economic analyses of the effects of each tax; technical analysesof the more complicated problems inherent in. various tax measures;and statistical analyses of the distribution of the burden of specifictaxes, of the total Federal tax load, and of the combined Federal,State, and local burden.

The interrelationships of Federal, State, and local taxes are studiedwith a view to possible improvements in intergovernmental fiscal rela-tions. Specific State and local taxes are also examined not only todetermine the combined effect of such taxes and Federal taxes butalso to assure the Federal Government of the benefit of State and localtax experience. Likewise, to gain the benefit of foreign experienceand to compare tax policies, studies are made of foreign tax systemsand selected taxes in foreign countries.

The Director and members of the Division assist in the presentationof the Treasury's tax program to the congressional committees, andare frequently called upon for technical assistance to those committees.The Division is responsible for the economic aspect of tax relationsbetween the United States and foreign nations, participates in thenegotiation of treaties for the avoidance of international double tax-ation, and handles the economic tax aspects of the participation of theUnited States in the new international organizations. Members of theDivision also participate in conferences with taxpayers who desire tocall special problems to the attention of the Treasury Department.

The Division is also charged with general responsibility respectingthe assembly and publication of statistics pertaining to Federal taxa-tion. In this connection, it exercises general supervision over thestatistical work of the Income Tax Unit of the Bureau of InternalRevenue. Correspondence relating to matters of taxation not involv-ing legal questions is handled by the Division.

130 -UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Legal Division

By section 512 of the Revenue Act of 1934 (48 Stat. 758; 5 U. S. C.248a; 26 U. S. C. 3930-31), there was created the office of GeneralCounsel for the Department of the Treasury, the law providing thatthe General Counsel should be the chief law officer of the Departmentand perform such duties in respect to its legal activities as areprescribed by the Secretary or required by law.

By order dated June 20, 1934, the Secretary prescribed the dutiesof the General Counsel and established the Legal Division, Depart-ment of the Treasury. The Legal Division was placed under thedirect supervision and control of the General Counsel. Section 512of the Revenue Act, 1934, also abolished the offices of General Coun-sel and of Assistant General Counsel for the Bureau of InternalRevenue and of the Solicitor and Assistant Solicitor of the Treasury,and transferred the powers, duties, and functions formerly exercisedby those officers to the General Counsel for the Department of theTreasury.

The General Counsel is responsible for and in charge of all legalactivities of the Treasury Department, including all legislation per-taining to the affairs of the Department, and the drafting of bills,Executive orders, and proclamations; renders formal legal opinionsfor the information and guidance of administrative officers of theDepartment; prepares or reviews material for publication, officialregulations, Treasury Decisions, and other rulings and orders con-cerning laws administered by the Department, and cooperates withthe Department of Justice with respect to litigation in which theTreasury Department has an interest. The General Counsel alsoadvises the Secretary with reference to action to be taken uponpetitions for the remission or mitigation of fines, penalties, andforfeitures. In addition, certain duties are imposed upon the Gen-eral Counsel by statute, relative to sureties on certain official bonds;certification of copies of official records; offers in compromise of claimsin favor of the United States (except those arising under the postallaws) which have not been referred to the Department of Justice forprosecution in the courts; and lands and other property acquired, andtrusts created for the use of the United States in payment of debts tothe United States (with the exception of those arising under theinternal revenue laws).

Office of Chief Clerk

The Office of the Chief Clerk was created by the act of April 20, 1818(3 Stat. 445). The Chief Clerk is appointed by the Secretary, to whomhe is responsible through the Administrative Assistant to the Secre-tary. He serves as consultant and adviser to the Administrative As-sistant on questions of administrative management having depart-ment-wide application.

The Chief Clerk has custody of the Treasury Seal, and certifiescopies of official documents. He is responsible for the maintenance ofcentral records and the preparation of pay rolls for numerous units ofthe Department, and, with the exception of a few instances, has custody


of the noncurrent files of the departmental service. He is accountablefor all ordnance issued pursuant to the act approved March 3, 1879(20 Stat. 412; 50 U. S. C. 61) to the Treasury (including its fieldservices) by the Secretary of War for the protection of the publicmoney and property.

The Chief Clerk is responsible, in connection with the appropria-tion, "Miscellaneous Expenses, Treasury Department," for the properallocation of expenditures chargeable to such appropriation and keep-ing related records; for the allocation, within the Department, ofproperty declared by the respective bureaus, divisions, and offices to besurplus to their needs; and for the disposal of property which is sur-plus to the needs of the Department.

The Chief Clerk is charged with the enforcement of departmentalregulations. He is in charge of the central administrative services,such as telephone, telegraph, storekeeper, mail, special messengers, du-)rekeeper, mail, special messengers, du-plicating, and translating. The information and receptionist unit inthe Main Treasury Building and the issuance of passes and permits toTreasury officials and employees are also under his supervision.

Fiscal Service

The Fiscal Service'of the Treasury Department was created bythe President's Reorganization Plan III, dated April 2, 1940, underthe provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1939 (53 Stat. 561-566;5 U. S. C. 133-133r). This plan was made effective June 30, 1940, byjoint resolution approved June 4, 1940 (54 Stat. 231; 5 U. S. C. 133u).The Fiscal Service consists of the Office of the Fiscal Assistant Secre-tary, the Bureau of Accounts, formerly the Office of the Commissionerof Accounts and Deposits (including the Division of Bookkeeping andWarrants, the Division of Disbursement, the Division of Deposits, andthe Section of Surety Bonds), the Bureau of the Public Debt, formerlythe Office of the Commissioner of the Public Debt (including the Divi-sion of Loans and Currency, the Office of the Register of the Treasury,the Division of Public Debt Accounts and Audit, the Division of PaperCustody, and the Division of Savings Bonds), and the Office of theTreasurer of the United States.

OFFICE OF THE FISCAL ASSISTANT SECRETARY

The Fiscal Assistant Secretary, under the direction of the Secretary,performs all functions pertaining to (1) the administration of financ-ing operations; (2) the supervision of the administration of the func-tions and activities of the units grouped under the Fiscal Service,(3) supervision of the administration of accounting functions andactivities in the Treasury Department and all its bureaus and offices,through the Commissioner of Accounts.

It is the duty of the Fiscal Assistant Secretary to maintain con-tacts with departments, boards, corporations, and other branches ofthe Government with respect to their financial operations and to co-ordinate such operations with those of the Treasury. He representsthe Secretary in such contacts in a liaison capacity, keeping theSecretary fully informed at all times.

132 UNITED- STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

The Fiscal Assistant Secretary prepares periodical estimates of thefuture cash position of the Treasury for use of the Department inconnection with its financing; prepares calls for the withdrawal offunds from special depositaries to meet current expenditures; directsthe transfer of Government funds between the Federal Reserve Bankswhen necessary; directs fiscal agency functions in general.

BUREAU OF ACCOUNTS

The Bureau of Accounts, under the Commissioner of Accounts, suc-ceeding the Office of the Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits,was created and established as a part of the Fiscal Service of theTreasury Department by the President's Reorganization Plan III,effective June 30,1940.

SUPERVISORY DurITs.-The Bureau of Accounts consists of the im-mediate Office of the Commissioner of Accounts, the Office of ChiefAccountant, the Division of Bookkeeping and Warrants, the Divisionof Disbursement, the Division of Deposits, the Division of FinancialReports, the Division of Investments, and the Section of Surety Bonds.The Commissioner of Accounts has supervisory duties in connectionwith these offices, as well as in connection with the deposit in bankinginstitutions of withheld taxes under the Current Tax Payment Actof 1943, the liquidation of the residual affairs of war agencies trans-ferred to the Bureau by Executive order, and the remaining functionsof liquidation of matters growing out of the control of the Americantransportation system, which was exercised through the United StatesRailroad Administration during the period from December 28, 1917,to February 29, 1920.

Under the provisions of Reorganization Plan III, effective June30, 1940, supervision of the administration of the accounting functionsand activities in the Treasury Department and all its bureaus, divisions,and offices, was consolidated in the Fiscal Service to be exercised by theFiscal Assistant Secretary under the direction of the Secretary of theTreasury through the Commissioner of Accounts.

ExEcuTivE ORDER 8512.-Under Executive Order 8512, dated August13, 1940, as amended by Executive Order 9084, dated March 3, 1942,the Treasury Department is required to prepare financial reportswith respect to the financial condition and operations of theGovernment for the information and use of the President and theBureau of the Budget; to establish and maintain a complete systemof central accounts for the entire Government; and to establish, sub-ject to the approval of the Director, Bureau of the Budget, uniformterminology, classifications, and standards in connection with suchfinancial reports for the use and guidance of all departments andestablishments.

LIQUIDATION ACTIVITIEs.-Pursuant to presidential authorizationthe Treasury Department has charge of the liquidation of the residualaffairs of the following war agencies or units thereof: Central Admin-istrative Services of the Office for Emergency Management by Execu-tive Order 9471 dated August 25, 1944; Office of Civilian Defense byExecutive Order 95062 dated 'June 4, 1945; War Refugee Board by


Executive Order 9614 dated September 14, 1945; Office of War Infor-mation (exclusive of those functions transferred to the Departmentof State and the Bureau of the Budget) by Executive Order 9608dated August 31, 1945; property accounting functions of the Officeof Civilian Defense by Presidential letter of March 26, 1946; and theCommittee on Fair Employment Practice by Presidential letter ofMay 18, 1946.

The -winding up of the administrative affairs of the foregoing activi-ties, which is conducted under the supervision of the Commissioner ofAccounts, involves generally the termination of contracts for rentalor services; the liquidation of obligations incurred including pay-ment of vouchers and certification of claims; the collection of moneysowed to the Government; the clearance of post-audit exceptions takenby~ the General Accounting Office; the disposition of equipment, sup-plies, and other property; the separation of remaining war agencypersonnel; the completion and disposition of employees' retirementrecord cards; the disposition of special deposits, such as employees'pay-roll deductions for bond purchases, income taxes withheld onsalaries, and miscellaneous credits; winding up the accounting work;the answering of inquiries concerning prior transactions and the han-dling of other related correspondence; the preparation of personnelrecords for archives and disposal of other records; and the submis-sion of final reports on liquidation.

LEND-LEASE FISCAL OPERATION's.-Executive Order 9726, dated May18, 1946, transferred to the Treasury Department from the Depart-ment of State all functions with respect to the maintenance of accountsand other fiscal records relating to lend-lease and reverse lend-leasematters under the act of March 11, 1941.

In carrying out the purposes and provisions of this order the Treas-ury Department is required to: perform all necessary fiscal functionsand maintain all necessary fiscal records and prepare all requiredreports pertaining to the act, except that, until such date as the Direc-tor of the Bureau of the Budget shall determine, the Secretary ofState shall prepare for the President the reports required under'sec-tion 5 (b) of the act; furnish the Department of State with suchinformation and reports concerning lend-lease operations as may berequested by such Department, including information as to the statusof funds; make additional allocations to procurement agencies of theGovernment of available funds, and shall bill, collect, and account forfunds from foreign governments and others, under the act, in accord-ance with the request of the Secretary of State; and revoke excessallocations in the hands of procurement agencies and return suchfunds to the master account after consultation with the Departmentof State.

These functions are being performed under the supervision of theCommissioner of Accounts.

FORPEIGN OBLIGATIONs.-The collection of the principal of and inter-est on foreign obligations, the keeping of the accounts relating thereto,and generally the handling of all matters pertaining to such indebted-ness are under the supervision of the Office of the Commissioner ofAccounts.

134 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANAL

RAILROAD AND OTHIER INDEBTEDNESS.-Collection of railroad obliga-tions acquired by the Government under the Transportation Act of1920 (41 Stat. 456; 45 U. S. C. 131-46; . S.C. title 49), keeping theaccounts relating thereto, and other-items of indebtedness turned overto the Treasury by other departments for collection are within itsjurisdiction.

WAR CLAIMS AND OTHER AWARDS.-Its duties include the payment,keeping of accounts, and handling generally of matters relating toawards under the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, the claimsagreement of October 25, 1934, between the United States and Turkey,and the acts of April 10, 1935, and December 18, 1942, covering claimsagainst the Republic of Mexico.

INVESTMENTS.-The Office of the Commissioner has supervision ofthe investment accounts of the Government, directing the custody ofinvestments and securities held by the Treasurer and by FederalReserve Banks for which the Secretary of the Treasury is responsible.

TREASURY ACCOUNTS AND PROCEDURE.-Under Department Circular 514 and Reorganization Plan III of 1939-40, the Office of the Commis-sioner reviews all proposed changes in the accounting procedures of theTreasury Department, including all its bureaus and offices.

REPORTS AND STATEMENTS.-It has general supervision over the prep-aration of the Daily Statement of the United States Treasury, andspecial statements included therein on the first and middle daysof the month. The Office of the Commissioner compiles the annualdigest of appropriations for the information and guidance of all de-partments and establishments, and an annual combined statement ofthe receipts and expenditures of the Government pursuant to the actof July 31, 1894 (28 Stat. 179, 197, 205-11; 31 U. S. C. 147).

REvENUE, APPROPRIATION, AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS OF ALL Gov-ERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.-Under the act of July 31, 1894, the Divisionof Bookkeeping and Warrants, under the administrative supervisionof the Office of the Commissioner, maintains the accounts relating torevenues, appropriations, and expenditures of all departments andestablishments of the Government.

TREASURY WARRANTS.-The Division of Bookkeeping and Warrantsalso issues all Treasury warrants, including those upon which Gov-ernment disbursements are based and those for the covering of moneysinto the Treasury of the United States.

DISBURSEMENTS.-The Division of Disbursement, under adminis-trative supervision of the Office of the Commissioner, was created byExecutive Order 6166, of June 10, 1933, and disburses all moneysof the executive branch of the United States Government (with cer-tain exceptions, including the Panama Canal, the military servicesof the War and Navy Departments, the Postal Service, and UnitedStates marshals). With the exceptions noted, the disbursing func-tions formerly exercised by disbursing officers attached to the variousGovernment departments and agencies have been consolidated in theDivision of Disbursement.

The Division of Disbursement receives and processes all applicationsfor substitutes of lost, stolen, destroyed. or mutilated checks drawnby officers and agents of the Federal Government, the District of


Columbia, or the District Unemployment Compensation Board, in-cluding corporations owned or controlled by the United States, andwork in connection with requests for payment of checks that haveremained outstanding more than one full fiscal year following thefiscal year of issue, the amounts of which have been transferred to anoutstanding liability account.

DESIGNATION OF G(JOVERNMENT DEPOSITARIES.-The Division of De-posits, under the supervision of the Office of the Commissioner, ad-ministers matters relating to the designation of Government depos-itaries and the deposit of Government funds with them. Thedepositaries include Federal Reserve Banks, general and limitednational bank depositaries, special depositaries under the LibertyLoan Acts, foreign depositaries, Federal land banks, and the Phil-ippine Treasury. The Division also has charge of the duties devolv-ing upon the Secretary of the Treasury under the Government Lossesin Shipment Act of July 8, 1937 (50 Stat. 479; 5 U. S. C. 134-34h;31 U. S. C. 528, 738a), as amended, and of matters relating to thequalification of Federal savings and loan associations and Federalcredit unions as fiscal agents of the United States.

DEPOSITARIES FOR WITHHELD TAxEs.-Under the Current Tax Pay-ment Act of 1943 (57 Stat. 126; 26 U. S. C. 1621), it is provided thatthe Secretary of the Treasury may authorize incorporated banks ortrust companies which are depositaries or financial agents of the UnitedStates to receive withheldtaxes. Designated depositaries for withheldtaxes are required to comply with the terms of Department Circular714 before acting as such depositaries. The circular provides that de-

-tails governing qualification of depositaries, and the functions ofdepositaries under such qualification, be handled by the various FederalReserve Banks as fiscal agents of the United States. The TreasuryDepartment through the Bureau of Accounts exercises general super-vision of the program.

SURETY COMPANIES.-The Commissioner of Accounts has supervi-sion over matters relating to applications of surety companies totransact business with the Government. He supervises the auditingof their quarterly financial statements, fixes their qualifying power,notifies them of the settlement of fiscal officers' accounts under fidelitybonds, and generally exercises such other supervision as may be neces-sary to protect the interests of the Government under bonds executedby surety companies. The Commissioner has custody of official bondsrunning to the Government except those of the Post Office Depart-ment employees and of certain Federal court officials.

DIRECTOR GENERAL OF RAILROADS.-Pursuant to section 2 (b) of thePresident's Reorganization Plan II, which the President submittedto Congress May 9, 1939, under authority of the Reorganization Actof 1939, the Office of the Director General of Railroads was abolishedand the functions and duties transferred to the Secretary of theTreasury to be exercised and performed by him personally or throughsuch officer or officers of the Department of the Treasury as he mayauthorize. The Secretary of the Treasury was also designated asagent against whom actions or other procedures may be broughtin accordance with section 206 of the Transportation Act of February

13 6 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MANUAL

28, 1920 (41 Stat. 456; 49 U. S. C. 71-74, 76-78, 141). Under thisReorganization Plan, the Fiscal Assistant Secretary, the Comis-sioner of Accounts, the Associate Commissioner of Accounts, and theAssistant Commissioner of Accounts are designated to perform onbehalf of the Secretary of the Treasury the duties and functions ofthe Director General of Railroads.

BUREAU OF THE PUB1 C DEBT

qThe Bureau of the Public Debt, under the Commissioner of thePublic Debt, succeeding the Public Debt Service, was created andestablished by the President's Reorganization Plan III, effective June30, 1940, as a part of the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department.

The Bureau of the Public Debt is charged generally with the conductor direction of transactions in the public debt issues of the UnitedStates. It performs similar functions for the issues of the InsularGovernments and of the Government-owned corporations for whichthe Treasury acts as agent. It is also charged with matters relatingto the paper currency of the United States, and with the negotiationof contracts for and the procurement and custody of distinctive paperfor the currency and public debt issues.

The Bureau organization consists of the Office of the Commissioner,the Division of Loans and Currency, the Office of the Register of theTreasury, the Division of Paper Custod Public DebtAccounts and Audit, and the Division of Savings Bonds.

Two principal offices are maintained, one in Washington, the otherin Chicago. All assigned functions are conducted by the Washingtonoffice except those relating to savings bonds after their issue to thepublic, which are conducted by the Chicago office. Recently fiveregional offices of the Register of the Treasury, administered fromWashington and located in New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis,and Los Angeles, have been established to handle the audit of retiredsavings bonds, thus decentralizing that operation from the Chicagooffice. Associated with the. Bureau in public debt work are the FederalReserve Banks, fiscal agents of the United States, the Post OfficeDepartment, and certain Treasury offices.

OFFICE OF THE CoMMISSIONER.-This Office prepares the necessarydocuments incident to the offering of new issues of public debt securi-ties; directs the handling of subscriptions for and allotments of thesecurities to be issued; formulates regulations governing transactionsin public debt securities after issue; and exercises general supervisionover the sale of, and the conduct of transactions in, securities afterissue, either by the units of the Bureau, other branches of the TreasuryDepartment, the Federal Reserve Banks as fiscal agents of the UnitedStates, or the Postal Service. Instructions and orders are given theBureau of Engraving and Printing for the preparation of securities.Authorized destruction of canceled and retired paper currency andpublic debt securities is under this Office.

DIvIsIoN OF LOANS AND CuRitBNcy.-This Division is the issuingbranch. It is charged with the receipt and custody of new securities,and their issuance directly or to the Federal Reserve Banks; with


the conduct of transactions in the outstanding debt including ex-changes, transfers, conversions, maintenance of registered accounts,and the issuing of checks for interest thereon; with a settlement ofclaims on account of lost or destroyed securities, and of those heldin the estates of deceased owners; and with the verification of canceledredeemed United States paper currency, and mutilated work from theBureau of Engraving and Printing.

OFFICE OF THE REGISTER OF THE TREASTRY.-This Office is the retir-i'ng branch. It is charged with the receipt of all paid, redeemed, orexchanged public debt securities, including interest coupons, canceledand retired on any account and from any sources whatever, and withtheir audit, certification, and custody.

DIvISION OF PAPER CUSTODY.-This Division is charged with the re-ceipt; count, custody, and issue of all distinctive paper used for the pro-duction of securities and currency by the Bureau of Engraving andPrinting. In connection with the manufacture of distinctive paper,a small field force is maintained at the mills of the contractors.

Divisio~N OF PIBMc DEBT ACCOUJNTS AND AUDIT.-This Divisionmaintains administrative control accounts over all transactions withwhich the Bureau of the Public Debt is charged, and over relatedtransactions conducted by the Office of the Treasurer of the UnitedStates, and by the Federal Reserve Banks acting in their capacities asfiscal agents of the United States. Similar accounts are maintainedover transactions in distinctive and nondistinctive paper used inprinting public debt and other securities, currency, and stamps. Italso makes administrative examinations and audits of transactions soconducted and the securities involved. It maintains control accountsover reserve stocks of currency, and conducts administrative examina-tions and physical audits of such stocks, cash balances in the severaldivisions of the Treasurer's Office, and collateral securities held intrust by the Treasurer.

DIVISION OF SAVINGS BONDS.-This Division is charged with the dis-tribution of publicity literature for the United States Savings BondsDivision, the maintenance of mailing lists, and the conduct of theregular purchase plan program. It carries on a large correspondencewith the investing public in connection with the registration of savingsbonds and the regular purchase plan.

CHICAGO OFFICE.-All transactions in savings bonds after theirissue are conducted in the Chicago office of the Bureau. Branchesof the Office of the Commissioner, the Division of Loans and Cur-rency, the Office of the Register of the Treasury, and the Divisionof Public Debt Accounts and Audit, and the Division of SavingsBonds in its entirety, comprise the Chicago office.

OFFICE OF THE TREASUBER OF THE UNITED STATES

The Office of the Treasurer of the United States was created underthe authority contained in the act of September 2, 1789 (I Stat. 65;31 U. S. C. 141). Pursuant to the President's Reorganization PlanIII, effective June 30, 1940, the Office of the Treasurer of the UnitedStates was established as part of the Fiscal Service of the TreasuryDepartment.


The Office of the Treasurer of the United States is essentially abanking facility for the Government, and is required under law toservice practically the entire Federal establishment, being particu-larly charged with the receipt, disbursement, and accounting for pub-lic moneys; the custody, issue, and redemption of United States papercurrency and coin; the issue and payment of checks; the safekeepingof securities deposited as collateral and otherwise; and the paymentof principal and interest on public debt obligations.

The Bureau organization consists of the Accounting Division, theCash Division, the Currency Redemption Division, the Division ofGeneral Accounts, and the Division of Securities, together with theTreasurer's Staff and the Administrative Division.

ACCOUNTING DIvIsIoN.-This Division performs five major func-tions. (1) Maintains the checking accounts of disbursing officers andGovernment corporations. (2) Examines and proves the daily tran-scripts of the Treasurer's account received from the various FederalReserve Banks and branches and general depositaries. (3) Examinesand pays the checks drawn on the Treasurer which accompany thetranscripts (except those punchcard checks which are payable throughcertain Federal Reserve Banks). (4) Returns checks carrying ques-tionable signatures or improper endorsements, or are not acceptablefor other reasons. (5) Coordinates the work of Federal Reserve Banksin their operations relating to the payment of checks drawn by theSecretary of the Treasury for interest, by regional disbursing officersof the Treasury, and by certain local disbursing officers of the Warand Navy Departments, which,.checks are drawn on the Treasurerof the United States and are restricted to payment through certaindesignated Federal Reserve Banks. In addition to these generalfunctions, this Division has many related functions such as the han-dling of stop-payments and correspondence and claims relating tolost, stolen, or fraudulently negotiated checks.

CASH DiVIsIoN.-This Division performs for Government account-able officers and for local banks practically all of the major functionsof a general banking institution. Its duties comprise the receipt offunds for deposit to the accounts of the various Government agencies,the payment of Treasury checks as well as processing for collectioncommercial checks, drafts, and money-orders, and the receipt andaccounting for coin presented for redemption and exchange locally.In addition it handles over-the-comiter and mail-order sales of UnitedStates savings bonds, savings stamps, and tax notes. All UnitedStates paper currency, upon receipt from the Bureau of Engravingand Printing, is immediately placed in the reserve vault maintainedby this Division, from which it is issued daily for shipment to thevarious Federal Reserve Banks and branches, and to the local banks.

CURRENCY REDEMAIPTION DIVISION.-This Division performs for theTreasurer the functions of exchange and redemption of United States,Federal Reserve Bank, and national bank currency. It also examinesand determines the redemption value of all mutilated and burnedpaper currency presented, and issues checks in payment therefor.

DIVISION OF GENERAL ACCOUNTS.-In order to comply with the pro-visions of the various laws governing the operations of the Office of


the Treasurer and to prepare the statements of account required of hisoffice, it is necessary that the Treasurer maintain accounts governina wide range of subjects involved in Government accounting. ThisDivision is responsible for the maintenance of these accounts, the prin-cipal of which are Depositary Accounts, Transit Accounts, GeneralTreasury Asset and Liability Accounts, Currency Accounts, Public-Debt Accounts, and the Treasurer's Account Current.

In addition to the maintenance of these and numerous other ac-counts, this Division prepares for the Treasurer authorizations anddirections covering the shipments of coin between the Treasury officesand Federal Reserve Banks and branches to meet the demand for traderequirements, to dispose of surplus stocks of current coin and theaccumulation of light-weight and uncurrent coins.

This' Division is responsible for the preparation of the Daily State-ment of the United States Treasury, the monthly statement of theclassified receipts and expenditures of the Government, the monthlystatement of the public debt, and the monthly statement of papercurrency outstanding.

DIVISION or SEcGURITIES.-The principal duties of this Division com-prise the payment of principal and interest on public debt obligationsof the United States, Government corporations and agencies thePhilippine Islands, and Puerto Rico; the receipt, examination andverification of all United States securities purchased for the cumu-lative sinking fund and various other accounts; and to maintain cus-tody of miscellaneous securities and trust funds, including those heldto secure postal savings, and public deposits in national banks, togetherwith safekeeping facilities, for individuals and others, of United Statessavings bonds.

United States Savings Bonds Division

The United States Savings Bonds Division of the Office of the Secre-tary promotes the sale and holding of United States Savings Bondsof Series E, F, and G, and the sale of United States Savings Stamps.Under Treasury Order 62, dated December 26, 1945, the Division issuccessor to the War Finance Division, War Savings Staff, and DefenseSavings Staff created originally in Treasury Order 39, dated March19. 1941.

United States Savings Bonds offices are located in the 48 Statesand the District of Columbia. Through these field offices sales mate-rials are disseminated, and personal contact is maintained with bank-ing, business, labor, farm, school, and other community leaders whosevolunteer services are enlisted to further the sales of Savings Bonds atbanks, savings and loan associations, post offices, and other issuingagencies, and at places of employment on the popular pay-roll savings

The small headquarters staff comprises the following principal divi-sions: Industrial Payroll Savings; Federal Payroll Savings; Labor,Banking and Investment; Press, Radio and Advertising; Special FieldActivities (agriculture; schools; women's organizations; civic, trade

738486°—47—10


and fraternal organizations; and inter-racial organizations). Coop-

eration is solicited from all advertising media, including newspapers,radio stations, magazines, business and trade publications, outdoor

poster boards, and motion pictures.United States Savings Bonds are continuously on sale at approxi-

mately sixty thousand issuing agencies and their branches in virtually

every locality in the United States. Descriptive information is avail-

able on request, without charge.

FIELD OFFICES-UNITED STATES SAVINGS BONDS DIVISION

Field Office State Director Address

l a -- Young J. Boozer---- ---- 2027 Comer Building, Birmingham 3.

Arizona -.--------- - Oren R. Frasier ----- 215 New Post Office Building, Phoenix.

Aansas - - C. K. Wilkerson.----- -- 204 Old Post Office Building, Little Rock.

Northern California - Jack Botts -------- 745 Monadnock Building, San Francisco 5.

Southern California Fred H. Johnson -- ---- 621 S. Spring Street, Los Angeles 14.

Colorado - .- - Dewey M. Smith--- ----- 719 Equitable Building, Seventeenth and StoutStreets, Denver 2.

Cnnecticut Frank L. Cashman -------- 36 Pearl Street, Hartford 3.

Delaware ---- - Clarence E. Keyes --- - 1064 Hotel duPont Building, Wilmington 93.

District of Columbia .- Hugh Lynch ....-...-- 630 Washington Building, Washington 5.

Florida ------------ - Ralph Bagwell---- - 404-08 Federal Building, Jacksonville 1.

Georgia---------- - Joseph G. Woodruff ----- 1202 C & S National Bank Building, Atlanta 3.

.. Idaho -----...... Harold W. Ellsworth -- - 634 Idaho First National Bank Building, Boise.

Illinois-------- -- Arnold J. Rauen--.-.-.- — 300 Bankers Building, 105 W. Adams Street,Chicago 3.

Indiana -Orville K. Maxfield---- 832 Illinois Building, Indianapolis 4.

Iowa -- - Roger F. Warin --.---- 800 Walnut Building, Des Moines 8.

Kansas-- - - George F. Hillyer --- -- 208 Federal Building, Topeka 60.

Kentucky-- - A. A. Hines -S---- 808 Second National Bank Building, Ashland.

Louisiana ---- -- Joseph J. Knecht -0-- -- 615 Federal Building, P. 0. Box 83, NaeOrleans.

Maine -- Harvey M. Fickett -- --- 233 Post Office Building, 125 Forest Avenue,Portland 3.

Maryland - Richard H. Dixon, Jr.- — 601 Maryland Trust Building, Baltimore 2.

Massachusetts'- Orville S. Poland---- --- 79 Milk Street, Boston 9.

Michigan- Delmar V. Cote--..-- 1702 United Artists Building, Detroit 26.

Minnesota"-- - Darrell D. Bandy—- —— 510 Northwestern Bank Building, Minneapolis 2.

Mississippi- Newell N. McAlpin -1—- 526 Federal Building, Jackson 106.

Missouri --- -- Earl H. Shackelford -- — Post Office Building, Jefferson City, Mo.

Montana"- Arthur Nelson- -- - 28 Union Bank Building, Helena.

Nebraska --Leland R. Hall -- —-- 636 World-Herald Building, Omaha 2.

Nevada ---- - Elmer R. Berg ---- — 150 N. Virginia Street, Reno.

New Hampshire - --- Loren A. Littlefield -- — 77 Market Street, Manchester.

New Jersey -Raymond A. Glennon --- 972 Broad Street, Newark 2.

New Mexico - Edwin G. Hobbs --- — 101 Federal Building, Albuquerque.

New York -- Philip M. Light ----- 253 Broadway, New York 7.

North Carolina-- ---- A. Allison James ---- — 204 Sutton Building, Greensboro.

North Dakota- Harold G. Wheeler-——— Nierling Block, 108½ First Street E., Jamestown.

Ohio- Webster M. Wright -- —- 61 Union Commerce Lobby, Cleveland 14.

Oklahoma --Sidney C. Bray—- ——— 426 Key Building, Oklahoma City 2.

Oregon - --- Kenneth G. Martin -- O—- 1006 American Bank Building, Portland 5.

PenDsylvania - Charles J. Midel ------- - 21 South Twelfth Street, Philadelphia 7.

Rhode Island - Joseph Lombardo -- —-—-1608 Industrial Trust Building, Providence 3.

South Carolina -- William B. Stuckey - — Farm Credit Administration Building, 1401

Hampton Street, Columbia 29.

South Dakota -- -- Elmer Rustad ------- - 305 Federal Building Sioux Falls.

DEPARTMENT OF THE-.TREASTJRY 141

FIELD OFFICES--UNITED STATES SAVINGS BONDS DIVISION-Continued

Field Office State Director Address

Tennessee-------...... John Murray Lovell -...... 330 Third National Bank Building, 170 FourthAvenue, Nashville 3.

Texas - ................. H. H.Owens---- 1114 Commerce Street, Dallas 2.Utah----.._- Earl T. Ross- ........- 462 Federal Building, Salt Lake City 1.Vermont -............- William J. Whalon -....- Hotel Van Ness, Burlington.Virginia -............- Chapman H. Edwards - Schmidt Building, Seventh and Franklin

Streets, Richmond 19.Washington-......- William C. H. Lewis-..- 459 Federal Office Building, Seattle 4.West Virginia------- Berard S. Payne -...-- 105 Federal Building, Charleston 1.Wisconsin - Harold F. Dickens ....... 735 N. Water Street, Milwaukee 2.Wyoming - .....- A. E. Wilde .......- 301 Federal Building, Cheyenne.

Foreign Funds Control

During World War Ii the Treasury Department, through ForeignFunds Control, was primarily responsible for planning and executingthe Government's program of financial warfare against our enemiesunder the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, and ExecutiveOrders 8389, as amended, and 9193. In carrying out this programForeign Funds Control vigorously pursued the vital objectives ofweakening the enemy's financial resources, preventing financial opera-tions contrary to our war effort, and facilitating financial operationssupporting the war effort of the United Nations.

In the implementation of this program, Foreign Funds Control(1) froze the eight and one-half billion dollars in assets held withinthe United States by persons in enemy, enemy-occupied, liberated,and European neutral countries and regulated the use of such assets;(2) investigated and regulated international financial transactions;(3) administered import controls so as to close United States marketsto enemy loot in the form of securities, currency, checks and draftsand other assets; (4) through the Department of State, cooperatedwith other American republics to secure their adoption of effectivecontrols over enemy property and transactions, and participated inthe administration of the Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Na-tionals; (5) under section 3 (a) of the Trading with the Enemy Act,as amended, administered the wartime restrictions on trade with theenemy; (6) supervised the taking of the Census of Foreign-ownedProperty in the United States and the Census of American-ownedProperty Abroad; and (7) participated with other Treasury organi-zations in carrying out the Department's broad responsibilities inconnection with problems of areas liberated from enemy dominationand occupied territory.

In the post-hostilities period Foreign Funds Control has a threefoldprogram:

1. An orderly defrosting program, conducted in such a manner asto (a) insure the uncovering of cloaked enemy interests; (b) preventthe completion of transactions effected under duress or for the benefit


of the enemy; (c) prevent the completion of transactions for thebenefit of collaborationist elements; and (d) establish measures forthe protection of claims of the Federal Government and of privateAmerican creditors in blocked assets.

2. The complete elimination of existing German and Japaneseeconomic and financial influence in this country and the preventionof post-war use of United States banking facilities by enemy interests.

3. The development of the necessary procedures for licensing thereopening of trade, remittances, and general financial and commercialrelations with former enemy countries consistent with the Govern-ment's objectives in controlling their post-war developments.

The Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Chicago, and San Fran-cisco and the governors of the Territories and possessions of theUnited States act as field agents of Foreign Funds Control.

Office of Superintendent of Treasury Buildings

The Office of Superintendent of Treasury Buildings was estab-lished by the Secretary of the Treasury on May 20, 1937 (TreasuryDepartment Order 16). The Superintendent is charged with re-sponsibility for the maintenance and operation of various Treasurybuildings in the District of Columbia.

Bureau of Federal Supply

The Procurement Division was established in the Treasury Depart-ment by Executive Order 6166, dated June 10, 1933, under the au-thority of the act of March 3, 1933 (47 Stat. 1517). The name of theProcurement Division was changed to Bureau of Federal Supplyeffective January 1, 1947, by Treasury Department Order 73, datedNovember 19, 1946, issued by the Secretary of the Treasury.

This Bureau is responsible for determining policies and methodsin regard to the procurement, warehousing, and distribution of prop-erty, facilities, improvements, machinery, equipment, and supplies;and for performing these activities and other related functions forall existing Federal agencies and those hereafter created, except theWar and Navy Departments and the United States Marine Corps.

PURCHASE BRANCH.-The functions of this Branch are performed bythe Contract Division, Public Utilities Division, Strategic and CriticalMaterials Division, Lend-Lease Division, and the Central TrafficService Division.

The Contract Division, through the Commodity Section which isorganized into specialized commodity groups, executes the continuingprogram of purchasing supplies and services regularly required bythe Government and also handles certain special purchase programs.For the regular program, the Commodity Section makes definitequantity purchases in the open market and negotiates term contractsfor supply to Federal agencies against their purchase orders placeddirectly with the Bureau of Federal Supply contractors. The latterare listed in the catalog, The General Schedule of Supplies. Specialprograms undertaken by the Bureau include the purchase of supplies


and equipment for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Ad-ministration for relief purposes abroad. During the war the Bureaualso purchased certain requirements under the lend-lease program.Purchases of similar items destined for foreign governments havebeen made on a cash reimbursable basis upon requisitions approved bythe Office of the Foreign Liquidation Commission.

The Printing Section of the Contract Division is responsible forplacing the orders of the Treasury Department and certain otheragencies for printing and binding with the Government PrintingOffice, and with commercial sources for service which the GovernmentPrinting Office cannot render.

Through the Special Furnishings Section of the Contract Division,executive-type office and household furnishings are designed for useby Federal agencies. Although standardized types of these furnish-ings are placed on the General Schedule of Supplies, special designsare made on the request of Federal agencies and purchased through theCommodity Section on the open market.

The Public Utilities Division of the Purchase Branch surveys exist-ing and proposed facilities and contracts for electricity, telephone, andother utilities, and makes recommendations necessary to obtain forthe Government the best rates and service. For this purpose, it alsoassists at proceedings before rate regulation bodies and courts.

As directed and approved by the Army and Navy Munitions Board,the Strategic and Critical Materials Division purchases and arrangesfor the inspection, maintenance, storage, issue, and replenishment ofstrategic and critical materials classified as such by the Board.

The Lend-Lease Division directs a field force which expedites theproduction of and inspects goods bought under special purchase pro-grams by the Commodity Section. It also arranges for the transpor-tation of such material to export points or to temporary storage space,administered by the Bureau of Federal Supply. These special serv-ices are accorded to supplies purchased for UNRRA or on a cash re-imbursable basis for foreign governments. During the war the bulkof this work was performed in connection with purchases made forlend-lease, now in liquidation.

The Central Traffic Service Division facilitates economical move-ment of freight by all Government agencies by maintaining tariff files;furnishing data on rates and routes, freight classifications, switch, ter-minal, and track facilities; handling demurrage; and negotiating spe-cial rates. When necessary, it drafts complaints for presentation tothe Interstate Commerce Commission and other regulatory bodies andrepresents the Government before such bodies.

The Bureau of Federal Supply coordinates purchases by the FederalGovernment of the blind-made products specified by the Committee onPurchase of Blind-made Products, established by the act of June 25,1938 (52 Stat. 1196). It also controls the reassignment for Federaluse or other disposition of property abandoned or seized, and forfeitedunder the Federal Alcohol Administration Act, the Liquor Repealand Enforcement Act, and the National Firearms Act.

STOEES DISTRIBUTION BRANCH.-Through warehouse and supplycenters located at various cities throughout the United States, the

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