Federalism

I Existing Federal States

II What Is Federalism?

III Reasons For Federalism

IV History of Federalist Thought

I Existing Federal States

- Classical Federations

- Federalism in the 20th Century

- Federal Pathologies

Classical Federations

• 1789 United States of America• 1824 Mexico• 1830 Venezuela• 1848 Switzerland• 1853 Argentina• 1867 Canada• 1871 Germany• 1889 Brazil• 1901 Australia

Federalism in the 20th Century

• 1920 Austria• 1950 India• 1958 European

Community (European Union 1993)

• 1963 Malaysia• 1963 Nigeria• 1971 United Arab

Emirates• 1973 Pakistan• 1978 Spain

• 1979 Micronesia• 1983 St. Kitts and Nevis• 1993 Russia• 1993 Belgium• 1995 Ethiopia• 1995 Bosnia and

Herzegovina• 1996 Comoros• 1997 South Africa• 2003 Serbia and

Montenegro

Federal Pathologies

• no longer existing:Soviet Union (1918-91)Czechoslovakia (1948-92)Yugoslavia (1946-2003)United Arab States (1958-61)West Indies (1958-62)

• transformed into unitary state:

LybiaIndonesia

• significant territorial change:Germany: partition in 1949;

reunification in 1991Yugoslavia: reduction from six to

two republics after 1991; renamed Serbia and Montenegro in 2003

Malaysia: expulsion of Singapore in 1965

Pakistan: secession of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) in 1971

Ethiopia: separation of Eritrea in 1993

Federalism

I Existing Federal States

II What Is Federalism

III Reasons For Federalism

IV History of Federalist Thought

II What Is Federalism?

• Divided Government

• Bicameralism

• Compounded Majoritarianism

• Constitutional Guarantees

• Negotiating Compromise

Negotiating Compromise

II What Is Federalism?

• Divided Government

• Bicameralism

• Compounded Majoritarianism

• Constitutional Guarantees

• Negotiating Compromise

II What Is Federalism?

• Divided Government

• Bicameralism

• Compounded Majoritarianism

• Constitutional Guarantees

• Negotiating Compromise

• Social Solidarity

Federalism

I Existing Federal States

II What Is Federalism?

III Reasons For Federalism

IV History of Federalist Thought

III Reasons For Federalism

• Late State Formation

• Modernizers and Traditionalists

• External Threat

• Colonialism

Federalism

I Existing Federal States

II What Is Federalism?

III Reasons For Federalism

IV History of Federalist Thought

IV History of Federalist Thought

Two Basic Traditions

• The American Model– Montesquieu (1689-1755)– The Federalist Papers (1787-88)

• The German Model– Althusius (1557-1638)– Kant (1724-1804)