federalismo originario

7/23/2019 FEDERALISMO ORIGINARIO

1/59


2/59

2 GC KDY MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

GC K.D.Y MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCFQ GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKDHG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

-Xgfrd frala`drad hg cd `dia`# cd mayxfrad#

gc gyxdhf q gc hgrgimf!Irxaid d cd ~rf~wgyxd hg I^G hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY

Dwxfr? Hr. Cabfraf Wf Digbf

Cd ^d . IGH^FR. 2>>=


3/59

GC K.D.Y MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMFD CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY-Xgfrd frala`drad hg cd `dia`# cd mayxfrad#gc gyxdhf q gc hgrgimf!Irxaid d cd ~rf~wgyxd hg I^G hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY

Dwxfr?Hr. Cabfraf Wf Digbf

IGH^FR 2>>=Idccg Jalwgrfd @f. Fj. 41# Xgc. 28:>:19

Ak~rgyf g` Bfcazadg` haiagkbrg hg 2>>=


4/59


A@HAIG

^rgyg`xdia VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV74. Ifk~fyaia` hg cdy @diaf`gy Frala`drady hg Bfcazad.VVVVV Idàimd`d: Eaccdedy : Imak` 24 Ofdtwaàd`d< Imdridy < Xdid`d 22 Yaraf`= Imwa = Rgqgyd`d 29 Qwtwa1 Tmdrd Tmdrd 1 Cgid 28 Drdf`d

4> Ca~g 4> Axf`dkd 27 Qdka`dmwd44 Imaimdy 44 Qwrdidr 2: Kfr42 Zayayd 42 \gg`mdqgt Kdxdif 2< ^didmwdrd49 Qdk~drdy 49 Dqfrgd 2= Xd~agxg48 Wrwy 48 Idza`gd 21 Kdima`gra47 Djrfbfcazad`d 47 Kfygx` 9> Lwdrdywlw

kdhfy ywqwy. Cd Iazaca dia` hgc Xdmwd`xa`ywqw grd w` gyxdhfkwcxaifkwàxdraf g` gc àzgc byaif f jw`hdkg`xdc if` kacgy hgdqccwy q ifkwàhdhgy jghgrdhdy cfidckg`xg. Hg`xrf hgc Tfccdywqwg` gc àzgc kghaf`diaf`dc yg if`jfrkdrf` cdy kaykdy kgyf`diaf`gydwx`fkdy q jghgrdhdy twg d`xgy mdbd` gyxdhf a`hg~g`ha dhdy hgXamwd`diw. Cd Iazaca dia` hgc Xdmwd`xa`ywqw jwg w` GyxdhXgxrdjghgrdxazf Kwcxaifkwàxdraf q ^cwra`diaf`dc. Cd bdyg hg cdjghgrdia` yg ywyxg`xdbd g` cd jghgrdia` hg cfy dqccwy d àzgc cfidccfy twg if`jfrkdbd` cdy kdredy f cdy ccdoxdy. Cd jghgrdia` hg cdyccdoxdy q kdredy if`jfrkdbd cdy kgyfjghgrdiaf`gy iwqd cayxd hgyira+ bakfy g` gc iwdhrf ywbyalwag`xg. Gc ~g`cxakf àzgc jghgrdxazf cfif`yxaxwd` cfy iwdxrf ywqwy. Ja`dckg`xg gc cxakf àzgc hg lfbagr+`f jghgrdxazf cf if`yxaxwd gc If`ygof Jghgrdxazf ^cwra`diaf`dc twgjwìaf`dbd ~drd xfhfy cfy dixfy hg lfbagr`f hgyhg gc Iw if.

Cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hgc Frag`xg Bfcazad`f twg kdqfraxdradkg`xg ygif`jfrkdrf` g` kfydaify hay~gryfy xdkba` yg gyxdbcgiagrf` g` jghgrd+iaf`gy hg ~rakgr àzgc idya g` xfhdy cdy if`jfrkdiaf`gy ~fcxaidy hg

gyxfy ~wgbcfy. Cdy jghgrdiaf`gy hg ifkwàhdhgy yg hagrf` jw`hdkg`+xdckg`xg ~drd yw hgjg`yd q yglwrahdh g}xgr`d ~drd cwglf rgxfr`dr d cdzahd cabrg hg cdy ifkwàhdhgy a`hg~g`hag`xgy q dwx`fkdy.


10/59

4> GC KDY MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

2. XGFRD HG CD @DIA@ FRALA@DRAD.

G` gyxd ifqw`xwrd gy ak~rgyia`habcg gyxdbcgigr w`d xgfrd hg cd`dia` frala`drad ~drd xfhdy `wgyxrdy ifcgixazahdhgy `diaf`dcgy g`cfy àzgcgy kairf# kgyf q kdirf`diaf`dc ~frtwg gc ifcfàdcaykf gyxdbwyd`hf g` gc wyf hg kwimdy xgfrdy ifcfàdcgy yfbrg cd `dia`~drd ~gr~gxwdr gc ifcfàdcaykf. Cd xgfrd hg cd `dia` frala`drad ygif`zagrxg g` w` a`yxrwkg`xf jw`hdkg`xdc ~drd cd hgyifcfà dia`hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hg Bfcazad q hg Dkraid.

2.4. ^FR W@D XGFRD HG CD @DIA@ HGYHG CDY RDIGYHG CFY D@HGY Q HG DKRAID.

Xfhdy cdy xgfrdy hg `dia` fiiahg`xdcgy ifkf gc irgdiafàykf# gc gzf+cwiafàykf# gc ~fyaxazaykf# gc kdr}aykf q cfy gyxrwixwrf jwìaf`dcaykfyhg cd d`xrf~fcfld q cd yfiafcfld fiiahg`xdcgy yf` a`yxrwkg`xfy xgra+ify twg md` ygrzahf ~drd cd g}~fcadia` q ~drd cd hfka`dia` ifcfàdchg cdy @diaf`gy Frala`drady hg Dkraid q hgc kw`hf. G` cd dixwdc

ifqw`xwrd if`yxaxwiaf`dc d`xg cd gyxrdxglad hg if`yfcahdia` hg cfy ~rg+jgixfy q ywb~rgjgixfy hgyhg cd a twagrhd q cd hgrgimd ifcfàdcgy yg mdigak~rgyia`habcg irgdr q d~caidr w`d gyxrdxglad hg hgyifcfà dia` cabgrd+hfrd hgyhg cdy bdygy ifkwàxdrady hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.

2.2. CDY IFKW@AHDHGY KAIRF@DIAF@DCGY IFKF CDBDYG HG CD @DIA@.

Hgyhg cd g}~gragìad mayxraid hg cdy ~rakgrdy kalrdiaf`gy Drd|de mdiad Dkraid twg g` cfy D`hgy yg hazahagrf` g` cdy Ifkwàhdhgy^rakalgàdy ^wtwa`dy hg cd Iwgìd Igrrdhd hgc Dcxa~cd`f q g` cdyIfkwàhdhgy Imd`gydy hg `wgyxrfy Ccd`fy Frag`xdcgy# cd bdyg hgcdy @diaf`gy g` Bfcazad jwgrf` cdy ifkwàhdhgy. If` cd ccgldhd~fyxgrafr hg cfy mgrkd`fy lwdrd`gy q dqkdrdy d cfy ccd`fy frag`xd+cgy q d cd iwgìd igrrdhd hgc dcxa~cd`f cdy ifkwàhdhgy yg rgjfr d+rf` q g`ratwgiagrf` hwrd`xg ky hg w` kacgàf. D`xgy# hwrd`xg qkwimf hgy~wy hg cd zalgìad hg cd Jghgrdia` ^cwra`diaf`dcAìdaid cdy ifkwàhdhgy jwgrf` cd bdyg ~fcxaid q gif`kaid jw`hd+kg`xdc hgc Yfiadcaykf Ifkwàxdraf Aìdaif. Hgyhg gyxd g}~gragìadmayxraid q hg cdy g}~gragìady hg cfy Kdqdy q D xgidy hgjaàkfy dcdy IFKW@AHDHGY FRALA@DRADY HG CFY D@HGY Q DKRifkf W@D KAIRF@DIA@ twg gyxrwixwrdckg`xg yg ifk~f`g hg


11/59

HR. CABFRAF WF DIGBF 44

w` yayxgkd xgrraxfradc# hg w` yayxgkd ~fcxaif# hg w` yayxgkd ~fbcdiaf`dc# hg w` yayxgkd gif`kaif q hg w` ifk~cgof yayxgkd hg ahg`+xahdhgy `diaf`dcgy. Hgicdrdkfy dhgky twg xfhdy cdy iazaca diaf`gyhgc ~cd`gxd md` xgàhf yw l`gyay `diaf`dc g` cdy ifkwàhdhgy fra+la`drady hgc kw`hf g` w` ifk~cgof ~rfigyf hg ~wl`dy# jghgrdkag`+xfy q kgyxaydogy. Gyxrwixwrdckg`xg cd KAIRF@DIA@ IFKW@AXDRAD xag`g ifkf gcgkg`xfy gygìadcgy? W`xgrraxfraf q w` ifk~cg+ of drxaiwcdhf hg rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgytwg cg yarzg` ifkf cd bdyg xgrra+xfradc kdxgradc hg yfbrgzazgìad. Ifkf yglw`hf gcgkg`xf cdykairf`diaf`gy xag`g` w`dyfbgrd`d ~fcxaid dìgyxrdcg` ywy l`g+yay twg cwglf yg xfr`d g`dwxf`fkd ~fcxaidhg`xrf hg w` kdrif`dxwrdc hg jghgrdiaf`gy cfidcgy. Gc xgrigr gcgkg`xf kairf`diaf`dchg cdy ifkwàhdhgy yf` cfyidrlfy owrayhaiiaf`dcgy twg if`jfrkd`gc kairfgyxdhf ifkwàxdraf. Cdy jwìaf`gy gygìadcgy hgcKairfgyxdhf Ifkwàxdraf yf`? ^fr w`d ~drxg cd hgcabgrdia` cglay+cdxazd hargixd g a`kghadxd q ~fr fxrf cdhf cd rgyfcwia` owhaiadchargixd hg cfy ~rfbcgkdy hg cd ifkwàhdh ifkf w`d hg cdy kgofrgyg}~rgyaf`gy hg cd hgkfirdiad ifkwàxdrad twg mayxraidkg`xg cfy

gyxdhfy ifcfàdcgy gwrf~gfy q ywy xgraify hgyxrf drf`. G` cdydixwdcgy ifkwàhdhgy d`ha`dy gyxdy g}~rgyaf`gy hg hgkfirdiadhargixd yg g}~rgyd` g` cdy Dydkbcgdy Ifkw`dcgy q g` cfy IdbachfyA`xgrifkw`dcgy. Gc Hgrgimf Frala`draf Ifkwàxdraf gy w` gcgkg`+xf gygìadc hg cd hgkfirdiad hargixd hg cdy kairf`diaf`gy hgckw`hf bdof cd jfrkd hg w`d owyxaiad ifkw`dc hargixd. Ifkf iwdr+xf gcgkg`xf hg cd `dia` kairfifkw`dc xg`gkfycd jwìa` hgc lfbagr`f hgcgldhfd w` lrw~f hg lfbgr`d`xgy twg gogrig` gc idrlfhg lwadr q haralar d cd ifkwàhdh ~fr w` iagrxf ~grfhf hg xagk~f.Ifkf twa`xf gcgkg`xf xg`gkfy cd ~fbcdia` kairf`diaf`dctwg gygc ifòw`xf hg jdkacady twg if`yxaxwqg` cdy wàhdhgy hg ~rfhwiia`q frldà dia` yfiadc byaidy hg cd ifkwàhdh. G` gc Gyxdhf Aìdaifq g` cd dixwdc gyxrwixwrd hg cdy ifkwàhdhgy d`ha`dy q frag`xdcgygyxdy ifkwàhdhgy yg ifk~f`d` q ifk~f`g` hg ifkwàhdhgyhgyhg iaìf# hag # iaìwg`xd# iag` q twaàg`xfy jdkacady. Ifkf yg}xfgcgkg`xf xg`gkfy gcyayxgkd gif`kaif ~rfhwixazflg`grdckg`xgdlrifcd# ld`dhgrf q drxgyd`dc if` w`d hayxrabwia` jdkacadr alwdca+xdrad hg cfy jdixfrgy hg cd ~rfhwiia` xdc ifkf fiwrra g` gc yfiadcay+kf ifkwàxdraf d`ha`f. Ifkf y~xakf gcgkg`xf xg`gkfy cd ahg`+xahdh ifkwàxdradtwg yg ifk~f`g hg w` ahafkd f ahafkdy# hg w`drgcala` cfidc# hg w`d mayxfrad q kgkfrad mayxraid ifk` q hg w`dyahg`xahdhgy ifxahad`dy hg ifyxwkbrgy.


12/59


Cfy gcgkg`xfy if`yxaxwxazfy hg w`d kairf`dia` frala`drad yg d~ca+id` ~cg`dkg`xg d cdy kgyf`diaf`gy q d cd kdirf`diaf`gy frala`dradyif` xfhd ~rf~aghdh ~frtwg gyxdy cxakdy xag`g` cfy kaykfy ifk~f+`g`xgy `diaf`dcgy.

W`d zgrhdhgrd gyxrdxglad hg hgyifcfà dia` cabgrdhfrd hg cdyifkwàhdhgy ~dyd ~fr cd rgzdcfra dia`# rgif`yxaxwia`# jfrxdcgia+kag`xf q ~rfqgiia` dc jwxwrf hg xfhfy cfy gcgkg`xfy kairf`diaf`d+cgy hg cd ifkwàhdh twg mgkfy kgìaf`dhf. Xfhfy cfy gcgkg`xfy`diaf`dcgy hg cdy ifkwàhdhgy twg mgkfy kgìaf`dhf md` yahfwywr~dhfy q g}~fcadhfy ~fr gc ~rfigyf hg ifcfà dia` q ~fr gyxgmgimf hg ~fcxaid ifcfàdc yg if`zagrxg` g` hgrgimfy `diaf`dcgy ~frcfy twg yg hgbg cwimdr g` w` ~rfqgixf zgrhdhgrf hg hgyifcfà d+ia`. D`xg cdy gyxrdxglady hg rgifcfà dia` hgyhg cd a twagrhd q cdhgrgimd hgbg` ygr cdy kaykdy ifkwàhdhgy twag`gy hgbg` rgif`y+xaxwaryg g` xfhfy ywy gcgkg`xfy kairf`diaf`dcgy q kairfgyxdxdcgy qhgkd`hdr hgc gyxdhfw` rlakg` xgrraxfradc q hg lfbagr`f ifkwà+xdrafifkf cd bdyg hg w` gyxdhf xgxrdxgrraxfradckg`xg frldà dhf.

2.9. CDY JGHGRDIAF@GY IFKW@AXDRADY JFRKD@ CDY@DIAF@GY A@XGRKGHADY F CDY KGYF@DIAF@GY.

Md yahf g` cdy iazaca diaf`gy hg cfy Kdqdy# hg cfy D xgidy q yfbrgxfhf hg cfy Aìdy hf`hg kgofr yg md` rgdca dhf cfy jghgrdkag`xfya`xgrifkw`dcgy. ^drd lgyxaf`dr cfy dyw`xfy# cfy ~rfbcgkdy cfidcgy qrglaf`dcgy cdy kairf`diaf`gy dywkg` hg w`d jfrkd gy~f`x`gd cfyjghgrdkag`xfy a`xgrkghafy cf twg# ywkdhf d cd kairflgyxa` ifkw+`dc# cgy fxfrld w`d g}xrdfrha`drad dlacahdh g` cd yfcwia` hg cfy ~rf+ bcgkdy byaify g a`xgrkghafy. Gyxdy kgyf`diaf`gy jwgrf` dwx`xa+ify lfbagr`fy jghgrdhfy hwrd`xg cd Iazaca dia` Aìdaid q if`jfrkd+rf` kgyf`diaf`gy hg kac# hfy kac# iaìf kac q hag kac jdkacady.Idhd w`d hg gyxdy kgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady xg`d ifkf ifk~f`g`+xgy gygìadcgy cfy kaykfy yagxg gcgkg`xfy `diaf`dcgy hg cd kairf`d+ia` ~grf bdof cd jfrkd hg w`d dyfiadia` kgyfjghgrdc f jghgrd+kag`xf a`xgrkghaf. G` cfy D`hgy# cdy Kgyf`diaf`gy twg g` cd dixwdcifqw`xwrd ~fcxaid xag`g` hgrgimf d cd hgyifcfà dia` jghgrdc ~cg`dif` a`hg~g`hgìad hg cfy ~rgjgixfy# ywb~rgjgixfy q ifrrglahfrgyifcfàdcgy yf`? Cfy Efccd# Cfy Cw~dtd# Cfy ^didogy# Cfy Edccd|dqd#Cfy Yfrdy# Cfy Eaccdedy# Cfy Edrd`ldy# Cfy C~g # Cfy Imwa# CQdk~drdy# Cfy Imdridy# Cfy Tmdrdtmdrd# Cfy \ayaoyd q Cfy


13/59


Imaimdy. G`xrg cdy kgyf`diaf`gy frag`xdcgy twg xag`g` hgrgimf d cddwxf`fkd ~cg`d ~fhgkfy kgìaf`dr g`xrg fxrfy Cd @dia`Lwdrd`# Cd Imatwaxd`d# Cd Lwdrdqd# Cd Dqfrgd# Cd Qwrdidr# CKfzakd# Cd Xdid`# cd Imak` q fxrdy.

2.8. CD JGHGRDIA@ HG CDY KGYF@DIAF@GY JFRK CDKDIRF@DIA@ JGHGRDC.

G` cdy iazaca diaf`gy frala`drady hg `frxg Dkraid ifkf cdIf`jghgrdia` Arftwgyd# Cd Jghgrdia` D xgid# Cd Kdqd q yfbrgxfhf cd Kdirfjghgrdia` Aìdaid# cd kdirf`dia` grd w`d jghgrdia``diaf`dc hg jghgrdiaf`gy a`xgrkghady q hg kairfjghgrdiaf`gy. CfyAìdy if`yxrwqgrf` w`d Jghgrdia` Kwcxaifkwàxdrad q Yfiadcayxdyfbrg cd bdyg hg cdy kairf`diaf`gy jw`hdkg`xdckg`xg# ~frtwg grd`gccdy cdy twg grd` ~rf~agxdrady hg cfy jdixfrgy hg ~rfhwiia` jw`hd+kg`xdcgy ~drd gc bag`gyxdr ifkf grd` cd xagrrd# gc dlwd# cfy bfytwgy#cfy ka`grdcgy q yfbrg xfhf gc xrdbdof jdkacadr twg ywyxg`xdbd w`dgif`fkd jdkacadr q ifkwàxdrad g}ighg`xdrady q twg d~frxdbd dc

gyxdhf xrabwxfy bdof hazgrydy jfrkdy cdbfrdcgy g` hayxa`xdy fbrdy qgk~rg`hakag`xfy ~rfhwixazfy hg cd dhkaàyxrdia` ig`xrdc. G` y`+xgyay ~fhgkfy hgiar twg cd xrdhaia` jghgrdc# ifkwàxdrad q yfiadcay+xd g` cfy D`hgy gy w` gcgkg`xf kwq drrdaldhf. W`f hg cfy gogycdbfrdcgy hgc Gyxdhf Jghgrdc q Yfiadcayxd Aìdaif# ~drd twg jwgrd wgyxdhf ifk~cgxdkg`xg g}ighg`xdraf# jwg cd ifìg~ia` hgc xrdbdofifkf w`d fbcaldia` jdkacadr# ifcgixazd q `diaf`dc dhkaàyxrdhd if`kwimd ~rgiaya` q gjaidiad gyxdhyxaid cd kaykd twg jwg hgyxrf dhd~fr gc ifcfàdcaykf gy~dfc. Cd kdirfjghgrdia` yg frldà g`w`d `dia` jfrkdhd if` kwimd ifk~cgoahdh jghgrdc g` cfy yagxg gcg+kg`xfy gygìadcgy twg xag`g iwdctwagr g`xahdh `diaf`dc. G` cfyD`hgy cd jfrkd hg ygr `dia` hg `diaf`gy f w`d jghgrdia` hg`diaf`gy gy w`d xrdhaia` kwq drrdaldhd g` cfy xrgy àzgcgy# gckairf`diaf`dc# gc kgyf`diaf`dc q gc kdirf`diaf`dc hg`xrf hg w`djacfyfjd ~rfjw`hdkg`xg jghgrdxazd# ~cwra`diaf`dc q yfiadcayxd.

2.7. IRXAID D CD XGFRD FIIAHG@XDC HG @DIA@? CDYXGFRDY HG @DIA@ G@ LRGIAD# RFKD Q G@ GCIFCF@ADCAYKF FIIAHG@XDC.

If` cfy gyxdhfy ifcfàdcgy lraglf q rfkd`f cfy fiiahg`xdcgy irgdrf`cd xgfrd `diaf`dc hgc gyicdzaykf if` Drayxxgcgy q cd xgfrd irgdiaf+


14/59


àyxd hg cd `dia` if` Yd` Dlwyx` q Yd`xf Xfky. Ya g}xg`hgkfy gcifìg~xf hg `dia` if` ywy yagxg ifk~f`g`xgy if` kwimd fbogxaza+hdh d iwdctwagr if`lcfkgrdhf ~fcxaif mwkd`f ~fhgkfy ifk~rf+ bdr twg cdy xgfrdy gyicdzayxd q irgdiafàyxd hg cd `dia` yf` w`rghwiiafàykf ifcfàdc hg cfy gcgkg`xfy kdxgradcgy q ~fcxaify jw`+hdkg`xdcgy hg cd `dia` if` gc fbogxazf ahgfclaif q ~fcxaif hgd~rf~adia` q wywr~dia` hg gyfy gcgkg`xfy kdxgradcgy q hg ~fhgr~drd ~rfzgimf hg cd `dia` ifcfà dhfrd. Cfy drayxfxgcad`fy lraglfyiwd`hf dixwdrf` if` cd xgfrd hgc rghwiiafàykf gyicdzayxd yg d~rf+~adrf` hg g`xgrfy xgrraxfrafy q gyxdhfy twg cwglf if`zarxagrf` g`cdxajw`hafy q `diaf`gy zdydccdy. G` cd Rfkd Irayxad`d# if` cd xgfrdhgc rghwiiafàykf rgcalafyf irayxad`f q hgc ak~gradcaykf# cfy rfkd+`fy xdkba` yg d~rf~adrf` hg xfhfy cfy gcgkg`xfy hg ywy `diaf`gyifcfà dhdy twg mgkfy hgyiraxf# ~drd ~rfzgimf hgc Ak~grafRfkd`f. G` cd ghdh kghad q d ~raìa~afy hgc Rg`diakag`xf cfy fiia+hg`xdcgy d~caidrf` cd xgfrd `diaf`dc hg cd yw~grafrahdh rdiadc# ow`xfd cdy d`xgrafrgy xgfrdy# g` ywy if`twayxdy yfbrg cfy rgyxd`xgy if`xa`g`xgy# xgfrd twg xdkba` gy w` rghwiiafàykf rdiayxd hg cd `dia`

q hg cd mayxfrad twg cgy jdzfrgia g`frkgkg`xg ~frtwg yg d~rf~ad+rf` hg g`frkgy if`xa`g`xgy if` zdrady iazaca diaf`gy `diaf`dcgy g`yw a`xgrafr.

2.:. GC IFCF@ADCAYKF GZFCWIAF@AYXD HG FIIAHG@XG QHG KFRLD@.

Cd cxakd xgfrd ifcfàdc hg cd `dia` hg fiiahg`xg jwg gc gzfcwiaf+àykf hgyhg ywy aàiafy mdyxd cd ghaia` hgc cabrf hg Cg|ay Mg`rqKfrld` Cd yfiaghdh ~rakaxazd # twg gy w`d hg cdy xgfrdy ky gcdbf+rdhdy hgc ~g`ydkag`xf fiiahg`xdc twg àgld cd idcahdh hg iazaca d+ia` `diaf`dc d kwimdy iazaca diaf`gy frala`drady hgc kw`hf ~fr `fmdbgr dcid` dhf dclw`fy a`zg`xfy cfidcgy q ~drxaiwcdrgy hg cfy gwrf+~gfy ifkf gc magrrf# cd rwghd q cd gyiraxwrd gwrf~gd. Gc gzfcwiafày+kf fiiahg`xdc gy xdkba` w` rghwiiafàykf a`zgìafàyxd twgàgld cd idcahdh hg `dia` d a`jaàhdh hg fxrfy ~wgbcfy hgc kw`hf~fr `f a`zg`xdr ywy ~rfhwixfy.

G` y`xgyay# cdy `diaf`gy fiiahg`xdcgy yg d~rf~adrf` hgc rgyxf hg cfyiwdxrf if`xa`g`xgy hgc ~cd`gxd if` cdy xgfrdy hgc irgdiafàykf# hgcgyicdzaykf# hgc rdiaykf q hgc gzfcwiafàykf hg`xrf hgc cdrlf ~rfig+yf hgc ifcfàdcaykf fiiahg`xdc twg g` dclw`fy ~dygy yg md rgywgcxf


15/59


cabgrdhfrdkg`xg ifkf g` Ima`d# A`had f jraid. G` idkbaf g`Dkraid cfy ~rfigyfy hg ifcfàdcaykf fiiahg`xdc ~drd xfhdy cdy iaza+ca diaf`gy frala`drady yg md rgywgcxf g` jfrkd `gfifcfàdc hgyhg cdif`twayxd mdyxd `wgyxrfy hdy. G` cd dixwdc ifqw`xwrd if`yxaxwqg`+xg bfcazad`d cd hgrgimd q cd a twagrhd ifcfàdcgy xdkba` twagrg`rgyfczgr ifcfàdckg`xg gc dyw`xf if`yfcahd`hf cfy g`xgy ifcfàdcgyhg cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy q hg cdy ~rfzaìady.

2.


16/59

4: GC KDY MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

yaify a`lcgygy if` cfy iwdcgy ghajai cd xgfrd hgc zdcfr gif`kaif.G` gc cabrf hgcKdàjagyxf Ifkwàyxd ow`xf d Jghgraif G`lgcy# Kdr}gcdbfr gc ifìg~xf hg icdyg yfiadc ifkf ywogxf àif q g}icwqg`xghg cd mayxfrad mwkd`d rghwiag`hf gc gy~gixrf mwkd`f hg cd mayxfrad#~grf yfbrg xfhf g}icwqg`hf d cdy `diaf`gy g` lg`grdc ifkf kdqf+rgy ywogxfy hg cd mayxfrad mwkd`d.

Gc ifìg~xf hg icdyg yfiadc ifkf ywogxf hg cd mayxfrad gy w`d yg}xa+rghwiia` hgc ywogxf `dia` ifkf drxjaig hg cd mayxfrad fbzad`hfhg cd cwimd mayxraid d cd yfbgrd`d# d cdy dwxf`fkdy# dc xgrraxfraf#d cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy# d cfy idrlfy gyxdxdcgy# dc lfbagr`f q d cdyahg`xahdhgy `diaf`dcgy. Gc kdr}aykf rghwig cd `dia` ifkf ywog+xf mayxraif dc gcgkg`xf àif hg cd ~fbcdia` dc twg hazahg jdxdc+kg`xg g` hfy icdygy gxgr`dkg`xg d`xdlàidy. Idrcfy Kdr} q cfykdr}ayxdy rghwig` gc ywogxf `dia` hg ywy gcgkg`xfy xgrraxfradcgy#yfbgrdàdcgy# gyxdxdcgy# lwbgr`dkg`xdcgy# ~fbcdiaf`dcgy g ahg`xa+hdrafy q yg cfy rgldcd` gyxfy gy~diafy d cfy `diaf`dcayxdy ifcfàdcgyq bwrlwgygy yfyxgàg`hf twg xfhf gyf yf` ~dxrddy bwrlwgydy. Gc

~rfbcgkd ig`xrdc hg cfy kdr}ayxdy gy twg zg` cd `dia` yfcf g` ywgxd~d bwrlwgyd q `dhd ky. Yw xgfrd hg cd icdyg yfiadc f dcid` dd gyxdbcgigr cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hgc kw`hf if` ywy yagxg ifk+~f`g`xgy `diaf`dcgy ifcfà dhdy ~fr cd `dia` gwrf~gd. ^rakgrdifìcwya`# cfy kdr}ayxdy dc rghwiar cfy ywogxfy hg cd mayxfrad d cdicdyg yfiadc rgldcd` gy~diafy hg ~fhgr `diaf`dcgy d cd icdyg bwrlwg+yd d cd twg xd`xf twagrg` ifkbdxar dig~xd`hf gc ifcfàdcaykf hg cdyicdygy f~rgyfrdy.

Idrcfy Kdr} ~drd gcdbfrdr yw xgfrd hg cd mayxfrad# gc kdxgradcaykfmayxraif hg icdyg# cgq gc cabrf hg Kfrld`Cd Yfiaghdh ^rakaxazdqdhf~x idya xg}xwdckg`xg cdy xgyay q cfy if`xgàhfy hgc gzfcwiafày+kf kfrldàd`f ~grf yfbrg xfhf hgc gzfcwiafàykf a`lcy q gwrf+~gf. If` bdygy gzfcwiafàyxdy Idrcfy Kdr} djark g` gc cabrfGcfralg` hg cd jdkacad# cd ~rf~aghdh ~razdhd q hgc gyxdhfcd ~fyaia` hg twgcfy ~wgbcfy a`hlg`dy hg Dkraid q ifìrgxdkg`xg cfy Aìdy `f ccg+ldrf` d cd gxd~d hg cd iazaca dia` q twg yg gìf`xrdbd` g` cdgxd~dkghad hg cd bdrbdrag . Ya` w`d bdyg hfiwkg`xdc if`yayxg`xg q g` bdyg d w`d yak~cg hghwiia` gzfcwiafàyxd Kdr} ifkgxa w`f hgywy ~gfrgy grrfrgy iag`xjaify. Cwglf# ifkf dhkardhfr hgc ifcfàd+caykf a`lcy# Kdr} yfyxwzf twg abd d ygr gc ~rfcgxdradhf a`lcy gc twgccgzdrd cd iazaca dia` mdiad cdy ifcfàdy a`hady.


17/59

HR. CABFRAF WF DIGBF 4 GC KDY MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

ifcfàdcaykf rg~wbcaid`f g ak~ghar cd hgyifcfà dia` cabgrdhfrdhg cdy @diaf`gy Frala`drady hg Bfcazad q Dkraid.

9.2. ^FR W@ @WGZF IF@IG^XF HG CD MAYXFRAD HGYHG@WGYXRDY RDIGY MAYXRAIDY.

Hgyhg cd zaya` q cd g}~gragìad mayxraid hg cdy @diaf`gyFrala`drady hg `wgyxrd Dkraidcd mayxfrad md yahf q gy ~rafraxdradq jw`hdkg`xdckg`xg cd cwimd f cd jghgrdia` g`xrg cdy `diaf`gyfrala`drady q cd cwimd ~fr gc yfkgxakag`xf q cd hgyifcfàzdia`g`xrg cdy @diaf`gy Ifcfàzdhfrdy hg Fiiahg`xg q cdy @diaf`gyFrala`drady hg Dkraid# ~grf d`xg xfhf gy w`d cwimd hg `diaf`gy.Gyxdbcgigkfy gyxg `wgzf ifìg~xf hg cd mayxfrad if` gc icdrf ~rf~+yaxf hg twg gc ~rfigyf hg hgyifcfà dia` cabgrdhfrd hg cdy Kairf#Kgyf q Kdirf`diaf`gy Frala`drady hg `wgyxrd Dkraid yg hgbg hdrjw`hdkg`xdckg`xg bdof gc ifìg~xf q gc ifr~wy mayxraif+~fcxaif hg`diaf`gy.

G` cd mayxfrad hg cd ifcfà dia` hg `wgyxrdy @diaf`gy Frala`dradygyxdy ywjragrf` cdy yalwag`xgy dlrgyaf`gy ifcfàdcgy. Cd yfbgrd`d# cda`hg~g`hgìad q cdy dwxf`fkdy hg cdy If`jghgrdiaf`gy Frala`dradyifkf cd Arftwgyd# Cd D xgid# Cd Kdqd q cd Xdmwd`xa`ywqd`d jwgrf`hgyxrwahdy q dzdydccdhdy ~fr cdy `diaf`gy a`zdyfrdy# ~rakgrf. Gcdzdydccdkag`xf yfbgrdàdc gy gc ~rakgr dixf ~fcxaif twg gogiwxd` cfyifcfàdcayxdy ~drd yfkgxgr d cdy `diaf`gy ifcfà dhdy. Cfy xgrraxf+rafy hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady g` ywy àzgcgy kairf# kgyf# kdirf qif`jghgrdxazf jwgrf` hgy~fodhfy q wywr~dhfy ~fr cfy ifcfà dhf+rgy# yglw`hf. Cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy jwgrf` q yf` hgy~fodhfy qydtwgdhfy ~fr cdy `diaf`gy ifcfà dhfrdy# xgrigrf. Xfhfy cfy idrlfygyxdxdcgy hg cfy gyxdhfy frala`drafy yf` hgyxrwahfy q wywr~dhfy ~frcdy dwxfrahdhgy gyxdxdcgy hgc gyxdhf ifcfàdc ifkf jwgrf` cfy zarrga+`dxfy# dwhagìady# id~axd`dy lg`grdcgy q cfy ifrrglakag`xfy ifcfàd+cgy# iwdrxf. Cfy lfbgr`dhfrgy q gc gogriaiaf hgc lfbagr`f q yw cglaxa+kahdh md` yahf wywr~dhfy ~fr lfbgr`dhfrgy ifcfàdcgy q g}xrdfy#twa`xf. Cdy ~fbcdiaf`gy hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady jwgrf` yfkgxa+hdy dc gyicdzaykf hg a`y~ardia` drayxfxgcad`d g` `wgyxrf idyf# yg}xf.@wgyxrfy yayxgkdy gif`kaify jwgrf` hgydrxaiwcdhfy q wywr~dhfy~fr dlg`xgy gif`kaify g}~fcadhfrgy q g}~cfxdhfrgy# y~xakf. Qja`dckg`xg cdy ahg`xahdhgy `diaf`dcgy frala`drady ifkf `wgyxrdyrgcalaf`gy# ahafkdy# kgkfrad mayxraid q cdy ahg`xahdhgy ifxahad+


21/59


`dy jwgrf` g`dog`dhdy ~drd w`d hfka`dia` ifcfàdc iwcxwrdc a`xg+lrdc# fixdzf. Ifkf ~fhgkfy zgr gc ifcfàdcaykf gy w` ~rfigyf hgg}~fcadia` xgrraxfradc q ~fcxaif ifk~cgof g a`xglrdc twg `f yg ~wghgrghwiar d à`lw`f hg ywy fimf gcgkg`xfy ha`kaify# ~grf y yg~wghg gyirabar mayxfrad hg idhd w`f hg cfy gcgkg`xfy hg yw hadcixa+id a`xgr`d.

D`xg cfy dixfy g}~fcadhfrgy hgc ~rfigyf hg ifcfà dia` gc ~rfigyfhg hgyifcfà dia` cabgrdhfrd xgraidkg`xg hgbg xg`gr cdy yalwag`+xgy diiaf`gy q ~rfqgixfy ~fcxaify? G` xrka`fy yfbgrdàdcgy yg hgbgcwimdr ~fr cd rgif`yxaxwia` hg cdy yfbgrd`dy q dwxf`fkady hg cdyKairf# Kgyf q Kdirf`diaf`gy Frala`drady. G` gyxg yg`xahf `f yg~wghg dig~xdr cd if`yxaxwia` ~fcxaid hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY~frtwg `f rgyxaxwqg cd dwxf`fkd hg cdy kgyf`diaf`gy twg gy cd zgr+hdhgrd dwxf`fkd g` xfhdy cdy if`yxaxwiaf`gy jghgrdcgy hgc kw`hf.G` gc ifk~f`g`xg xgrraxfradc yg hgbg cwimdr ~fr cd rgiw~grdia` q gcrgd~rf~adkag`xf hg cfy kairf# kgyf q kdirf xgrraxfrafy hg cdy `diaf+`gy frala`drady. G` gyxg ~w`xf cdy a twagrhdy q hgrgimdy ifcfàdcgy

hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY g` gc If`lrgyf hg fixwbrg hgc 2>>= md`difrhdhf if`yfcahdr cfy xgrraxfrafy ifcfàdcgy hg cfy hg~drxdkg`xfykd`xgàg`hf wywr~dhfy cfy xgrraxfrafy hg cdy kgyf`diaf`gy frala`d+rady g` yw ~rf~wgyxd hg if`yxaxwia`. G` gc ifk~f`g`xg hg cfyrgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy rg`fzdbcgy q `f rg`fzdbcgy yg hgbg cwimdr ~fr cdrgd~rf~adia` q d~rfzgimdkag`xf ifk~drxahf hg gyxfy rgiwryfy if`gc gyxdhf ig`xrdc g` cfy àzgcgy kairf q kgyf `diaf`dc. G` gyxg~w`xf cd if`yxaxwia` if`yg`ywdhd g`xrg gc KDY q ^FHGKFY kd`+xag`g cd wywr~dia` q gc ydtwgf mayxraif ~fr gc lfbagr`f ig`xrdc hgcfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy twg yf` ~rf~aghdh dìgyxrdc hg cdy kairf qkgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady. G` iwd`xf d cfy idrlfy gyxdxdcgy hg cfykairf# kgyf q kdirf àzgcgy gyxdxdcgy yg xag`g cd xdrgd hg rgif`yxa+xwarcfy gyxrwixwrdckg`xg g` xfhfy cfy àzgcgy ogrrtwaify. G` cdif`yxaxwia` hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY yg kd`xag`g cd hgyxrwiia`hg cfy idrlfy gyxdxdcgy hg cfy lfbgr`dhfrgy frala`drafy d`xg xfhf g`gc àzgc kgyf`diaf`dc twg gy gc àzgc hg zgrhdhgrd cabgrdia` q dwxf+`fkd.

G` iwd`xf d cfy lfbagr`fy dwx`fkfy dìgyxrdcgy hg cdy `diaf`gyfrala`drady yg xag`g cd xdrgd hg rgif`yxaxwarcfy ifkf gyxrwixwrdylwbgr`dkg`xdcgy `f ifkf w`d ifìgya` hgc lfbagr`f ig`xrdc ya`fifkf w`d rgif`yxaxwia` rgyxaxwxazd hg w` lfbagr`f dìgyxrdc yfbg+


22/59


rd`f q ~rf~af. G` cd if`yxaxwia` hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY yg ~cd`+xgd cd kwgrxg hgjaàxazd hg cfy lfbagr`fy kgyf`diaf`dcgy hg cdy`diaf`gy frala`drady cdy twg ygr` ywyxaxwahdy ~fr lfbgr`dhfrgy qcglaycdhfrgy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy. G` iwd`hf d cdy ~fbcdiaf`gy f ~wg+ bcfy frala`drafy g` ywy àzgcgy kairf# kgyf q kdirf`diaf`dc gyxfyjwgrf` gyicdza dhfy q ygrzaca dhfy g` cd ifcfàd q g` cd rg~bcaidmdyxd 4179. Hgyhg dtwgccd jgimd yg xag`g gc fbogxazf hg a`hazahwd

drcfy q hay~grydrcfy bdof cd àid ahg`xahdh `diaf`dc bfcazad`d.W`d hgyifcfà dia` hg cfy ~wgbcfy frala`drafy yalàjaid w`d rgd+ywìa` hg cdy ahg`xahdhgy `diaf`dcgy g` xfhfy cfy àzgcgy `diaf`d+cgy. G` cd if`yxaxwia` hg ^FHGKFY q hgc KDY yg ~rf~f`g w`dyfbrgidrld hg hgrgimfy a`hlg`dy a`hazahwdca dhfy if` w` gy~raxwjfcicfra d`xg q `dhd gyxdxdc q ~fcxaif. G` iwd`xf d cfy yayxgkdy gif+`kaify hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady gyxdy md` yahf hgydrxaiwcdhdy qywbywkahdy ~fr w` yayxgkd ifcfàdc q id~axdcayxd q cd xdrgd gy jfrxdcgigr d cdy wàhdhgy gif`kaidy hg cfy ~fbcdhfrgy frala`drafy hgyhggc aìrgkg`xf hg cfy jdixfrgy ~rfhwixazfy q hgyhg ywy rg`hakag`xfy.Mdyxd dmfrd cfy ifk~dgrfy hgc KDY `f md` ak~cgkg`xdhf à`l`

~cd` ygraf ~drd yw~grdr cd ~fbrg d hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hgyhgcfy yayxgkdy ~rfhwixazfy hg `wgyxrdy ifkwàhdhgy. G` gc xgkd hgcdy ahg`xahdhgy yg hgbg g` ~raìa~af jfrxdcgigr cdy ahg`xahdhgy rgcalafydy# ahafkxaidy q cd kgkfrad mayxraid hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`d+rady ~drd cwglf a`lrgydr d w` ~rfigyf hg if`zazgìad a`xgrahg`xaxd+rad `f ycf if` cd ahg`xahdh may~d`fbfcazad`d ya`f if` cdy ahg`xahd+hgy hg cfy ~dygy hg xfhf gc kw`hf if` gc twg yg xg`ld if`xdixf.

Gc ~rfigyf hg hgyifcfà dia` ~drd ygr cabgrdhfr hgbg if`xgk~cdrw`d rga`xglrdia` hg cfy ifk~f`g`xgy xgrraxfradcgy# `dxwrdcgy# ~fc+xaify q gif`kaify hg`xrf hg w`d ha`kaid ky dk~cad q ~rflrgya+zd q dixwdca dhd twg `fy ccgzg d w` irgiakag`xf gif`kaif# ~fcxaifq gy~araxwdc if` kardy d ~g`gxrdr g` gc dixwdc yayxgkd gif`kaif q~fcxaif kw`hadc if` ~gryf`dcahdh ~rf~ad. @f ~wghg ygr w`d hgy+ifcfà dia` rgxrfighg`xg# kgiàid# a`zfcwxazd q g}icwqg`xg. Yggtwazfid` cfy twg ~ag`yd` twg cd hgyifcfà dia` gy w` ~rfqgixfrgxrlrdhf dc Xdmwd`xa`ywqw. Hgbg mdigryg cf twg md` mgimf cfy od~f`gygy f cf twg gyx` mdiag`hf cfy ima`fy q cfy a`hafy.

G` iwd`xf d cd ~rf~wgyxd hg Gyxdhf ^cwra`diaf`dc twg gcdbfrdkfy qg`xrgldkfy d `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala`drady ~drd gc ~rfigyf if`yxa+xwqg`xg cdkg`xdbcgkg`xg gyxg ifìg~xf md yahf jfcicfra dhf q


23/59


IFK^F@G@+XGY HG CDY@DIAF@GY

FRALA@DRADY

DIIAF@GYMAYXRAIDY HGHGYIFCF@A_D

IA@

DIIAF@GYMAYXRAIDY HGIFCF@A_DIA@

YFBRG CDY @DIAF+@GY FRALA@DRADY

IFK^F@G@XGYHG CDY @DIAF+@GY IFCF@A_D+

HFRDY

Yfbgrd`d

Dwxf`fkdy fywbyfbgrd`dy.XgrraxfrafyRgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy

Idrlfy owrayhai+iaf`dcgy gyxdxdcgy

Gogriaiaf hgclfbagr`f^fbcdiaf`gy

YayxgkdGif`kaif

Ahg`xahdhgy?

Rgif`yxaxwia`

Rgif`yxaxwia`

Rgd~rf~adia`Rgiw~grdia`

Rgif`yxaxwia` qRgyxaxwia`

Rgyxaxwia`

Cabgrdia` qRgdywìa` ahg`+xahdh ifcgixazd.Jfrxdcgiakag`xf qIrgiakag`xf

Rgiw~grdia` qJfrxdcgiakag`xf.

Dzdydccdkag`xf qYfkgxakag`xfDzdydccdkag`xf qyfkgxakag`xfWywr~dia`Ydtwgf

Hgyxrwiia` hgidrlfy owrayhaiiaf+`dcgyWywr~dia`

Gyicdza dia`

A`hazahwdca dia`Hgydrxaiwcdia`G}~cfxdia`G`dog`dia` ahgf+claid q ~fcxaid

Yfbgrd`d ifcfàdc

Yfbgrd`d ifcfàdc

Xgrraxfraf ifcfàdc^rfqgixf hg hgy~fofIdrlfy ifcfàdcgy

Lfbagr`f ifcfàdc

^fbcdia` ifcfà d+hfrd

Yayxgkd gif`kaififcfàdc

Ahg`xahdhgy ifcf+àdcgy

JWG@XG?Gcdbfrdia` ~rf~ad.

zdiadhf g` yw if`xgàhf hgyifcfà d`xg q cabgrdhfr g` cd if`yxaxw+ia` hg ^FHGKFY q hgc KDY twag`gy `fy ~ahg` dmfrd zfxdr w`dif`yxaxwia` ~fcxaid ~drd cd mglgkf`d ifcfàdc hg cfy hg~drxdkg`+xfy lfbgr`dhfy ~fr ~rgjgixfy q lfbgr`dhfrgy twg yak~cgkg`xgkdtwaccd` d cfy zagofy ifrrglahfrgy gy~dfcgy hg a`hafy.

9.9. LRJAIF HG CD HADCIXAID IF@IG^XWDC HG CDIFCF@A_DIA@ Q HG CD HGYIFCF@A_DIA@.

Gc yalwag`xg lrjaif gy w` a`xg`xf hg mdigr ifk~rg`yabcg cfy ~rfig+yfy hg ifcfà dia` ak~cgkg`xdhfy if`xrd `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala+`drady q cdy diiaf`gy hg hgyifcfà dia` twg ifrrgy~f`hg rgdca dr g`w` ~rfigyf hg hgyifcfà dia` dwx`xaid q cabgrdhfrd.


24/59


9.8. CD MAYXFRAD HG CDY @DIAF@GY GY XDKBAIF@IACADIA@ Q JGHGRDIA@.

Cdy ifìg~iaf`gy gxgr`dkg`xg if`jrf`xdiafàyxdy hg cd mayxfradifkf cd hgc ifcfàdcaykf fiiahg`xdc q ifkf cd hgc kdr}aykf irgg`twg cd mayxfrad mwkd`d gy w` ~rfigyf gxgr`f hg cwimd. Cd mayxfradhg `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala`drady q hg kwimdy `diaf`gy hgc kw`hf`fy g`ygd` twg cd mayxfrad gy xdkba` ifìacadia` q yfbrg xfhfjghgrdkag`xfy hg wàjaidia` g` gyxdhfy ifk~wgyxfy g` alwdchdhhg ogrdrtwd q hg hgrgimfy g`xrg `diaf`gy. G` Bfcazad yalwg q yglwa+r cd cwimd hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady mdyxd if`yglwar dwxf`fkdy~fcxaidy ~cg`dy g` gc àzgc kgyf`diaf`dc. Rgia` g`xfìgy yg ~fhrif`yxrwar w`d ifìacadia` `diaf`dc hg xa~f jghgrdxazf g`xrg cdy hay+xa`xdy `diaf`gy frala`drady q cdy hg fralg` may~d`fbfcazad`f.


25/59


8. XGFRD HGC GYXDHF HGYHG CDY @DIAF@GY FRA

[email protected] g}ayxgìad hg cfy gyxdhfy ~rgifcfàdcgy ifkf gc hg cdIf`jghgrdia` Arftwgyd# gc Gyxdhf D xgid# Kdqd q gc lrd` Gyxdhfhgc Xdmwd`xa`ywqw qd md` yahf hgkfyxrdhfy ~cg`dkg`xg ~fr cfymayxfradhfrgy q drtwgcflfy ky fbogxazfy. G` cf twg xfid d cfyD`hgy gc Gyxdhf Xdmw`dxa`ywqd`f grd w`d Jghgrdia` Kcxa~cg fygd w`d jghgrdia` hg jghgrdiaf`gy g` xrgy azgcgy. Cd bdyg hgc frhg+`dkag`xf xgrraxfradc q hgc lfbagr`f xdmwd`xa`yqd`f grd gc Dqccw hg bdyg dwx`fkf. G` gc àzgc kairf`diaf`dc hgc dqccw g}ayxd` jghgrd+iaf`gy cfidcgy bdof cd jfrkd hg rdiakfy kairfgyxdxdcgy dwx`fkfyiwqd bdyg hg lgyxa` grd` w`d a`jaàhdh hg dqccwy dwx`fkfy. G` gcàzgc kgyf`diaf`dc g}ayxd` alwdckg`xg jghgrdiaf`gy rglaf`dcgy hgjghgrdiaf`gy cfidcgy xdkba` dwx`fkfy. Ja`dckg`xg# g` gc àzgckdirf`diaf`dc gc Gyxdhf hgc Xdmwd`xa`ywqw grd w`d If`jghgrdia`Xgxrdxgrraxfradc mfra f`xdc q zgrxaidckg`xg. Gyxg kaykf xa~f hggyxrwixwrdy hg frldà dia` gyxdxdc xg`d` cdy hgky lrd`hgy iazaca+

diaf`gy ifkf cd arftwgyd# cd kdqd q cd d xgid.Mgkfy gyxdbcgiahf twg cd mayxfrad gy gygìadckg`xg w` dixf ifcgixa+zf hg cdy kairf# kgyf q kdirf `diaf`gy hgc kw`hf w`d hg iwqdyrgdca diaf`gy ky hda`dy ~drd `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hgDkraid md yahf gc Ifcfàdcaykf Fiiahg`xdc iwqfy iakag`xfy ifcf+àdcgy yg iwgyxaf`d` q hayiwxg` dmfrd g` xfhd `wgyxrd Dkraid q g`gy~giadc g` Bfcazad if` gc ~rfigyf hg hgyifcfà dia` dbagrxf ~fr

`wgyxrfy ~wgbcfy frala`drafy.Gc Ifcfàdcaykf Fiiahg`xdc Gy~dfc jwg gc twg gyxdbcgia w`dgyxrwixwrd ifcfàdc g` xrka`fy `diaf`dcgy q gyxdxdcgy g` cfy D`hgy.Gc gyxdhf ~fr xd`xf gy# hgyhg `wgyxrd g}~gragìad mayxraid q hgyhgcd g}~gragìad hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hgc kw`hf ifcfà dhdy~fr fiiahg`xg# w`d if`yxrwiia` mayxraid ifcfàdc hf`hg gc GyxdhfIfcfàdc ywbqwld d cfy Gyxdhfy Frala`drafy jfrkd`hf w`d gyxrwixw+rd gyxdxdc dzdydccd`xg. W`d gyxrwixwrd dzdydccd`xg if`jfrkd w` gyxdhf ifk~wgyxf q gyx jfrkdhf ~fr w` Gyxdhf Xard`f q Dzdydccdhfr qw`fy Gyxdhfy Zdydccfy. G` gyxd mayxfrad `diaf`dc q gyxdxdc gc ifcfàdcaykf gy gc ~rfigyf hg dzdydccdkag`xf hgc Gyxdhf Ifcfà dhfr if`+xrd cfy Gyxdhfy Ifcfà dhfy. G` cd mayxfrad gyxdxdc q owrhaid hDkraid q hg cfy D`hgy xfhdy cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady md` ywjrahf


26/59


gc ~rfigyf hg ifcfà dia` q dzdydccdkag`xf hwrd`xg xfhd cd ifcfàdq xfhd cd rg~bcaid ~fr cd `dia` q gc gyxdhf may~d`frg~wbcaid`fmdyxd `wgyxrfy hdy.

Gc yglw`hf dixf ig`xrdc hg cfy gyxdhfy ifcfà dhfrgy# hgy~wy hgcyfkgxakag`xf# gy gc ~rfigyf hg hgkfcaia` hg cfy gyxdhfy zdydccfymdyxd hgyxrwar ifk~cgxdkg`xg cdy gyxrwixwrdy gyxdxdcgy hg cfy ghfy zdydccfy. ^fr xd`xf dzdydccdkag`xf q hgkfcaia` yf` hfy dixfyf gxd~dy hg w` kaykf ~rfigyf hg hfka`dia` ifcfàdc.

Xfhd cd mayxfrad hg cfy ~rfigyfy hg ifcfà dia` fiwrrahfy g` cdmwkdàhdh md` xgàhf ifkf rgywcxdhfy ja`dcgy cd ifcfà dia`xfxdc# cd hgyifcfà dia` xfxdc f w`d ifìacadia` `diaf`dc jghgrdxazdg`xrg cdy `diaf`gy ifcfà dhfrdy q cdy `diaf`gy ifcfà dhdy.Gogk~cfy hg ~rfigyfy hg hgyifcfà dia` frala`drad xfxdc yf` cda`hg~g`hgìad hg Ima`d# cd A`had# Drlgcad q fxrfy. Gogk~cfy hg hgy+ifcfà dia` irafccd xfxdc yf` cd mayxfrad hg cfy Gyxdhfy Wàhfy hg@frxgdkraid q hg Drlg`xa`d bdof w` jghgrdcaykf g`xrg ~drgy ifcf+

àdcgy. Gogk~cfy hg ifìacadia` jghgrdc g`xrg `diaf`gy ifcfà dhf+rdy q ifcfà dhdy yf` Gy~dd# Ywhjraid# Rwyad q Ywa d. Hg gyg}~gragìad mayxraid yg ~wghg gyxdbcgigr twg gc Gyxdhf gy gygìadkg`xg w`d jfrkdia` ifcfàdc+`diaf`dc g` yw kfkg`xf hg ifcfà d+ia`# hg hgyifcfà dia` f hg jghgrdkag`xf. Xfkd`hf g` iwg`xd cdha`kaid xgrraxfradc q gyxdxdc hg cdy `diaf`gy mdbr` ~fr xd`xf gyxd+hfy ifcfàdcgy# gyxdhfy hgyifcfà dhfy f gyxdhfy jghgrdhfy.

G` cd g}~gragìad hg cdy `diaf`gy q gyxdhfy kf`rtwaify gc gyxdhfyg jfrkdbd g` bdyg d cd zfcw`xdh `frkdxazd hg hafy q grd gygìadc+kg`xg gc Gyxdhf Ifcfàdc hg cd @dia` Ifcfà dhfrd.

G` cfy gyxdhfy kf`f`diaf`dcgy bwrlwgygy ifkf Jrdìad# gc Gyxdhf@diaf`dc twg `dig hg cd yfbgrd`d ~f~wcdr hg cdy icdygy rgzfcwiaf+`drady if`yxrwq dc ja`dc w` Gyxdhf @diaf`dc hg cd Bwrlwgyd twgifkf icdyg q `dia` f~rakg d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady twg mdbaxd`gc xgrraxfraf hg cd rg~bcaid. Cd xgfrd hgc gyxdhf kf`f`diaf`dc bwrlwy d~caidhf d `wgyxrdy `diag`xgy rg~bcaidy may~d`fdkgraid+`dy md gyxdbcgiahf `wgzfy gyxdhfy ifcfàdcgy g` hf`hg cfy gyxd+kg`xfy may~d`frg~wbcaid`fy rgif`zarxagrf` dc zagof gyxdhf ifcf+àdc kf`rtwaif g` w` gyxdhf rg~wbcaid`f ifcfàdc q dzdydccdhfr.Cfy gyxdhfy frala`drafy zdydccfy hg cd ifcfàd gy~dfcd xrdycdhdrf`


27/59

HR. CABFRAF WF DIGBF 2 GC KDY MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

:. CD YD@LRG HGRRDKDHD ^FR CD HGYIFCF+

@A_DIA@ @F ^WGHG YGR @GLFIADHD.Cd mayxfrad hg `wgyxrdy iazaca diaf`gy hg Dkraid gy cd mayxfrad hlg`fiahaf ifkgxahf ~fr cdy `diaf`gy fiiahg`xdcgy# hg cwimdy mgrfa+idy hg hgyifcfà dia` hf`hg `wgyxrfy mrfgy `diaf`dcgy md` hgod+hf kwimf yd`lrg ~fr cabgrdr d `wgyxrfy ~wgbcfy q hg w`d rgyayxg`+iad d`xaifcfàdc twg yalwg` rgicdk`hf`fy yglwar g` cd c`gd hg cdhgyifcfà dia` q cabgrdia` g` gc ~rgyg`xg Yalcf ]]A ~drd hgkfy+xrdrcg dc kw`hf twg yfkfy ~wgbcfy `xglrfy q hal`fy.

G` cd ifcfàd# g` gc kw`hf d`ha`f q xdmwd`xa`ywqd`f cd ~rakgrdyd`lrg hgrrdkdhd ~fr cd hgyifcfà dia`# cd a`hg~g`hgìad q cdyfbgrd`d `diaf`dc jwg cd kwgrxg hgc Aìd Dxdmwdcc~d. Cg yalwagrf`g` cd cwimd cfy aìdy Kdìf AA# Owd` Yd`xfy Dxdmwdcc~d# Xaxf IQw~d`twa q Xw~de Dkdrw A twag`gy hgyhg Zacidbdkbd cwimdrf` ~frkd`xg`gr cd yfbgrd`d hg cd Iazaca dia` ^cwra`diaf`dc q Jghgrdxazdhgc Aìdraf. Xfhfy gyxfy aìdy jwgrf` gogiwxdhfy ~fr cfy ifcfàdcay+

xdy gy~dfcgy. Ow`xf d cfy d`xgrafrgy lfbgr`dhfrgy aìdy cwimdrfìag`xfy hg mrfgy hg `wgyxrdy ifkwàhdhgy hg bdyg q kacgy hg ifk+ bdxag`xgy frala`drafy ~fr cd a`hg~g`hgìad `diaf`dc q ~fr ~rgygrzdrywy lfbagr`fy dwx`fkfy cfidcgy.

G` cd cwimd ~fr cd ~rgygrzdia` hg cd a`hg~g`hgìad q cd yfbgrd`dhg `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy xdkba` cwimdrf` cfy lfbgr`dhfrgy hg `wgyxrdkgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady. Cdy `diaf`gy hg cfy ^didogy# hg cfy

Cw~dtdy q hg cfy Idccd|dqdy d cd idbg d hgc Lg`grdc Twa`xa Rd|rd ow`xf d cdy dwxfrahdhgy frala`drady hg ywy kdredy q ifkwàhdhgyfjrgiagrf` w`d mgrfaid bdxdccd g` gc rf Hgydlwdhgrf d cdy mwgyxgya`zdyfrdy hg Haglf hg Dckdlrf. G` gyxd bdxdccd kwragrf` kacgy hg~fbcdhfrgy frala`drafy q gc Lg`grdc Twa`xa Rd|rd jwg gogiwxdhf hgy+~wy hg cd hgrrfxd. G` cd cxakd bdxdccd ~fr cd yfbgrd`d d`ha`d gÌfimdbdkbd cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hg cfy Imdridy# Cfy TmdrdTmdrd# cfy \ayaoyd# cfy C~g # cfy Imaimdy# cfy Qdk~drdy# Edrd`ldy# cfy Yfrdy q cfy Imway ifkbdxagrf` if`xrd gc goriaxf hg cfygy~dfcgy hf`hg kwragrf` kacgy hg ifkbdxag`xgy hg cdy ifkwàhd+hgy frala`drady. G` y`xgyay# xfhfy `wgyxrfy lfbgr`dhfrgy hg `wgy+xrdy kairf# kgyf q kdirf`diaf`gy hgjg`hagrf` cd yfbgrd`d `diaf+`dc q `wìd g`xrgldrf` zfcw`xdradkg`xg cd a`hg~g`hgìad hg cfy~wgbcfy d`ha`fy d cfy gy~dfcgy.


31/59


Cwglf hg cd hgrrfxd hg cd rgyayxgìad `diaf`dc cfy ifcfà dhfrgygy~dfcgy yg hagrf` d cd xdrgd hg g}~fcadr xgrraxfrafy# rgiwryfy `dxw+rdcgy# yfbgrd`dy q dwxf`fkdy rglaf`dcgy q cfidcgy hg `wgyxrdy`diaf`g y frala`drady. Hgy~wy hg idya 9>> dfy hg ifcfàdcaykfg}~fcadhfr `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala`drady g`drbfcdrf` `wgzdkg`xgcd yfbgrd`d q cd a`hg~g`hgìad `diaf`dcgy g` cd hidhd hg 4.Cfy mgrkd`fy Xfky# Hkdyf q @aifcy Edxdra ifòwìaf`drf` cdcwimd hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hgc kdia f hg cfy Imdridy q igr+idrf` cd iawhdh gy~dfcd hg Imwtwaydid ~cd`xgd`hf cd g}xaìa`hg cfy ifrrglakag`xfy q hgc Gyxdhf Gy~dfc. Hg w`d jfrkd yakacdrXw~de Edxdra rgdca hfy igrify d cd iawhdh hg Cd ^d g`drbfcd`hfcd a`hg~g`hgìad hg cd Kdirf`dia` Dqkdrd. Jwg Xw~de Dkdrwgc twg if` kgrahad`d icdrahdh ~cd`xg g` gyxd hidhd cd g}xaìa`hg cfy ifrrglakag`xfy q hgc Gyxdhf Gy~dfc ~drd rgif`yxaxwar cdYfbgrd`d q cd A`hg~g`hgìad hg cd Iazaca dia` ^cwra`diaf`dcAìdaid. Cwglf hg yw hgrrfxd kacaxdr cfy xrgy ky lrd`hgy lg`grd+cgy hg cd kdqfr rgzfcwia` d`xaifcfàdc frala`drad hgc kw`hf jwg+rf` dxrf kg`xg gogiwxdhfy kghad`xg gc hgyiwdrxa dkag`xf. Ow`xf d

gccfy hwrd`xg cdy iag`xfy hg bdxdccdy kwragrf` kacgy hg lfbgr`dhf+rgy q mdbaxd`xgy frala`drafy hg `wgyxrdy kdredy q ifkwàhdhgyrgld`hf if` yw yd`lrg w` ~rflrdkd ~fcxaif hg hgyifcfà dia`#hg a`hg~g`hgìad q dwxf`fkd twg `f yg ~wghg `glfiadr d à`l`~rgiaf.

Xfhd cd mayxfrad hg cd rg~bcaid ifcfàdc gy w` ~rfigyf hg g}~d`ya`hgc cdxajw`haf q hgc yfkgxakag`xf ~fcxaif hg cdy ifkwàhdhgy q hgcdy `diaf`gy frala`drady kghad`xg cfy ifrrglakag`xfy q ~rgjgixwrdy fkghad`xg cd xard`d ~fcxaid hg cfy mdig`hdhfy mdyxd 4172. Cfy if`+ygrzdhfrgy hgyhg gc rgxarf hgc lfbagr`f hgc Lg`grdc Ywirg rgdca drf`cd ky lrd`hg wywr~dia` hg cdy xagrrdy q hg cfy xgrraxfrafy hg cdyifkwàhdhgy q `diaf`gy frala`drady hgc dcxa~cd`f# cfy zdccgy# gcImdif# cd Imatwaxd`d q hg cd Dkd f`d bfcazad`dy. Cdy xagrrdy hgcfy lwdrd`gy g` gc Imdif# hg cdy `diaf`gy kfogdy g` cd Dkd f`d#hg cd `diaf`gy twgimwdy q dqkdrdy g` gc dcxa~cd`f q cfy zdccgy jwg+rf` wywr~dhdy if` cdy cgqgy ifcfàdcgy hg cd G`jaxgwyay# hg cdG}zaìwcdia` q hg Ifcfà dia` g` w` ~rfigyf hg ifcfà diaà`xgr`d hf`hg yg ifkgxagrf` kacgy hg irkg`gy hg mfkaiahafy# dyg+ya`dxfy q lg`fiahafy if`xrd `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala`drady. Cfy jdc+yfy cabgrdcgy hg `wgyxrf ~dy hgy~wy hg 41>> if`xa`wdrf` d~caid`+hf cdy zagody cgqgy hg ifcfà dia` a`xgr`d twg gogiwxdrf` cfy if`ygr+


32/59


zdhfrgy mdyxd 4172 ifkgxag`hf cfy kaykfy irkg`gy hg cgyd mwkd+àhdh if`xrd `wgyxrdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.

If`xrd cdy g}~fcadiaf`gy ifcfàdcgy hg cfy cdxa`jw`hayxdy# hg cfyld`dhgrfy# hg cfy twa`grfy q lfkgrfy yg cgzd`xdrf` `wgyxrfy chgrgyq lfbgr`dhfrgy frala`drafy g` xfhf gc xgrraxfraf hg Bfcazad. ^dbcf_rdxg \acced gìdbg d`hf d dqkdrdy q twgimwdy# D`hryLwdqfimf d cdy `diaf`gy kfogdy q Md~a Fgea Xwk~d d cdy `diaf`gylwdrd`gy g`drbfcdrf` cd a`hg~g`hgìad hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady~drd ldrd`xa dr cd rgiw~grdia` hg cdy xagrrdy q hg cfy ~fhgrgy ~fc+xaify frala`drafy. Cwglf hg mgrfaidy bdxdccdy ow`xf d cfy lfbgr`dhf+rgy cfidcgy q ow`xf d cfy mdbaxd`xgy a`hlg`dy q frala`drafy jwgrf`hgrrfxdhfy q fjrg`hdrf` yw zahd if` kwgrxgy dxrfigy. ^dbcf _rdxg\acced jwg xrdaiaf`dhf q gogiwxdhf bdof w`d frhg` hg yw d`xalwfdcadhf gc Lg`grdc Ofy Kd`wgc ^d`hf d twag` d~fq ~drd cd hgrrfxdhg cfy if`ygrzdhfrgy. Cd cwimd if`xrd gc cdxajw`haykf q gc `gfifcf+àdcaykf a`xgr`f hg cfy if`ygrzdhfrgy q cabgrdcgy q ~fr cd yfbgrd`dhg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady# lwdrd`xaidy# kfogdy# twgimwdy q

dqkdrdy ifyx kwimdy zahdy q yd`lrg twg `f yg ~wghg` zg`hgr q`glfiadr ~fr w`dy iwd`xdy kf`ghdy.


33/59



34/59


=. CD GYXRDXGLAD HG CD G]ICWYA@ Q

IFCF@A_DIA@ HG^DRXDKG@XDC YG MD IF@YW+KDHF.

G` gygìad q y`xgyay gc hg~drxdkg`xf rg~wbcaid`f gy w`d yak~cgrghg`fka`dia` hgc xgrraxfraf q hgc ~fhgr hg cd zagod iawhdh gy~d+fcd# f ygd hgc zagof Gyxdhf Ifcfàdc Gy~dfc g}~rgydhf rglaf`dc+kg`xg. Xgrraxfradckg`xg cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy kd`xag`g` wywr~dhfycfy xgrraxfrafy hg cdy `diaf`gy q ifkwàhdhgy frala`drady d àzgc`diaf`dc. Xfhfy cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy hg ~rf~aghdh dìgyxrdc hg cdyifkwàhdhgy q hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady md` yahf wywr~dhfy ~frgc gyxdhf ifcfàdc bfcazad`f twg kd`xag`g g` gygìad w`d bwrfirdiadak~rfhwixazd ya` twg yg hgyxa`g à`l` rgiwryf ~drd cdy ifkwàhd+hgy. Cdy dwxfrahdhgy ~fcxaidy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy yf` xdkba` w`dyak~cg rghg`fka`dia` hg cdy zagody dwxfrahdhgy ifcfàdcgy ifkf gcifrrglahfr q ywy dclwdiacgy. G` gygìad cdy dwxfrahdhgy hg~drxdkg`+xdcgy ~rgjgixwrdcgy wywr~d` cdy jwìaf`gy hg lfbagr`f hg cfy lfbgr+`dhfrgy hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady. ^dyd g}dixdkg`xg cf kaykf

if` cfy ywb~rgjgixfy# if` cfy ifrrglahfrgy q cfy dcidchgy. Cdy dwxf+rahdhgy owhaiadcgy hg cd owyxaiad frha`drad alwdckg`xg wywr~d` jwìaf`gy hg dhkaàyxrdia` hg owyxaiad hg cdy dwxfrahdhgy owhaiadcgfrala`drady.

G` gc dixwdc ~rfigyf if`yxaxwqg`xg gc Kfzakag`xf Dc Yfiadcaykfxwzf hgyhg w` ~raìa~af w`d GYXRDXGLAD Q ^RF^WGYXD HG^DRXDKG@XDCAYXD ~drd cd rgjfrkd hgc gyxdhf. ^fr gyf gogiwx if`

kwimd if`ygiwgìad w`d c`gd ifcfàdc q hg~drxdkg`xdcayxd g`xfhfy ywy dixfy ~fcxaify ig`xrdcgy. D`xgy hg cd if`zfidxfrad d cdDydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg Gzf Kfrdcgy q cfy kdyayxdy d`wìadrf`~bcaidkg`xg twg gc KDY cwimdrd ~fr cdy dwxf`fkdy hg~drxdkg`+xdcgy q if` gyxg kfxazf gc ~rgyahg`xg Kfrdcgy bdac w`d iwgid ~frdcglrd. Cwglf cfy haralg`xgy ~fcxaify hg ^FHGKFY xdkba` d`w`+iadrf` twg cwimdrd` ~fr cd dwxf`fkd hg~drxdkg`xdc. Mdbd w`difaìahgìad xfxdc g` cd gyxrdxglad hg if`yfcahdr d cfy hg~drxdkg`xfyifcfàdcgy ifkf wàhdhgy dwx`fkdy hgc `wgzf gyxdhf.

Jwakfy kwq ~fify cfy twg ~cd`xgdkfy ~bcaid q jfrkdckg`xg cddwxf`fkd ~cg`d hg cdy kgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady. ^fr w` cdhf cfyifk~dgrfy hgc If`ygof hg Dqccwy q Kdredy hgc Tfccdywqw ~cd`xg+drf` cd ~drxaia~dia` hg dclw`dy kgyf`diaf`gy hgc fiiahg`xg g` cd


35/59


Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg. Gc Ig`xrf hg Gyxwhafy hg cfy Hgrgimfy qhgc Hgydrrfccf hg cfy ^wgbcfy Frala`drafy q hg cdy Rglaf`gy# IGH+^FR# ~cd`xg dc If`lrgyf q d cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg ~rakgrf cd~drxaia~dia` hargixd hg cdy @diaf`gy Frala`drady g` gc ~rfigyf if`y+xaxwqg`xg q cwglf g` cd kaykd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg. Yglw`hf yg~cd`xg d`xg cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg cd Dwxf`fkd ^cg`d hg cdy@diaf`gy Frala`drady hg`xrf hg w` Gyxdhf Dwxf`kaifXgxrdxgrraxfradc.

G` gc ~rfigyf hg gcdbfrdia` hg cd Cgq hg If`zfidxfrad d cdDydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg cfy ~drxahfy hg cd hgrgimd dlrw~dhfy g`^FHGKFY q gc ~drxahf hgc KDY G]ICWQGRF@ D CDY @DIAF+@GY FRALA@DRADY ^DRD TWG ^DRXAIA^G@ HARGIXDKG@HG CD DYDKBCGD IF@YXAXWQG@XG D XRDZY HG YWY RGYG@XD@XGY @DXWRDCGY Q LG@WA@FY GCGLAHFY ^FR KAYKDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY. Hg gyxf g}xrdgkfy w`d ifìcwya` jw`hdkg`xdc twg `fy haig TWG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA+@DRADY @F MD@ ^DRXAIA^DHF G@ CD DYDKBCGD IF@YXA

XWQG@XG Q ^FR XD@XF @F ^WGHG@ DZDCDR W@DIF@YXAXWIA@ TWG YG MD GCDBFRDHF YA@ YW ZFCW@X@A IF@YG@XAKAG@XF IF@YXAXWIAF@DC. Cdkg`xdbcgkg`xgc KDY rg~axg cd mayxfrad hg cdy g}icwyaf`gy if`yxaxwqg`xgy twg rgca drf` cfy ~drxahfy q cdy jdkacady hg cd zagody fcaldrtwdy rg~wbcaid`dy.

Gc yglw`hf dixf hg zgrhdhgrd g}icwya` q hayiraka`dia` ifcfàdcjwg gc Rgjgr`hwk ~fr cd Dwxf`fkd Hg~drxdkg`xdc. G` gyxg rgjg+r`hwk cfy cglaycdhfrgy q cfy ~fcxaify hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY ccg+ldrf` d w` diwgrhf xfxdc ~drd g}icwar hg cd if`ywcxd GC HGRGIMFHG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY D YW DWXF@FK^FCXAID ~frtwg g` cd if`ywcxd ycf yg ~rglw`x dc ~wgbcf yfbrg gchgrgimf d cd dwxf`fkd hg cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy ifcfàdcgy. Gyxfy hfydixfy ~fcxaify ifkf yf` cd g}icwya` hg cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xgq hg cd if`ywcxd ~f~wcdr ~drd cdy dwxf`fkdy a`hlg`dy yf` hfymgimfy mayxraify hg `hfcg ifcfàdc twg hgkwgyxrd` cd gyxrdxglad qcd c`gd hg~drxdkg`xdcayxd q ifcfàdc hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY. G`gc jwxwrf gyx ~cg`dkg`xg ~g`hag`xg cd if`ywcxd dc ~wgbcf bfcazad`fyfbrg gc hgrgimf d cd dwxf`fkd ~cg`d hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.G`xrg cfy zaiafy hgc if`yg`xakag`xf hgc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f# gc ~rfigyfif`yxaxwqg`xg q cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc KDY q hg ^FHG+


36/59


KFY ccgzd` w` zaiaf jdxdc gc iwdc gy cd g}icwya` q gc ~ayfxgf hg czfcw`xdh if`yxaxwiaf`dc hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady ~drd g}~rgydr ywhgygf d yw ~rf~ad dwxf`fkd ~cg`d.

G` ifìcwya` cfy cglaycdhfrgy md` g}icwahf cd ~drxaia~dia` hargixdhg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady g` cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg. Cwglfcfy if`lrgyayxdy md` fkaxahf a`xgìaf`dckg`xg cd if`ywcxd dc ~wgbcfyfbgrd`f yfbrg gc HGRGIMF HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADD YW DWXF@FKD ^CG@D. Gyxf `fy hgkwgyxrd icdrdkg`xg twgcdy `diaf`gy frala`drady `f md` ~drxaia~dhf frlàidkg`xg hgc ~rf+igyf if`yxaxwqg`xg.

G` cfy a`jfrkgy hg cd Ifkaya` hg Dwxf`fkdy hg cd DydkbcgdIf`yxaxwqg`xg mwbf w`d ifaìahgìad ~cg`d hg cfy a`jfrkgy hgcKDY q hg ^FHGKFY ~drd if`yxrwar w` gyxdhf if` dwxf`fkdyhg~drxdkg`xdcgy g}icwqg`hf d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hg yw hgrg+imf dìgyxrdc d cd dwxf`fkd g` gc àzgc a`xgrkghaf hgc gyxdhf. Cdàid hajgrgìad q gc hgydiwgrhf ~fcxaif yagk~rg jwg cd rggcgiia`

hg Gzf Kfrdcgy q g` iagrxd kghahd cd yaxwdia` hg cdy xagrrdy `gfcd+xajw`hayxdy. D gyxf yg ywk cd f~fyaia` xg`d hg ^FHGKFY dclfbagr`f hgc KDY ~drd twg gyxg ~drxahf ~whagrd if`yfcahdr gc cahg+rd lf hg Gzf Kfrdcgy q hgc KDY. D ja`gy hg fixwbrg hgc df 2>>=cfy kdyayxdy md` ~rgjgrahf `glfiadr cd rggcgiia` hg Gzf Kfrdcgy~fr w`d lgyxa` d idkbaf hg g`frkgy ifìgyaf`gy d cfy ~rf~agxdrafycdxajw`hayxdy q d cfy dwxf`fkayxdy hgc frag`xg hgc ~dy. F ygd md~g`ydhf ky g` ywy ywgchfy twg cgy fxfrld w`d rggcgiia` hg GzfKfrdcgy twg g` cd hgyifcfà dia` ~cg`d hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.

G` iwdctwagr if`yxaxwia` ~fcxaid hgc kw`hf cd hazaya` xgrraxfradcq dhkaàyxrdxazd hgc gyxdhf hgxgrka`d gc frhg`dkag`xf xgrraxfradc q~fr xd`xf cd ifk~fyaia` xgrraxfradc q `diaf`dc hgc gyxdhf. G` cd ~rf+~wgyxd hg if`yxaxwia` hgc KDY d~rfbdhd g` Frwrf cfy kdyayxdyd~rfbdrf` w` frhg`dkag`xf xgrraxfradc ifcfàdc if` bdyg hg cfyhg~drxdkg`xfy ifcfàdcgy. Gc xg}xf ~rf~wgyxf hgid g` yw Drx. 2twg Bfcazad yg frldà d xgrraxfradckg`xg g` hg~drxdkg`xfy# ~rfzaìady#kwàia~afy q xgrraxfrafy a`hlg`d frala`draf idk~gya`fy. Gc g`xg xgrraxf+radc twg hgxgrka`d cd gyxrwixwrd xgrraxfradc hgc gyxdhf gy gc hg~drkg`xf ~frtwg hg`xrf hg yw owrayhaiia` xgrraxfradc yg aìcwqg` if`kg`fr ogrdrtwd d cdy ~rfzaìady# cfy kwàia~afy q dc ja`dc d cfy xgrra+xfrafy a`hlg`dy. Qd mgkfy gyxdbcgiahf twg gc g`xg xgrraxfradc hg~dr+


37/59

HR. CABFRAF WF DIGBF 9 dc 219.

G` cdy kfhajaidiaf`gy hgc if`lrgyf d ja`gy hg fixwbrg hgc df 2>>=#cfy cglaycdhfrgy hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY rgdca drf` w`d kdqfrdlrgya` ifcfàdc d cdy qd rghwiahdy kaàdwxf`fkdy a`hlg`dy. G`cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc if`lrgyf yg gcaka`d ifk~cgxdkg`xggc ifìg~xf hg G@XAHDH XGRRAXFRADC d xfhf gc rlakg` hg dwxf+

`fkdy a`hlg`dy gcaka`d`hf ifk~cgxdkg`xg xfhd ~gryf`dcahdh~fcxaid gyxdxdc hg rd`lf if`yxaxwiaf`dc ~drd cdy dwxf`fkdy a`hlg+`dy hg kaàdxwrd. G` à`l` ~rrdjf hg cfy drxiwcfy 2=1 dc 21:yfbrg Dwxf`fkd A`hlg`d Frala`drad Idk~gya`d g}ayxg gc ifìg~+xf hg dwxf`fkd a`hlg`d if` g`xahdh xgrraxfradc q ~fcxaid. Ygrg~axg zdrady zgigy cd ~dcdbrd zdid hg dwxf`fkd a`hlg`d ya` à`+lw`d ~gryf`dcahdh gyxdxdc q xgrraxfradc hg rd`lf if`yxaxwiaf`dc# f ygdYG HGOD D CDY IFKW@AHDHGY IF@ YW DIXWDCDWXF@FKD XRDHAIAF@DC Q D@IGYXRDC. Gyxg gy gc ~rakdxg`xdhf d cd rgaza`haidia` mayxraid hg dwxf`fkd hg cdy `diaf`gyfrala`drady.

Gc yglw`hf dxg`xdhf ifcfàdc twg md hddhf ky ~rfjw`hdkg`xg dcdy D@IGYXRDCGY DWXF@FKDY HG CDY IFKW@AHDHGY


39/59


HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY gy cd rghwiia` ifkwàxdrayhg cdy dwxf`fkdy a`hlg`dy. Gc xg}xf hg cd hay~fyaia` xrd`yaxfrady~xakd hg cd ~rf~wgyxd hgc If`lrgyf haigD gjgixfy hg cd d~caid+ia` hgc ~drlrdjf A hgc drxiwcf 219Uyfbrg xgrraxfrafy a`hlg`dy[hggyxd if`yxaxwia`# gc xgrraxfraf a`hlg`d xg`hr ifkf bdyg hg ywhgcakaxdia` d cdy Xagrrdy Ifkwàxdrady hg Fralg`. G` gc ~cd f hgw` df hgyhg cd gcgiia` hgc rld`f Gogiwxazf q Cglaycdxazf# cdidxglfrd hg Xagrrd Ifkwàxdrad hg fralg` yg ywogxdr d w` xrkaxgdhkaàyxrdxazf hg if`zgrya` d Xgrraxfraf A`hlg`d Frala`drafIdk~gya`f g` gc kdrif gyxdbcgiahf g` gyxd If`yxaxwia`# -Bfcazad#Ldigxd Fjaiadc. ^rfqgixf hg If`yxaxwia` ^fcxaid hgc Gyxdhf# 2>>=?4:7!.

Gyxg gy gc drxiwcf hg zgrhdhgrd xrdk~d q gyxdjd ifcfàdc d cdy `diaf+`gy frala`drady. Xfhf gc xg}xf d`xgrafr hg 844 drxiwcfy twg yg ccg`dcd bfid hg dwxf`fkdy a`hlg`dy gy ycf w`d kdyidrdhd hg dwxf`f+kd a`halgàyxd. Qd mgkfy gyxdbcgiahf twg cd wàhdh xgrraxfradc jw`+hdkg`xdc hgc `wgzf gyxdhf gy gc hg~drxdkg`xf. Cd g`xahdh dwxf`+

kaid jw`hdkg`xdc xdkba` ygr gc hg~drxdkg`xf yfbrg cd bdyg hg w`gyxdhf hazahahf g` hg~drxdkg`xfy. If` cd hay~fyaia` xrd`yaxfrady~xakd YG RGHWIG D CDY DWXF@FKDY A@HLG@DY D CXAGRRDY IFKW@AXDRADY HG FRALG@ G]AYXG@XGY DIXWKG@XG. F ygd w`d rghwiia` hg xgrraxfrafy d xagrrdy dc gyxacf ~d gyxg`yfrayxd. G` hakg`ya` xfhfy ydbgkfy twg cdy XagrrdyIfkwàxdrady hg Fralg` yf` cdy ifkwàhdhgy kàkdy d zgigy dxf+ka dhdy g` w`dy iwd`xdy jdkacady q g` w` ~rfigyf hg gk~fbrgia+kag`xf q hg kalrdia` lg`grdca dhfy. Cdy dwxf`fkdy ~fr cdy twgcwimdrf` `wgyxrfy krxargy ~fr cd hgyifcfà dia` yf` jw`hdkg`+xdckg`xg cdy hg cfy ywqwy q cdy hg cdy jghgrdiaf`gy hg kdredy q hgdqccwy# f ygd dwxf`fkdy kgyf`diaf`dcgy# xfhfy ifk~wgyxfy ~frhfbcgy jghgrdkag`xfy hg ifkwàhdhgy. Gc d`xgrafr drxiwcf xrd`yira+xf if`xag`g gc yglw`hf dxg`xdhf d cd rgaza`haidia` mayxraid hgdwxf`fkd hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.

Gc xgrigr dxg`xdhf d cd rgaza`haidia` dwxf`kaid kgyf`diaf`dc hgcdy `diaf`gy frala`drady gy cd ifìgya` hg kaàdwxf`fkdy xgrraxf+radcgy ya` g`xahdh ~fcxaidg` bdyg d w`d yak~cg rgyfcwia` dhkaày+xrdxazd f ygd w` rgif`fiakag`xf ya` rd`lf cgldc à if`yxaxwiaf`dc.Xfhdy cdy cwimdy hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady md` g}alahf yagk~rg w`rgif`fiakag`xf if`yxaxwiaf`dc hg cdy dwxf`fkdy hg cdy `diaf`gy


40/59


frala`drady. Gy ky# cdy cwimdy ~fr cd yfbgrd`d q cd a`hg~g`hgìadhg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady bwyidrf` cd rgif`yxrwiia` hg cfy gyxd+hfy frala`drafy ya` gc gyxdhf ifcfàdc gy~dfc f bfcazad`f. ^grf gyxhgkfyxrdhf twg cdy icdygy hfka`d`xgy ifcfàdcgy hgyhg cdy if`yxa+xwqg`xgy gy ak~fyabcg twg fxfrlwg` dwxf`fkdy ~cg`dy# `xglrdy qzgrhdhgrdy d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady. ^fr gyf rghwig` cfy a`yxrw+kg`xfy owrhaify ~drd cdy kaàdxwrdy dwxf`kaidy a`hlg`dy d yak+~cgy rgyfcwiaf`gy dhkaàyxrdxazdy twg `f dcid` d` à yatwagrd dcrd`lf owrhaif hg w`d cgq q ~gfr d w` rd`lf owrhaif if`yxaxwiaf`dc.G@ YA@XGYAY CDY DWXF@FKDY HG CDY @DIAF@GY FR@DRADY YG RGHWIG@ D KA@ADXWRDY DWXF@KAIDYIFKW@AHDHGY# ^RAKGRF. YGLW@HF @F XAG@G@ G@XAHXGRRAXFRADC Q ^FCXAID IF@YXAXWIAF@DC. Q XGRIGRFFXFRLDR@ IF@ YAK^CGY RGYFCWIAF@GY DHKA@AYXRDXZDY. Gyxg gy gc zgrhdhgrf if`xgàhf ifcfàdc hg cd ~rf~wgyxd hgif`yxaxwia` hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY ~drd cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.

^grf g` xfhf dixf hg ma~firgyd g}ayxg w`d dixaxwh zgrhdhgrd q fxrd

jdcyd. Qd mgkfy hgzgcdhf cd zgrhdhgrd dixaxwh if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgcKDY q hg ^FHGKFY. Dmfrd zgdkfy gc rfyxrf jdcyf q ccg`f hg iwc+xwrdcaykfy q jfcicfraykfy if`yxaxwiaf`dcgy hg cd ~rf~wgyxd hgcIf`lrgyf. F ygd ~dygkfy d zgr xfhf gc xg}xf d`xgrafr dc fiwcxf xg}xfhg cd hay~fyaia` xrd`yaxfrad y~xakd.


41/59


4>.GC IFCF@ADCAYKF IWCXWRDC HG CD ^RF^WGYXD

IF@[email protected] gy w`d hg cdy ~rf~wgyxdy hg if`yxaxwia` ky iwcxwrdcayxdy q jficfrayxdy hg `wgyxrd mayxfrad if`yxaxwiaf`dc twg wxaca d cd iwcxifkf w` a`yxrwkg`xf hg g`ldf. Xfhf gc xg}xf hg cd ~rf~wgyxdif`yxaxwiaf`dc gyx ccg`d hg cfy ifìg~xfy hg `dia` q hgc ifìg~xfhg cf ~cwra`diaf`dc if` yg`xahf iwcxwrdc ~grf ifk~cgxdkg`xg zdiad+hfy hg yw if`xgàhf hgyifcfà dhfr q ~fcxaif twg cf àif twgcflrd` gy `drifxa dr cd ifìagìad `diaf`dc hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`d+rady ~drd if`yfcahdr gc ~fhgr hgc ifcfàdcaykf hg~drxdkg`xdc.

Gc Drxiwcf ~rakgrf hg cdy ~rf~wgyxdy if`yxaxwiaf`dcgy hg Frwrf qhgc If`lrgyf gyxdbcgig twgBfcazad yg if`yxaxwqg g` w` GyxdhfWàxdraf Yfiadc hg Hgrgimf cwra`diaf`dc Ifkwàxdraf# cabrg# a`hg~g`hag`+xg# yfbgrd`f# hgkfirxaif# a`xgriwcxwrdc# hgyig`xrdca dhf q if` dwxf`fk+dy. Gyxd gy w`d kgyifcd` d ifìg~xwdc twg `f xag`g à`l` yg`xa+hf yfbrg gc xa~f hg gyxdhf twg yg hgja`g g` xfhdy cdy if`yxaxwiaf`gy

~fcxaidy hgc kw`hf ifkf wàxdrafy f yak~cgy# ifkf jghgrdcgy fifk~wgyxfy f ifkf ifk~wgyxfy dwxf`kaify. Gc gyxdhf hgjaàhfg` gc drxiwcf ~rakgrf yalwg yag`hf w` gyxdhf yak~cg# wàxdraf q ig`+xrdcayxd. Gc ifìg~xf hg Gyxdhf ^cwra`diaf`dc twg gcdbfrdkfy yg mdrghwiahf d kaàdxwrdy ifkwàxdrady ~frtwg gy w` Gyxdhf^cwra`diaf`dc Ifkwàxdraf. Gc gyxdhf if` dwxf`fkdy# ifkf zgrg+kfy# jdzfrgig ig`xrdckg`xg d cdy dwxf`fkdy hg~drxdkg`xdcgyifkf gc gog hg frldà dia` xgrraxfradc q dwxf`kaid. G` gc jf`hf `f

yg md idkbadhf gc zagof gyxdhf ifcfàdc# kf`f`diaf`dc# ~cwraiwcxw+rdc q kwcxaxàif hgc `gfcabgrdcaykf.

Gc drxiwcf yglw`hf hg cd ~rf~wgyxd hgc If`lrgyf gyxdbcgig dclw`fyifìg~xfy iwcxwrdcayxdy ~drd cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady ~grf twg yfìfk~cgxdkg`xg ~arfxiàidy q g`ldfydy q ya` à`l` if`xgàhf~fcxaif. Yfyxag`g twg cdy`diaf`gy q ~wgbcfy a`hlg`d frala`draf idk+ ~gya`fy xag`g` hgrgimf d cdcabrg hgxgrka`dia`# d cd dwxf`fkd q dcdwxflfbagr`f if`jfrkg d gyxd if`yxaxwia` q cd cgq. ^grf qd ydbgkfytwg gyxd if`yxaxwia` rghwig d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady d kaàdwxf+`fkdy dhkaàyxrdxazdy ya` g`xahdh xgrraxfradc.

G` gc drxiwcf 9> hg cdy ~rf~wgyxdy if`yxaxwiaf`dcgy hg Frwrf q hgcIf`lrgyf yg gyxdbcgig gc idrixgr kgrdkg`xg iwcxwrdcayxd hg cdy


42/59


`diaf`gy frala`drady q yg haig twgGy `dia` q ~wgbcf a`hlg`d frala+`draf idk~gya`f xfhd cd ifcgixazahdh mwkd`d twg ifk~drxd ahg`xahdh iwc+xwrdc# ahafkd# xrdhaia` mayxraid# a`yxaxwiaf`gy# xgrraxfradcahdh q ifykfza+ya`. Gyxd gy w`d hgjaàia` gka`g`xgkg`xg iwcxwrdcayxd hg cdy`diaf`gy frala`drady twg àgld cfy hgrgimfy ~fcxaify `diaf`dcgy hgcdy kgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady ifkf yf` gc xgrraxfraf# cd dwxf`fkdgyxdxdc q d ywy ~fhgrgy cglaycdxazf# gogiwxazf q owhaiadc. Xfhfyhgky hgrgimfy twg yg gyxdbcgig` g` gc kaykf drxiwcf 9> ~drd cdy`diaf`gy frala`drady yf` w`d ma~firgyd q w` gy~goaykf iwcxwrdcayxdf ygd gc cdhf jdcyf q g`ldfyf hgc cglaycdhfr if`yxaxwiaf`dc. Gyxg~rrdjf haig twg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady xag`g` hgrgimf dG}ayxarcabrgkg`xg# d yw ahg`xahdh iwcxwrdc# d cd cabrg hgxgrka`dia`# d cd xgrraxfrad+cahdh# d cfy cwldrgy ydlrdhfy# d ywy ydbgrgy# d yw kghaia`d xrdhaiaf`dc# ywyahafkdy# ywy raxwdcgy q d ywy ykbfcfy. Gy w`d yfbrghfyay iwcxwrdcayxdtwg xgrka`d yag`hf w` yak~cg jfcicfraykf ~frtwg g` xfhd cd if`yxa+xwia` @F MDQ W@D RGIF@YXAXWIA@ HGC ^FHGR ^FCXAHG CDY KGYF@DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY.

^drd rgkdxdr gc if`xgàhf jfcicfrayxd q iwcxwrdcayxd hgc Gyxdhf^cwra`diaf`dc cdy ~rf~wgyxdy if`yxaxwiaf`dcgy hg Frwrf q hgcIf`lrgyf g` yw drxiwcf 1= iwd`hf rglwcd` cdy IWCXWRDY gyxdbcg+ig` twg Cd hazgryahdh iwcxwrdc if`yxaxwqg cd bdyg gygìadc hgc Gyxdhf^cwra`diaf`dc Ifkwàxdraf .

Gc ifìg~xf hg iwcxwrd d cd kd`grd fiiahg`xdcayxd hg Y~g`lcgr yg mdwxaca dhf ~drd g`lddr g ma~`fxa dr d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady if` gcfbogxazf hg ak~f`gr gc ~fhgr ifcfàdc hg cdy lfbgr`diaf`gy ~rgjgi+xwrdcgy q hg cfy xgrraxfrafy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy# f ygd ~drd `gldr gchgrgimf dc ~fhgr ~fcxaif q d cd dwxf`fkd ~cg`d q zgrhdhgrd hg cdykgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady. Xgraidkg`xg gyx` wxaca d`hf cd iwcxwrdifkf ywyxaxwxf ifcfàdc hgc ifìg~xf hg `dia`.


43/59


44.CD KWGRXG IF@IG^XWDC G AHGFCLAID HGC

GYXDHF ^CWRA@[email protected] `gfcabgrdcgy jwgrf` w`fy idk~gf`gy ~drd jdcygdr cfy ifìg~xfyhgc cg`lwdog ccdkd`hf rgcfidca dia` d hgy~ahfy g` kdyd hg cfy xrd+ bdodhfrgy q rgdca drf` fxrfy jdcygdkag`xfy ahgfclaify hgc cg`lwdog~drd g`lddr dc ~wgbcf. Gc ifìg~xf hgGyxdhf ^cwra`diaf`dccf gcd+ bfrdkfy ifkf w` a`yxrwkg`xf ~fcxaif ~drd cd hgyifcfà dia` cabg+rdhfrd hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady hg Bfcazad-Wf Digbf# Cabfraf@diaf`dcaykf Frala`draf hgkfirxaif hgyhg cfy D`hgy. 2>>4!. GcGyxdhf ^cwra`diaf`dc gyxdbd ~g`ydhf ~drd mdigr hg Bfcazad w`Gyxdhf Ifk~wgyxf hg Dwxf`fkdy g`xrg cdy @diaf`gy Frala`drady#cdy Rglaf`gy Kgxrf~fcaxd`dy q cdy Rglaf`gy Gy~giadcgy g` if`haiaf+`gy hg dbyfcwxd alwdchdh ~fcxaid# xgrraxfradc q if`yxaxwiaf`dc. Wrgtwayaxf gygìadc q ya`g twd`f` ~drd twg g}ayxd alwdchdh ~fcxaid qxgrraxfradc q zgrhdhgrd hgyig`xrdca dia` gy cd hayxrabwia` hg cfyxgrraxfrafy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady IFKF W@DIXF MAYXRAIF HG OWYXAIAD HGZFCWXAZD HG YWY XG

XFRAFY WYWR^DHFY. Hg alwdc jfrkd g` w`d zgrhdhgrd hgyig`+xrdca dia` cd `dia` bfcazad`d hgbg ifìghgr xgrraxfrafy q zgrhdhg+rd hgyig`xrdca dia` dwxf`kaid d Rglaf`gy Gy~giadcgy ifkf GcImd~drg# Cfy Qw`ldy# Gc imdif# Gc @frxg hg Yd`xd Irw qZdccglrd`hg ~drd twg lgyxaf`g` yw ~rf~af hgydrrfccf. Ja`dckg`xg cd`dia` bfcazad`d hgbg fxfrldr dwxf`fkd ~cg`d d cdy ~fbcdhyakdyRglaf`gy Kgxrf~fcaxd`dy twg ygr` cdy dwxf`fkdy ky ~fhgrfydy.

^grf cfy lfbgr`d`xgy q cfy cglaycdhfrgy hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFYmd` wxaca dhf gc ifìg~xf hg Gyxdhf ^cwra`diaf`dc if` w` yg`xa+hf d~fcxaif# iwcxwrdcayxd q jfcicfrayxd twg gy w`d hg cdy kd`grdyky jrdwhwcg`xdy hg wxaca dr cfy a`xgrgygy hgyig`xrdca dhfrgy qhgyifcfà dhfrgy hg cdy rglaf`gy q hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.Cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc If`lrgyf g` yw drxiwcf 487 gyxd+ bcgig w`d Dydkbcgd Cglaycdxazd ^cwra`diaf`dc q haig twg CdDydkbcgd Cglaycdxazd cwra`diaf`dc gyx ifk~wgyxd ~fr hfy ikdrdy# cdIkdrd hg Ha~wxdhfy q cd Ikdrd hg Yg`dhfrgy# q gy cd àid if`

jdiwcxdh hg d~rfbdr q ydìaf`dr cgqgy twg ralg` ~drd xfhf gc xgrraxfrafbfcazad`f. Dkbdy ikdrdy gcalg` ywy rg~rgyg`xd`xgy ~fr cdy iar+iw`yira~iaf`gy xgrraxfradcgy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy twg ~dyd` d ygrmglgkàidy d`xg cdy rglaf`gy gy~giadcgy q d`xg cdy `diaf`gy fra+la`drady.


44/59


G` xfhfy cfy gyxdhfy ifk~wgyxfy jghgrdcgy f dwxf`kaify cd ikd+rd hg ha~wxdhfy gy w`d rg~rgyg`xdia` hgc ~wgbcf g` lg`grdc# gìdkbaf cdy ikdrdy hg yg`dhfrgy yf` w`d rg~rgyg`xdia` hg cdy wà+hdhgy xgrraxfradcgy hgc gyxdhf ifk~wgyxf twg ~wghg` ygr rglaf`gy fgyxdhfy ifkf Gy~dd f g` Ywa d. G` cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgcKDY q hg ^FHGKFY yg md gcaka`dhf ifk~cgxdkg`xg d cdy kgyf+`diaf`gy frala`drady twg `f xag`g` dwxf`fkd ~cg`d q `f xag`g` à`+lw`d rg~rgyg`xdia` xgrraxfradc. Gcaka`dhdy cdy `diaf`gy frala`dradyq cdy rglaf`gy gy~giadcgy ifkf g`xahdhgy kgyf`diaf`dcgy dwx`f+kdy cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy ig`xrdcayxdy d~drgig` ifkf `diaf`gy hgcif`lrgyf ~cwra`diaf`dc f ygd yg gyxdbcgig w`d ifk~cgxd mglgkf`dhg cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy ifcfàdcgy.

Yakacdr frldà dia` hg~drxdkg`xdcayxd xag`g` gc Xrabw`dcIf`yxaxwiaf`dc ^cwra`diaf`dc q gc rld`f Gcgixfrdc ^cwra`diaf`dchf`hg yg dbwyd hgc ifìg~xf hg cf ^cwra`diaf`dc ~grf yg ak~f`g cd owrayhaiia` hg~drxdkg`xdc. G` gyxdy hfy cxakdy a`yxaxwiaf`gy yaìcwqg` rg~rgyg`xd`xgy a`hlg`dy. ^grf gyxg mgimf rgirgd q if`yf+

cahd gc zagof ygrzacaykf f ~f`lwgdog hg~drxdkg`xdcayxd hg cfy mdbaxd`xgy q hg cdy frldà diaf`gy a`hlg`dy ifkf yf` cfy ya`haidxfyidk~gya`fy. G` fxrdy ~dcdbrdy gc a`haf yalwg yag`hf gc ~f`lf q gcyarzag`xg ~fcxaif hg cd bwrfirdiad ifcfàdc hgc gyxdhf ig`xrdc f hgchg~drxdkg`xf.


45/59


42.CD MGLGKF@D HG^DRXDKG@XDC G@ W@ GYXDHF

^CWRAHG^[email protected]` gygìad# gc gyxdhf# g` cdy ~rf~wgyxdy if`yxaxwiaf`dcgy hg Frwrf qhgc If`lrgyf hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY gy w` Gyxdhf^cwrahg~drxdkg`xdc if` mglgkf`d hg cfy xgrraxfrafy q hg cfylfbagr`fy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy twg xag`g` ~fhgrgy gogiwxazfy q cglaycd+xazfy ~fr gìakd hg cdy dwxf`fkdy rglaf`dcgy# kwàia~dcgy g a`h+lg`dy.

G}ayxg g` cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc If`lrgyf w`d dwxf`fkdmglgkàid twg gy cd Dwxf`fkd Hg~drxdkg`xdc q xrgy ywbdwxf`f+kdy twg yf` cd rglaf`dc# cd kwàia~dc q cdy kaàdwxf`fkdy ifkw+àxdrady ~drd cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.

G` gc drxaiwcf 2>:# diighgr` hargixdkg`xg dc rlakg` hg dwxf`fkdy hg~drxdkg`xd+cgy hg diwgrhf if` cd If`yxaxwia`.

Ja`dckg`xg cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc If`lrgyf dyal`d rgiwr+yfy ycf d cdy dwxf`fkdy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy g}icwqg`hf d cdy rglaf+`gy# d cfy kwàia~afy q d cdy dwxf`fkdy a`hlg`dy gyxdbcgiag`hf g`yw drxiwcf 984 ifkf rgiwryfy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy d cdyRgldcdy hg~dr+xdkg`xdcgy# Ak~wgyxfy d cfy mahrfidrbwrfy# Ak~wgyxfy# Xdydy#If`xrabwiaf`gy gy~giadcgy q ~dxg`xgy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy yfbrg cfy rgiwryfy`dxwrdcgy.Dhgky yg gyxdbcgig`Xrd`yjgrgìady hgc Xgyfrf Lg`grdc hgcd @dia` hgyxa`dhdy d iwbrar gc ldyxf g` ygrzaiafy ~gryf`dcgy hg ydcwh# ghw+idia` q dyayxgìad yfiadc# xrd`yjgrgìady g}xrdfrha`drady hgc XgyfrfLg`grdc hg cd @dia` q dwxfra dia` ~drd irhaxfy q gk~ryxaxfy a`xgr`fy q


46/59


g}xgr`fy. If` gyxg drxiwcf yg cg md fxfrldhf w` g`frkg ~fhgr xra+ bwxdraf d cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy twg ifìg`xrdr` idya xfhfy cfy rgiwr+yfy jayidcgy hgc gyxdhf. G` idkbaf cdy fxrdy dwxf`fkdy `f xag`g`à`lw`d ifk~gxgìad hg a`lrgyfy xrabwxdrafy q yg yw~f`g twg rgia+ bar` ywy rgiwryfy ~fr a`xgrkghaf hg cfy lfbagr`fy hg~drxdkg`xd+cgy.

Cd Dwxf`fkd Rglaf`dc ygl` cdy ~rf~wgyxdy hg Frwrf q hgcIf`lrgyf gy w`d dwxf`fkd yak~cgkg`xg dhkaàyxrdxazd q `dhd ~fcxaidq yg ~fhr if`jfrkdr ygl` cf gyxdbcgig gc drxiwcf 2=>~fr zdrafykwàia~afy f ~rfzaìadyya` xrdyig`hgr ckaxgy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy q ygif`yxaxwar` ifkf w` gy~diaf hg ~cdàjaidia` q lgyxa`. If` gyxd dwxf+`fkd rglaf`dc ifk~cgxdkg`xg rgifrxdhd q gìgrrdhd ~fr cfyhg~drxdkg`xfy qd gy ak~fyabcg cd dwxf`fkd ~cg`d ~drd cdy rglaf+`gy gy~giadcgy ifkf gc Imd~drg# gc Imdif# gc @frxg hg Yd`xd Irw fcfy Qw`ldy g`xrg fxrdy rglaf`gy.

Cd Dwxf`fkd Kwàia~dc yg kd`xag`g ~fr hgbdof hg cd dwxf`fkd

rglaf`dc q hg`xrf hgc xgrraxfraf hgc hg~drxdkg`xf ~grf if` kwimdyky ifk~gxgìady q ya` a`lrgyfy xrabwxdrafy.

Cd Dwxf`fkd A`hlg`d hg Kaàdxwrd gy cd ky kd`fygdhd q ygif`yxaxwqg g` w`d zgrhdhgrd bwrcd d cd cwimd mayxraid hgyifcfà dhfrd hg Xw~de Edxdra# hg Xfky Edxdra# hg ^dbcf _rdxg \acced# hgMd~a Fgea Xwk~d q hg D`hry Lwdqfimf. Ya` fxfrldrcg ~gryf`dca+hdh hg g`xahdh ~fcxaid yg cg md` rgidrldhf kwimdy fbcaldiaf`gyifk~gxgìadcgy ya` hgyxa`drcg à`l` rgiwryf ja`dìagrf g` cfy drx+iwcfy 2=1 dc 21: q gc drx 9>8# f ygd yf` ky fbcaldiaf`gy q idya `dhdhg ~fhgr à hg rgiwryfy jayidcgy.


47/59

HR. CABFRAF WF DIGBF 8>> eackgxrfy iwdhrdhfy if` yw ~rf~ad if`yxaxwia` ~fcxaid hgcgyxdhf. G` gyxfy gyxdhfy jwìaf`d` cd hgkfirdiad rg~rgyg`xdxazd qcd hgkfirdiad hargixd cf twg cg hd w`d g`frkg dlacahdh d cd yfcwia`hg cfy ~rfbcgkdy rglaf`dcgy q id`xf`dcgy. G` y`xgyay cfy ~gtwgfygyxdhfy yf` kwimf ky lacgy q gjaidigy g` cd yfcwia` hg cfy ~rf+ bcgkdy twg gyxdhfy lrd`hgy if` g`frkgy hayxdìady q kwimf kyg` w` ~dy xd` hazgryf `diaf`dc q lgflrjaidkg`xg ifkf `wgyxrfyhg~drxdkg`xfy. Cd rd~ahg q cd gjaidiad g` cd yfcwia` hg cfy ~rfbcg+kdy yg gyxdbcgig g` jfrkd a`zgrydkg`xg ~rf~friaf`dc d cd cgod`d qd cd hayxdìad hg wbaidia` hg cfy ~rfbcgkdy. Iwd`xf ky igrid q


48/59

8= GC KDY MD XRDAIAF@DHF DC ^WGBCF Q GC HGRGIMF D CD DWXF@FKD HG CDY @DIAF@GY FRALA@DRADY

cfidckg`xg yg iwg`xd` if` cdy ifk~gxgìady hg cglaycdia`# ~cdàja+idia`# gogiwia` q if`xrfc g` cd yfcwia` hg cfy ~rfbcgkdy cfy ~wg+ bcfy dzd` d` kwimf ky r~ahf g` yw hgydrrfccf xdc ifkf md fiw+rrahf mayxraidkg`xg if` cfy gogk~cfy hg Ywa d# cfy Gyxdhfy Wàhfyq kwimfy fxrfy gyxdhfy jghgrdcgy.

@f mdq twg mdigr kwimfy d`cayay ~drd hgkfyxrdr cd g`frkahdhlgflrjaid q gc ig`xrdcaykf hg xfhfy cfy hg~drxdkg`xfy hg `wgy+xrf ~dy twg cfy mdig` `dxwrdckg`xg cg`xfy g a`gjaidigy. Cd ~rf+~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY ycf idkbad gcidhwif ig`xrdcaykf hg cd dwhagìad hg Imdridy ~fr gc kaykf zagofig`xrdcaykf hg cdy zagody iawhdhgy gy~dfcdy twg dmfrd yg ccdkd`hg~drxdkg`xfy. ^fhgkfy gyxdr yglwrfy twg if` gc `wgzf ig`xrd+caykf hg~drxdkg`xdc cfy ~rfbcgkdy hg cdy ~fbcdiaf`gy d cf cdrlf qdìmf hgc ~dy `f yg rgyfczgr` ~frtwg cdy bwrfirdiady hg~drxd+kg`xdcgy ygr` xd` a`gjaidigy q xd` a`gjaiag`xgy ifkf cdy dixwdcgydhkaàyxrdiaf`gy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy twg ycf a`jcd` bwrfirdiadyig`xrdcgy a`xacgy.


49/59


48.YG A@IRGKG@XD Q IF@YFCAHD GC @GFCDXAJW@HAF.

Cd xgrigrd Rgjfrkd Dlrdrad hg 4179 gyxdbcgia ifkf cd g}xg`ya`k}akd hg cd ~rf~aghdh ~drd cdy ifìgyaf`gy hg xagrrdy hgc gyxdhfg` 2.7>> mgixrgdy ~fr ~gryf`d. Cdy ~gtwgdy ~rf~aghdhgy hg cdjdkacady hgc dcxa~cd`f q hg cfy zdccgy hgy~wy hg w` ~rfigyf hgmgrgìady# hazayaf`gy q ~drxaiaf`gy md` twghdhf g` ka`yiwcdy ~dr+igcdy twg yf` cd idwyd jw`hdkg`xdc hgc gk~fbrgiakag`xf q hg cdkalrdia` hgc idk~f d cdy iawhdhgy.

G` idkbaf g` gc frag`xg hgc ~dy xfhfy cfy lfbagr`fy ~d gyxg`yfray+xdy q yfbrg xfhf bd` grayxdy md` hayxrabwahf q dhowhaidhf xagrrdy d4> ig`xdzfy hg bfcazad`f ~fr mgixrgd f lrdxay g` xdkdfy twg zd`hgyhg cdy 7.>>> mgixrgdy mdyxd cdy 2>>.>>> mgixrgdy f ygd md` g bcgiahf w` `wgzf cdxajw`haf gk~rgydradc ~grf hg w`d jfrkd acgldc qzafcd`hf cfy ~rfighakag`xfy hg dhowhaidiaf`gy hg xagrrdy. Cdy xag+rrdy acgldcgy g arrglwcdrgy hgbgrd` mdbgr yahf rgzgrxahdy dc gyxdhf qgyxf `f gyx ~dyd`hf ~drd `dhd. Cdy icdygy hfka`d`xgy hgc frag`xg

twagrg` dwxf`fkd hg~drxdkg`xdc ~drd cglaxakdr q if`yfcahdrkwimfy hg ywy cdxajw`hafy acgldcgy.

D cfy if`lrgydcgy q `glfiadhfrgy hgc KDY cfy if`lrgydcgy hg^FHGKFY cgy ak~wyagrf` ~fr cf kg`fy iwdxrf drxiwcfy ~drdldrd`xa dr q if`yfcahdr cdy ~rf~aghdhgy `gfcdxajw`hayxdy hgc frag`+xg hgc ~dy. Yfbrg gyxg xgkd gc drxiwcf 947 hg cdy kfhajaidiaf`gyhgc If`lrgyf haig twg Gc gyxdhf rgif`fig cd ~rf~aghdh hg xagrrd d

xfhdy dtwgccdy ~gryf`dy owrhaidy cgldckg`xg if`yxaxwahdy g` xgrraxfraf`diaf`dc .

Gc rgif`fiakag`xf hg cfy `gfcdxajw`hafy frag`xdcgy gyx ldrd`xa dhfif` icdrahdh g` gc drxiwcf 911 hg cd ~rf~wgyxd hg if`yxaxwia` kfha+jaidhd g` gc If`lrgyf q haig Cfy `wgzfy ckaxgy hg cd ~rf~aghdhdlrdrad fàjaidhd yg d~caidr` d ~rghafy twg yg mdqd` dhtwarahfif` ~fyxgrafrahdh d cd zalgìad hg gyxd If`yxaxwia`. D cfy gjgixfyhg cd arrgxrfdixazahdh hg cd Cgq yg rgif`fig` q rgy~gxd` cfy hgrgimfyhg ~fygya` q ~rf~aghdh dlrdrad hg diwgrhf d Cgq. Cd ~rfmabaia` hgcd hfbcg hfxdia` `f yg d~caid d hgrgimfy hg xgrigrfy cgldckg`xgdhtwarahfy . Ifkf yg haig ifrrag`xgkg`xg# cdy lrd`hgy ~rf~aghd+hgy `gfcdxajw`hayxdy hgc frag`xg hgc ~dy twg yg md` fxfrldhf acgldc garrglwcdrkg`xg ygr` rgif`fiahdy q if`yfcahdhdy ~fr cd `wgzd if`y+


50/59


xaxwia` hgc KDY q hg FHGKFY. Gc zgrhdhgrf g`ldf hg cfy ~fc+xaify hgc lfbagr`f q hg cd f~fyaia` gy twg gc rgif`fiakag`xf hgc gf+cdxajw`haf frag`xdc twagrg` twg yg cf mdld kghad`xg w` rgjgr`hwkif`yxaxwiaf`dc# f ygd `fy gyx` ~ahag`hf twg gc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f cgla+xakg if` yw zfxf xfhfy cfy dixfy hg ifrrw~ia` q cdy acgldcahdhgyifkgxahdy g` 7> dfy hg ~yakd dhkaàyxrdia` hg cdy xagrrdy g`Bfcazad. @f yg ~wghg d~rfbdr w`d if`yxaxwia` twg bwyid cglaxakdrzgrhdhgrfy dixfy hg ifrrw~ia` if` gc zfxf hgc ~wgbcf.

Cd ~rf~wgyxd hg if`yxaxwia` hgc If`lrgyf xdkba` twagrg cglaxa+kdr cdy wywr~diaf`gy q cfy hgy~fofy hg xagrrdy hg`xrf hg cfy xgrra+xfrafy hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady. Gc drxiwcf 918 hg cd ~rf~wgyxdif`lrgydc hgc KDY q hg ^FHGKFY haig twg Yg ldrd`xa d` cfyhgrgimfy cgldckg`xg dhtwarahfy ~fr ~rf~agxdrafy ~drxaiwcdrgy iwqfy ~rg+hafy yg gìwg`xrg` wbaidhfy dc a`xgrafr hg xgrraxfrafy a`hlg`d# frala`d+raf idk~gya`fy. If` gyxg drxiwcf yg if`yfcahd` cfy cdxajw`hafy g`gc a`xgrafr hg cfy xgrraxfrafy hg xfhdy cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady jw`+hdkg`xdckg`xg g` gc frag`xg hgc ~dy ifkf gy gc idyf hg cfy

Lwdrd`gy# cfy lwdrdqfy# cfy Imd`gygy# cfy Imatwaxd`fy q kwimfyfxrfy. Gc `gfcdxajw`haf hg Kdraìfzaim g` xgrraxfraf Lwdrdqf gyxLdrd`xa dhf.

Mgkfy gyxdbcgiahf twg xfhdy cdy dhowhaidiaf`gy hg xagrrdy ~fr gìa+kd hgc k}akf `diaf`dc hg 2.7>> mgixrgdy yf` ifk~cgxdkg`xg acg+ldcgy ~frtwg zwc`grd` cd Cgq 98:8 hg 9 hg Dlfyxf hg 4179 twg `f mdyahf kfhajaidhd ~fr à`lw`d `frkd cgldc. Hgy~wy hg 77 dfy hghayxrabwia` q jrdlkg`xdia` hg xagrrdy `f yg ~wghg gcgzdr drbaxrd+radkg`xg cd g}xg`ya` k}akd hg cd xagrrd ~drd cdy `wgzdy dhowhaid+iaf`gy ya` à`l` gyxwhaf ygraf yfbrg gc xdkdf q cdy hay~fàbacahd+hgy hg xagrrdy.

^grf gc ~gfr g`ldf hg cfy ~fcxaify rdhaid g` twg à cdy cgqgy yd`+iaf`dhdy ~fr gc KDY if` cd rgif`hwiia` ifkwàxdrad à cd ~rf+~wgyxd hg yw if`yxaxwia` A@IRGKG@XD GC XDKDF HG CDY^RFÂGHDHGY DLRDRADY HG CFY ^GTWGFY ^RFÂGXDRAkag`xrdy twg gc xdkdf hg cd lrd` ~rf~aghdh gk~rgydradc yg aìrg+kg`xdr hg 2.7>> d 7.>>> f d 4>.>>> mgixrgdy ygl` cdy dcxgr`dxazdyhgc drxiwcf 91= hg cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc. Gc KDY q ^FHG+KFY ccdkd` dc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f d A@IRGKG@XDR GC XDKDFHG CDY LRD@HGY ^RFÂGHDHGY DLRDRADY ^GRF D KD@X


51/59


52/59


47.CD WYWR^DIA@ MAYXRAID HG CFY RGIWRYFY

@DXWRDCGY D CDY @DIAF@GY [email protected] cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy rg`fzdbcgy q `f rg`fzdbcgy ifkf gcdlwd# cfy ka`grdcgy q cfy mahrfidrbwrfy jwgrf` ~rf~aghdh dìgyxrdchg cdy ifkwàhdhgy q `diaf`gy frala`drady q md` yahf g}~rf~adhdyq ydtwgdhdy hwrd`xg cd ifcfàd gy~dfcd q cd rg~bcaid ifcfàdc ~drdjdzfrgigr if` yw g}~cfxdia` d cd jdkacad rgdc q d cd `dia` gy~dfcdq d cdy jdkacady hg cdy bwrfirdiady hg cfy lfbagr`fy rg~wbcaid`fy twgyg ifkg` cf kgofr hgc ha`grf hg gyxfy rgiwryfy g` owlfyfy ywgchfy bwrfirxaify. Kag`xrdy cdy ifkwàhdhgy q cdy `diaf`gy frala`dradyydtwgdhdy yg hgbdxg` g` cd g}xrgkd ~fbrg d cdy bwrfirdiady kaày+xgradcgy q ~rgjgixwrdcgy ldyxd` xfhf gc ydcdraf hgc ~dy g` ~rfhwixfyhg cd kfhd g}xrdògrd. Gyxg gy gc iriwcf zaiafyf twg gk~fbrgiggyxrwixwrdckg`xg dc ~dy. Gc ha`grf hg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy `f yghgyxa`d d ywy ~rf~agxdrafy dìgyxrdcgy à yg hgyxa`d ~drd gc irgiakag`xf ~rfhwixazf hgc ~dy.

^fr gyf ifkf IGH^FR# ~cd`xgdkfy d cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xgtwg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy ygd` w`d ~rf~aghdh ifk~drxahd g`xrg gcgyxdhf ig`xrdc# cdy dwxf`fkdy a`xgrkghady q cd kairf`diaf`gy frala+`drady. Xdkba` ~cd`xgdkfy twg w` 4> ~fr iag`xf hg cfy rgiwryfylg`grdhfy ~fr cd g}~cfxdia` hg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy yg hayxrabwqdd cdy kairf q kgyf`diaf`gy frala`drady ifkf rgxrabwia` ~fr ywhgrgimf ~rf~agxdraf ifkf w`d jfrkd dwx`xaid hg hgyifcfà dia`g` cd ~rf~aghdh hg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy. @dhd hg gyxf md yahf

gyiwimdhf f d~caidhf.G` cd zagod if`yxaxwia` cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy grd` ~rf~aghdh frala+`drad hg cd `dia` ifcfàdc bfcazad`d q jwg gc gyxdhf gc twg g`xrglgyxfy rgiwryfy d ig`xg`drgy hg ydtwgdhfrgy twg cf àif twg md`mgimf gy ccgzdryg `wgyxrdy ratwg dy `dxwrdcgy mdiad gc g}xrdògrf

Cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc hg Frwrf q gc If`lrgyf if`zagrxg dc~wgbcf bfcazad`f ifkf ~rf~agxdraf frala`draf q ifcfàdc hg cfyrgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy hg cdy ifkwàhdhgy q hg cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady.D`xgy grd cd `dia` bfcazad`d cd twg cg wywr~dbd cfy hgrgimfy dìgy+xrdcgy yfbrg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy d cdy `diaf`gy frala`drady. Dmfrdgygc ~wgbcf bfcazad`fgc twg wywr~d gc hgrgimf ~rf~agxdraf dìgyxrdchg cdy ifkwàhdhgy q `diaf`gy frala`drady yfbrg ywy rgiwryfy `dxw+


53/59


rdcgy. Ycf yg md idkbadhf d cd `dia` ~fr gc ~wgbcf bfcazad`f ifkf~rf~agxdraf ifcfàdc hg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy. Gyxd yaxwdia` gyxgyxdbcgiahd g` gc drxiwcf 981 hg cdy ~rf~wgyxdy hg Frwrf q hgcIf`lrgyf q haig twg Cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy yf` hg ~rf~aghdh q hfka+àf hargixf# a`hazayabcg g ak~rgyira~xabcg hgc ~wgbcf bfcazad`f q ifrrgy~f`+hg dc Gyxdhf yw dhkaàyxrdia` g` jwìa` hgc a`xgry ifcgixazf.Yfbrggc ldy q gc ~gxrcgf hg w`d jfrkd ah`xaid yg haig g` gc drxiwcf 971twgCfy mahrfidrbwrfy# iwdctwagrd ygd gc gyxdhf g` twg yg gìwg`xrg` f cd jfrkd g` cd twg yg ~rgyg`xg`# yf` hg ~rf~aghdh a`dcag`dbcg g ak~rgyira~xa+bcg hgc ~wgbcf bfcazad`f. Gc Gyxdhf g` `fkbrg q rg~rgyg`xdia` hgc ~wgbcfbfcazad`f gogrig cd ~rf~aghdh hg xfhd cd ~rfhwiia` hg mahrfidrbwrfy hgc ~dy q gy gc àif jdiwcxdhf ~drd yw ifkgriadca dia`.

If` cd `dia` f if` gc ~wgbcf bfcazad`f ifkf ~rf~agxdrafy xaxwcdrgyhg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy dc ja`dc gy gc Gyxdhf Ifcfàdc gc twg dhka+àyxrd gyxd ~rf~aghdh kghad`xg gk~rgydy bwrfirxaidy q ig`xrdcay+xdy. Ya ifìcwakfy twg lrd` ~drxg hg cd mayxfrad ~fcxaid a`xgr`d hgc~dy gy w`d hay~wxd ~fr cfy rgiwryfy hgc xgyfrf `diaf`dc ~fhgkfy

djarkdr if` yglwrahdh twg cfy idrlfy q cfy ydcdrafy bwrfirxaify yf`gc a`xgry ig`xrdc hg cfy ~drxahfy ~fcxaify twag`gy kd`xag`g` cd ig`+xrdcahdh ifcfàdc hg cfy rgiwryfy `dxwrdcgy ~drd ~rfzgimf ~rf~af qg` hgykghrf mayxraif hg cdy `diaf`gy q ifkwàhdhgy frala`drady.


54/59


4:.GC ^WGBCF YFBGRD@F @F ^WGHG YGR W@ YAR

ZAG@XG HG CFY ^FCXAIFY.G` cfy ~rfigyfy if`yxaxwqg`xgy q g` gc ~fhgr if`yxaxwqg`xg gy cdzfcw`xdh kdqfraxdrad hgc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f cd k}akd a`yxdìad hghgiaya` ~fcxaid. Ya` cd zfcw`xdh hg cd kdqfrd hgc ~wgbcf hgirgdr f rgjfrkdr w` gyxdhf `f yg ~wghg` ak~cgkg`xdr rgjfrkdy dcgyxdhf.

G` cfy cxakfy dixfy hgc dixwdc ~rfigyf if`yxaxwqg`xg# cfy ~fcxaify#zgcd`hf ycf ywy a`xgrgygy# gyx` zafcg`xd`hf cd zfcw`xdh kdqfraxd+rad hgc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f. W`d ~rwgbd hg gyxg mgimf gy cd ak~cgkg`+xdia` hg cdy dwxf`fkdy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy ~fr gc KDY q ^FHGKFYiwd`hf cd KDQFRD HGC ^WGBCF YFBGRD@F CGY HAOF IF@W@ 79 ^FR IAG@XF TWG @F DIG^XDBD CDY DWXF@FKDYHG^DRXDKG@XDCGY G@ GC RGRG@HWK HG OWCAF HGC Dmfrd# if`xrd cd zfcw`xdh kdqfraxdrad hgc ~wgbcf cfy ~drxahfy twag+rg` twg gc ~wgbcf zfxg ~fr dwxf`fkdy hg~drxdkg`xdcgy ycf ~fr

if`zgàgìad hg ywy a`xgrgygy.Gc rgy~gxf dc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f q cd ifmgrgìad if`yxaxwiaf`dc g` cfydixfy if`yxaxwqg`xgy yf` gcgkg`xfy jw`hdkg`xdcgy ~drd cd yfyxgà+ bacahdh hg w` xg}xf if`yxaxwiaf`dc. G` cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg ygmd d~rfbdhf gc `wgzf xg}xf if`yxaxwiaf`dc if` lrdzgy zaiafy hg ~rf+ighakag`xf. ^rakgrf `f yg md rgy~gxdhf cd d~rfbdia` ~fr hfy xgr+iafy hg cfy if`yxaxwqg`xgy hgc xg}xf hg cd if`yxaxwia` twg `fy ~rf+

~f`g`.G` iwdctwagr ~rfigyf if`yxaxwqg`xg cd hgcabgrdia` gy gc kfkg`xfig`xrdc q jw`hdkg`xdc ~drd cd d~rfbdia` hg w` `wgzf xg}xf if`yxa+xwiaf`dc. Gy gc dixf g` twg cfy rg~rgyg`xd`xgy hgc ~wgbcf d `fkbrghgc yfbgrd`f hgcabgrd` q d~rwgbd` w` xg}xf if`yxaxwiaf`dc.Cdkg`xdbcgkg`xg g` cd Dydkbcgd If`yxaxwqg`xg `f md mdbahf à`+lw`d hgcabgrdia` ygrad q ~rfjw`hd à g` gc Iwdrxgc hg cd Idcdìmdg` Ywirg à g` Frwrf. Cdy kfhajaidiaf`gy hgc If`lrgyf dc xg}xf hgFrwrf yg md` mgimf g`xrg w`dy ~ftwyakdy ~gryf`dy q xdkba` ya`à`lw`d hgcabgrdia` hg cfy if`lrgyayxdy. D`xg gyxdy lrdzgy hgja+iagìady if`yxaxwqg`xgy cd hgcabgrdia` hgc xg}xf ~rf~wgyxf q hg cfy~rfbcgkdy hgc ~rfigyf if`yxaxwqg`xg hgbg` ~dydr d ygr hgcabgrdhfyhargixdkg`xg ~fr gc ^wgbcf Yfbgrd`f.


55/59


W`d If`yxaxwia` ^fcxaid hgc Gyxdhf gy cd g}~rgya` hg cd zfcw`xdhhgc ~wgbcf f cfy ~wgbcfy yfbgrd`fy. Zafcdr cd If`yxaxwia` gy xdk+ ba` zafcg`xdr q zwc`grdr cd zfcw`xdh hgc yfbgrd`f twg gyx if`xgà+hd g` w`d if`yxaxwia`. Cdy rgjfrkdy rgdca dhdy g` gc If`lrgyf dcxg}xf hg Frwrf yg md` mgimf ZAFCD@HF LRDZGKG@XG CDDIXWDC IF@YXAXWIA@ ^FCXAID HGC GYXDHF.

Gc If`lrgyf `f xg`d à`lw`d jdiwcxdh if`yxaxwiaf`dc à cgldc ~drdrgdca dr kfhajaidiaf`gy dc xg}xf d~rfbdhf ~fr cfy if`yxaxwqg`xgy. Yacfy if`lrgyayxdy frha`drafy twgrd` if`zgrxaryg g` if`yxaxwqg`xgyhgbd` mdbgr rgjfrkdhf cd If`yxaxwia` ^fcxaid hgc Gyxdhf# I^G#ygl` cfy kgidàykfy hg rgjfrkd ~driadc twg gyxdbcgig cd kaykdI^G dixwdc. F ygd hgbd` d~rfbdr w`d cgq hg `gigyahdh hg rgjfrkdif`yxaxwiaf`dc q xrdxdr cdy rgjfrkdy g` cd ~r}akd lgyxa` if`lrgydc.Cfy dixwdcgy if`lrgyayxdy ~drd if`zgrxaryg g` if`yxaxwqg`xgy d~rf+ bdrf` q ydìaf`drf` cd Cgq @f. 9184 hg 24 hg Fixwbrg hgc df 2>>=ZAFCD@HF CD DIXWDC IF@YXAXWIA@ ^FCAXAID HGC GYXHF. G` gc drxiwcf 4 hg cd Cgq 9184 yg gyxdbcgig twgHg if`jfrkahdhif` cf gyxdbcgiahf g` gc Drxiwcf 299 hg cd If`yxaxwia` ^fcxaid hgc Gyxdhf#yg a`xgr~rgxd gc Drxiwcf 292 hg cd Cgq Jw`hdkg`xdc.

Gc drxiwcf 292 hg cd dixwdc I^G xrdxd hg cd Rgjfrkd Xfxdc hg cd I^Gq gyx rghdixdhf g` w` yfcf ~rrdjf. Ya cfy if`lrgyayxdy twgrd` ycfa`xgr~rgxdr gyxg drxiwcf `f ~fhd` aìcwar `wgzfy kd`hdxfy# à `wg+zdy rglwcdiaf`gy à kwimf kg`fy `wgzfy ~rrdjfy hg xg}xf d cddixwdc I^G. ^grf cfy if`lrgyayxdy zafcd`hf cd I^G A@ICWQGRF@HFY ^RRDJFY HG XG]XF D CD IF@YXAXWIA@ ^FCXAIDHGC GYXDHF TWG HAIGAA. Ifìcwahf gc ~rfigyf if`yxaxwqg`xg q rgia+bahd cd ~rf~wgyxd if`yxaxwiaf`dc# ~drd ygr yfkgxahd d if`yahgrdia` hgc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f# gc M. If`lrgyf @diaf`dc ~fhr rgdca dr cfy dowyxgy `gig+ydrafy yfbrg cd bdyg hg cd zfcw`xdh ~f~wcdr q hgc a`xgry `diaf`dc# ~fr cgqgy~giadc hg If`lrgyf# d~rfbdhd ~fr hfy xgriafy hg zfxfy hg ywy kagkbrfy ~rgyg`xgy.

Gc xgrigr ~rrdjf aìcwahf aìf`yxaxwiaf`dckg`xg haigAAA. Cfy dowy+xgy `f ~fhr` djgixdr cd gygìad hg cd zfcw`xdh hgc if`yxaxwqg`xg# -LdigxdFjaiadc hg Bfcazad. @f. 9492. ~. =!.

Xfhfy cfy dowyxgy q g`kag`hdy rgdca dhdy ~fr gc If`lrgyf d cd I^G~rf~wgyxd g` Frwrf yf` ifk~cgxdkg`xg acgldcgy g aìf`yxaxwiaf`d+


56/59


cgy. Gc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f `f ~wghg cglaxakdr dixfy aìf`yxaxwiaf`dcgytwg zafcg`xd` cd if`yxaxwia` q cd zfcw`xdh hgc ~wgbcf.

If` gyxd acgldc g aìf`yxaxwiaf`dc rgjfrkd d cd I^G yg ifkgxg` lrd+zgy dixfy hg zafcdia` hg cd If`yxaxwia` ^fcxaid hgc Gyxdhf. ^grfxdkba` yg zafcd cd zfcw`xdh hgc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f twg gy gc twg ywy+xg`xd hgyhg gc jf`hf xfhd if`yxaxwia`. ^rakgrf yg if`zagrxg d cdI^G g` w` xg}xf twg yg ~wghg rgjfrkdr if` w`d yak~cg cgq frha`d+rad dc id~raimf hg cfy a`xgrgygy hg cfy ~fcxaify hg xwr`f. Yglw`hf#yg gyxdbcgig w` jw`gyxf ~rgighg`xg twg if`zagrxg d cdy cgqgy g` a`y+xrwkg`xfy rgxrfdixazfy iwd`hf cdy cgqgy wàzgrydckg`xg rglwcd` cfydixfy hg cfy mfkbrgy mdiad gc jwxwrf. Xgrigrf# yg bfrrd hg w` ~cwkd+

f cfy kgidàykfy hg rgjfrkd hg cd I^G if` cf twg yg gyxdbcgig twgqd `f gy `gigydraf aìcwar g` cdy if`yxaxwiaf`gy kgidàykfy hgyglwrahdh ~drd rgjfrkdr cd if`yxaxwia`. F ygd yg gyx gyxdbcgiag`+hf owray~rwhgìad cglaycdxazd ~drd rgjfrkdr cd I^G ifkf iwdctwagr`frkd frha`drad.

G` hgrgimf if`yxaxwiaf`dc cdy zafcdiaf`gy d cd I^G g` iwdctwagr yay+xgkd hgkfirxaif if`yxaxwiaf`dc hgc kw`hf yf` idcajaidhfy ifkfhgcaxfy if`yxaxwiaf`dcgy cfy kaykfy twg yf` xa~ajaidhfy q ydìaf`d+hfy ~fr gc Hgrgimf If`yxaxwiaf`dc if` owaiafy hg rgy~f`ydbacahdhgy.Dmfrd cgy xfid dc Xrabw`dc If`yxaxwiaf`dc q dc If`lrgyf @diaf`dcaàiadr w`d a`zgyxaldia` ~drd gyxdbcgigr gc hgcaxf hg zafcdia` if`y+xaxwiaf`dc q yfkgxgr d cfy iwc~dbcgy d w` owaiaf hg rgy~f`ydbacahdhgy. Ya cfy kdlayxrdhfy hgc Xrabw`dc If`yxaxwiaf`dc q gc If`lrgyf`f a`zgyxald` gyxg mgimf# ~drd gc ~wgbcf yfbgrd`f# yg if`zgrxar` gìk~caigy hgc hgcaxf hg zafcdia` hg cd If`yxaxwia` ^fcxaid hgcGyxdhf.


57/59

HR. CABFRAF WF DIGBF 7>=.


59/59

federalismo originario

Documents