FEDUCCHAPTERS 17- COMMUNAL SOCIETIES

By: CABAG

FACTORS DIFFERENTIATING THESE

TWO TYPES

URBAN RURAL

COMMUNITY It is an extensive built-up area where a large number of people live and work. The nature of the population is heterogeneous for they come from different ethnic communities, dissimilar beliefs and ideologies, various statuses in life and diverse thinking.

Refer to a group of people living in the countryside, provinces, or barriosThey naïve, stereotype and simple.

They do not aspire things they think cannot afford.

They breathe fresh air, eat fresh fruits and veges, sleep on bamboo bed and stroll in the pilapil. These are enough to them.

FAMILY Work- oriented, because the cost of living in the city is quite high and job competition is stiff.

Both parents are working while the children are in school. They send their children to school in the morning and fetch them in the afternoon or they have the kasambahay to do that.

Usually a family have many children. The father works as farmer or fisherman and the mother does the household chores with the help of their children.

They have tv or radio use to watch/listen telenovelas or soap opera.

In several families grandparents and kamag- anak live in the same house and often than not they interfere with the family’s decision making.

Children enjoy themselves through Filipino games like taguang pong, tumbang preso, playing holen and many others.

ECONOMY Middle class income ranges from 5-7 thousands( this varies depending on the type

Prices of commodities in several provinces and barrios are a bit cheaper depending

of work they are into)

Too small for urban life(water, telephone line, house rentals, etc) hence, they need sidelines (selling dried seafood from Palawan…hahahaha)

For many: isang kahig isang tuka ang buhay ciudad.

on the class of the municipality.

Remuneration of skilled workers are cheaper.

Salaries of government employess oftentimes come late because of insufficient tax collection.

Many provincianos migrate to the city to search for good employment.

EDUCATION Most educational institution are in the U-belt. Urban students enjoy their school days full of unexpected experiences, tingling relationships between fellow students and professors (laswa), gimmicks when they feel like to skip classes, occupy computer shops ( in short lagging nagbubulakbol tulad natin dati. Hihihi)

However there are students who are quite serious in learning for they want to get high and competitive grades for future employment.

Modern technologies in the city brought thestudents to a more advanced and competitive research and paper works assigned by their teachers.

Those who graduated from reputable universities or colleges in the city may have a plus factor in their future employment. There are several companies who prefer graduates from such colleges and universities.

Government run educational institution to those who cant afford to send their children to private school.

Higher educations are only available in the nearby cities.

Schools are usually located in the populated areas and students from far flung areas will will walk kilometers away just to attend school.

Students depend much on the lessons prepared by teacher because they lack in materials like books, computers and the like.

Some who graduated from high school do not pursue college due to financial constraints.

FESTIVAL Very limited compare with the festivities in the provinces.

Many festivals are held for instance one for the patron

Urban festivities are extravagant (bongga) for organizers spend a lot of money to make the presentation colorful and artistic.

The fireworks display is the most awaited event during the festival.

Common urban celebrations:MMFF, Manila day, New Year, Christmas, Holy Week, San Juan

saint, barrio fiesta, one established by hermano/na mayor of the place.

They also have the pasasalamat for the bountiful harvest

DEVELOPMENT It is not impossible because experts, planners, and developers can work competitively for the expansion and progress of the city. Tax revenues is high enough to sustain all development expendetures.

The cities must be models and images of progress and modernity to other countries.

Loe budget from the government. Some do not have electricity yet.

No water supply and roads are rough.

IV- MORAL

OBEDIENCE- where subordinates subsequently follow submissively to carry out the approved conducts by the elders with no argumentation and criticism for one reason or another.

MORAL – derived from latin mos that denotes manner or custom. Hence morality is the rightness or wrongness of any specific human action as judged by accepted moral standard.

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is; Vice or evil is result of ignorance. Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the

book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the

book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the

book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy toward the (551-479 BC) present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness

and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great (469- 399BC) teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;

People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property, sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity.

Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics, while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms, morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC) He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any superfluous way of life should be avoided.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher who believed that The remedy toward the present disorder and lack of moral standards is to convert people once more to the principles and precepts of sages of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness is an act that shows considerations and caring for others especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness is an act in which an individual behaves according to a religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum is an act in which a person does the right that is socially accepted.

Wisdom is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC) who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein good

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a person attains the liberation from self centered greediness and cravings.

NIRVANA The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the great teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge; People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;

Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC) He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the essence of virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.

Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good: external good- which consists of personal property,sensual pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the soul.

PLATO (428-347BC) He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL 1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)

3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.

The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning powers.

Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by nature good but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

He affirmed that “ when people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart”.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC) who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law.

One must set aside himself and family and give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained that moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement but one’s salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645) Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677) Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.

Human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776) Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness of self.

It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) German philosopher who held that reason is the final authority of morality.

The morality of an act must be judged by its intention which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) Danish religious philosopher who believe that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it with full enthusiasm and responsibility.

FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) German philosopher who contended that traditional values represented a slave morality, which is created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) American philosopher, psychologist and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe since God does not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life (bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that human beings create their own world by rebelling against

authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the main values in life.

Filipinos’ concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for one reason or another rather they do other way around, which is an evil act. (application: see example on the book and relate to our FORCED donations…hehehehe my hugot yan)