Feeding Management

Feeding management is dealt under

i. Form of feedii. Feeding programmesiii.Econamising feed costiv.Reducing feed wastagev. Feed storagevi.Feeding chicksvii. Feeding replacement pulletsviii.Feeding commercial layersix.Feeding broilersx. Feeding breeders

Feed for poultry may be given in the form of

Mash

Pellets

Crumbles

Complete Feed(A mix of individual feed ingredients , ground)

Mash (dry)Additional of water

Wet mash Pellets ( 3 to5mm)For chicks above 3 weeks of age

Crumbs or crumblesFor chicks up to 3 weeks of age

Mash feed is subjected to temperature and steam and forced to pass through a die made up of holes

Most common method practiced in our country

Mash is a form of a complete feed that is finely ground and mixed so that birds cannot easily separate out ingredients.

provides a well balanced diet.

Simple manufacturing procedure is needed for mash form of feed.

ground feed is not so palatable and does not retain their nutritive value so well as ungrounded feed

Mash

Advantages of pellets

Reduction in dustiness of feed

Higher nutrient density

Prevention of selective feeding

Higher palatability and increase in feed intake

Destruction of pathogenic micro organisms

Increased digestability of certain nutrients due to cooking effect

Improved growth and feed conversion

Uniformity in production

Maintaining feed intake in heat stress

Easy handling of feed

Suitability to mechanical conveyance and storage

Reduced in segregation of high density ingredients and micro nutrients

Reduced wastage of feed

Disadvantages cost of pellets is higher

Destruction of vitamins and certain feed additives

Susceptibility to mycotoxins if properly not dried

Increase water intake and wet litter problem

Increase cannibalismNo further mixing of any ingredient or additive.

crumblesCrushed pellets used to feed

younger birds and these are known as crumbles

Cafeteria systemChoice system of feeding buffet

type feedingChoice betweenEnergy sourcesProtein sources along with

vitamins and mineralsCalcium in granular form

Sex separate feedingAs per BIS latest standards,

broiler and layer males fed with low protein diet having 15 and 16% protein respectively,

High protein diet will effect sperm quality.

Female broiler and layer breeders—16 &17% CP

High levels of vit E (40mg/kg) for males

Ca—3.5% for female

The male and female feeds are offered separate feed hoppers in slat and deep litter system.

In cage system can be followed accurately

On floor, feed is provided for males in feeding placed at higher level to which the female feeders can not reach.

Males can not reach female feeders as the partitions of the feeders are smallar

Economizing Feed costFormulating least cost diets to

meet the nutrient requirements

- Specific soft ware programme

Inclusion of un conventional feed ingredients

- Less expensive

- Limitations in their inclusion levels

Home feed mixing

1.Procurement of feed ingredients in bulk

at economic rates.2.Quality evaluation in the laboratory

available with them3.Formulation of diets by experienced

nutritionist4.Processing and mixing in the efficient

equipment

5. Quality evaluation of finished product

6. Storage and transport of feed ingredients and feed in a scientific manner

( Small farmers are adviced to procure feed ingredients from reliable feed manfactures)

Reducing feed wastageFormulation of diets to meet the

nutrient requirementsProper feed processing

(grinding,mixing)Procuring quality feed eqipmentPlacing sufficient No. of feedersProper placement of feedersProper placement of feed in feedersDebeaking of chickenControl of rodents

Procuring quality feed equipmentChickens having habit of scratching and

billing of feed out of the feeder.

The feeders either tubular or linear. In both cases, the design must be to avoid feed wastage.

Proper size of feeders, adequate but not excessive slope from center to periphery of pan in tubular feeders.

sufficient and raised lip(450) of the room of feeders help in prevention of feed wastage from feeders.

Number of feeders

Sufficient number of feeders ensures

adequate feed intake

uniform growth

prevents possibly cannibalism

over crowding of chickens near feeder when feed is placed.

Placement of feeders

Chicken take feed properly when feeders are distributed uniformly in a house.

Feeders may be placed at a level height so that the height of lip of feeder is at the level of the back of the bird.

This prevents easy billing of feed out of feeder.

Placement of feed in feeders

Placement of more than one-third feed in feeder results in wastage.

Feeders may be filled, if necessary, more frequently.

At least once a week, feeders may be cleaned to remove caked up feed.

Debeaking of chicken

Debeaking prevents or reduces billing of feed from feeders.

Control of rodents (rats and mice)

Rats and mice are common in poultry houses. A pair of rats produces 3-6 litter. With in a year, about

15, 000 rats can be multiplied from a single pair.

Economical losses to poultry farmers due to rodents

i. Eat feed: 30g/day/ rat 2-3g/day/mouseii. Carrier of diseasesiii.Contaminate feed with feces (40

droppings/rat/day)

Control methods:Environment control(rat proof)

Chemical control ( use safe rodenticides regularly)

Trapping/ Hunting of rats

Clean premises

Clean poultry houses, feed godown and stores

Pet cat in the farm

Feed storage

Feed from point of manufacture until offered to birds has to be stored.

During storage, the following effects may occur.

Moisture pick up from environment

Nutrient destruction

Oxidation of nutrients

Insect infestation

Proper storage involves the following.

Store has to be constructed away from poultry houses and manure pits

Store has to be rat proof and damp proof

Prevent wild bird entry

Ventilation and light must be adequate

Use disinfectant tub at the entrance of store

Prevent people working in poultry houses from entering into the store house

Maintain feed store clean

Fumigate store with potassium permanganate and formalin.

Fumigate with insecticide

Spray cupper sulphate or any disinfectant on the empty floors inside the store.

Store bags of feed or feed ingredients on wooden or iron pallats instead on floor directly.

Duration of storage of feed Purchase and stock feed for 1-2 weeks during rainy season and 3-4 weeks during winter and summer seasons.

Fresh feed always better than old one.

Do not use fermented, damp/ wet feed under any condition.

Never use infected or caked feed.

Characterist

ics

Broiler starter feed

Broiler finisher

feed

Chick feed

Grower feed

Layer feed

Breeder feed

Moisture max %

11 11 11 11 11 11

Crude protein min %

23 20 20 16 18 18

Crude fibre max %

6 6 7 8 8 8

Acid insoluble ash max %

3 3 4 4 4 4

Salt (as (NaCl) Max %

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (B.I.S.) 1994 SPECIFICATIONS -CHICKEN

Characteristic

s

Broiler starter feed

Broiler finisher

feed

Chick feed

Grower feed

Layer feed

Breeder feed

Calcium min %

1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0

Available phosphorus min %

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Lysine min %

1.2 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.65 0.65

Methionine min %

0.5 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.3 0.3

Metabolizable energy (ME) Kcal/ kg

2800 2900 2600 2500 2600 2600

Standard Organisation Remarks

ICAR (1985) Nutrient requirement for poultry

Indian council of agricultural research

To be modified in respect of some for practical chicken feeding

IS:13749(1992) Specifications for poultry feeds

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

IS:9863(1992) nutrient requirements of poultry

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS

CLFMA(1995) standards for chicken feeds

Compound Livestock Feed manfacturers Association

ARC (1975) The nutrient requirements of farm livestock no 1 poultry

Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

Very old may be considered

NRC (1994) nutrient requirements of poultry

National Research council

Widely practiced

Amino DatTotal A.A, D.A.A

Degussa Recent one.Deals with a.a requirement

S NO Anti-nutrient substance Occurance

1 Protease inhibitors e.g. Trypsin inhibitor

Soybean seeds

2 Haemagglutinins(Lectins) Legume seeds ( Castor, Soy bean,Kidney bean)

3 Glucosidesa. Saponinsb. Cyanogensc. Glucosinolatesd. Estrogens

Soybean, leucern leaf mealCassavaRape and Mustard seedSoy beans

4 Phenolsa. Gossypolb. Tannins

Cotton seed mealSorghum, rape and mustard

5 Phytate All vegetable feed ingredients

6 Eurucic acid Rape and Mustard seed

7 Mimosine Subabul

S NO Anti-nutrient substance Occurance

8 Nimbidin Neem seed meal

9 Oxalates Vegetables

10 Non Starch Poly Sacharides Cereal grains and vegetableProtein sources

11 Anti vitaminsA Lipoxygenase in SB

D Soy bean seeds

E Kidney bean

KB6

Sweet cloverLin seed meal