2010

First Edition

EMQUE

20/05/2010

Félix’s Portafolio

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Unit 5

Tie the knot

How will you plan a wedding reception for tourists who want to get

married while visiting Costa Rica?

Once you‟ve settled in to your hotel, you‟ll have the chance to catch up with

your Wedding Planner. You‟re in expert hands – dedicated to making sure

everything runs smoothly on the big day. They‟ll take care of all the little bits and

pieces so you can concentrate on enjoying the experience. Your wedding

planner is there to:

Make sure you‟ve got all the documents and arrange exactly when you‟d like to

get married. Walk through all the finer details and arrangements for your

wedding day.

Make sure witnesses are available, whether friends, other hotel guests or staff.

Arrange your bouquet, table arrangement and cake decoration flowers.

Offer you any help you need to arrange your wedding reception.

What do you need to be aware of while planning a wedding reception?

You can plan your wedding exactly as you‟d like it of course. But most Thomson

weddings include all these essential ingredients you‟ll need to plan your perfect

day:

A Thomson Weddings Representative who will take care of all the

arrangements.

The all important ceremony, marriage license, certificate and registrar

fees. A bouquet for the bride, and a buttonhole for the groom.

Wedding cake and a sparkling wine toast.

Some free packages may not include things like the cake or flowers – so please

check all the details with us before you book.

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What kind of music, food, and drinks will you offer during the reception?

Everything will depend on the client's taste

Considering ecological impact, would you allow tourists to get married

and have a reception inside a protected area?

In Costa Rica we must enforce laws and environmental issues exist in large

numbers. Which we must respect and enforce. Living in a society of law and

democracy can not hope to gain advantage in the tourism sector jumping

regulations and regulatory guidelines. For this reason the performance of any

activity within a protected area must situate the expeditious and specific

guidelines exist and which will depend on the site for example:

The creation, maintenance, administration, development and monitoring of

protected areas, will aim to:

a. Conserve natural environments representative of the different biogeography

regions and most fragile ecosystems, to ensure balance and continuity of

evolutionary and ecological processes.

b. Safeguard the genetic diversity of wild species from which depends the

evolutionary continuity, particularly the endemic, threatened and endangered

species.

c. Ensure sustainable use of ecosystems and their components, actively

promoting anticipation from neighboring communities.

d. Promote scientific research, the study of ecosystems and balance, as well as

knowledge and technology to enable sustainable use of natural resources and

conservation of the country.

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e. Protect and improve water areas and watersheds, to reduce and avoid the

negative impact which may result in poor management.

f. Protect the natural environment and landscape of the sites and historical and

architectural sites, national monuments, archaeological sites Ecoturism and

places of historic and artistic importance for culture and national identity.

We are beings and the impact that tourism is a social activity that involves us

impacted is at once an agent environment, we can not deny our impact but we

can control it with regulations that exist in protected areas.

http://www.sinac.go.c

But, One of the important points for the protection of resources in protected

areas says: Regular special interest anthropogenic activities in the country's

protected wilderness areas, to protect both ecosystems and cultural-historical

elements, geological and archaeological present in them.

If all the above conditions cooperation could be the wedding. However, so now

it is difficult for an activity as such achievements in a protected forest area by

type of activity.

Costa Rica currently not ready for this kind of activities in a protected area in

fact, all the 11 types of protected areas are not self-sustaining by the state

bureaucracy.

Besides wedding receptions, what are some other uncommon services

may ask for?

Package holidays.

Flights.

Hotels

City Breaks

Villas.

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Deals

Destinations

In general our site as most others provide greater access to the coast, indeed

the majority of activities promoting the beach. In the near future could be

analyzed to establish centers for these activities, but following the protocols of

protection.

Tsunami Geology - What Causes a Tsunami?

What causes a tsunami?

A tsunami is a large ocean wave that is caused by sudden motion on the

ocean floor. This sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic

eruption, or an underwater landslide. The impact of a large meteorite could

also cause a tsunami. Tsunamis travel across the open ocean at great speeds

and build into large deadly waves in the shallow water of a shoreline.

Subduction Zones are Potential Tsunami Locations

Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes generated in a subduction

zone, an area where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the mantle by

plate tectonic forces. The friction between the subducting plate and the

overriding plate is enormous. This friction prevents a slow and steady rate of

subduction and instead the two plates become "stuck".

Image by USGS

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Accumulated Seismic Energy

As the stuck plate continues to descend into the mantle the motion causes a

slow distortion of the overriding plage. The result is an accumulation of energy

very similar to the energy stored in a compressed spring. Energy can

accumulate in the overriding plate over a long period of time - decades or

even centuries.

Image by USGS

Earthquake Causes Tsunami

Energy accumulates in the overriding plate until it exceeds the frictional

forces between the two stuck plates. When this happens, the overriding plate

snaps back into an unrestrained position. This sudden motion is the cause of

the tsunami - because it gives an enormous shove to the overlying water. At

the same time, inland areas of the overriding plate are suddenly lowered.

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Image by USGS

Tsunami Races Away From the Epicenter

The moving wave begins travelling out from where the earthquake has

occurred. Some of the water travels out and across the ocean basin, and, at

the same time, water rushes landward to flood the recently lowered shoreline.

Image by USGS

Tsunamis Travel Rapidly Across Ocean Basis

Tsunamis travel swiftly across the open ocean. The map below shows how

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a tsunami produced by an earthquake along the coast of Chile in 1960

traveled across the Pacific Ocean, reaching Hawaii in about 15 hours and

Japan in less than 24 hours.

Image by USGS

Tsunami "Wave Train"

Many people have the mistaken belief that tsunamis are single waves.

They are not. Instead tsunamis are "wave trains" consisting of multiple waves.

The chart below is a tidal gauge record from Onagawa, Japan beginning at

the time of the 1960 Chile earthquake. Time is plotted along the horizontal

axis and water level is plotted on the vertical axis. Note the normal rise and fall

of the ocean surface, caused by tides, during the early part of this record.

Then recorded are a few waves a little larger than normal followed by several

much larger waves. In many tsunami events the shoreline is pounded by

repeated large waves.

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Image by USGS

The material above describes how tsunamis are generated and how they

travel rapidly across an ocean basin. For more detailed information on this

topic the following websites are recommended.

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Published on YaleGlobal Online Magazine (http://www.yaleglobal.yale.edu)

Home > Trouble for Palm Oil

Trouble for Palm Oil

Once thought unhealthy and a contributor to deforestation, palm plantations

meant to produce vegetable oil have long faced many critics. Though the health

concerns have been dispelled, worries over deforestation remain. Unilever, one

of the largest consumers of palm oil, has withdrawn a contract with a large

Indonesian producer precisely over concerns that palm plantations are

destroying the rain forest. This “voting with its feet” is all the more damning

because the governments in both Malaysia and Indonesia – the largest palm oil

producers in the world – certified that plantations in their countries were not

contributing to deforestation. A soon-to-be-released UN reports estimates that

up 25% of anthropogenic emissions are caused by deforestation. Rain forests

absorb large amounts of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon. On the other

hand, critics argue that a drop in palm plantations would severely harm the

prospects for betterment among villagers all across Southeast Asia. Therein lies

the paradox of sustainable development – is it possible to avert environmental

degradation while lifting people out of poverty? – YaleGlobal

The west grows more skeptical of the palm oil growers' promises of

environmental sustainability

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The Asia Sentinel

14 January 2010

Palm oil, the world's cheapest cooking oil and a versatile product that is

used in everything from biofuels to chocolate chip cookies, has always been

under fire from various quarters, first allegedly because of its adverse effect on

cholesterol – since disproven – or because of concerns over tropical

deforestation to plant oil palm plantations.

However, in recent months the ante has been raised considerably. The

oil palm industry beat back an attempt in December at the United Nations

Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen to curb additional planting

under a World Bank proposal called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation

and Forest Degradation in Developing countries (REDD).

But the industry's relief has been tempered by the fact that in Dec. 11,

Unilever, the world's biggest user of the oil, suspended a US$32 million contract

with subsidiary of the giant Sinar Mas Group until the Indonesian conglomerate

proves its plantations aren't contributing to deforestation. Also, just three days

before, in a program called "The End of the Jungle," the BBC accused the

Malaysian government and the palm oil industry of "laying waste to last

remaining rainforests of Borneo in what has been described as a corporate land

grab."

Now the plantation companies are concerned that other major European

Union and US importers, particularly Procter & Gamble and Nestle, may follow

Unilever, especially as the global warming debate heats up and also that

concerns grow over the destruction of the habitat of the orangutan, a cuddly ally

of the environmentalists whose habitat is being destroyed at an alarming rate.

Scientific American recently quoted Richard Zimmerman, director of Orangutan

Outreach in New York, as saying Indonesian tropical forests are wiped out at a

rate of six football pitches a minute for palm oil planting. As many as 20,000

orangutan have been killed, according to the report. A recent Jakarta Globe

article called attention to massive deforestation of ostensibly federally protected

forest areas on the island of Riau, with 2,000 hectares of forest leveled in 2008.

"When you fly over Borneo today, all you see is mile after mile of oil palm

plantations where only a few years ago you would have seen pristine tropical

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rainforest," Zimmerman told the publication. "The forest is simply gone. And

every creature living in it has been slaughtered." Some 85 percent of the forest

on the island of Sumatra has been wiped out. Kalimantan, the Indonesian

portion of Borneo island, is now the focus of massive oil palm planting.

On the Malaysian side of Borneo, according to the BBC, IOI Group, which sells

palm oil in more than 65 countries, is bulldozing vast tracts of rainforest for oil

palm plantations.

"…from a distance, the plantations look quite green and lush, in reality they are

barren: the life has basically gone," the report found. "It's estimated that only 3

percent of the primary rainforest of Malaysian Borneo remains. Logging has

devastated much of the land, but now campaigners say the palm oil plantations

have taken over. And it's not just the forest that's gone. Since the early 1990s

whole communities have left - driven, they say, from their farms."

Between them, Malaysia and Indonesia produce 90 percent of the world's palm

oil – with world demand at 48 million metric tons annually and growing. Virtually

all of the major plantation companies belong to the Roundtable on Sustainable

Palm Oil, an alliance between consumers and producers which ostensibly

subscribes to best environmental practices. Unilever was a founding member.

But both the Unilever decision on the Sinar Mas subsidiary and the BBC show

on IOI have exposed vast differences between promise and practice. In

addition, both the Malaysian and Indonesian governments fully backed the two

companies, attesting that they were protecting the environment. In effect, those

events make the Roundtable look like an utter sham and make it questionable

whether it has the credibility to allow importers to work together with exporters

in concert to bring up environmental standards.

As environmental groups have raised awareness of concerns about the

loss of primary forest and carbon sinks, the palm oil industry has become

increasingly concerned. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

estimates in a new report that preventing carbon release from deforestation is

"the climate change mitigation option with the globally largest and most

immediate carbon stock impact per hectare in the short term." Deforestation, the

body said, "may account for up to 25 percent of global total anthropogenic

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emissions and is said to be the largest single source category in the developing

world."

An industry group, World Growth, headed by Alan Oxley, an Australian

lecturer and skeptic about climate change, has been established and is bitterly

disputing Greenpeace's efforts, saying environmental groups, by their actions

against palm oil producers, are themselves potentially devastating to the poor,

with tens of thousands of jobs that could be lost in palm oil plantation. Palm oil,

the industry group said, can generate returns of more than US$3,000 per

hectare while village farming generates less than US$100 per hectare.

Malaysia's oil palm plantations alone, which directly employ 580,000 jobs,

support two million livelihoods, World Growth argues.

Oxley has aggressively sought to contradict environmentalists, arguing

that development and forestry experts have shown that two-thirds of forest

clearance is driven by low income people in poor countries searching for land,

habitation and food production. He describes environmentalists as "Europe-

based activists who don't provide data that can be verified," peddling science

that "cannot be substantiated or severely exaggerated."

World Growth calls oil palm plantations "very effective carbon sinks - a stark

contrast to the propaganda by Greenpeace, Wetlands and Friends of the Earth."

The question is what happens next. As a Reuters analysis pointed out, if

European buyers of palm oil get stickier about requiring Indonesian companies

to observe strict environmental standards, there are roughly 2.5 billion people in

India and China alone who have no qualms whatsoever about buying

Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil, by far the largest staple oil in Asia. It is far

cheaper to produce than either soybean or corn oil and requires virtually no

fertilizer. According to the Reuters analysis, the EU accounts for only 14 percent

of consumption, down by 20 percent over 1999 because of environmental

concerns.

Not only is palm oil by far the most popular cooking oil in Asia, just-

auto.com, the automotive industry's online analytical publication, says that

"Rising energy consumption and environmental issues has now shifted the

focus towards biofuel use, particularly in transportation. Though the biofuel

industry is in its initial stages in Asia-Pacific, there is a huge potential for its

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development in the region." Any downshifting of oil demand in the west appears

to be matched with an upshift of demand in Asia.

The world biofuels market, the publication forecasts, is likely to grow by

1.47 percent on a compounded annual basis through 2015, with global ethanol

production reaching 25.07 million gallons by 2014. Consumption in China, the

report says, "is likely to move faster than the production and expected to attain

a CAGR of 2.51 percent from 2007 to 2015.Ethanol consumption in India is

anticipated to move at a CAGR of over 2 percent during 2007 -2015. "

One thing is certain, however. The credibility of the Roundtable on Sustainable

Palm Oil has been severely damaged, perhaps fatally. The credibility of the

Malaysian and Indonesian governments, as regards protection of their tropical

rainforests, is equally at risk.

Source url:

http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=222

7&Itemid=229

Rights: Copyright © 2005 - 2010 Asia Sentinel.

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THE PASSIVE (use & practice)

USE: Study the following example.

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks used carrier pigeons in ancient times.

==> Carrier pigeons were used in ancient times by ancient Egyptians and

Greeks.

(thing done) (doer)

So, when do we use the passive? We use the passive in the following cases:

Case 1: The thing done is more important than the doer.

e.g. A new supermarket was opened in our district last week.

Case 2: Both the thing done and the doer are important.

e.g. Algeria was colonized by the French.

Case 3: The doer is unknown.

e.g. A lot of articles are stolen in the supermarket every day.

Case 4: We don‟t want to mention the doer.

e.g. I was told that you had broken my glasses.

PRACTICE:

Now change the following sentences into the passive. Mention the doer (the

by phrase) only where necessary.

HOW? WHY? 1. They probably

recycle some of the solid wastes regularly.

2. The hurricane Gustav severely damaged the houses on the shore.

3. Someone has stolen my watch.

4. The horror film affected my little brother badly.

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5. The milkman will deliver two bottles of milk to your door.

6. They are going to deliver our new washing machine tomorrow.

7. Johnny Ball is training our local football team.

8. Anyone can do this activity very easily.

9. They haven't released the exam results yet.

10. Someone has told me that you still go out with Billy.

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The Haiti Earthquake

Felix Eduardo Montoya Quesada Answers

Why do more people die long after the earthquake than during it?

This happens for two reasons first by the lack of disaster and emergency plan,

qe is to know how to act if any of these. This plan must be comprehensive and

well known for citizenship and which should also include the design of the

buildings and the national and international support for financing housing for the

economically disadvantaged.

What are the five main sectors that need to be targeted or improved in

order to recover this nation?

The text mentions d that‟s five main sectors:

Smallholder or peasant.

Agriculture.

Reconstruction port services and light manufacturing.

Local small-scale trade.

Public services, including health care and education.

Based on the reading, what would be a priority in the recovery of Haiti,

agricultural production or

environmental protection? Explain why.

Obviously agricultural production will be essential to provide the

nutritional needs of the Haitian population. For this reason Haiti people and the

government should be given more importance to agricultural production that to

other activities at this time. However shouldn‟t forget that the country's

development depends not only on agriculture and must make significant efforts

to support from other sectors.

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How can a natural disaster, like the Haiti Earthquake, affect the tourism

industry? List 5 possible negative consequences.

Earthquakes fears.

Health problems such as lack of water and contamination.

Unstable infrastructure.

Natural landscape change.

Reservations canceled at the last minute

What is the author´s position about Haiti´s recovery? Is he optimistic or

pessimistic? Does he seem interested or indifferent?

―This time, it must be done right.‖

I think it has a positive but realistic situation with this phrase the author wants

once and for all of Haiti is supported by the world in an orderly fashion and

which created an economic, political and social for Haitian people. That balance

would be to provide economic support disinterested technical and logistical

services to not only shovel the aftermath of an earthquake but the

consequences of a country abandoned by the world.

Today's definitely time for the world will change the way to a prosperous country

that once was forgotten by world capitalism.

The author refers to a key challenge in Haiti´s recovery. What is it? And

what are other challenges does he refer to?

Quote the author says,

" The key challenge is to support these five sectors in order to combine short-

term relief with long-term reconstruction and development."

This is to support the lifting of the town with support from the day with a

constant support to provide short and long term logistical support necessary to

rebuild a society from all the edges so necessary and so the Haitian people will

have been helped a better way than in the recent past.The hope is the

harbinger of better times for Haiti.

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The Haiti Earthquake

Posted by Editor | Jan 15, 2010

The quake in Haiti came suddenly—but the results were predictable. At

the moment it struck, scientists from the Earth Institute and other parts of

Columbia University were in Port-au-Prince with a UN-sponsored project

assessing how to reduce the nation’s obvious vulnerability to natural

disasters. It is clear that the extreme toll came as much from poverty [...]

Read More...

Posted by Jeffrey Sachs | Jan 26, 2010 | Comments

Rebuilding Haiti: The 10-Year Plan

Credit: Liana Razafindrazay/CIESIN

The horrors of Haiti’s earthquake continue to unfold. The quake itself

killed perhaps 100,000 people. The inability to organize rapid relief is

killing tens of thousands more. More than 1 million people are exposed to

hunger and disease and, with the rain and hurricane seasons

approaching, are vulnerable to further hazards.

Even an economy as impoverished as Haiti’s is a complex system

dependent on trade between rural and urban areas, transport, electricity,

port services, and government functions. Haiti’s economy worked badly in

the past, and was still reeling from four hurricanes in 2008 when the

earthquake struck. When the quake hit the capital, it demolished every

center of social activity and destroyed the systems upon which daily

urban life depends. Millions of people are now without livelihoods and the

means for survival.

The first stage in an effective response–the first three or four weeks–must

focus on rescuing survivors and stabilizing supplies of food, water,

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medical services, and shelter for the population. Neither Haiti nor the

world was properly equipped for this, and tens of thousands will die

needlessly. The world’s emergency-response systems – especially for

impoverished countries in zones that are vulnerable to earthquakes,

volcanoes, droughts, hurricanes and floods – needs upgrading.

After a month or so, the emergency phase will give way to a decades-long

struggle for recovery and long-term development. Haiti must avoid a

prolonged period of tent cities in which people are mere refugees. But

where should displaced people – numbering hundreds of thousands, and

perhaps more than a million – live? How should they be provided with

food, water, health care and shelter? And how can they begin to

contribute to the revival of basic economic life?

The economy will have a simple structure in the coming years, with most

economic activities focused in five sectors: smallholder, or peasant,

agriculture; reconstruction; port services and light manufacturing; local

small-scale trade; and public services, including health care and

education. The key challenge is to support these five sectors in order to

combine short-term relief with long-term reconstruction and development.

First, special efforts should be made to boost peasant agriculture and

rural communities. This will enable hundreds of thousands of displaced

people to return to their village communities and live from farming. With

fertilizer, improved seeds, small-scale irrigation, rapid training and

extension services, and low-cost storage silos, Haiti’s food production

could double or triple in the next few years, sustaining the country and

building a new rural economy.

Reconstruction – of roads, buildings, and water and sanitation systems –

will employ tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of Haitian

construction workers, and boost the regeneration of towns. The World

Food Program can help peasant farmers to produce more food in the

countryside and then purchase the food to use in food-for-work programs

oriented to construction projects.

Haiti’s infrastructure was meager before the earthquake (hence the

shocking mortality rate), and most of that is now rubble. Large-scale

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capital investment will also be needed to re-equip the ports and to re-

establish a power grid.

Recovery will also require re-establishing at least a small-scale

manufacturing sector. Haiti, like its next-door neighbor, the Dominican

Republic, once created jobs in port facilities, including production of

clothing, baseballs, and other light-manufacturing items. Those jobs

disappeared in the 1990s, when the United States imposed a trade

embargo on Haiti as part of an effort to re-establish democracy.

Democracy returned, but the economy was destroyed.

Other countries have risen from the rubble of natural disaster and war,

and Haiti can do the same over the next five to ten years. For the next

decade, however, and especially for the next five years, there will be no

escape from the need to rely on international financing, and mainly grant

assistance, to finance the rebuilding effort. The world has spent heavily in

Haiti before, but very ineffectively. This time, it must be done right.

A clear strategy is needed to bolster the key sectors discussed above.

Each sector requires a five-year recovery strategy with a clear budget and

clear lines of partnership and responsibility linking the Haitian

government, nongovernmental organizations and institutional donors,

especially governments and international agencies.

The second key to successful reconstruction is to harmonize the

international response. There are probably 40 or more official

organizations from abroad, if not more, already engaged in the recovery

effort. In addition, there are hundreds, if not thousands, of native Haitian

NGOs. The Haitian government itself has been reduced to paralysis by

death and destruction.

There should be one overarching framework. There should be one major

multi-donor bank account to finance the heavy outlays required for Haiti’s

recovery. There should be a highly professional executive team

coordinating the international support efforts. And all of this should be

put in place very soon, while there is international interest. The world will

move on to the next crisis very soon, well before Haiti has even started to

recover.

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I have watched the problems of international cooperation for a quarter-

century. Each agency has its role, but they also tend to squabble over turf

rather than cooperate. International financial promises are made for

headlines and photo opportunities, but end up undelivered. We therefore

need money in the bank, and clear leadership.

My nominee to guide the process is the Inter-American Development

Bank. The IDB’s deep, long-term commitments in Haiti and professional

expertise in agriculture, health, education and infrastructure qualify it to

coordinate the multitude of agencies that will be involved. It should work

closely with a professional executive team made up of native and

diaspora Haitian professionals with relevant expertise.

Rebuilding Haiti will cost perhaps $10 billion to $20 billion, and will take

much of the coming decade. Getting started now will save countless lives

and prevent a further tragic downward spiral of a society that stands on

the brink of survival.

Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University.

Copyright 2010, Project Syndicate.

Peasant Politics: Critical Perspectives on Rural Development

28 May 2009

'Peasant question'; central to study of rural

development

As agrarian systems the world over undergo massive

change, the role of the smallholder within wider economic and political relations

remains a key focus for academic study and policy debate.

Since the days of Lenin and Chayanov, „the peasant question‟ has been central

to the study of rural development. But today, there is not just one question, but

many. The analytical and theoretical perspectives required to make sense of

dramatic changes in rural settings due to globalisation, financial crises, land

grabs and radical economic change have also shifted. No longer is there a

standard Marxist critique, but a range of other perspectives, drawing on a more

plural set of insights, knowledges and conceptual frames.

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But the basic questions at the heart of this long tradition in studies of rural

development remain important. For any setting, we must ask who owns what,

who gets what and what do they do with it? Social relations – notably class and

gender - and politics – both of the state and wider social movements - inevitably

govern the distribution of assets, patterns of work and divisions of labour, the

distribution of income and the dynamics of consumption and accumulation in

rural societies.

Leading Journal on Peasant Studies Re-launched

The Journal of Peasant Studies was established in 1973 to explore these

questions, and for over nearly four decades has provided a focus for debate.

Over this period, it has become one of the leading journals in the field of rural

development, aiming to provoke and promote multidisciplinary, critical thinking

about social structures, institutions, actors and processes of change in and in

relation to the rural world.

This year the Journal has been re-launched. A new editor and editorial team

have been appointed and the journal‟s orientation and editorial policy have been

revised.

The new editor, Jun Borras – Professor at St Mary‟s University, Canada, is

actively involved in rural social movements internationally and has contributed

substantially to scholarship on land reform and agrarian change, particularly in

the context of the Philippines. He is supported by an Editorial Collective, which

includes IDS Fellow, Ian Scoones.

Highlighting contemporary controversies and policy issues in rural

development

The opening editorial of the new issue states that the journal will: „…encourage

further inquiry into how agrarian power relations between classes and other

social groups are created, understood, contested and transformed. The journal

will pay special attention to questions of agency of marginalised groups in

agrarian societies, particularly their autonomy and capacity to interpret – and

change – their conditions. It will promote contributions that question mainstream

prescriptions or interrogate orthodoxies in radical thinking. We encourage

contributions about a wide range of contemporary and historical questions and

perspectives related to rural politics and development.‟

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The latest issue is now available free to download and includes an array of

articles defining a new focus for the study of rural politics and development. The

opening article by Jun Borras sets the scene, locating contemporary debates

about peasant societies in context. An article by Ian Scoones reviews rural

livelihoods perspectives, and particularly the past decade‟s experience of using

„sustainable livelihoods‟ approaches. Shahra Razavi explores the gendered

dimensions of agrarian change, while Marc Edelman looks at the interactions

between social movements and professional researchers. A series of articles

also reflect on the longer-term history of „peasant studies‟, including Teodor

Shanin on Chayanov, Henry Bernstein on Lenin and Chayanov and Terence

Byres on the comparative historical experiences of agrarian transition in Britain,

France and Prussia.

In a forthcoming issue, a new „Grassroots Voices‟ section presents a collection

of reflections on 'Everyday Forms of Political Expression' from a range of social

movement activists, while a future book reviews section will contain a review

essay on critical responses to the World Bank‟s World Development Report on

agriculture by IDS Fellow Stephen Devereux and colleagues.

The revamped journal aims to become the focus for debate and discussion

about rural politics and development, and seeks to generate informed debate,

comment and analysis – particularly encouraging contributions from younger

scholars from the global south.

The Journal aims to highlight contemporary controversies and policy issues,

and explore them through a lens focused on agrarian politics and change. For

example, a forthcoming conference, convened by the Journal, focuses on

biofuels, land and agrarian change (pdf) and will examine how the transfer of

land to use by biofuels has affected livelihoods, tenure security and agrarian

relations, and the political economy of policies underlying such rural

transformation. Future journal issues will include special sections of food

sovereignty, agro-ecology movements and human rights and agrarian struggles.

http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/news/peasant-politics-critical-perspectives-on-rural-

development

Félix´s Portafolio

25

International perspectives on tourism-led development: some lessons for the

SDIs

Abstract

The concept of tourism-led socio-economic development is neither new nor

peculiar to South Africa. This study draws on the international experience of the

Malindi-Mombasa coastal development corridor in Kenya, the Goa Coast of

India, the Kulu Valley and Bhutan in the Himalayas, the Gambia, Dominica,

Belize and the Maldives. It assesses the results achieved in these tourism

programmes against the strategic objectives of those South African SDIs that

place a heavy emphasis on the country's tourism potential. The SDIs, as

described elsewhere in this collection, represent a new paradigm adopted by

the South African government, aimed at moving away from a protected and

isolated approach to economic development, towards one in which international

competitiveness, regional cooperation and a more diversified ownership base

are paramount. The key objectives of the tourism-led development corridors,

including the Wild Coast and Lubombo SDIs, are to generate sustainable

economic growth and development; generate sustainable long-term

employment creation; maximise the extent to which private sector investment

and lending can be mobilised into the process; change the ownership base of

the industry so that people previously excluded from the mainstream of the

economy by discriminatory practices can play a meaningful role as workers,

managers and owners of new tourism enterprises; and to exploit the

opportunities that arise from new tourism and ecotourism developments for the

creation of upstream and downstream business opportunities, especially small

businesses owned by previously marginalised groups.

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a790995355&db=all

Félix´s Portafolio

26

Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives Summary

Tourism development provides an avenue for overall economic

development and a boost for local entrepreneurship activities. As a

result, the encouragement of entrepreneurship and sustainable

tourism development has emerged as core areas for policy

support and donor-assisted funding across both developed and

the developing world. 'Tourism and Entrepreneurship:international

perspectives' provides an innovative, fresh approach reflecting on

the most recent trends in tourism development. The central stage

of the book is the role of entrepreneurship in the context of

regional/local tourism development. With contributions from key

thinkers in the tourism and entrepreneurship area, it:* explains the

impact of tourism entrepreneurship on places and overall regional

/destination development; * examines the role of public sector in

facilitating the need of sustainable tourism development;*

examines the effects and implications of funding schemes and

support programmes beyond the immediate interest in the success

or failure of the firm to encourage entrepreneurship; *explores

specific issues, from the perspective of the owner / manager /

entrepreneur; * contextualises developments in a tourism context

against both their structural backdrop and against the dynamics of

sustainable tourism development in other economic and cultural

environments. Main features include:* Synthesis of tourism and

entrepreneurship* Institutional and collective entrepreneurship in

tourism development * Comprehensive analysis of tourism

environment * Integrated international case studies based on real-

life firms and tourism developments, from Uganda and Serbia to

Slovenia and Australasia.

http://ebooks.ebookmall.com/title/tourism-and-entrepreneurship-international-

perspectives-page-ateljevic-ebooks.htm

Félix´s Portafolio

27

Perspectives on Social Development

Development is a function of society‟s capacity to organize human energies and

productive resources to respond to opportunities and challenges. The paper

traces the emergence of higher, more complex, more productive levels of social

organization through the stages of nomadic hunting, rural agrarian, urban,

commercial, industrial and post-industrial societies. It examines the process by

which new activities are introduced by pioneers, imitated, resisted, accepted,

organized, institutionalized and assimilated into the culture. Why does a society

develop the way it does? by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun)

Wang

"Why does a society develop the way it does?" by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin

Liu and George (Xun) Wang" and "Summary of theories of change" is now at

http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/summary2.htm

Also see reports on global change at http://gsociology.icaap.org/reports.html

Comprehensive Theory of Social Development

"Democracy raises human aspirations. It encourages individuals to take active

initiative for their own advancement. It facilitates freer and wider social

interactions. It releases greater social energy. It vastly increases the

dissemination of information and the multiplication of new organizations. As the

transition from monarchy to democracy was a catalyst for rapid economic

advancement of Western countries over the past three centuries, the spread of

democratic institutions today opens up greater possibilities for global expansion.

Development theory needs to explain the dynamics of the process by which

political and social conditions impact economic performance."

Félix´s Portafolio

28

Peasant Politics: Critical Perspectives on Rural Development

28 May 2009

'Peasant question'; central to study of rural development

As agrarian systems the world over undergo massive change, the role of the smallholder within wider economic and political relations remains a key focus for academic study and policy debate.

Since the days of Lenin and Chayanov, „the peasant question‟ has been central to the study of rural development. But today, there is not just one question, but many. The analytical and theoretical perspectives required to make sense of dramatic changes in rural settings due to globalisation, financial crises, land grabs and radical economic change have also shifted. No longer is there a standard Marxist critique, but a range of other perspectives, drawing on a more plural set of insights, knowledges and conceptual frames.

But the basic questions at the heart of this long tradition in studies of rural development remain important. For any setting, we must ask who owns what, who gets what and what do they do with it? Social relations – notably class and gender - and politics – both of the state and wider social movements - inevitably govern the distribution of assets, patterns of work and divisions of labour, the distribution of income and the dynamics of consumption and accumulation in rural societies.

Leading Journal on Peasant Studies Re-launched

The Journal of Peasant Studies was established in 1973 to explore these questions, and for over nearly four decades has provided a focus for debate. Over this period, it has become one of the leading journals in the field of rural development, aiming to provoke and promote multidisciplinary, critical thinking about social structures, institutions, actors and processes of change in and in relation to the rural world.

This year the Journal has been re-launched. A new editor and editorial team have been appointed and the journal‟s orientation and editorial policy have been revised.

The new editor, Jun Borras – Professor at St Mary‟s University, Canada, is actively involved in rural social movements internationally and has contributed substantially to scholarship on land reform and agrarian change, particularly in the context of the Philippines. He is supported by an Editorial Collective, which includes IDS Fellow, Ian Scoones.

Highlighting contemporary controversies and policy issues in rural development

Félix´s Portafolio

29

The opening editorial of the new issue states that the journal will: „…encourage further inquiry into how agrarian power relations between classes and other social groups are created, understood, contested and transformed. The journal will pay special attention to questions of agency of marginalised groups in agrarian societies, particularly their autonomy and capacity to interpret – and change – their conditions. It will promote contributions that question mainstream prescriptions or interrogate orthodoxies in radical thinking. We encourage contributions about a wide range of contemporary and historical questions and perspectives related to rural politics and development.‟

The latest issue is now available free to download and includes an array of articles defining a new focus for the study of rural politics and development. The opening article by Jun Borras sets the scene, locating contemporary debates about peasant societies in context. An article by Ian Scoones reviews rural livelihoods perspectives, and particularly the past decade‟s experience of using „sustainable livelihoods‟ approaches. Shahra Razavi explores the gendered dimensions of agrarian change, while Marc Edelman looks at the interactions between social movements and professional researchers. A series of articles also reflect on the longer-term history of „peasant studies‟, including Teodor Shanin on Chayanov, Henry Bernstein on Lenin and Chayanov and Terence Byres on the comparative historical experiences of agrarian transition in Britain, France and Prussia.

In a forthcoming issue, a new „Grassroots Voices‟ section presents a collection of reflections on 'Everyday Forms of Political Expression' from a range of social movement activists, while a future book reviews section will contain a review essay on critical responses to the World Bank‟s World Development Report on agriculture by IDS Fellow Stephen Devereux and colleagues. The revamped journal aims to become the focus for debate and discussion about rural politics and development, and seeks to generate informed debate, comment and analysis – particularly encouraging contributions from younger scholars from the global south.

The Journal aims to highlight contemporary controversies and policy issues, and explore them through a lens focused on agrarian politics and change. For example, a forthcoming conference, convened by the Journal, focuses on biofuels, land and agrarian change (pdf) and will examine how the transfer of land to use by biofuels has affected livelihoods, tenure security and agrarian relations, and the political economy of policies underlying such rural transformation. Future journal issues will include special sections of food sovereignty, agro-ecology movements and human rights and agrarian struggles.

http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/news/peasant-politics-critical-perspectives-on-rural-

development

Félix´s Portafolio

30

International perspectives on tourism-led development: some lessons for

the SDIs

Abstract

The concept of tourism-led socio-economic development is neither new nor peculiar to South Africa. This study draws on the international experience of the Malindi-Mombasa coastal development corridor in Kenya, the Goa Coast of India, the Kulu Valley and Bhutan in the Himalayas, the Gambia, Dominica, Belize and the Maldives. It assesses the results achieved in these tourism programmes against the strategic objectives of those South African SDIs that place a heavy emphasis on the country's tourism potential. The SDIs, as described elsewhere in this collection, represent a new paradigm adopted by the South African government, aimed at moving away from a protected and isolated approach to economic development, towards one in which international competitiveness, regional cooperation and a more diversified ownership base are paramount. The key objectives of the tourism-led development corridors, including the Wild Coast and Lubombo SDIs, are to generate sustainable economic growth and development; generate sustainable long-term employment creation; maximise the extent to which private sector investment and lending can be mobilised into the process; change the ownership base of the industry so that people previously excluded from the mainstream of the economy by discriminatory practices can play a meaningful role as workers, managers and owners of new tourism enterprises; and to exploit the opportunities that arise from new tourism and ecotourism developments for the creation of upstream and downstream business opportunities, especially small businesses owned by previously marginalised groups.

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a790995355&db=all

Félix´s Portafolio

31

Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives

Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives Summary

Tourism development provides an avenue for overall

economic development and a boost for local

entrepreneurship activities. As a result, the

encouragement of entrepreneurship and sustainable

tourism development has emerged as core areas for

policy support and donor-assisted funding across both

developed and the developing world. 'Tourism and

Entrepreneurship:international perspectives' provides an

innovative, fresh approach reflecting on the most recent

trends in tourism development. The central stage of the

book is the role of entrepreneurship in the context of

regional/local tourism development. With contributions

from key thinkers in the tourism and entrepreneurship

area, it:* explains the impact of tourism entrepreneurship

on places and overall regional /destination development; *

examines the role of public sector in facilitating the need of

sustainable tourism development;* examines the effects

and implications of funding schemes and support

programmes beyond the immediate interest in the success

or failure of the firm to encourage entrepreneurship;

*explores specific issues, from the perspective of the

owner / manager / entrepreneur; * contextualises

developments in a tourism context against both their

structural backdrop and against the dynamics of

sustainable tourism development in other economic and

cultural environments. Main features include:* Synthesis of

tourism and entrepreneurship* Institutional and collective

entrepreneurship in tourism development *

Comprehensive analysis of tourism environment *

Integrated international case studies based on real-life

firms and tourism developments, from Uganda and Serbia

to Slovenia and Australasia.

http://ebooks.ebookmall.com/title/tourism-and-entrepreneurship-international-

perspectives-page-ateljevic-ebooks.htm

Félix´s Portafolio

32

Perspectives on Social Development

Development is a function of society‟s capacity to organize human energies and productive resources to respond to opportunities and challenges. The paper traces the emergence of higher, more complex, more productive levels of social organization through the stages of nomadic hunting, rural agrarian, urban, commercial, industrial and post-industrial societies. It examines the process by which new activities are introduced by pioneers, imitated, resisted, accepted, organized, institutionalized and assimilated into the culture. Why does a society develop the way it does? by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun) Wang

"Why does a society develop the way it does?" by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun) Wang" and "Summary of theories of change" is now at

http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/summary2.htm Also see reports on global change at http://gsociology.icaap.org/reports.html

Comprehensive Theory of Social Development

"Democracy raises human aspirations. It encourages individuals to take active initiative for their own advancement. It facilitates freer and wider social interactions. It releases greater social energy. It vastly increases the dissemination of information and the multiplication of new organizations. As the transition from monarchy to democracy was a catalyst for rapid economic advancement of Western countries over the past three centuries, the spread of democratic institutions today opens up greater possibilities for global expansion. Development theory needs to explain the dynamics of the process by which political and social conditions impact economic performance."

Félix´s Portafolio

33

Local and international perspectives on development of tourism

The arrival of tourists to Costa Rica in the first two months of 2010 exceeded the 9.5% recorded during the same period of 2009, which officials called today (18/03) as a "good omen" for the recovery sector after the international economic crisis. Data released today (18/03) by the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT) indicate that between January and February this year the country was visited by a total of 428,233 tourists, 9.5% more than the 390,828 recorded in the same period of 2009 .

Costa Rican Minister of Tourism, Allan Flores, told reporters that "these figures are similar to those recorded in early 2008, when tourism is still in the country had not suffered the impact of international economic crisis." Flores said that "these numbers bode well", but said that despite the recovery, "there are still regions and businesses affected by the drop in visitation recorded in 2009." The minister said that during the peak visitation is carburizing quite well "and said the country will establish its efforts in the coming months to promote not only international but also in local tourism.

According to official data, visited Costa Rica last year 1.92 million tourists, 8% less than the 2.08 million who did so in 2008, when it set a record of visits to the Central American nation. Although no official growth projection for 2010, employers grouped in the National Chamber of Tourism (Canatur) estimate that the figure could be around 5%. Tourism is one of the main engines of the economy of Costa Rica, a country with 4.5 million inhabitants, employing 400,000 people directly and indirectly. This activity generates foreign exchange annually close to 2,000 billion, equivalent to 6.6% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Travel: great challenge for Laura Chinchilla

We are awaiting the proposal of Laura Chinchilla to revive tourism When Dona Laura take control of the country, we are starting a new season low, putting to tico, scary. The new government takes a problem in the field of tourism, in fact, is not the fault of any government official or the projection, or the next. The tourism problem is reduced to a simple matter of market forces: imbalance between supply and demand. Recently a meeting between a group of hoteliers Fortuna / Arenal with members of the executive and the National Bank.

Area Employers demand that the government action before the crisis we face. However, we see the reality of the region: while the demand for tourist services fell by almost 10% in 2009, and probably not significantly increase by the year 2010, the supply of hotel rooms of 3 or more stars rose over 25% during the same period.

Félix´s Portafolio

34

In other words, the cake was made smaller and more we eat. The logical outcome is that the amount of cake for each is much smaller, and some went hungry. Seeing the reality in the field, presumably similar numbers in regions such as San Jose and Guanacaste. Until 2008 the demand for tourist services in Costa Rica exceeded supply, and the boom was between business partners. For 2010 we "turned the tables, and supply far exceeds demand. The solutions are logical but not easy to increase demand and / or reduce supply.

There is no miracle solution. Laura would be amazing if you donate can move his wand and grow the number of visitors immediately, by 20% to 25%. The outgoing ICT and tourism group surrounding Ms. Chinchilla are highly competent and knowledgeable in the subject and its problems, but we know that nobody has the miraculous potion. Opening new markets, attract new segments, and generate more tourists are a complicated business that requires time and investment. It is impossible to generate demand when it does not exist. The issue is not sent to minister to Beijing and expected 2 million Chinese visited a month later.

One must take into account that we live in a dynamic market and our competition is not idly watching their hotels empty. The fact that the ICT will increase the promotion does not mean that Mexico, the Caribbean or the rest of Central America are not doing likewise. If our source markets with economies remain weak, even increased advertising and marketing, we will not make up the numbers of visitors in the quantities we need. Again, fewer tourists looking for attractive offers worldwide.

The supply of hotel rooms and tourist services is steadily increasing, to join several factors. The Government and the market encouraged the construction of hotels during the decade of 2000, seeing a peak in the years 2007 to 2009. One must add to this effect lot of condominiums and residential projects on the beaches, which, by failing to buyers, were converted into hotel products, thus competing with established companies.

Legally there is no mechanism to reduce the number of rooms available, the only way to achieve this reduction would be forcing some hotels and condominiums to bankruptcy for failing to meet their bank obligations. The political and social cost of this proposal is high, and is a solution that any incoming government would take. In short, neither is easy to increase demand, nor is it feasible to supply reduction. The despair of finding a solution sector has led to price wars without quarter. There are important studies from prestigious institutions such as Cornell University show that the drop in prices did not increase demand. So,

Félix´s Portafolio

35

after sticks, horns. We not only have fewer tourists now have less overall income.

The table is set for Dona Laura and competent group of experts. The task is not enviable: revive a sector in crisis facing oversupply and stagnant demand. We must fight against market forces. A formidable challenge for a new group of rulers. However, inaction is no solution. The issue affects the national economy and tourism remains the main source of employment, especially in rural areas. We were, then, pending the Administration proposal Chinchilla, hopefully creative, expeditious and dynamic.

Send me by Miss Evelyn Benavides

Félix´s Portafolio

36

Ministers of Tourism CA: good prospect in 2010

Tourism Ministers from Central displayed good prospects for this sector next year,

which is one of the main ratings on completion on Friday in Managua, the Meeting of

Central American Tourism Council (CCT).

The Nicaragua Tourism Minister Mario Salinas, described as positive his meeting with

his colleagues in the region and the meeting of the Ad-hoc work for the creation of the

Association of Caribbean Cruise Destinations (ADCC), the attended by representatives

from 13 countries.

Salvadoran Tourism Minister Napoleon Duarte, said that at present the prospects for

next year are positive, despite that 2009 "has not been an easy year, it has been

difficult for our industry and markets, which have been impacted by the global

economic crisis, which occurred initially in the United States. "

He said the tourism industry to Central America recorded 5.3 million tourists and

average income by the 3000 order of $ 219 million.

"In regional terms compared with 2007 there are good news, because 2007 was a

different condition to 2008 and if we compare the figures in the last three years and

averages, we have a six percent growth," noted the minister Salvadoran .

"This is good for our countries, but especially when we begin to see everyday

expenses, foreign exchange and average stays (from visitors), each of these indicators

tell us that the industry has remained reasonably the last three years, "he said.

He also said that there are interesting investment projects and cooperation in

interaction between the private and public sector, which promises good dividend for

next year.

Achievements in the region

Among the achievements of this year, citing the truism of Central Fair, held in El

Salvador, which was described as successful in investigations and evaluations to be

Félix´s Portafolio

37

made later, which encouraged them to do another edition in Guatemala in 2010.

"We will have the opportunity to collect all these fruits to Central America," Duarte said,

stressing that the benefits to all sectors involved in tourism.

He stressed that the dissemination of tourism resources of Central America will have a

big impact with the Amadeus project, which he described some interesting project

information that will lead to benefits for all countries.

Duarte said market research shows that tourism will have a great power in the areas of

adventure tourism, with regard to the culture and history and also the activity which can

preserve the environment.

Cruise with great potential

For his part, Michael Singh, representative of the Belize Tourism Minister, highlighted

the great potential that represents Cruise Tourism in Central America and highlighted

the creation of the Association of Caribbean Cruise Destinations.

"It is important, because the cruises are new to this region, that tourism growth will be

positive. This area is new for such visitors, offers many different interesting things, and

we think that in the future will increase, "he said.

He felt that cruise tourism will generate a million and half visitors this year and

highlighted major investments have been made in Honduras and Panama, to

encourage this activity.

Reported on the island of Roatan in Honduras's two main cruise companies in the

world have invested a little under a million dollars in infrastructure and this investment

has attracted some 500 000 visitors. He has created many jobs in the area of tourism,

services and attractions as well as direct taxes to Honduras.

At the end of this year, Belize will have received approximately 700 000 visitors from

cruise tourists, he said.

He emphasized that in Nicaragua there are many opportunities for tourism

development potential Cruises on both coasts, Pacific and Caribbean

Félix´s Portafolio

38

The destinations around the world recorded a total of 600 million arrivals,

International tourist arrivals in the whole world fell by 7% between January and August

2009, but the rate of decline has eased in recent months. These results and recent

economic data, confirm earlier prediction of OMT decreased by 5% international tourist

arrivals over the year 2009. For 2010, the WTO expects moderate growth.

The destinations around the world recorded a total of 600 million arrivals, down from

643 million in the same period in 2008. Arrivals in the two months of high season of

July and August decreased by 3% compared with a decrease of 8% in the first half of

the year, and available data for September point to a continuation of this upward trend.

The confidence index of the WTO also is improving after two periods in a historically

low level. The experts surveyed more than 330 worldwide by the WTO confirmed that

the trust is to collect. In the most recent survey, the percentage of experts with a

negative prognosis for the next four months has fallen from 62% to 42% while 30% of

the experts, the prospects are 'equal' and 28% are "best "or" much better. "

"Throughout this year, the tourism industry worldwide is facing many challenges, from

the global economic crisis, the credit crisis and rising unemployment, not to mention

the flu pandemic. Rarely in the history of recorded tourism industry had to deal with so

many different issues at once, "said UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai interim.

"However, the negative trend that emerged during the second half of 2008 and

intensified in 2009 is beginning to show signs of shrinking," he added.

Tourism earnings suffer a little more arrivals in order to provide closer monitoring of the

market during these difficult times, OMT is the first time gives an estimate on

international tourism receipts for the year.

As experience in previous crises, tourism earnings have been a little more arrivals and

consumers tend to trade closer to home stay and travel for shorter periods of time.

International tourism receipts are estimated to have shrunk in real terms by 9 to 10% in

the first half of 2009, ie 1-2 percentage points below the decline in international arrivals

during that period (-8%).

Regional overview

The results for the first eight months of 2009 show that international tourist arrivals

declined in all regions, except Africa, which tighten the global trend. Europe, Middle

East and the Americas were the hardest hit: in Europe (8%) were the most affected

destinations in Central and Eastern Europe, but the results of all other subregions were

close to the Media.

Asia and the Pacific (-5%) shows the clearest signs of improvement and positive

growth in August, driven by the encouraging results of Northeast Asia.

Félix´s Portafolio

39

In the Americas (-7%) there is still no clear indications of an investment in the current

trend of decline. Growth is still quite negative during the second quarter as well as in

the months of July and August. South America has so far shown the best performance

(-1%).

The Middle East (-8%), although still well below the growth levels of previous years,

saw a change to the positive growth between June and September (data for the region

are quite volatile due to the influence of major religious events tourism flows).

Growth in Africa (+4%) was very positive, given the current difficult environment.

Moderate recovery

The projections for 2010 the softening in the rate of decline in recent months is

expected to continue for the remainder of the year. As this is in line with the WTO's

initial projection for the entire year forecast for international tourist arrivals is

maintained at between-6% a-4%.

Given the high level of correlation between growth in arrivals and receipts for the whole

of 2009 receipts are expected to decline by 6-8%.

OMT Initial projections for 2010 indicate that international tourist arrivals are likely to

witness a modest recovery next year, with growth at + 1% + 3%. This perspective

reflects the gradual improvement of international tourism numbers in recent months

and economic indicators in some markets of the main sources of better than expected.

sia show the strongest rebound, while Europe and America will likely take longer to

recover. Africa is expected to remain in positive territory as in 2009, with an additional

boost to the FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa. Growth is also expected to return to

the region.

The end of the recession in a number of key markets is good news. But 2010 will be a

difficult year. The risks associated with influenza virus A (H1N1) remain on the horizon

and it is expected that the pace of economic recovery would be modest. The IMF

projects world economic growth to +3.1%, but this will be fairly slow in the advanced

economies (+1.3%) and stronger for emerging markets (+5.1%). Unemployment, a

lagging indicator, is expected to increase further in many countries this year and

throughout 2010. They are likely to progressively stimulus measures, and in a number

of advanced economies, possible tax increases may put additional pressure on

household budgets. On the positive side, consumer confidence is showing signs of

picking and interest rates and inflation expected to remain low.

Tourist arrivals in the world and each region is the best indicator of trend, the numbers

indicate that increased from

800 to 900 million in two years. In 2007, it is estimated that international tourist arrivals

Félix´s Portafolio

40

increased by 6%, which has achieved a new record: nearly 900 million arrivals (an

impressive result given that only two years before he had reached maximum historic

800 million). That amounts to 52 million arrivals in 2006, significantly higher than the

total volume of the Middle East or Africa. In fact, world tourism enjoyed in 2007 the

fourth consecutive year of growth above the average expected long-term (4.1%) with

an amazing growth rate higher than those recorded in 2005 and

2006 (5.5%).

The growth of the economy and tourism are being driven by emerging markets. While

markets continue to mature as the first worldwide destinations, the faster increase of

new markets confirms the UNWTO's central message about the potential of tourism to

the developing world ", refers the investigation.

Visits by leading countries of our region and Mexico with Argentina 21.353 million:

4.156 million Dominican Republic: 3.965 million Puerto Rico: 3722. Chile: 2.276 million

Cuba: 2.150.000 Uruguay: 1.749 million (based on 2006 statistics)

That is the barometer of the WTO?

The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer is an activity undertaken by the World Tourism

Organization (UNWTO). By doing regular monitoring of tourism trends in the short

term, WTO aims to provide adequate and updated information to all those involved

directly or indirectly in the tourism sector. The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer is

published three times a year (January, June and October). Each issue contains three

permanent elements: an overview of the data on the statistical trends of tourism in the

short period of receiving and sending countries and air transport, the results of the

latest survey by the Expert Group on Tourism UNWTO providing an evaluation and a

prospective analysis of the results of short-term tourism and economic data selected

for their relevance to tourism. The aim of future editions of the UNWTO World Tourism

Barometer will be to expand and improve coverage gradually. The development of the

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer is carried out by the Department of Market

Intelligence and Promotion of the WTO, with the assistance of the consultant Nancy

Cockerell. The WTO Secretariat wishes to express its sincere gratitude to all those who

participated in drafting the WTO World Tourism Barometer, in particular all institutions

that have provided data and members of the Group of Experts on Tourism of the WTO,

for their valuable contribution. For more information and previous issues, see the

section "Facts and Figures" on the WTO website at the address.