ferret relatives the domestic ferret is a member of the mustelid, or weasel, family. other members...
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Ferret Relatives The domestic ferret is a member of
the mustelid, or weasel, family. Other members of the weasel family
include badgers, ermine, and otters. The endangered black-footed ferret
is considered more of a cousin than a direct ancestor to the domestic ferret.
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Skin and Hair Coat:
Three naturally occurring coat color patterns Sable is the most commonly observed but albino and
cinnamon are also seen Sable ferret is also known as “fitch” and has been
reported as a cross b/t the European polecat and ferret
• They typically have black-tipped guard hear, cream undercoat, black feet and tail, with a black mask
In the US, enthusiasts have developed over 30 color combinations
• Some of these include silver, chocolate, panda, and Siamese
• http://www.ferret.org/events/colors/colorchart.html
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Anatomy
Conformation: Has an elongated body that allows for animal
to enter small areas and holes for the pursuit of prey
• This provides challenges for both owner and vet staff in caging and handling
Remember: wherever the head goes so follows the rest of the body
Males are larger than the females and their weight fluctuations vary according to season, as does that of dogs, cats and people
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Skeletal:
Veterbral formula: C7, T15, L5(6), S3, Cd18
Anatomical considerations of interest include a small sternum and thoracic inlet, nonretractable claws and a J-shaped os-penis
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Digestive Tract: Has 30 deciduous teeth and 34
permanent teeth Permanent teeth erupt b/t 50
and 74 days Dental formula:
2 x (3/3I, 1/1C, 3/3P, 1/2M) = 34 Have five pairs of salivary
glands Care must be taken not to
confuse the mandibular salivary gland w/ the lymph nodes in that area
Stomach is simple and can expand to accommodate large amounts of food
Small intestine is short in length and has an average transit time of 3-4 hours
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Heart and Lungs:
Heart lies approximately b/t the 6th and 8th ribs
Lungs consist of six lobesLeft lung has two lobes and the right
has four
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Spleen:
Varies greatly in size, depending on the animal’s age and state of health
When enlarged, the spleen extends in a diagonal fashion from the upper left to the lower right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
The size of the spleen is a very distinct finding during P.E.
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Reproduction During estrus, the vulva becomes enlarged Natural breeding season is from March to
August Fertility in both genders is dependent on the
photoperiod Females are seasonally polyestrous and
induced ovulators Ovulation occurs 30-40 hours after copulation Gestation:
• 41-42 days If fertilization does not occur, pseudopregnancy
often occurs and will last 41-43 days
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Reproduction cont.
If these females are not bred, a large percentage of these individuals will remain in estrus with the potential for bone marrow suppression due to elevated estrogen levels
Estrus-induced aplastic anemia
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Birth condition:
• Born blind• Eyes are open at 21-37 days• Can start solid food at 14 days• Wean at 8 weeks
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Females are called jills, and males are hobs.
Baby ferrets are called kits. In North America, spayed females
are sometimes called sprites and neutered males called gibs.
A group of ferrets is a "business of ferrets."
Lifespan 5-8yrs
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Females are 13-14 inches long and weigh anywhere from 0.75 to 2.5 lbs, whereas males are on average 15-16 inches long and weigh 2-3.5 lbs if neutered and are even larger (4 or more lbs) if not neutered.
Most ferrets obtained in North America are spayed or neutered and descented at a very young age before being sold.
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Behavior/Appeal
Sleep 75% of day Vocal Interactive, playful, entertaining Relatively easy to care for Thieves Independent Should not be left alone with small
children or other pets
jplehmann.com
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Legal restrictions
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Housing
Groups or individual Indoor or outdoor Recommended caging
Indoor- multi-level, wire or solid, no glassOutdoor- protection, escape proof
Play areasSlings, shelves, hammocks in cageBoxes, bags, plastic tubing
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www.petcratesdirect.com
www.ferretlove.co.uk
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Housing
Enclosed sleeping areaTowel, old shirt, commercial productOne per ferret
Litter boxHigh sidesPellated instead of clumping litterShort GI transit time
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Housing
Ferret proofing your houseBlock off holesCover bottom of chairs, couches,
mattressesRestrict access to reclinersNo foam or latex rubber items- cat/dog
toys, athletic shoes, rubber bands, headphones
Video (Cage-Housing)
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Nutrition
Ferrets are strict carnivores and have very different nutritional requirements than dogs and cats.
Ferrets need a high protein, high fat diet that is made from animal proteins.
Protein levels should be between 36% and 37% and come from high biological value (BV) sources (chicken, chicken byproduct, egg, or liver for example).
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Cat or kitten food is not appropriate for ferrets!
A raw, chicken based diet is probably the best choice, but very few people have the time or resources to provide their ferrets this diet.
Totally Ferret® and Natural Gold from Pretty Bird® are most likely the best prepared foods currently available.
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Treats
Ferrets definitely enjoy treats, but usually it’s not something they should be eating.
Don’t give your ferret sugary treats, fruits (including raisins), or chocolate. These can lead to serious health problems.
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Vitamins and Supplements
If a ferret is on a quality ferret food there shouldn’t be a need for any vitamins.
One “supplement” every ferret should get is Laxatone® (hairball prevention paste). Give a dime-sized amount every few days, especially during shedding seasons!
In dry areas skin can become dull and dry. Offering a small amount of a fatty acid oil like Ferretone® daily can help with this problem.
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Supplements to dry foodWhole prey (Pinkies or juvenile
mouse)Fresh raw organ (liver) or muscle
meatOmega-2 oils, fish oils, meat fat
Difficult to change an adult ferrets diet Water Video (Proper diet)
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Enrichment
Instinctive behaviors for play, hunting, marking, digging, going through tunnels
3 hours exercise/day Appropriate toys Enclosed area for sleeping Video (Toys, playing)
www.getelastic.com
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P.E.:
Should follow routine small animal veterinary protocol Questions:
Coughing Sneezing Vomiting Diarrhea Discharge:
• Eyes• Nose• Any other body orifice
Diet and appetite Drinking water excessively or increased urination or straining
to urinate Active/alert
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Restraint
The proper technique for restraining a ferret. The scruff of the neck is held by one hand, and the other hand supports the body. Often this technique will elicit a “yawn,” at which time the oral cavity may be examined.
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P.E.
Normal Body temperature:• 101-104F
HR• 200-250 bmp
Respiration• 33-36
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Medical Considerations
Grooming (video) Spay/neuter/remove anal glands Ear mites, fleas, heartworms Vaccinations- rabies, distemper Physical exam/blood work
recommendations:Annual until 4-5 yearsBiannual
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Medical Considerations
Young- foreign body, traumatic Old- insulinoma, adrenal gland
disease, lymphoma, dental disease
Dr. Eckermann-Ross
www.afip.org
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Routine Wellness Procedures
Depending on ferrets age and lifestlye, you may recommend other procedures like deworming, ADV (Aleutian Disease Virus) testing, and routine bloodwork.
It is highly advisable to run bloodwork on ferrets at least annually. Many diseases have been detected early by running bloodwork when the pet was healthy.
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Blood collection
Page 251 Jugular vein Caudal artery Cephalic vein 10% Videohttp://www.bva-awf.org.uk/resources/tutorials/BVA02-Introduction.html
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Clin Path Considerations(A Ferret is Not a Cat nor is it a Dog)
Ferrets normally have high PCV and low WBC.PCV (43.0%-55.0%)
Persistent lymphocytosis does NOT mean lymphoma.
Hepatic enzymes are usually elevated simply as a result of inanition in the ferret.
Older ferrets are commonly mildly hypoproteinemic due to chronic bowel inflammation due to coronavirus or Helicobacter infection).
Ferrets with adrenal disease rarely have abnormalities on routine CBC/chemistry.
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Surgical Considerations
Use inhalation anesthesia without premeds. Injectable anesthetics are very unpredictable in ferrets.
Isoflurane safest with mask or chamber induction.
Heating pad suggested during and after surgery ferrets get hypothermic very quickly.
Should provide fluid therapy for all surgeries more serious than neutering
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Diseases on Ferrets
A ferrets normal life span is from 5 - 8 years, and beginning at the age of 2-3 they are susceptible to two very common serious illnesses:
1. Insulinoma 2. Adrenal Disease,
(both require medical and/or surgical intervention, which could become quite costly).
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Insulinoma
Insulinoma is a very common problem in ferrets. Small tumors form on the pancreas and cause an overproduction of insulin in the body. This in turn causes the blood sugar to drop dangerously low!
Symptoms of insulinoma include: staring into space, staggering when walking, pawing at the mouth, lethargy, and possibly seizures.
Action needs to be taken immediately if your ferret exhibits signs of insulinoma. If you suspect your ferret’s blood sugar level is low you can rub some Nutrical® or Karo syrup on their gums. This will provide the body with some sugar to help lower the insulin level.
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Islet cell tumor (Insulinoma)
May be function or non-functional Inappropriate secretion of insulin resulting in trances, hindlimb paresis, salivation, seizures and coma.
Pancreatic islet cell tumor in a ferret
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Diagnosis
-History and clinical signs -Blood glucose test 60-80 g/dl - questionable <60 positive -Insulin testing generally not necessary -Unfortunately, 40% of ferrets will experience recurrence within 10 months.
Normal pancreas in a ferret (note gastric and jejunal arms)
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Adrenal Disease
Tumors on the adrenal glands occur in about 75% of domestic ferrets
Symptoms include: hair loss, excessive itchiness, swollen vulva in females, prostate problems and sexual aggression in males, and an inability to keep weight on
The best option is to remove the tumor(s) with surgery.
Medical treatments include Lupron injections (a human hormone product) or Melatonin implants
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Adrenal-associated endocrinopathy
Extremely common
Due to hyperestrogenism. Proliferative lesions (hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma have identical clinical signs)
Classic bilateral truncal alopecia in ferret with AAE
(Photo courtesy of Erik Stauber)
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Clinical signs
• Bilateral truncal alopecia
• Vulvar swelling in spayed females
• Dysuria in males • Return to intact sexual
behavior
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Treatment
Surgical treatment - treatment of choice Adrenalectomy Cryosurgery Medical treatment
Lupron Lysodren
Normal anatomy of adrenal glands in the ferret
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Intestinal Blockages
Ferrets tend to eat a lot of things they shouldn’t and often these objects get lodged in the stomach or intestines and must be removed surgically.
Hairball blockages are also common in ferrets. Prevent these by giving your ferret some Laxatone a few times a week.
Symptoms of ferrets with blockages include: pawing at the mouth, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite.
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Gastrointestinal foreign bodies
NO house is completely ferret-proofed!
Very common in ferrets High index of suspicions in ferrets less than 1 year of age. May be seen in bored, caged ferrets.
Latex, rubber, cloth, and hair most popular. Only show up on X-rays <10 percent of time.
Donot wait on surgery for confirmation! Cut on first suspicion!
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Gastrointestinal foreign bodies
Electrical cord injury
Other types of injuries may occur from exploring the environment with their mouth.
(Note broken canine teeth and wood oral foreign body )
Electrical cord injury with oronasal fistula and amputation f tongue
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Contagious viruses in ferrets
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Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis
ECE, or “green slime diarrhea,” is most likely a corona virus that attacks the lining of the intestines and the stomach causing diarrhea and dehydration.
ECE is highly contagious and great care should be taken to keep it from spreading. Adults are most susceptible and even after recovering ferrets can have bouts of diarrhea
There is no prevention or vaccine for the virus and it is believed that the virus can be shed for up to 6 months, even if the ferret appears healthy.
ECE can be deadly if not treated. Symptoms include: diarrhea that looks like bird seed or is neon green, watery, contains mucous, or has a foul fishy odor as well as lack of appetite and dehydration.
Keeping a ferret with ECE hydrated is critical and aggressive fluid therapy is vital!.
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Ferret Coronavirus
Epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE)
High morbidity, low mortality
Asymptomatic carriers often pet store kits.
Older animals more severely affected
Prolonged shedding of virus
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Diagnosis
• Clinical signs and history • Histology • Immunohistochemistry • Clinical pathology not
specific
Jejunal inflammation and atrophy with
malabsorptive feces in ferret with ECE
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Pathogenesis
-Viral infection of villar tips
-Necrosis of cells
-Loss of surface area and
brush border enzymes
-Passive secretory
diarrhea
-Malabsorption
-Mucus hypersecretion
-Villar atrophy fusion, and
blunting
Note the lack of body fat and the forest green unformed feces distending the colon
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Aleutian Disease
Abdominal viscera of a ferret infected with ADV.
Resurgent disease in ferrets new strain? New outbreaks have almost 100% morbidity and mortality. Insidious disease with long latency periodInnocuous parvovirus resulting in hyperimmune response
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Aleutian Disease
Characteristic appearance of glomerulonephritis in ADV-infected ferret
Classic Disease
Glomerulonephritis Disseminated vasculitis Coagulation defects Hypergammaglobulinemia Death in 2-3 years
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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Canine Distemper
-100% fatal in ferrets -12-45 day progression -Most commonly seen in pet store kits or as a facility outbreak -Diagnosis should be made on clinical signs, followed by euthanasia of all affected animals -Antemortem FA testing available but not recommended. Moribund and severely affected CDV ferrets
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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Clinical signs:
Oculonasal Discharge
Hyperkeratosis of Nasal Planum and Footpads
Skin rash Diarrhea Weight loss Lethargy Pneumonia
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Clinical signs
-Oculonasal Discharge Hyperkeratosis of Nasal Planum and Footpads -Skin rash -Diarrhea -Weight loss -Lethargy -Pneumonia
Mild footpad hyperkeratosis, ferret
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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Clinical signs cont..
-Oculonasal Discharge -Hyperkeratosis of Nasal -Planum and Footpads -Skin rash Diarrhea Weight loss -Lethargy -Pneumonia
Diarrhea and nasal hyperkeratosis in CDV ferret
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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Rabies
-Uncommon disease -Less than 50 diagnosed cases -Ferret susceptible to skunk, bat, and raccoon strains -Dumb and furious presentations -Should be a ruleout for all neuro cases.
Negri bodies in mink brain
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Rabies
-No treatment -Quarantine period in most states -Annual IM vaccination for all ferrets beginning at 15 weeks
�
Imrab-3 vaccine
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Bacteria and more…
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Helicobacter mustelae
Ubiquitous disease - all ferrets infected by 2 wks of age.
Contributes to debility in older ferrets. 10% will show clinical signs during
lifetime. Gastric damage due to physical
destruction of gastric mucosa coupled with profound lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
Associated with gastric ulcers Gross lesions usually absent
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Helicobacter mustelae
-Chronic atrophic gastritis with resultant loss of acid production -Bacteria damage to mucosa via three mechanisms:
1. Direct cytotoxic effect to mucus neck cells
2. Inhibitory effect on parietal cell acid production
3. Non-autoimmune inflammatory disease (lymphoplasmacytic gastritis)
Lymphofollicular gastritis in ferret with H. mustelae (HE, 20X)
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Gastric Ulcers
-Common in ferrets and other mustelids under stressful conditions or with concurrent disease -May be associated with Helicobacter mustelae
Hemorrhage associated with non-lethal ulceration
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Clinical signs
-Often nonspecific -Inappetence -Lethargy
Bruxism Tarry Stools -May be found dead
Tarry stool (contrast with fresh blood)
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Gastric Ulcers
Pinpoint ulcers in pyloric stomach
Perforating pyloric ulcer
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
(Photo courtesy of John King)
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Proliferative colitis
Grossly thickened colon in ferret with Ileobacter infection
-Sporadic disease of young male ferrets -Ileobacter (Desulfovibrio) sp. -Affects colon only in ferrets -Frequent painful defecation with frank blood and mucus.
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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Diagnosis
-Clinical signs and history -Thickened, cobblestoned, painful colon on abdominal palpation -Colonic biopsy
�Cobblestone appearance to colon in ferret with PC�
(Photo courtesy of Lois Roth)
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Proliferative colitis
Ileobacter bacteria within apical colonic epithelium
Silver stains reveal numerous apical intracellular bacteria.
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Splenomegaly
-Commonly seen, especially in older ferrets -Stereotypical response to chronic smoldering inflammation -Less than 5% are neoplastic
Marked splenomegaly in a ferret
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Splenomegaly
-95% are benign extramedullary hematopoiesis -Splenectomy is treatment of choice in lethargic ferrets
Splenic extramedullary hematopoeisis in enlarged ferret spleen
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Common Incidental Findings
Fatty livers
-Common physiologic finding -Due to inanition and mobilization of peripheral fat stores
Fatty Liver in a Ferret (Photo courtesy of Richard Montali)
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Common Incidental Findings
Renal Cysts - Over 25% of ferrets have benign renal cysts
Fatty liver in a ferret
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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More tumors…
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Malignant lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)
Most common malignancy in ferrets
-1-2 years - Juvenile (Lymphoblastic) - visceral distribution -2-7 years - Lymphocytic - lymph node distribution 2-7 years - Immunoblastic-
polymorphous
Lymphocytic lymphoma in an adult ferret
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Diagnosis
-Clinical signs -Organ-specific changes in clinical pathology data -Biopsy of enlarged lymph node or organ -Can not diagnose on CBC
alone!!!
Lymphoblastic lymphoma in a young ferret
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Malignant lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)
Prognosis -Poor prognosis except in primary cutaneous cases -Chemotherapy regimes available, but less than 10% respond.
Renal lymphosarcoma in an adult ferret
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Malignant lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)
Cutaneous variant -Few reports -Longest survival times -May have good prognosis if completely excised early -May represent cutaneous metastasis
(Photos courtesy of Randy Belair, above and Betty Janner, below)
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Neoplasms
Sebaceous epithelioma
-Most common skin tumor -Warty appearance -May be multiple -Surgical excision is curative.
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Other Neoplastic Goodies
Tail tip chordoma in a ferret
Chordoma -Axial skeleton -Usually tip of tail -Very invasive low grade malignancy -Poor prognosis if other than tail tip.
(Photo courtesy of Jeff English)
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Neoplasms
Mast cell tumor -Invariably benign -May be multiple -Affected animals often develop more over time-No systemic complications
(Photo courtesy of Steve Sanders)
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Mast cell tumor
Surgical excision curative, good prognosis!(?)!!!
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Other Neoplastic Goodies
Mandibular SCC in a ferret
Squamous cell carcinoma
-Mandible a common site, but may see anywhere in skin Poor prognosis in oral cavity
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Other Neoplastic Goodies
Hepatic SCC in a ferret
Hemangiosarcoma -Neoplasm of vascular origin Low grade malignancy in skin Much worse prognosis if seen in viscera.
(Photo courtesy of Mike Garner, Northwest Zoo Path)
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Other Neoplastic Goodies
Osteoma in a ferret
Bone tumors
-Osteomas much more common generally flat bones
-Osteosarcomas flat and long bones
(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)
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Parasites- Earmites Earmites are the most
common ectoparasite in ferrets and are caused by Otodectes cyanotis . The same organism is found in dogs and cats, and the disease can be passed between species
Ivermectin 0.5 mg/kg Topical half dose in each ear, repeat 2 weeks
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Fleas
Fleas are occasionally seen in ferrets, especially in households with multiple pets, and can be transmitted between ferrets and other household pets. Diagnosis is by visualization, and treatment is the same as for cats
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Heartworms Dirofilaria immitis Preventive in heartworm endemic areas use
Ivermectin Liquid formulation of 100mcg/suspension of
Ivomec in propyline glycol (in amber bottle) given at dose of 0.1 ml. per pound BW
Alternative 0.5-1 tablet of ivermectin for small dogs.
Ferrets over 6 months of age should be tested
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Fungal Diseases:
Ferrets are susceptible to Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Transmission is by direct contact or fomites and is often associated with overcrowding and exposure to cats.
Infection is more common in kits and young ferrets and is often seasonal and self-limiting.
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VIDEO (behavior, medical considerations)
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Preventive medicineVaccinations
There are currently two vaccinations for ferrets – canine distemper and rabies.
Technically, the rabies vaccine is required by law, but the distemper vaccine is not. It is vital that ferrets be vaccinated with a ferret vaccine for canine distemper, not the one they give to dogs – it could kill them.
Canine distemper vaccines for ferrets should be of chick embryo or recombinant origin
PureVax Ferret Distemper
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Vaccine Reactions
Unfortunately, ferrets have a high incidence of vaccine reactions.
Ferrets should be vaccinated at ~6 weeks old with booster every 2-3 weeks until 14-16 weeks (distemper).
Vaccine reactions occur frequently in ferrets and it is recommended that vaccinated animals be monitored for 20-30 min following vaccination
Profuse vomiting, diarrhea, and a skyrocketing temperature are the most common symptoms of vaccine reactions and they can be fatal!
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Questions???