fertilizing hazelnuts

7/23/2019 Fertilizing Hazelnuts

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Hybrid Hazelnut

Fertilization

Lois Braun,

University

of

Minnesota



Hazelnuts, like most perennialplants, are exceedingly efficient intheir use of plant nutrients because

they recycle nutrients internally.



Hazelnuts, like most perennial plants,are exceedingly efficient in theiruse of plant nutrients because they

recycle nutrients internally.Thus their fertilizer re uirements are

relatively low.





relatively low.

important role to play in sustainable

.





relatively low.

important role to play in sustainable

.However, they can’t recycle nutrients

’ .



Hazelnuts, like most perennial plants,

use of plant nutrients because they.

Thus their fertilizer requirements are.

This is one reason why they have anagricultural systems.

’,that they don’t have--fertilizers are.



Hazelnut

Fertilization• Once established, hazelnuts may thrive and be

.



Hazelnut


.

• The best hazelnuts grow on fertile soil.



Hazelnut


.

• The best hazelnuts grow on fertile soil.

• Unlike with annual crops, for which soil may

be tilled

annually,

once

hazelnuts

are

established it will be very difficult to

incorporate fertilizers and other soil

amendments.



Hazelnut


roductive for u to 50 ears or lon er.

• The best

hazelnuts

grow

on

fertile

soil.

• Unlike with annual crops, for which soil may be

ti e annua y, once aze nuts are esta is e it will be very difficult to incorporate fertilizers and

other soil

amendments.

• Thus it is essential that potential soil deficiencies, especially of nutrients that are immobile in the

so , suc

as

p osp orus

an

po ass um,

e identified and corrected before hazelnuts are

lanted.



Hazelnut

Fertilization• Whereas phosphorus and potassium are

,

mobile, and

can

be

lost

from

the

soil

very

.

• Nitrogen fertilizer

should

only

be

applied

– in quantities that the plant can take up,

– When the plant is able to take it up

– In locations

where

the

plant

can

get

to

it.

• Otherwise nitrogen becomes a pollutant.



Two

Phases

for

Hazelnut

Fertilization1. Establishment phase:

•

P and

K,

and

for

lime

are

based

on

soil

test

results.

• Recommendations for N are based on size of plant an increase as t e p ant grows.

. ro uc on p ase:

Recommendations are based on:

• Leaf analysis

•



Note that

no

fertilization

recommendations

have yet been developed for hazelnuts in the

Upper

Midwest.

Therefore,

you

will

have

to

substitute a similar crop on the submission

sheet.

• Apples and

grapes

are

decent

approximations.

• Blueberries may also be used except for pH

recommendations.



Phosphorus for New Hazelnut PlantingsP deficiency has not been observed in hazelnuts in Oregon.

Thus these recommendations are based on recommendations

*

Bray‐P

(ppm)

Olsen‐P

(ppm)

P to

apply

(lbs/acre)

0 – 10 0 ‐ 7 VL 100 ‐ 150

11 – 20 8 ‐ 15 L 75 ‐ 125

21 – 30 16

‐ 25 ML 50

‐ 100

31 – 40 26 ‐ 33 M 25 ‐ 75

41 – 50 34 – 41 H 0 ‐ 50

‐

• Incorporate P before planting.

• To economize, P ma be a lied in bands to ust the lantin row, but kee in

•mind that hazelnuts roots may eventually span the entire row of 10 to 15 feet.

* Rosen

and

Eliason,

Nutrient

Management

for

Commercial

Fruit

and

Vegetable

Crops

in

Minnesota.



Potassium for New Hazelnut PlantingsThese recommendations are slightly modified from those for

hazelnuts in Oregon. *

Soil test K K to apply

from those

for

other

woody

crops.

(ppm) (lbs acre)

0 – 75 L 300 ‐ 400

75 ‐

150 M 200 ‐

300

150 + H 0 ‐ 100

• ,

which can

burn

roots

if

too

concentrated.

K2SO4 (potassium

sulfate)

is

preferred.

• To economize, K may be applied in bands to just the planting row,

but kee in mind that hazelnuts roots ma eventuall s an the entire row of 10

to 15 feet.

*Olsen, 2000.

Hazelnut

Nutrient

Management

Guide,

Oregon

State

University

Extension

Service.



Limin• The best pH for hazelnuts is about 6.5 but they

can tolerate soil H from 5.0 to 7.0.

• Apply lime

if

pH

is

below

5.6,

using

rates

recommended based on your soil’s buffering

capacity.

• Use dolomitic lime

to

supply

magnesium

if

soils

test ower t an ppm magnes um.

• Incorporate lime into the soil as deeply as

.• Apply lime at least several weeks before planting;

.



• Some N fertilizers can burn, or even kill new

transp ants, so t s est not to app y any at a

at planting.

Survival in response

new transplants.

Ouch!

Survival was

negatively

correlated

with

N

rate

at

all

sites

at

p < 0.002,

R

2

> 0.91.





at planting.

• N requirements in first year are so low that

they can

easily

be

supplied

from

the

soil

for

the first year after planting, unless soil organic

matter is less than 3%.

2 year old seedling



3 year old plants, Becker, July 2005



22 g N

lant‐1

Controls

3 year old plants, Becker, July 2005



End of Third Year

3 g 11 g 22 g 33 g





at planting.

• N requirements in first year are so low that

they can

easily

be

supplied

from

the

soil

for

the first year after planting, unless soil organic

matter is less than 3%.

• Starting in

their

second

or

third

year,

apply

N

in ro ortion to size of bush.



Nitrogen for New Hazelnut Plantings

Tentative recommendations—these might be too high!

oz per

cubic

yard

of bush volumeg per

cubic

meter

of bush volume

2 0 – 1/8 oz 0 – 5 g

3 0 – ¼

oz 0

– 9

g

• For large plantings measure several bushes and average them;

multi l the amount needed er bush b number of lants er

acre to

get

N

application

rate

per

acre.

• If soil organic matter exceeds 4.5%, no N is needed.



‐

• The nutrient requirements of hazelnuts, espec a y young aze nu s, are ow re a ve o

annual crops.

fertilizer for their first year, except on extremely

low or anic

matter

soils.

• It is very important to do a soil test before

planting and to amend the soil for immobile

nutrients , especially

phosphorus

and

potassium,

that may be lacking.



Fertilizing

Established

Hazelnuts



Two Phases for Hazelnut Fertilization

1. Establishment phase:

• Recommendations for immobile nutrients such as

P and K are based on soil test results.

• Recommendations for N are based on soil organic

.

2.

Production phase:

Recommendations are based on:

• Plant size (large plants need and can take up more)

,• Leaf analysis,

• Yield: ex ort of nutrients in harvest



Why not just apply more fertilizer

than the

crops

are

likely

to

need

and

• Wastes your

money

reduces

your

profitability

• utr ents not qu c y ta en up y t e crop may

become environmental pollutants:

– trogen

– Phosphorus

• ome nu r en s,

n excess,

can

e

arm u

o your

crop:

– trogen, app e as e t er ammon um or n trate

– Potassium if

applied

as

Muriate of

Potash

(KCl).



Wh

do

we

focus

on

Nitro en?• N is the nutrient most likely to be limiting.

• s mo e: s eve s n e so uc ua e as a

result of

the

balance

between

losses

and

gains.

N is lost through:

• Leaching

•

N is gained through:

• Fertilization

•

• Denitrification

• Immobilization

N changes between forms in the soil:

organic matter, urea, ammonium,

• This is why routine soil tests do not test for N.• an

p a e nitrate, etc.

and why we need leaf analysis.



Leaf Analysis

• Chlorosis (pale leaf color) may be an indicator of N deficienc , but not necessaril .

• Vigorous growth

may

dilute

the

concentration

of

leaf nutrients.

• Factors that limit growth may result in very high

leaf concentrations

of

nutrients

that

are

not

m te .

• Thus leaf analysis data should be combined with

,

productivity and soil analysis, in making fertilizer



End of Third Year

3 g 11 g 22 g 33 g



Hazelnut Leaf Sufficiency RangesDeficient Low Normal Excessive

Nitrogen (%) 1 < 1.9 1.91 – 2.10 2.11 – 2.50 > 2.50

2 < – – >

Potassium

(%) <

0.50 0.51

– 0.80 0.81

– 2.00 >

3.00Sulfur (%) < 0.08 0.90 – 0.12 0.13 – 0.20 > 0.50

Calcium (%) < 0.60 0.61 – 1.00 1.01 – 2.50 > 3.00

Magnesium (%) < 0.18 0.19 – 0.24 0.25 – 0.50 > 1.00

– – ,

Iron (ppm) < 40 41 – 50 51 – 400 > 500

Copper (ppm) < 2 3 – 4 5 – 15 > 100

Boron (ppm) < 25 26

– 30 31

– 75 > 100

Zinc (ppm) < 10 11 ‐ 15 16 ‐ 60 > 100

. o u y o u , .

2. Ranges for all other nutrients based on Olsen, 2000. Hazelnut Nutrient Management

Guide, Oregon

State

University

Extension

Service.



.

• Collect the

third fully

expanded

leaf

from

the

apex o a stem n u sun.



How to take leaf samples

Collect the third fully expanded leaf from the

1st fully Not fully

leaf expan e

2n fully

expanded

leaf Collect the 3rd



• st .

• Collect the

third fully

expanded

leaf

from

the

.

• Collect at least 20 leaves from 20 stems, all in

,

.

• Avoid leaves which are damaged.

i d i d



Nitrogen Recommendations Based

on

ea

na ys s an

an

ze

% Leaf N N to Apply

z per cu c oo o

bush

volume

g per cu c me er o

bush

volume< 1.9 % Deficient 0.02 – 0.03 16 ‐ 47

1.9 – 2.1 Borderline 0.01 – 0.02 8 ‐ 16

2.1 – 2.5 Optimal 0 – 0.01 0 ‐ 8

> 2.5 Excessive none none

• Measure bush diameter (D) and calculate bush volume as D x D x D.

• For a large planting, measure several bushes and calculate their

average size.

• Choose the lower end of the range if the soil is high in organic

, .

Warning!

These recommendations

might

be

too

high!

% L f N



% Leaf N

i c i e n t

2.6

2.8

s u f

2.1%

1.9% borderline2.02.2

.

d e

f i c i e n t

1.4

1.6

1.8

L e a f N

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.2

0.40.6

0.0Arb Cerl

clones

Eric Gibs Lamb

GPT

Mick Price Shep

clones

SpC

GPT

SpC

stock

Steck

clones

Stap

f



% Leaf N (samples from unfertilized bushes)

Lousy yields

i c i e n t

2.6

2.8 Outstanding

yields

s u f

2.1%

1.9% borderline2.02.2

.

d e

f i c i e n t

1.4

1.6

1.8

L e a f N

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.2

0.40.6

0.0Arb Cerl

clones

Eric Gibs Lamb

GPT

Mick Price Shep

clones

SpC

GPT

SpC

stock

Steck

clones

Stap



Jim Mickelson’s Nitro en Trial

~ 45 N a lied er lant



Questions:

1. Will this also result in a yield benefit?

. as g per p an e r g amoun

3. How long is this N good for?





on

ea

na ys s an

an

ze

% Leaf N N to Apply

Oz per cubic foot of

bush volume

g per cubic meter of

bush volume

< 1.9 % Deficient 0.02 – 0.03 16 ‐ 32

1.9 – 2.1 Borderline 0.01 – 0.02 8 ‐ 16

2.1 – 2.5 Optimal 0 – 0.01 0 ‐ 8

.

• Measure bush diameter (D) and calculate bush volume as D x D x D.

, u v u u

average size.

• Choose the lower end of the range if the soil is high in organic

matter, and the higher end of the range if it is low.

Warning!

These recommendations

might

be

too

high!



Nitrogen Recommendations

Example Calculations

% Leaf

N

Apply up to ____ Lbs of N per acre

Plants/acre 290 580 290 580 290 580

of plants in feet

(volume*)

(1.89

cu yds)

(1.89

cu yds)

(9.9

cu yds)

(9.9

cu yds)

(29

cu yds)

(29

cu yds)

< 1.9 % Deficient

1.9 – 2.1 Borderline 15 29 78 156 228 455

2.1 – 2.5 Optimal 7 15 39 78 114 228

> . xcess ve none none none none none none

* Volume calculations assume plants are as wide as tall.

’ o w v y , u

(even 341 lbs/acre) is way too much N to apply at one time! If such high rates are needed,

apply 150

lbs/acre

N,

then

leaf

sample

again

to

see

if

more

is

still

needed.



Staples Leaf N

(2010)2.5

2.4

N

2.2

2.3

%

L e a f

2.1

2.1 %

Sufficiency

Threshold

2.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Applied N (g per cubic meter of canopy volume)



Staples GrowthIncrease

in

Canopy

Volume

Spring

2010

to

Fall

2011

significant at p = 0.09

12

e

8

a s

e i n v o l u

4

6

e t e r s i n c r e

16 N

0

2 c u b i c

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

applied N (g N per cubic meter of canopy volume)



t er

actors(esp. other limiting nutrients,

and weeds)

Increased Leaf

N

darker reen color Other factorswithin

1st year

(weeds, herbivory,

Soil moisture, etc)

Enhanced GrowthOther factors

2n or 3r

year

Increased Yield

later



% of Weight Harvested

N Removed with HarvestHusks

39%

Kernels

22%Based on 36%

Husks

26%

Shells

39%

‐

out rate

N

Concentration

Shells

9%

Kernels

65%

Kernels 3.2 %

Husks 0.7 %

e s .

N R d ith H t



N Removed with Harvest

Projected Yield

(lbs/plant)

Estimated N Removed per Plant

(oz/plant)

Low Medium High Lo Medium High

Kernels 1.0 2.5 4.0 0.52 1.29 2.06

Husks 1.8 4.4 7.1 0.21 0.51 0.82

Shells 1.8 4.4 7.1 0.17 0.18 0.29

Total 4.5 11.4 18.2 0.79 1.98 3.18

Assuming 10 by 15 ft spacing (290 plants/acre)

Rule of thumb:

Multiply the

kernel yield

(in

whatever

units

you

like)

by

5%

to get a rough estimate of N removed (in the same units).

Note

that

if

you

return

either

husks

or

shells

to

the

planting,

less

N

will

be

removed

with

harvest.

When to Appl Fertili er



When to Apply Fertilizer

to Hazelnuts

•

– Late July

or

early

August

best

–

• Do not apply when plants are leafless or when

e r

eaves are

senesc ng.

• Do not apply when plants are water stressed,

either due

to

drought

or

due

to

waterlogging.

How to Apply Fertilizer



How to Apply Fertilizer

to Hazelnuts

• “ ‐ ”

• Control weeds

within

zone

of

fertilization.

, especially for N, to get it in the plant root zone

and to revent losses.

• Slow release fertilizers such as coated ureas, tree stakes or com osted manure release

nutrients at

a rate

at

which

the

crop

can

take

them up.

Calculation of



Example B: Established Apple OrchardFertilizer to

Apply (lbs/acre)

Amount required

(lbs/acre)30

lbs 75

lbs 150

lbs

Ratio required 2 5 10

source (dairy manure) 2 % 3 % 3 %

Needed to

supply

75

lbs

2,500

lbs

manure

Apply

2,500

lbs

of P @ 3% P = 75 lbs P dairy manure

2,500 lbs manure will also

supply

50 lbs N 75 lbs K

–

= < 0

– –

Analysis of K source

(K2SO4)

0 0 50 %

(potassium sulfate)

Potassium sulfate needed 0 0 150 lbs @ 50% =

75 lbs

K

Apply 150 lbs

K2SO4

Take Home Points



Take‐Home Points• Applying

nutrients

in

excess

of

crop

needs

wastes

money, may damage the crop and is

.

• Fertilizer recommendations

for

established

analysis, soil analysis and observations about

plant health

and

vigor.

• Researchers may develop recommendations

based on yield.

• Apply fertilizer

at

the

right

rate,

right

time

and

with the right method to minimize waste and

po u on.

Hazelnuts like most perennial



Hazelnuts, like most perennial

,their use of plant nutrients because

.

This

is

part

of

their

beauty!

fertilizing hazelnuts

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