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Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1

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Page 1: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1

Page 2: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare

• •Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s

• •Fighting disrupts trade and government; people abandon cities

• •Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages—period from 500 to 1500

Page 3: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Decline of Learning

• •As cities are abandoned, level of learning declines

• •Knowledge of Greek language and culture is almost completely lost

Page 4: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Collapse of strong central government

• The Feudal systems starts in order to replace a strong central government

Page 5: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Feudalism Structures Society• • 850 to 950, feudalism

emerges—political system based on land control

• • A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in

exchange for services • • Vassals—people who

receive fiefs—become powerful landholders

• Lord would grant the vassal land in exchange for military service.

Page 6: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Feudal Pyramid• •Power in feudal

system much like a pyramid, with king at the top

• •Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom

• •Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

Page 7: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Social Classes Are Well Defined• • Medieval feudal system

classifies people into three social groups

• - those who fight: nobles and knights

• - those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church

• - those who work: peasants• • Social class is usually

inherited; majority of people are peasants

• • Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place of birth.

• Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord

Page 8: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Lord’s Estate• •The lord’s estate, a

manor, has an economic system (manor system)

• Feudalism was a social order and the manor system was the economic arrangement that supported it.

• •Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain

• •The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits

Page 9: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

A Self-Contained World

• •Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village

• •Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient

Page 10: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Harshness of Manor Life

• • Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest

• • Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income

• • Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds

• • Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family

• • Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years

• • Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan

Page 11: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

What held feudalism together?

• A set of mutual obligations

• Teaching of the church• God gave them their

position in life so they should not want any different

Page 12: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

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Knights: Warriors on Horseback

The Age of Chivalry

The Technology of Warfare Changes• Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons • In 700s, mounted knights become most important

part of an army

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The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society• By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of

warring nobles• Feudal lords raise private armies of knights• Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons• Knights’ other activities help train them for combat

Page 13: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry• By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act• They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady

A Knight’s Training• Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7; usually

knighted at 21 • Knights gain experience in local wars and

tournaments—mock battlesBrutal Reality of Warfare• Castles are huge fortresses where lords live• Attacking armies use wide range of strategies and

weapons

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The Literature of Chivalry

Epic Poetry• Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and

adventures• The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s

knights fighting MuslimsLove Poems and Songs• Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords• Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses• Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of

Aquitaine (1122–1204)• Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted, also wrote songs and poems

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Women’s Role in Feudal Society

Status of Women• According to the Church and feudal society,

women are inferior to men

Noblewomen• Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war

on lord’s request • Usually confined to activities of the home or conventPeasant Women• Most labor in home and field, bear children, provide for family• Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

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Page 16: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Changes in the Christian church Chapter 13 section 4

Page 17: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Structure of the Church• •Power within Church

is organized by status; pope is supreme authority

• •Clergy—religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and others

• •Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes

Page 18: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Law of the Church

• Popes have power over political leaders through threat of

• - excommunication—banishment from Church, denial of salvation

• - interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services

• • Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands

• Why would interdiction be a good threat?

Page 19: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

• •Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings appointing Church officials

• •Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry

Page 20: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Showdown at Canossa• • Henry goes to Canossa, Italy,

to beg Gregory for forgiveness • He was afraid for his soul• His bishops sided with the pope• And the conflict was causing

turmoil in his kingdom• • Gregory forgives Henry, but

lay investiture problem is not solved

Page 21: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Concordat of Worms

• •Concordat of Worms is 1122 compromise in Worms, Germany

• •Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment

Page 22: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

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The Age of Faith

Church Reform

Spiritual Revival• Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a

spiritual revival• Reformers help restore and expand Church power

Problems in the Church• Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects• Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices• Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops• Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

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Page 23: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

John Wycliffe’s complaints*John thought that services should be conduced in English not Latin.*He also believed the church was too wealthy*The church should be poor.

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A Church Divided

The Hundred Years’ Warand the Plague

Pope and King Collide• In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over

France’s Philip IV• Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after

Avignon and the Great Schism• In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to

Avignon—city in France• In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome, one in

Avignon• Each declares the other false, causing split called

Great Schism• In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism,

by having all three popes resign and chooses Martin V as pope.

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Scholars Challenge Church Authority• Englishman John Wycliffe argues Jesus is head of the Church, not pope• Wycliffe preaches against wealth and worldliness of clergy• Wycliffe inspires English translation of New Testament• Jan Hus—Bohemian professor—teaches that Bible is final authority • Hus is excommunicated, tried as a heretic, burned at stake in 1415

continued A Church Divided

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The Bubonic Plague Strikes

Origins and Impact of the Plague• In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague—

extremely deadly disease• Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other

countries over trade routes• About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic

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Effects of the Plague• Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise• Some serfs leave manors for paying work• Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers

weakened stature

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The Hundred Years’ War

England and France• Hundred Years’ War— lasts from 1337–1453, between England and France• English king Edward III claims French throne• War marks the end of medieval society; change

in style of warfare

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The Longbow Changes Warfare• In 1346, English army with longbows beats much

larger French army• The English win other victories with longbows in

1356 and 1415• Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights

Continued . . .

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Joan of Arc• Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints• She leads French army to victory at Orléans; Charles VII crowned king• In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians,

capture Joan in battle• The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic • On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake

continued The Hundred Years’ War

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The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War• Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453• France and England experience major changes

- rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader

- power and prestige of French monarch increases

- religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles• England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses

continued The Hundred Years’ War

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Page 30: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Magna Carta•In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign

Magna Carta

Magna Carta—limits king’s power and guarantees basic political rights•English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles

Page 31: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

English Common law

• The rulings of England's royal courts of justice formed a unified body of law called English Common Law.

Page 32: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Parliament

• Put together by Edward the 1st to have citizens have a say in raises in taxes

• Parliament end taxation without representation.

Page 33: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The end of the middle ages

Page 34: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Muslim Connection

• •Christian scholars read translations of Greek works made by Muslims

• •Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of navigation, ships, weapons

Page 35: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

The Three-Field System

• •Around 800 three-field system used—plant two

• fields, let one rest• •This produces more food and leads to

population • increase

Page 36: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Fairs and Trade

• •Europe sees Commercial Revolution—changes in business and trade

• •Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns

• •Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports

Page 37: Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts

Development of Guilds• • Guilds develop—organization of people in the

same occupation• • Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up,

provide security• • Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft

guilds• • Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages,

working conditions• • Guilds supervise training of new members of their

craft• • The wealth of guilds influences government and

economy