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,h’jkf lfvjerblt,kj,bcfsdbc

1918-1921

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andro kaWaravaaleqsandre dauSvili

saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublika _

brZola damoukideblobisTvis.

(advilad sakiTxavi wigni)

Tbilisi-atlanta20�2

2

naSromSi mdidari istoriografiuli memkvidreobis gaazrebis safuZvelze da uaxlesi saarqivo masalebis gaTvaliswinebiT popularuli formiT gadmocemulia saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis, misi politikuri ganviTarebis, saSinao da sagareo politikis, damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis qarTveli xalxis brZolis saintereso da dramatuli istoria.

wigni gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriiT dain-teresebuli mkiTxvelebisaTvis.

udc (uak) 94(479.22) “1921“ + 325.8(479.22) k-367

ISBN 978-9941-0-4689-6

diziani da beWdva Sps “si-ji-es”

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winaTqma

am wignis daweris idea amerikaSi moRvawe eqims, andro kaWaravas ekuTvnis. naSromi damoukidebeli, Tavisufali saqarTvelos istorias eZRvneba. ruseTis imperiis dangre-vis Semdeg gaCnda imedi saukuneze meti xnis win dakarguli saxelmwifos aRdgenis. samwuxarod, es periodi Cveni warsu-lisa metad xanmokle aRmoCnda da saqarTvelo kvlav, axla ukve bolSevikuri, ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca...

naSromSi, cnobili istorikosis aleqsandre dauSvi-lis TanaavtorobiT, kargadaa asaxuli es metad rTuli periodi saqarTvelos istoriisa. qarTvelma social-demokratebma, romlebic qveynis saTaveSi moeqcnen, ver SeZles damoukideblobis SenarCuneba, raSic arc Tu mci-re damsaxureba qarTvel bolSevikebs ekuTvniT. verc gamarjvebulebma, `antantis” qveynebma, gamoiCines saTana-do sifxizle da kavkasia kvlav ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda.

naSromSi kargadaa gadmocemuli qveynis SigniT mimdi-nare procesebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Tavi-sufali saqarTvelos sagareo politikas _ damokidebu-lebas TurqeTTan, germaniasTan, ruseTTan da `antantis” qveyenebTan. karagadaa naCvenebi, Tu ra rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda samxreT kavkasia, kerZod ki saqarTvelo ru-seTis revoluciis Semdeg periodSi. mdgomareoba kidev ufro daiZaba germaniis pirveli msoflio omSi damar-cxebis gamo.

CrdiloeTidan momdgar ruseTs Tavisi ambiciebi gaaCnda da yovelnairad cdilobda SeenarCunebina gavle-na samxreT kavkasiaze. samxreTidan aqtiurobs TurqeTi, romelic ar kmayofildeba adre mitacebuli qarTuli miwebiT da garkveul pretenziebs acxadebs aWaraze da mesxeTze. sadavo sakiTxebi wamoiWra sazRvrebTan dakav-SirebiT agreTve uSualo mezoblebTan: azerbaijanTan da somxeTTan, ramac zogjer sakmaod mwvave xasiaTi miiRo...

winamdebare wigni advilad ikiTxeba, kargi qarTuli-Taa naweri da mkiTxvels srul warmodgens uqmnis Cveni istoriis am metad rTuli da mZime, magram uaRresad saintereso periodze.

akad. oTar jafariZe

�

`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aR-dgenis Semdeg saqarTvelos respubli-kis yoveli moqalaqe movalea Tavisi qveynis warsuli icodes... awindelma qa-rTvelma politikosma am Cvens warsul-Siac SeiZleba Tanamedrove mdgomareo-bisaTvisac bevri rame sagulisxmo da damafiqrebeli amoikiTxos”.

ivane javaxiSvili, �9�9

wanamZRvrebi

qarTvelebis ltolva Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis XIX-XX ss.

�80� wels ruseTis imperatorebma, jer pavle I-ma, mo-tyuebiT, xolo Semdeg misma vaJma, aleqsandre I-ma ukve Zalis gamoyenebiT, gaauqmes qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da is ruseTis imperiis guberniad gadaaqcies. qarTveli xalxi Tavidanve aRdga sakuTari Tavisuflebis dasacavad. an-tirusul ganwyobilebas aZlierebda qveyanaSi rusi mox-eleebisa da samxedro mosamsaxureebis qmedeba, romlebic saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mimarT Zalmomreobis saSinel formebsa da meTodebs iyenebdnen. rusebis aRviraxsnil-ma saqcielma �80� wels mTiuleTSi ajanyeba gamoiwvia. niSandoblivia, rom am etapze saqarTvelos samxedro gzis monakveTze mcxovrebi osebi aqtiurad exmarebodnen qarTvel batoniSvilebs rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da qarTvelebis mimarT did erTgulebasac avlendnen.

aseve niSandoblivia, rom ukve am periodidan saqarT-veloSi gaCnda Tavadaznaurobis erTi jgufi, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebas kavka-siaSi, isini erTgulad monawileobdnen ara marto ruse-Tis samxedro operaciebSi iranisa da TurqeTis winaaRm-deg, aramed wvavdnen da anadgurebdnen qarTul soflebs,

�

Tuki amas ruseTis imperatoris interesebi moiTxovda. istorias SemorCa erT-erTi aseTi `qarTvelis” pataki: `imis gamo, rom Sildam orjer miiRo batoniSvili da or-jerve mosaxleoba Cvens winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, me soflis safuZvlianad amogdeba gadavwyvite. gavanadgureb ara marto saxlebs, aramed baR-venaxebs. meore dRea sofels cecxli ukidia da TandaTanobiT nacar-tutad iqceva...” es saqarTvelos tragedia iyo...

magram brZola ruseTis saxelmwifo manqanasTan mainc grZeldeboda, rac, garkveulwilad, aryevda ruseTis ba-tonobas kavkasiaSi.

aseT viTarebaSi ruseTis imperatorma, nikoloz I-ma Secvala taqtika, man saqarTveloSi gamogzavna Wkvi-ani da moqnili politikosi – grafi mixeil voronco-vi, romelmac moaxerxa ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemis modernizeba, qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis mniSvnelovani nawilis gulis mogeba da ruseTis samsaxurSi maTi gad-abireba: qarTveli Tavadaznaurebi iniSnebodnen mazrebis ufrosebad, guberniis xelmZRvanelebis moadgileebad. qarTveli generlebi, da saerTod samxedro mosamsaxuree-bi, iRebdnen maRal xelfasebs, privilegiebs. am cdunebas ver gauZlo TviT didma poetma, Tavadma grigol orbe-lianma, romelic erTxans kavkasiis mefisnacvlis moadg-ilec ki iyo.

mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTma, Turqe-Tisa da iranis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sedegad, TandaTan SemoierTa mesxeT-javaxeTi, tao-klarjeTi, afxazeTi aWara, kola-artaani. ruseTis imperatorma miitaca `saqa-rTvelos mefis” titulic da mas amayad atarebda. ax-ladSemoerTebul qarTul miwebze ruseTis xelisufleba seriozulad aferxebda qarTveli mamuliSvilebis moR-vaweobas eris konsolidaciisa da istoriuli mexsierebis aRsadgenad. ruseTis sinodis erTi maRalCinosnis said-umlo werilSi xazgasmiT aris miTiTebuli: `rac Seexeba qarTvelTa mondomebas, rom am mxareSi qarTuli marTl-madidebloba gabatondes, es CvenTvis ar aris misaRebi da maT amaSi xeli unda SevuSaloT, radgan qarTvelebi nacionalistebi arian da isini daiwyeben am axladSemo-erTebul mxareSi nacionalisturi ideebis qadagebas da es ki CvenTvis saxifaToa.”

ase da amgvarad, saqarTveloSi TandaTan mtkicde-boda ruseTis xelisufleba, rasac mohyva Zalmomreo-

8

bis gaZlierebac: jer qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqmes, Semdeg qarTuli enis swavleba akrZales. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom Tbilisis sasuliero seminari-is xelmZRvanelobam miiRo kanoni qarTuli enis gamoye-nebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs aukrZales qarTul enaze metyveleba. qarTvel Tavadazn-aurTa garkveuli nawili ojaxSic ki erideboda qarTu-lad saubars.

rusuli marTlmadidebeluri eklesia Cinebulad axor-cielebda ruseTis imperiis gegmebs: cdilobda saqarT-velos eklesiis mrevlis garusebas, krZalavda eklesia-monastrebSi qarTulad wirva-locvas, Secvales qarTuli eklesiis wes-gangeba. Zalmomreoba sasuliero saswavle-blebSi imdenad damrTgunavi iyo, rom Tbilisis sasu-liero seminariis msmenelma, ioseb laRiaSvilma, mokla seminariis reqtori Cudecki. am faqtma ruseTis sinodisa da egzarqosis risxva gamoiwvia. saqarTvelos egzarqosma, seminariis reqtoris dasaflavebaze, SeaCvena qarTveli eri, romelmac `warmoSva iseTi avazaki, rogoric iyo ioseb laRiaSvili”.

aman qarTveli sazogadoeba ukiduresad aaRelva. imereTis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolma da didma patri-otma, Tavadma dimitri yifianma, aseTi werili gaugzavna egzarqoss: `Tqveno aRmatebulebav, miiReT mwyemsmTavru-li mowyaleba da SemindeT Cemi didi Secodeba, Tu me, gatacebuli daujerebeli xmebiT, vcodav Tqvens winaSe. magram amboben, rom Tqven daswyevleT qveyana, romelSic Tqven mowodebuli xarT samwymsod da romelic amis gamo moeloda martooden siyvarulsa da saTnoebas. Tu yove-live es marTalia, Tqveni Rirsebis gadarCena mxolod imiT SeiZleba, rom SemCvenebeli ganidevnos SeCvenebu-li qveynidan”.

da am werilis gamo dimitri yifiani saqarTvelodan gaasaxles stavropolSi, sadac miCenilma agentma igi si-cocxles gamoasalma. aseT dramatul viTarebaSi gangebam saqarTvelos gamougzavna didi sazogado moRvawe ilia WavWavaZe.

ilia WavWavaZis Rvawli saqarTvelos istoriaSi sru-liad gamorCeulia. roca �8�� wels, ruseTSi swavla-ga-naTlebis miRebis Semdeg, is saqarTveloSi dabrunda, misi mTavari amocana politikuri inertulobidan saqa-rTvelos mosaxleobis gamofxizleba, erovnuli Tavisu-

9

flebis ideis aRorZineba da im Rrma Segnebis danergva iyo, rom ver iqneba eri bednieri, Tu samSoblos da-moukideblobisaTvis, misi aRorZinebisaTvis ar ibrZo-lebs. ilia WavWavaZem sazogadoebas brZolis gzac uCvena – erTianoba, sulierebis aRorZineba, socialur jgufeb-sa da klasebs Soris arsebuli ̀ Catexili xidis” amovseba, erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideisadmi erTguleba.

am gzis gasavlelad man da misma megobrebma Se-qmnes `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba” (�8�9), uSualod ilia WavWavaZis iniciati-viT Seiqmna saadgilmamulo banki, romelic ekonomikur problemebTan erTad awesrigebda qarTul saqmes, xels uwyobda eris sulier aRorZinebas: afinansebda qarTul Teatrs, qarTul skolebs, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs.

ilias mier daarsebuli Jurnal-gazeTebi ̀ saqarTvelos moambe” da `iveria” qarTveli eris interesebs emsax-ureboda. iliam Tavis garSemo Semoikriba patriotebis Zlieri jgufi, ruseTsa da sazRvargareTis umaRles sas-wavleblebSi ganaTlebamiRebuli adamianebi, romlebic mzad iyvnen TavianTi codna qarTveli eris aRorZinebis saSviliSvilo saqmeSi CaeyenebinaT.

social-demokratia da saqarTvelo

XIX saukunis dasasruls evropidan saqarTveloSi gavr-

celda moZRvreba, romelmac wamoswia ara erovnuli, aramed socialuri problematika _ ara eris damoukidebloba da suvereniteti, aramed proletariatis internacionaluri SekavSireba, klasobrivi brZola burJuaziasa da Tavadazn-aurobasTan, sazogadoebis revoluciuri ganviTareba. es iyo marqsistuli, social-demokratiuli moZRvreba. misi mimdevrebi: filipe maxaraZe, noe Jordania, ioseb jugaS-vili, miSa daviTaSvili, aleqsandre wulukiZe, irakli wereTeli, mixa cxakaia da sxvebi. ruseTis social-demokra-tiul muSaTa partiis aqtiuri wevrebi gaxdnen da ewinaaR-mdegebodnen ruseTis imperiis daSlas. isini proletari-ats mouwodebdnen (nacionaluri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad), erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ebrZolaT saerTaSoriso pro-letaruli interesebisaTvis. maTTvis erovnuli saikiTxi daqvemdebarebuli problema iyo. maT daiwyes marqsistuli SinaarsiT gaJRenTili werilebis wera, saqarTvelos mra-

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valerovani proletariatis darazmva internacionalistu-ri ideologiis garSemo, erovnuli ideisa da erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg ukompromiso brZola. marqsistuli principebidan gamomdinare, maTTvis miuRebeli iyo `klaso-brivi zavi”, `saerTo niadagis Teoria” da, ra Tqma unda _ ilia WavWavaZis politikuri xazic.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis imperiaSi socialurma daZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia. revoluciam ver gadaw-yvita qveynis winaSe arsebuli socialuri problemebi, amas male msoflio politikuri daZabuloba daemata, romelTa gadasawyvetad marto diplomatia aRar kmar-oda. msoflio mieqaneboda katastrofisken – mzaddeboda pirveli msoflio omi.

kvlav damoukidebeli!

pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo

pirveli imperialisturi omis aucilebloba gamoiwvia revanSistulma ideologiam da msoflios xelaxali gadan-awilebis dauokebelma survilma. ekonomikurad mzardi germaniis imperia veRar urigdeboda imas, rom msoflio gadanawilebuli iyo inglisis, safrangeTisa da ruseTis saxelmwifoebs Soris. germaniis imperiam Tavis garSemo Semoikriba `gulnakluli” da koloniebze meocnebe qvey-nebi: avstria-ungreTi, italia da Seqmna `samTa kavSiri”, romelsac mogvianebiT TurqeTic SeuerTda.

germaniisagan daCagruli da teritoriaCamoWrili (elzas-lotaringia) safrangeTi Seecada am gaerTianebi-saTvis aqtiurad daepirispirebina `antanta” _ ruseTis, inglisisa da safrangeTis monawileobiT, mogvianebiT mas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeuerTda. ruseTi, romelic am qveynebs Soris ekonomikurad yvelaze susti da saf-rangeTis kapitalze damokidebuli qveyana iyo, moxibles dapirebebiT – gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi miiRebda konstantinopols (stambols) Tavisi sruteebiT, da did teritorias anatoliaSi.

qveynebi didi omisaTvis emzadebodnen. qarTvelebis udidesi nawili, Seguebuli beds, monawileobda ruseTis imperiis saomar mzadebaSi.

magram iyo qarTvelTa jgufi, romlebic Tvlidnen,

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rom swored am areul dros dadga xelsayreli momenti saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis dasawyebad. patriotTa am jgufma aqtiuri moRvaweoba gaaCaRa saz-RvargareT. isini cdilobdnen evropis sazogadoebrivi azris dainteresebas saqarTvelos problemebiT, sur-daT evropis demokratia saqarTvelos bedis Tanaziari gaexadaT, daeyenebinaT saqarTvelos sakiTxi sxvadasx-va saerTaSoriso konferenciaze. jer kidev �90� wels parizSi daarsda gazeTi `saqarTvelo” da misi frangu-lenovani damateba. am gamocemebis mizani iyo, evropi-saTvis gaecnoT qarTveli xalxis damoukideblobisaken swrafva. qarTvelebma monawileoba miiRes �9�0, �9�� da momdevno wlebSi `damonebuli erebis” saerTaSoriso kongresebis muSaobaSi. parizSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma daaarses `saqarTvelos uflebaTa damcveli liga”. �9�0 wels parizSi petre surgulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Camo-yalibda saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis jgufi.

qarTvelebis meore nawili varaudobda germaniis sax-elmwifos daxmarebiT qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas. evropaSi yofnisas isini awarmoebdnen molaparakebas ger-maniisa da TurqeTis saxelmwifo moRvaweebTan, pirde-bodnen, omis SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelebis ajanyebas ruseTis carizmis winaaRmdeg, isini imedovnebdnen saqarTvelo-Si monarqiis aRdgenas. maT germaniis specsamsaxurebis daxmarebiT Seqmnes `saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukide-blobis komiteti”.

�9�� wels, zafxulSi, saraevoSi mokles avstria-un-greTis taxtis memkvidre franc ferdinand habsburgi. daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. ruseTma omi gamoucxada germaniasa da TurqeTs. saqarTvelodan am omSi 200 000 kaci monawileobda, maT Soris �000 qarTveli oficeric iyo, romlebic erTgulad ibrZodnen ruseTis saxelmwi-fos interesebis dasacavad.

saqarTvelo frontispira qveyana gaxda. kavkasiis fronti saqarTvelos istoriul sazRvrebTan mdebareob-da da qveyana samxedro banaks daemsgavsa. warumateblobas evropis frontebze, ruseTis imperia kavkasiis frontze warmatebebiT anazRaurebda.

aseT rTul viTarebaSi `saqarTvelos erovnuli da-moukideblobis komitetma” ver gabeda ajanyebis mowyoba imis SiSiT, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili amas gagebiT ar Sexvdeboda. amasTanave, es ganzraxva didi safrTxis

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Semcveli iyo – omis pirobebSi separatistuli ajanyebis mowyoba gamoiwvevda uzarmazar msxverpls, represiebs, rasac tragikuli Sedegebi SeiZleba moetana qveynisaT-vis.

Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi

�9�� wlis Tebervlis dasasruls ruseTSi gaimarjva revoluciam. ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia, romlis aqtiuri wevrebi qarTveli social-demokratebic iyvnen, favorSi aRmoCnda. partia aqtiurad monawileob-da petrogradSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi. rusi social-demokratebis aRiarebuli lideri karlo CxeiZe petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda, xolo didebuli oratori irakli wereTeli monawileobda droebiTi mTavrobis muSaobaSi.

Tebervlis revolucia Cinebulad gamoiyenes qarTvel-ma avtokefalistebma – sasuliero da samoqalaqo pirebis jgufma, romlebic ukve didi xania cdilobdnen saqarT-velos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas. maT �9�� wlis �9 marts sveticxovelSi moiwvies saeklesio kreba da kaTo-likos-patriarqad airCies kirion II. es qarTveli eris didi gamarjveba iyo.

petrogradSi sazRvargareTidan bolSevikebis lideris, vladimer leninis Camosvlis Semdeg, bolSevikurma par-tiam gezi aiRo `socialisturi revoluciisken”. maT �9�� wlis 2� oqtombers ZaliT daamxes droebiTi mTavroba da Zalaufleba gadasces muSaTa da jariskacTa depu-tatebis sabWoebis II yrilobas – faqtobrivad moaxdines Zalauflebis uzurpacia. Seiqmna saxalxo komisarTa sab-Wo v. i. leninis meTaurobiT. am mTavrobaSi erovnebaTa saqmeebis komisari gaxda i. b. stalini (jugaSvili).

amierkavkasia damoukidebelia

bolSevikebis avantiura dagmes ruseTis demokrati-ulma Zalebma. maT Soris qarTvelma memarjvene social-demokratebma. isini imedovnebdnen, rom ruseTis dam-fuZnebeli kreba samarTlianad da obieqturad moagva-rebda ruseTis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis kardinalur sakiTxebs. magram �9�8 wlis � ianvars bolSevikebma dam-fuZnebeli kreba daSales, rasac samoqalaqo omi mohyva.

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Zalauflebis gadasarCenad lenini wavida kompromisze, rac germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan dazavebaSi gamoix-ateboda.

brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebas �9�8 wlis � marts moewera xeli. xelSekrulebis gaformebisTanave – yarsis, ardaRanis, arTvinis da baTumis raionebi Turqe-Tis iurisdiqciaSi Sevida. Turqebma sadavo raionebidan jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvana moiTxoves. protestis gamo amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlebi ar monawileobdnen brest-litovskis sazavo molaparakebaSi. maT uaryves brest-litovskis separatistuli zavic, magram ruseTis demoralizebuli jaris arsebobis pirobebSi, kavkasiis frontebze maT ver SeZles TurqebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis organizeba. �9�8 wlis 22 aprils amierkavkasiis seimma situaciis gadasarCenad ruseTisagan damoukide-bloba gamoacxada. Seiqmna amierkavkasiis demokratiuli respublika, romelmac TurqeTTan molaparakeba gadaw-yvita.

germaniam amierkavkasiaSi Suamavlis roli iTava. tra-pizonSi saswrafod Cavida amierkavkasiis delegacia aka-ki Cxenkelis (amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da sagareo saqmeTa ministri) xelmZRvanelobiT. magram am Sexvedram Sedegi ver gamoiRo, radgan Turqebma ufro meti teritoriebis daTmoba moiTxoves, vidre es brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT iyo gansazRvruli. aman mo-laparakebis Sewyveta gamoiwvia. Turqebi Setevaze gadav-idnen. Turqi askerebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ikavebdnen qarTul miwebs: axalcixes, axalqalaqs, baTums. isini uaxlovdebodnen Tbiliss.

TurqeTTan mosalaparakeblad, amjerad baTumSi, kvlav Cavida amierkavkasiis seimis delegacia. swored baTumSi gamovlinda is faqti, romelic qarTul social-demokra-tias principulad ar surda daenaxa: gansakuTrebul is-toriul viTarebaSi erovnuli problematika mudam win uswrebs yvela danarCens da radikalurad cvlis politi-kur gegmebsa da amocanebs. aqac ase moxda. moulodnelad delegaciis azerbaijanelma wevrebma proTurquli pozicia daikaves da amierkavkasiis xalxTa erTianoba daarRvies – isini mzad iyvnen TurqeTis uzenaesoba eRiarebinaT. am nabijma daabnia somxebi da qarTvelebi. Seqmnilma viTa-rebam isini aiZula, damoukideblobaze efiqraT. swored amaze miuTiTebs akaki Cxenkelis daSifruli depeSebi,

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romlebsac is baTumidan swerda noe Jordanias: ` ...Tu germaniis delegaciam gadamwyveti daxmareba ar gagviwia, Turqebi dagvCagraven”, iyo aseTic: `icodeT, TurqeTTan omis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanelebi somxebs gas-wiraven, Cvenc zed migvayoleben. Tu Turqebma da TaTrebma (igulisxmeba azerbaijanelebi – avtorebi) Tavisi gaitanes, maSin aucilebeli gaxdeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba zavis Sekvra CvenTvis ufro misaRebi pirobebiT”.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba

swored bedis ironia iyo is, rom saqarTvelos da-moukideblobis aRdgenis procesi daekisra im politikur Zalas, romelic mudam amis winaaRmdegi iyo. sinamdvileSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba social-de-mokratiuli mTavrobis amocanas ar warmoadgenda. es iyo mxolod erTaderTi saSualeba, rom Tavi daecvaT Turqe-Tis SemoWris safrTxisagan. social-demokratebis mTa-vari ocneba xom ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, rogorc ru-seTis ganuyofel nawilSi, social-demokratiuli ideebis damyareba iyo.

es damokidebuleba aSkarad gamoCnda im dReebSi gazeT `erTobis” publikaciebSi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo: `...Cveni demokratia, romelic ibrZoda ruseTis demokratiasTan erTad da mzad iyo kvlav am Zveli, nacadi gziT evlo, dRes iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavisi moqmedebis asparezi saqa-rTvelos farglebiT ganesazRvra. erTi mxriv, saerTaSor-iso mdgomareobam, gareSe mtris safrTxem da, meore mxriv, amierkavkasiis mTlianobis darRvevam aiZula qarTuli de-mokratia gamoecxadebina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba”.

TbilisSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebi-saTvis sagangebod moemzaddnen. damoukideblobis aqtis teqstis Sedgena daevala giorgi gvazavas.

�9�8 wlis 2� maiss kavkasiis mefisnacvlis yofil sasaxleSi ukanasknelad Seikriba amierkavkasiis seimi, romelmac qveynierebas amcno, rom Sewyvita Tavisi ufle-bamosileba. imave dRes, saRamos � saaTze, imave darbazSi cnobili oratori irakli wereTeli sityviT gamovida: `Cven vacxadebT, rom mTliani amierkavkasia daingra. unda mivceT qarTvel xalxs ufleba Tavisi Tavi ixsnas da sx-vebis xsnazec izrunos...”

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Sekrebaze yvelas Segnebuli hqonda momentis isto-riuli mniSvneloba da maT erTxmad sazeimod miiRes `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti”, romelSic xazgas-muli iyo: `...meTvramete saukunis dasasruls yoveli mxridan mtrisagan Seviwrovebuli saqarTvelo Tavisi nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs.... qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia Seqmnas, misi sa-SualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dapyrobisagan Tavi gadair-Cinos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis mtkice safuZveli aagos...”

Semdeg damoukideblobis aqtSi Camoyalibebulia axa-li saqarTvelos ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebrivi principebi: `...amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebiani damoukide-beli saxelmwifoa; damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politi-kuri forma _ demokratiuli respublikaa; saerTaSor-iso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitraluri sax-elmwifoa... saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika gan-viTarebis Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela ers...” da a.S. da a.S.

sasaxlis win uamravi xalxi iyo Sekrebili. ̀ damoukide-blobis aqti” maT sasaxlis aivnidan sazeimod waukiTxes, ramac saocari enTuziazmi gamoiwvia. sasaxlis Tavze af-rialda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samferovani droSa. sionis taZris zarebi sazeimod gugunebdnen.

cota mogvianebiT, Seiqmna damoukidebeli saqarT-velos gerbi _ ̀ TeTri giorgi” da daiwera himni ̀ dideba” (avtori kote focxveraSvili).

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba Zalian swrafad cnes germaniam da TurqeTma – es iyo maT mier erT-erTi mTa-vari mtris, ruseTis imperiis dasasamareblad gadadg-muli gonivruli nabiji, Tumca germaniasa da TurqeTs saqarTvelos mimarT sxvadasxva, zogjer diametrulad gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebi akavSirebdaT, rac Za-lian male SesamCnevic gaxda.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobas calsaxad uaryofiTad Sexvda rogorc `wiTeli”, ise `TeTri” ruseTi. bolSe-vikebi qarTvel social-demokratebs revoluciuri prin-cipebisadmi Ralats abralebdnen, xolo `TeTrebi” _ `erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTis” daSlis mcdelobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. mefis armiis generlebi: aleqseevi, de-

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nikini, vrangeli da sxvebi mokavSireebs, `antantis” li-derebs Seaxsenebdnen ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis mice-mul fics da sTxovdnen ar eRiarebinaT bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg Seqmnili axali saxelmwifoebrivi formirebebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, germaniis Zirga-momTxreli saqmianobis Sedegi iyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobamac Tavis moka-vSireebs – inglissa da safrangeTs mouwoda, Tavi Seeka-vebinaT ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali erebis damoukide-blobis aRiarebisagan, radgan maT ruseTis saxelmwifos-Tan mokavSireobis xelSekruleba hqondaT dadebuli.

yvelafris miuxedavad, saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam saqmianoba daiwyo...

politikuri cxovreba

mmarTveli partia

saqarTvelos mmarTveli partia ruseTis social-de-mokratiul muSaTa partiis organuli nawili iyo, xolo misi xelmZRvanelebi – am partiis imdenad TvalsaCino moRvaweni, rom sistematurad da aqtiurad monawil-eobdnen partiiis yrilobebsa da konferenciebSi, xelmZ-Rvanelobdnen saxelmwifo saTaTbiros fraqcias, iyvnen ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis wevrebi, gansazRvravdnen partiis politikas, qadagebdnen ruseTis imperiaSi pro-letariatis klasobrivi brZolis erTianobas da am er-Tianobis darRvevas arc arasodes apirebdnen.

dRes qarTul istoriografiaSi aris mcdeloba saqmis ise warmoCenisa, TiTqos qarTvel memarjvene social-demokratebs raRac gamorCeuli, maTTvis damaxasiaTe-beli `qarTuli feri” hqondaT da radikalurad gansx-vavdebodnen rusi social-demokratebisagan da maTi moq-medebis veqtori TiTqos ufro evropuli socializmisken ixreboda. es Sexeduleba dokumenturad ar dasturdeba. wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom �9�� wlis oqtombris gadatri-alebamde qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebi ̀ ru-seTis didi revoluciis” ideebis erTgulni da ruseTis saxelmwifos ganuyoflobis mxardamWerni iyvnen.

Seqmnilma politikurma realiebma da ara gamorCeulma, ruseTis memarjvene social-demokratebisagan gansxvaveb-

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ulma, ideurma postulatebma aiZules qarTveli social-demokratebi, ekeTebinaT is saqme, romelic maT arasodes undodaT – yofiliyvnen qarTveli eris interesebis ga-momxatvelni, eSenebinaT qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifo. SeiZleba swored aq unda veZeboT maTi politikuri kur-sis kraxi?

maTma am politikurma cvlilebam, pirvel rigSi, rusi memarjvene social-demokratebis kritika gamoiwvia. isini gmobdnen qarTveli social-demokratebis separatistul tendenciebs, uwunebdnen progermanul orientacias, da-moukidebeli partiis Camoyalibebis survils.

qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebis sasax-elod unda iTqvas, rom gadadges ra nabiji erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobisaken, isini Seecadnen bolomde ganexorcielebinaT qarTveli eris es isto-riuli survili. Tumca maT amis gakeTeba undodaT mar-qsistul garsSi gaxveulebs, marqsistuli moZRvrebiT xelSi, rodesac ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo dogma kvlav `proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!” iyo da xelSi marqsisa da engelsis suraTebiT damSvenebulebs pro-letariatis saerTaSoriso revoluciuri wiTeli droSa ekavaT.

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mSeneblobas radikalu-rad gansxvavebuli ideologia sWirdeboda, erovnuli ideologia da ara marqsizmi. magram social-demokratebs xelisuflebis dakargva ar undodaT, amitomac ime-dovnebdnen, rom Seaxamebdnen erovnulsa da internacio-nalurs. swored amaze miuTiTebs gazeT `erTobaSi” �9�9 wels gamoqveynebuli werili: `social-demokratiuli partia qadagebs da axorcielebs kidec cxovrebaSi Zmoba-erTobisa da xalxTa Soris solidarobis ideas, awarmoebs sastik brZolas yovelgvari nacionalisturi mimdinareo-bis winaaRmdeg, romelic gzas ubnevs muSaTa TviTSegne-bas da aRvivebs nacionalur SuRls”. aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba im dros, roca qveyana TiTqmis nacionaluri omebis cecxlSi iyo gaxveuli, arsebobda seriozuli uTanxmoeba afxazeTSi, Sida qarTlis osebTan, mahmadiani qarTvelebis erT nawilTan – aSkarad miuTiTebs qarTve-li social-demokratebis msoflmxedvelobis dogmatur xasiaTze, maT gulubryvilobaze, rom TiTqosda prob-lemebs qmnis mxolod klasobrivi mteri, xolo yvela eris demokratias surs erTiani, internacionaluri erToba.

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saqarTvelos interesi moiTxovda, rom isini dahy-olodnen oponentebis rCevas da damdgariyvnen Tanmim-devrul erovnul poziciaze, Tundac proletaruli in-ternacionalizmis gareSe. es maT ver SeZles. es gaoreba ki seriozulad aferxebda qarTuli saqmis keTebas.

social-demokratiul partias Zlieri organizacia hqonda da mas politikur brZolebSi gamocdili li-derebis kohortac hyavda, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela re-gionSi Tavisi pirveladi organizacia hqonda da daaxloe-biT 80-aTasamde wevrsac aerTianebda. marTalia, Zalian male partiis wevrTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda (davida daaxloebiT �� aTas kacamde), rac, Cveni azriT, erovnuli, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu sagareo amocanebis ganxorcielebisas partiis seriozuli SecdomebiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli, magram mainc, is qveyanaSi yvelaze ufro organizebuli Zala iyo. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom opozicia mmarTvel partias saxelisuflo resursis borotad gamoyenebaSic adanaSaulebda.

ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiisagan orga-nizaciuli gamoyofa sabolood gaformda �9�8 wlis �9 noembers saqarTvelos sdmp damfuZnebel yrilobaze. yrilobam gansazRvra partiis organizaciuli da so-cialur-ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, dasaxa uaxloesi amocanebi. demokratiuli centralizmi – kvlav partiis ZiriTadi organizaciuli principi iyo. partia metad mkacrad ebrZoda imaT, vinc arRvevda par-tiis ideur Tu politikur erTianobas, Sehqonda arev-dareva mis rigebSi.

varaudoben, rom social-demokratiulma partiam swrafad icvala `feri”. amis argumentad iSvelieben ro-gorc adgilobrivi politikosebis, ise ucxoeli damk-virveblebis Sexedulebebs. cnobili erovnul-demokrati g. qiqoZe aRniSnavda: `rogorc ideuri beladi, Jordania, rasakvirvelia, win uswrebs Tavis partiul laSqars. ma-gram misi piradi evolucia arsebiTad mTeli qarTveli social-demokratiis evoluciaa”. germaniis warmomad-geneli saqarTveloSi generali fon kresi aRiarebda, rom demokratiuli saqarTvelos xelisufalni `... Sesan-iSnavad ganaTlebuli, kargad aRzrdili da sakmaod kar-gad saurTierTobo adamianebi da, eWvgareSea, keTili nebiT frTaSesxmuli WeSmariti patriotebi arian”.

mogvianebiT, sazRvargareT daweril memuarebSi, marT-

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lac, Cans qarTveli social-demoratebis liderebis evo-lucia, maTi mamulisadmi didi siyvaruli.

ra Tqma unda, qarTvel social-demokratebs uyvar-daT samSoblo, magram Taviseburad, da maTi es grZnoba arasodes dasula im qarTveli mamuliSvilebis WeSmarit patriotizmamde, romlebsac erTaderT saficrad samSob-los interesebi hqondaT. social-demokratebis gazeTebi imJamad dascinodnen da abuCad igdebdnen am grZnobas, awyvilebdnen qarTvel patriotebs rus da somex nacio-nalistebTan da yvelas umtkicebdnen, rom social-de-mokratebis wmidaTawmida amocana iyo yvela eris de-mokratiis internacionaluri gaerTianeba.

amrigad, memarjvene social-demokratebisaTvis nacio-nalizmi, nacionaluri midrekilebebi provokacia iyo, ra-sac unda daupirispirdes `revoluciurni monapovarni”, romlebzedac saqarTvelos social-demokratias xeli ar auRia, ubralod, misi aRsruleba gadaavada Soreul perspeqtivaSi. SeiZleba swored amaSi unda veZeboT ss-dmp avtoritetis TandaTan Sesusteba, saqarTveloSi erovnul-demokratiuli moZraobis avtoritetis amaR-leba da social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis politi-kuri kraxic �92� wlis TebervalSi?

socialist-federalistebi

socialist-federalistebi saqarTvelos patriotuli Zalebis Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. maSin, roca qarTveli social-demokratebi ruseTis proletari-atis erTianobisaTvis ibrZodnen da saqarTvelos ara Tu damoukideblobis, aramed avtonomiis gagebac ki ar surdaT, socialist-federalistebi TavianTi damaarseb-lisa da ideuri xelmZRvanelis, arCil jorjaZis Taos-nobiT organulad axamebdnen socialistur principebs erovnul-patriotul msoflmxedvelobasTan. federal-istebi amtkicebdnen, rom socialisturi da erovnuli principebi ar arian antagonisturi, rom aucilebelia qa-rTveli eris kanonieri erovnuli uflebebis dacva.

socialist-federalistebi �9��-�92� wlebSi gamoirCe-odnen konstruqciulobiT, isini aqtiurad monawil-eobdnen saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos, parlamentisa da damfuZnebeli krebis muSaobaSi. partiam damfuZnebel krebaSi gaiyvana 9 deputati. debatebis dros gamoikveTa

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socialist-federalistebis ZiriTadi magistraluri xazi – eris Sidasocialuri struqturis gaumjobeseba, social-izmis Teoriisa da praqtikis srulyofa. TviTon partiaSi garkveuli ideuri brZola mimdinareobda, aSkarad gamoi-kveTa memarcxene dajgufeba, romelic mogvianebiT e.w. `memarcxene socialist-federalistTa maSvralTa par-tiad” Camoyalibda (maT sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi aliansi Sekres bolSevikebTan).

socialist-revolucionerebi

qarTveli eserebi, iseve rogorc qarTveli social-demokratebi, ruseTis socialist-revolucionerTa par-tiaSi Sediodnen da am erTianobis principulad damcveli iyvnen. magram pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnilma viTarebam isini aiZula, CamoeyalibebinaT damoukidebeli politikuri partia (�9�8 w.). isini uaryofiTad Sexvd-nen ruseTis imperiis daSlas, radgan `didi revoluciis ideebisa” sjerodaT da imedovnebdnen, rom damoukideb-el saqarTvelos mesveurebi saTuTad gaufrTxildebod-nen da ganaviTarebdnen am `revoluciur suliskveTebas”. partiis lideri iyo l. Sengelia. maT damfuZnebel kre-baSi � deputati gaiyvanes da aqtiurad monawileobdnen mis muSaobaSi.

erovnul-demokratiuli partia

erovnul-demokratiuli partia Tanmimdevruli, erovnul poziciaze mdgomi partia iyo. am partiaSi Se-diodnen saqarTvelos inteligenciis saukeTeso warmo-madgenlebi (niko nikolaZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, giorgi maCabeli, spiridon kedia, grigol veSapeli da sxv.). unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom erovnul-demoratiul partiaSi gaerTianebuli zogierTi wevri saqarTvelos damoukide-blobisaTvis didi xniT adre, am partiis oficialurad gaformebamde iRvwoda. spiridon kedia, giorgi maCabeli, mixeil (mixako) wereTeli XX saukunis dasawyisidan idgnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis avangardSi. maT urTierTobas germaniis saimperatoro xelisufle-basTan kargad iyenebdnen qarTveli social-demokratebi da maT diplomatiuri misiis Sesrulebasac avalebdnen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom partiaSi ZiriTadad qveynis in-

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teleqtualuri nawili iyo da is ar gamoirCeoda wevrebis simravliT, misi Tanmimdevruli erovnuli pozicia da, rac mTavaria, wevrebis didi inteleqtualuri SesaZle-blobebi partias Zlier da organizebul politikur opoziciad ayalibebda. isini ver eguebodnen social-de-mokratebis ybadaRebul marqsistul socializms.

erovnul-demokratebi agrZelebdnen mTavrobis poli-tikis kritikas. maT mier warmoTqmuli Sinaarsiani da saqmiani sityvebi jer parlamentis, Semdeg damfuZnebe-li krebis maRali tribunidan gamoirCeoda saqmis Rrma codniT, erovnuli poziciiT, istoriuli perspeqtivis saocari analiziT. maT gansakuTrebiT aRizianebdaT social-demokratebis ekonomikuri kursi, romelic ar iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kardinalur problemebs da gamoirCeoda marqsistuli SezRudulobiT. isini miuTiTebdnen mTavrobas, rom aseTi sibece ekonomi-kis marTvis sferoSi qveyanas gardauval kolafsamde miiyvanda. partiis lideri spiridon kedia araerTx-el aRniSnavda, rom social-demokratiuli mTavroba fsiqologiurad moumzadebeli iyo erovnuli saxelm-wifos Sesaqmnelad da swored aqedan momdinareobda misi bevri Secdoma Tu araswori politikuri nabiji.

bolSevikebi

Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi aris mosaz-reba, rom demokratiul saqarTveloSi bolSevikebs gav-lena ar hqondaT, rom mosaxleoba maTgan distancirebuli iyo. magram dokumenturi masala da Tanadrouli presac adasturebs, rom �9�8-�9�9 wlebSi bolSevikebis zegav-lena qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani iyo. leninis xelisuflebam samxreT kavkasiaSi komisrad ganawesa cnobili bolSeviki stefane Saumiani, romelsac TbilisSi cudad Sexvdenen da aiZules, imJamad bolSevikuri moZraobis centrSi, baqoSi, gadasuliyo. samxreT kavkasiel bolSevikebs egonaT, rom TavianT sasargeblod gamoiyenebdnen kavkasiis frontis rus jariskacebs, romlebic brestis zavis Semdeg Tbilisze gavliT samSobloSi dabrunebas varaudobdnen. aTi aTa-sobiT omiT gaRizianebuli, bolSevikuri suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli SeiaraRebuli piris Tbilisze marSi aSkarad Seqmnida bolSevikuri gadatrialebis winapirobas. amis daSveba namdvilad ar SeiZleboda. �9�8 wlis 9 ianvars

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SamqorTan ganxorcielda kavkasiis frontis jariskacebis Zalismieri ganiaraReba, daiRupa bevri jariskaci. es faqti moskovSi qarTvel memarjvene social-demokratebs saSi-nel codvad CauTvales.

�9�8 wlis mais-ivnisSi Tbiliss qarTvelma bolSevikeb-ma seriozuli problemebi Seqmnes samegreloSi, sadac alioSa gegeWkoris xelmZRvanelobiT �000-kaciani bolSe-vikuri razmi sxvadasxva regionsa da sxvadasxva sofelSi `rusul socializms” amyarebda. zafxulSi daiZaba viTa-reba saqarTvelos samxedro gzazec, mcxeTidan dawye-buli duSeTis CaTvliT. am teritoriaze glexTa aja-nyebebis provocirebas aseve bolSevikebisa da kremlis qarTuli agenturis erTobliv mcdelobas abralebdnen.

qarTveli bolSevikebi samSoblos Ralatad ar Tv-lidnen im faqts, rom sistematurad ugzavnidnen mos-kovs informacias saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb, xSirad ayalbebdnen sinamdviles, sasurvels re-alurad acxadebdnen. qarTvelma bolSevikebma, kremlis SegonebiT, �9�9 wlis oqtombris dasasruls gadatri-alebis mowyobac ki scades. komunistebs sjerodaT, rom wiTeli armia droulad movidoda maT dasaxmareblad. amitomac gaaCaRes didi muSaoba adgilebze ajanyebis kerebis mosamzadeblad. Seiqmna samxedro-revoluciuri Stabi. gansakuTrebiT did imedebs foTis bolSevikur organizaciaze amyarebdnen, radgan ajanyebulTa xelSi foTis navsadguris gadasvlas udidesi politikuri, samx-edro da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba eqneboda. Tavis mxriv, foTis portis bolSevikurma organizaciamac didi muSao-ba Caatara ajanyebis mosamzadeblad. ajanyebis saqalaqo Stabis gegmiT didi amocanebi ekisreboda foTis portSi dislocirebul gem `Woroxs”, romlis ekipaJi mTlianad bolSevikuri iyo. ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi gemi `Woroxis” ekipaJs daevala gasuliyo zRvaSi da iqidan gaenadgure-bina mTavrobis sacecxle wertilebi.

magram TbilisSi centralurma xelisuflebam SeZlo ajanyebis xelmZRvanelebis dapatimreba. mTavrobam Ta-vis warmomadgenelebs droulad Seatyobina mosalodneli ajanyebis Sesaxeb. foTSic mivida daSifruli depeSa sam-Tavrobo SetyobinebiT, magram bolSevikebs foTis fos-taSi TavianTi agenti hyavdaT. man droulad amcno ad-gilobriv Stabs TbilisSi ajanyebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb. komunistebi miimalnen.

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saqarTvelos xelisuflebam miiRo zomebi da adgile-bze viTareba ganmuxta. daiwyo bolSevikebis dapatimre-bebi, ramac sagrZnoblad Seamcira maTi zegavlena qveya-naSi, bevri partiuli organizacia daingra, bolSevikebi gadavidnen aralegalur mdgomareobaze. aseT viTarebaSi maT mfarvelad �920 wlis � maisis ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba ̀ moevlinaT”, romlis ZaliT isini iatakqve-SeTidan gamovidnen, Seqmnes `damoukidebeli” komunistu-ri organizacia – saqarTvelos komunisturi partia, ro-melic, faqtobrivad, mainc moskovze iyo damokidebuli. gamosvla daiwyo partiulma gazeTma `komunisti”. axla qarTveli bolSevikebi ukve legalurad aZlierebdnen propagandas saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis wi-naaRmdeg da axal provokaciebs gegmavdnen.

damfuZnebeli kreba

saxelmwifos politikuri da social-ekonomikuri safuZvlebis ganmsazRvreli uzenaesi sakrebuloa, rom-liTac iwyeba nebismieri demokratiuli qveynis aRmSene-bloba. saqarTvelos politikur speqtrSi didi iyo ndoba damfuZnebeli krebis sakanonmdeblo SesaZleblo-bebisadmi, amitomac damoukideblobis aqtSi misi mowvevis aucilebloba xazgasmiT aRiniSna. �9�9 wlis dasawyisSi qveyanaSi daiwyo saarCevno kampania.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `yarsis respublikis” damaarse-beli server begi (jayeli) qarTvel muslimanebs mouwo-debda, ar mieRoT monawileoba damfuZnebeli krebis ar-CevnebSi. obieqturi garemoebaTa gamo arCevnebi marTlac ar Catarda samuslimano saqarTveloSi, afxazeTsa da ram-denime mTian regionSi. arCevnebi social-demokratebis didi upiratesobiT damTavrda – ��0 adgilidan maT �09 mandati miiRes.

krebis pirveli sxdoma Catarda �9�9 wlis � marts. is uxucesma deputatma silibistro jiblaZem gaxsna. Seiqmna dargobrivi komisiebi, sadac yvelgan upirate-soba social-demokratebs ekuTvnodaT. maTi ricxobrivi upiratesoba, ra Tqma unda, diskomforts qmnida sxva politikuri jgufebisa da fraqciebisaTvis, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom damfuZnebeli kreba demokratiuli su-liskveTebiT muSaobda, maqsimalurad icavda sityvis Ta-visuflebas da yvelas aZlevda sakuTari azris gamoxat-

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vis saSualebas. damfuZnebel krebaze xSirad imarTeboda politikuri debatebi, zogjer iyo Seuracxmyofeli ga-mosvlebic, magram, aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom mniS-vnelovan da gadamwyvet momentSi damfuZnebeli kreba iyo erTiani da konstruqciuli. amisi tipuri magaliTia saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis xelSekrulebis ratifika-cia (�9�9 w.), romelic partiaTa umravlesobam dadebiTad Seafasa.

damfuZnebeli krebis yvelaze didi miRweva damoukide-beli saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSavebaa. marTalia, masze muSaoba Zalian gaWianurda, magram konstitucia sxva qveynebis konstituciebisagan gamoirCeoda Tavisi demokratiuli SinaarsiT. konstitucia damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo ukve Zalian gvian – �92� wlis 2� Tebervals, roca komunisturi ruseTis jarebi TbilisTan iyvnen momdgarni da, faqtobrivad, mas ar `umuSavia”.

qveynis demokratiulobis xarisxi

pirveli respublikis politikur sistemas qarTveli istorikosebi samarTlianad uwodeben mravalpartiul demokratias. qveyanaSi axali partiis Seqmna, politikuri propaganda, deputatobis kandidatTa wamoyeneba, Tavisu-fali sityvis uzrunvelyofa da demokratiis sxva atribu-tika – ZiriTadad daculia. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom imJamad mmarTveli partia yvelaze organizebuli poli-tikuri Zala iyo. damfuZnebel krebaSi maT xmaTa ab-soluturi umravlesoba ekuTvnodaT. isini xSirad iy-enebdnen TavianT ricxobriv upiratesobas. menSevikebis damokidebuleba oponentebisadmi yovelTvis ar iyo de-mokratiuli da Rirseuli.

Tavis mxriv mTavrobisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobili deputatebi aaSkaravebdnen mmarTveli partiis, misi adgi-lobrivi organizaciebis mxridan demokratiis ZiriTadi principebis uxeS darRvevebs. oponentebi mmarTvel par-tias imasac abralebdnen, rom is xelovnurad aWianureb-da konstituciis miRebas, radgan es `frTebs Seukvecda social-demokratTa hegemonias qveyanaSi”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom memarjvene social-demokratia, romelsac marqsizmTan kavSiri gawyvetili ar hqonda, klasobriv brZolas aRiarebda da moRvaweobis pirvel etapze aSkarad revoluciuri meTodebiT cdilobda sta-

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bilizaciis SenarCunebas. sasamarTlos gareSe daxures rusuli da somxuri gazeTebi, araqarTveli biznesmenebis qarxnebs usanqciod Cxrekdnen, ra Tqma unda, mTvaro-bis interesebidan gamomdinare. dasturdeba samxedro eqspediciebis dros afxazeTsa da samaCabloSi ufle-bamosilebis gadaWarbeba. aseTi qmedebebi, cxadia, iwvev-da opoziciis ukmayofilebas.

magram, ar viqnebiT marTalni, Tu Zalian did moTxovnebs wavuyenebT saqarTvelos pirveli respubli-kis mesveurebs. es iyo mZime periodi _ maSin TviTon dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebic ki jer kidev Zalian Sors iyvnen ganviTarebuli demokratiisagan. mTavari mainc is aris, rom saqarTvelos politikur speqtrs surda saxelmwifos ganviTareba, surda daecva adamianis uflebebi da Tavisufleba, sayovelTad aRiarebda de-mokratiasa da kanonis uzenaesobas.

saqarTvelos demokratiulisaxelmwifos saSinao politika

axali qarTuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba

amocana, romelic �9�8 wlis 2� maisis Semdeg qarTveli xalxis winaSe dadga, iyo iseTi damoukidebeli da de-mokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba, romelsac evropis civilizirebuli saxelmwifoebis Tanamegobroba Tavis wiaRSi miiRebda. am amocanis Sesruleba mSvidobiani gan-viTarebisa da stabiluri sazRvrebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar iyo advili, miT umetes, im mdgomareobaSi, rodesac mud-mivad arsebobda okupaciis saSiSroeba bolSevikuri ru-seTisagan, otomanTa TurqeTisagan, denikinis moxaliseTa armiisagan. amasTanave, arsebobda ekonomikuri kolafsisa da qveyanaSi anarqiis gabatonebis safrTxec.

am situaciaSi qveynis winaSe mdgom upirvelesad ga-dasawyvet amocanaTagan ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTuleba daisaxa, maT Soris: saxelmwifoSi kanonisa da wesrigis aRdgena, saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis dac-va, muSaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofa, axali socialuri kanonebisa da dekretebis SemuSaveba, miwis axali re-formis momzadeba, saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan qvey-

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nis damoukideblobis aRiarebis misaRwevad dauRalavi diplomatiuri muSaoba.

upirvelesi, ra Tqma unda, axali qarTuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba iyo. erovnuli sabWos safuZvelze gadawyda sakanonmdeblo organos Camoyalibeba, sabWoSi Seiyvanes azerbaijaneli, somexi, osi, afxazi, rusi da germaneli deputatebi. aseT warmomadgenlobas saqarTvelos parla-menti daerqva.

saqarTvelos parlamentma Tavis xelSi aiRo sakanon-mdeblo organos yvela funqcia. Camoyalibda pasuxis-mgebeli droebiTi koaliciuri mTavroba. Tavdapirve-lad misi Tavmjdomare iyo cnobili social-demokrati noe ramiSvili (manve SeiTavsa Sinagan saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba). samxedro ministri gaxda grigol giorgaZe, sagareo saqmeTa ministri – akaki Cxenkeli, iusticiisa – Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili (socialist-federalisti), fi-nansTa – giorgi Juruli (erovnul-demokrati), miwaT-momoqmedebis – noe xomeriki, gzaTa ministri – ivane lorTqifaniZe (socialist-revolucioneri), ganaTlebis ministri – giorgi lasxiSvili da a.S.

mTavrobis didi umetesoba social-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo. swored amitomac opozi-cias garkveuli SiSi hqonda imisa, rom SeiZleba dawye-buliyo socialisturi eqsperimentis realizeba. magram samTavrobo umravlesobis mxridan Tavidanve gacxadda, rom isini ar daiwyebdnen qveyanaSi socializmis dauy-ovnebliv ganxorcielebas. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebda noe Jordania: `Tqven fiqrobT, rom raki mTavroba socialisturia, man unda ganaxorcielos so-cializmi, magram es bolSevikTa mcdari Tvalsazrisia. social-demokratebi sxva Sexedulebisa varT, migvaCnia, rom ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadias ver gadavaxte-biT. naadrevad dawyebuli socialisturi mSeneblobis eqsperimenti mogvitans ara socialur Tavisuflebas, aramed socialur reaqcias, sazogadoebrivi simdidris ganadgurebas, saxalxo meurneobis moSlas. burJuazi-uli saxelmwifos saTaveSi myof Cvens partias ekonomi-kurad CamorCenil saqarTveloSi evaleba kerZo iniciati-vis waxaliseba, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba, xalxis cxovrebis donis amaRleba...”

parlamentSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi politikuri partiebi SeuzRudavad axorcielebdnen kanoniT miniWe-

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bul demokratiul uflebebs, debatebSi aaSkaravebdnen mmarTveli gundis Secdomebsa da naklovanebebs. swored saparlamento krizisma gamoiwvia 9 Tvis mmarTvelobis Semdeg koaliciuri mTavrobis daSla da axali mTavrobis Seqmna, romelsac noe Jordania Caudga saTaveSi. sagareo saqmeTa ministri gaxda evgeni gegeWkori, Seicvalnen sxva ministrebic.

sabWoebi

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, ruseTis imperiis wamyvan samrewvelo centrebSi Seiqmna muSaTa da ja-riskacTa deputatebis sabWoebi. masSi TanamSromlobdnen memarcxene mimarTulebis, socialisturi Sinaarsis mqone partiebi, romlebmac gavlena moipoves petrogradsa da sxva qalaqebSi. bolSevikebma swored am sabWoebze dayrdnobiT ganaxorcieles oqtombris gadatrialeba da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes.

sabWoebi saqarTveloSic arsebobda da garkveul Za-lauflebasac flobda. ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, saqa-rTvelos muSaTa deputatebis sabWoebi ar amJRavnebdnen xelisuflebis xelSi aRebis survils. amis mizezi, al-baT, sabWoebSi memarjvene social-demokratiiis upi-ratesoba unda yofiliyo. Tbilisis muSaTa deputatebis sabWos noe Jordania xelmZRvanelobda, romelmac SeZlo Tbiliseli muSebis darwmuneba, rom sabWoebi demokra-tiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis pirobebSi aucilebel saWiroebas aRar warmoadgens da Seicavs anarqiis eska-laciis safrTxes. amitomac saqarTveloSi damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Semdeg sabWoebi, faqtobrivad, gauqmda. qarTveli social-demokratebis am nabijs kmayofilebi Sexvdnen qveynis memarjvene politikuri Zalebi. sab-Woebis rolis Sesustebas gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aRiqvamdenen qarTveli bolSevikebi da memarjvene so-cial-demokratebs msoflio proletaruli revoluciis interesebis RalatSi adanaSaulebdnen.

TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi

adgilebze xelisuflebis demokratiuli struq-turebis mSeneblobis procesi metad rTuli aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave dai-

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wyo saero marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba: miiRes spe-cialuri sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, romelic adgilo-briv mmarTvelobas erobebis safuZvelze awesrigebda. erobis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda yvela 20 wlis moqalaqes, arCevnebis xelmZRvaneloba evaleboda mazrisa da Temebis saarCevno komisiebs. saqarTveloSi guberniebis gauqmebis Semdeg darCa 2� mazra, yvelgan Seiqmna eroba, garda im teritoriebisa, romlebsac saqa-rTvelos xelisufleba ver akontrolebda (mesxeT-javax-eTi, aWara, zogi mTiani mxare). garkveul problemebs qm-nida saTemo erobebis organizeba wera-kiTxvis mcodne kadrebis naklebobis gamo.

erobis arCevnebi dainiSna �9�8 wlis agvistoSi. ar-Cevnebi gansakuTrebuli aqtivobis pirobebSi ar Cat-arebula, politikuri partiebi pasiurobas iCendnen. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda mmarTveli – social-de-mokratiuli partia, romelmac moaxerxa da TiTqmis yvela samazro erobaSi Tavisi warmomadgenloba umrav-lesobiT gaiyvana. aqedan gamomdinare, erobis aRmas-rulebel organoSi – gamgeobaSi mas deputatTa umrav-lesoba hyavda.

ufro organizebulad warimarTa reformebi munici-palitetebis mmarTvelobaSi, radgan am saqmis gamoc-dileba ukve didi iyo, da amasTanave, politikurad momza-debuli kadrebi qalaqebSi mravlad hyavdaT.

SedarebiT seriozul problemas warmoadgenda munic-ipalitetebis Cinovnikebis `gaerovnebulobis” sakiTxi. ruseTis imperiis periodSi saqarTvelos saqalaqo TviT-mmarTvelobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli rusi da somexi kadrebi, romlebic ruseTis imperiis interesebs Cinebu-lad axorcielebdnen. bevri maTgani gulgrilad, zogierTi ki mtruladac ki Sexvda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas. rusi da somexi mosaxleobis sakmaod didma nawilma saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba arc miiRo. saWiro iyo aseTi kadrebisagan municipalitetebis gawmenda. saqarT-velos mTavroba cdilobda, rom es procesi umtkivneulo yofiliyo, magram es arc ise ioli aRmoCnda.

TbilisSi saqalaqo municipalitetis arCevnebi �9�9 wels Catarda da social-demokratebis didi gamarjvebiT dasrulda, maT saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi �9 deputa-ti gaiyvanes. erovnul-demokratebma miiRes �0, xolo so-cialist-federalistebma – � adgili. qalaqis mouravad

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airCies cnobili social-demokrati beniamin CxikviSvili (mogvianebiT is SeiTavsebs axladSemoerTebuli baTumis mouravobasac).

aRsaniSnavia, rom qalaq Tbilisis milicia, romelic imJamad 90� kacs aerTianebda, mTlianad emorCileboda municipalitetis xelmZRvanelobas. qveyanaSi Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarT-velobis organizaciebi cdilobdnen, moewesrigebinaT yvela amocana, Tumca carizmis epoqidan SemorCenili negatiuri movlenebi: biurokratizmi, meqrTameoba, naT-li-mironoba saqarTvelos rigiT moqalaqeebs damatebiT problemebs uqmnida.

sasamarTlo sistema

jer kidev XIX saukuneSi, saglexo reformis gatarebis dros, mefis ruseTma ganaxorciela sasamarTlo sistemis reorganizeba. man mospo wodebrivi sasamarTlo, daamkvi-dra nafic msajulTa instituti, sasamarTlos damoukide-bloba, sasamarTlo procesis sajarooba da sxva nova-ciebi. saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi mefis xelisuflebam es siaxle ar ganaxorciela `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis moumzadeblobisa da maTi dabali sasamarTlo kulturis gamo”, sinadvileSi ki mas ar surda Tavisi adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis uflebamosilebis SezRudva, Tumca wodebrivi sasamarTlo saqarTveloSic moispo da kanonis winaSe yvela Tanaswori gaxda.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa evropuli, demokratiuli sasamarTlos mSeneblobis procesis daCqareba. mTavari amocana iyo sasamarTlos damoukideblobis miRweva da misi gamijvna marTvis aRmasrulebeli organoebisagan. didi mniSvneloba hqonda mosamarTleTa arCeviTobas, veq-ilTa institutis danergvas, sasamarTlo procesis saja-roobis principebis uzrunvelyofas.

es amocana garkveul siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. pirvel rigSi, es iyo kadrebis mwvave nakleboba – iurid-iuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad araqarTveli, ufro ki, rusi erovnebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romlebic, obstruqciis gamo, naklebad monawil-eobdnen saqarTvelos axali sasamarTlo sistemis mSene-blobis procesSi.

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�9�8 wlis 2� seqtembers saqarTveloSi miiRes kanoni `momrigebel mosamarTleTa institutis Sesaxeb”. yvela qalaqsa da samazro centrSi unda Seqmniliyo momrigeb-el mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobebi. ufro mogvianebiT, �9�9 wlis �� noembers gamoica dekreti `saqarTvelos veqilo-bis uflebis gansazRvrisa da nafic veqilTa axali sabWos arCevis” Sesaxeb. eqspertebi miuTiTeben, rom aRniSnulma sakanonmdeblo bazam Seamzada pirobebi penitencialuri sistemis demokratiul sawyisebze gadasayvanad. Tumca es procesi mxolod sawyis etapze iyo, radgan kanonebis miRebasa da maT uciloblad Sesrulebas Soris garkveu-li, Znelad gadasalaxi manZili mainc arsebobda.

mniSvnelovani iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlo instanciis – senatis dafuZneba, romelic gulisxmobda sakasacio RonisZiebebis realizebas. senats didi uflebamosileba hqonda, mis kompetenciaSi Sedioda sakasacio procesi, sazedamxedvelo saqmianoba centraluri da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleebze, Zalovan struqturebze. senats SeeZlo, gaeuqmebina maTi ukanono gadawyvetileba, axdenda sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis revizias da a.S.

rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri viTareba ar iZleoda SesaZleblobas sasamarTlo reforma saqarT-veloSi normalurad Catarebuliyo, xolo qveynis Zalado-brivi gasabWoebis Semdeg demokratiuli saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistema komunistebma mTlianad mospes da sabWoTa ruseTSi gabatonebuli wes-ganrigi danerges.

milicia

ruseTis imperiaSi gansakuTrebiT saxelgatexili da odiozuri `policiis” dasaxeleba qarTvelma social-de-mokratebma `miliciiT” Secvales. organizacia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romelsac energiuli pirovneba – noe ramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. �9�8 wlis anarqiisa da xSiri saxalxo mRelvarebebis pirobebSi Zalian Zneli iyo am Zalovani struqturis formirebis procesi. amis gamo xelisufleba krizisis dros ufro saxalxo gvardiasa da regularuli jaris nawilebs eyrdnoboda.

dokumentebi adastureben, rom zogierT regionSi (zugdidSi, saCxereSi) amboxebulebi axerxebdnen miliciis qvedanayofebis ganiaraRebas, paralizebas, iyo milici-

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idan dezertirobis faqtebic. damfuZnebeli krebis depu-tatebsac hqondaT saqarTvelos miliciis mimarT preten-ziebi _ araprofesionalizmi, udisciplinoba, Zalau-flebis gadaWarbeba, `gaTavisuflebuli monis” sindromi, Zalis araadekvaturi gamoyeneba.

milicia formirebis procesSi TandaTan avlenda or-ganizebulobas, darazmulobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwi-fom axladSeqmnili miliciis qvedanayofebs spekulacia-sTan, saxazino qurdobasTan, kontrrevoluciuri ideebis gavrcelebasTan intensiuri brZolis amocana dausaxa. am mizniT specialuri ̀ mfrinavi razmebic” Seiqmna. es razme-bi centralur qalaqebSi �00-�000 kacs, xolo periferi-aSi – �00-�00 kacs aerTianebda. isini xSirad warmatebiT axorcielebdnen rTul saxelmwifo davalebebs. gansa-kuTrebiT ebrZodnen bolSevikur anarqiasa da SeTqmule-bebs.

arsebobdnen `sagangebo razmebic”, romlebic ufro saidumlo policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. gansakuTre-buli efeqturobiT gamoirCeoda sagangebo razmi keidi-as xelmZRvanelobiT. swored am razmma gamoaaSkarava e.w. `aramiancis” saxlSi Tbilisis somexi burJuaziis sagange-bo sxdoma, romelic qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis dros antiqarTul saqmianobas eweoda. krebis monawileni daapatimres.

`sagangebo razmelebi” gansakuTrebiT mkacrni iyvnen bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. maTi seriozuli muS-aobis Sedegad gamomJRavnda bolSevikebis araerTi anti-saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZieba. isini apatimrebdnen cno-bil Tu naklebad cnobil bolSevikebs. maT pasuxisgebaSi misces: alioSa gegeWkori, sergo qavTaraZe, giorgi max-araZe, ilia mgelaZe da sxva cnobili qarTveli bolSe-vikebi.

sxvadasxva organizaciasa da saxelmwifo struqturaSi saqarTvelos milicias Tavisi uStato TanamSromlebic hyavda. isini Tvals adevnebdnen organizaciaSi politi-kur keTilsaimedoobas da amxeldnen saxelmwifos Sesa-Zlo mowinaaRmdegeebs.

miliciis sagangebo razmebs hqondaT sanqcia, sa-samarTlos dadgenilebis gareSe gaeCxrikaT organizacie-bi da dawesebulebebi mopovebuli operatiuli masalis safuZvelze. am uflebas isini iyenebdnen cnobili bi-znesmenebisa da vaWrebis mimarTac.

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unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs didi uflebebi hqonda. mas SeeZlo operatiuli masalis safuZvelze sasamarTlos sanqciis gareSe mieRo gazeTebis gamocemis SeCerebis gadawyvetileba.

miliciis qvedanayofebi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen adgilebze TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis procesSi, rasac udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda demokra-tiuli saqarTvelos xelisufleba. maT sul ufro aqtiu-rad iyenebdnen rogorc kriminaluri elementebis, ise saxalxo gamosvlebis, eTnikuri dapirispirebebis winaaR-mdeg brZolaSic.

saxalxo gvardia

marqsistuli social-demokratia iseT proletarul saxelmwifoze ocnebobda, sadac profesiaTa Soris ar-sebuli mkacri sazRvrebi, iseve rogorc adamianis mier adamianis eqsploatacia, aucileblad moispoboda. eqsp-loataciisagan Tavisufal adamians unda SeeTavsebina proletaruli samSoblos dacvis funqciac. regularuli jari gabatonebuli klasebis interesebis damcvelad ga-mocxadda da amitom unda gauqmebuliyo, xolo mis nacv-lad revoluciurad ganwyobili xalxis razmebi Seiqmne-boda.

Tebervlis revoluciis viTarebaSi, am principuli debulebidan gamomdinare, partiebi aiaraRebdnen Tavi-anT momxreebs da TiTqmis yvela socialistur partias Tavisi SeiaraRebuli razmebi hyavda. `wiTeli razmebi” Seqmnes qarTvelma social-demokratebmac. magram drom male aCvena aseTi razmebis anarqistuli xasiaTi, udisci-plinoba, ris gamoc TviTon rusma bolSevikebma kvlav regularuli samxedro danayofebis Seqmnaze aiRes ori-entacia.

saqarTveloSi ki `xalxis revoluciuri SeiaraRebis” naSTi, `saxalxo gvardia”, social-demokratiis gansa-kuTrebuli zrunvis sagani iyo da saxelmwifos arsebo-bis bolomde asrulebda ̀ anarqiisa da kontrrevoluciis winaaRmdeg” mebrZoli SeiaraRebuli Zalis funqcias. is social-demokratebis saimedo dasayrdeni iyo.

saxalxo gvardia �9�� wlis �2 dekembers Seiqmna. am dRes ganxorcielda Tbilisis arsenalze Tavdasxma, ar-senalis dakaveba. es dRe gamocxadda gvardiis dabadebis dRed. xelisuflebis CanafiqriT, mas ara marto polici-

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is funqciebi unda Seesrulebina, aramed jer ar Seqmnili qarTuli armiis sapirwonec unda yofiliyo.

�9�8 wels, social-demokratebis daJinebuli moTxovniT, erovnuli gvardia, romelic manamde wiTel gvardiad iwodeboda, axali kanonproeqtis safuZvelze, oficialurad Seiyvanes respublikis SeiaraRebuli Za-lebis sistemaSi. amgvarad, gvardia, romelsac polici-uri funqcia ukve wina kanonproeqtis safuZvelze eni-Weboda, qarTuli armiis nawilad gadaiqca da mTavrobis politikuri mxardaWeris miuxedavad, umaRles samxedro xelmZRvanelobas daeqvemdebara. sinamdvileSi erovnuli gvardiis xelmZRvaneloba am gadawvetilebas arad ag-debda. paradoqsuli situacia warmoiSva, rodesac Sei-araRebul ZalebSi gaCnda struqtura, romelic privile-girebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda mxolod imitom, rom loialuri iyo social-demokratiuli mTavrobisadmi.

saqmis aseTi viTareba, romelsac mTavroba garkveul-wilad mxars uWerda da gagebiT ekideboda, xels uSlida armiis erTianobasa da disciplinas. amas emateboda re-alur omSi samxedro moqmedebebis Catarebis dros erovnu-li gvardiis gamoucdeloba. brZolis dros mxolod pa-triotizmi da social-demokratiuli idealebisadmi erTguleba sakmarisi ar aRmoCda, saWiro iyo samxedro saqmis Rrma codna, disciplina da sabrZolo moqmede-bebis warmarTvis gamocdileba, rac gvardias ar gaaCnda. mas garkveuli yalbi ambiciebi gauCnda imis Semdeg, rac SedarebiT advilad gausworda qveynis SigniT frontidan dabrunebuli jariskacebisa Tu ukmayofilo glexebis mier organizebul amboxebebs. magram erTia, sapolicio operacia daqsaqsuli bandebis winaaRmdeg da meore, _ samxedro Setakebebi mowinaaRmdegis regularul armia-sTan. es WeSmariteba Zalian xSirad axsenebda xolme Tavs saqarTvelos xelisuflebas mowinaaRmdege qveynebis reg-ularul armiebTan konfliqtebis dros.

saxalxo gvardiaSi ZiriTadad erTiandebodnen social-demokratiuli Sexedulebebis mqone muSebi da glexebi. gvardiis mSeneblobas saTaveSi yofili bolSeviki, xolo axla ukve mtkice memarjvene social-demokrati valiko juReli Cauyenes. man kargi organizaciuli Tvisebebi gamoavlina da Seqmna sakmaod angariSgasawevi samxedro SenaerTi, romelsac social-demokratiuli mTavroba bo-lomde endoboda.

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am SenaerTebs iyenebdnen saxalxo mRelvarebebisa Tu eTnikuri dapirispirebebis daSoSminebis, ucxo saxelm-wifoebis mxridan samxedro provokaciebisa da omebis dros. saxalxo gvardiaSi gaerTianebuli patriotebi cdi-lobdnen, bolomde SeesrulebinaT TavianTi movaleoba, magram amas yovelTvis ver axerxebdnen. qveyanaSi gamefe-buli samxedro cxovrebis partizanuli stili, disci-plinis moduneba, mTavrobis mxridan zedmetad xelis da-fareba maT brZolisunarianobas seriozulad asustebda.

es naklovanebebi SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT ucxoel damkvirveblebs. cnobili germaneli samxedro eqsperti, germaniis misiis warmomadgeneli baroni fon kresi saqa-rTvelos saxalxo gvardias ̀ revoluciuri jaris yvelaze uares saxeobas” uwodebda. memuarebSi germaneli gen-erali imasac miuTiTebs, rom gvardia `Tavis rigebSi uborotes elementebs aerTianebda, yovlad usircxvilo, pretenziul moTxovnebs ayenebda anazRaurebisa da sur-saT-sanovagis Taobaze... aterorebda qveyanasa da mTav-robas yvelaze saSineli formiT... yvela restoransa da sasadilos gvardiis sasargebod 20-%-iani gadasaxadi hqonda Sewerili”. amrigad, mTeli Tavisi arsebobiT, ̀ sax-alxo gvardia” adasturebda, rom is verasodes Secvlida regularul jars.

saqarTvelos armia

im dros saqarTveloSi mefis armiis sxvadasxva rangis daaxloebiT � 000 samxedro oficeri iyo, maT Soris bevri pirveli msoflio omis frontebze gamocdilebamiRebuli da Tanamedrove samxedro xelovnebis Cinebuli mcodnec. isini Tavidanve Cadgnen axali saqarTvelos mSenebelTa rigebSi da TavianTi samsaxuri SesTavazes kidec saqarT-velos xelisuflebas, magram aq erTma `garemoebam” iCina Tavi – qarTveli oficrebis didi nawili TavadaznaurTa wridan iyo gamosuli da maT social-demokratebi, klaso-brivi brZolis Teoriidan gamomdinare, didad ar endo-bodnen. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Secdoma swored is iyo, rom igi cdilobda, armia daebalansebina loialurad ganwyobili erovnuli gvardiiT, romelic social-de-mokratiuli mTavrobis politikur Sexedulebebs izi-arebda. swored amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom saqa-rTvelos ar hyavda Zlieri regularuli armia. gadaw-

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yvetilebis nagvianevad miReba, yoymani, meryeoba, eWvi damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTavrobisaTvis, roca saqme Zlieri qarTuli armiis mSeneblobas exeboda. ZiriTadi moTxovna – oficrebis partiuloba da revoluciuri ideebisadmi maTi erTguleba iyo.

jer kidev �9�� wlis gazafxul-zafxulSi saqarTvelo-Si daarsda qarTvel samxedroTa kavSiri, romlis warmo-madgenlobiT komitetSi �0 kaci Sedioda. am komitets kavSiris programisa da wesdebis Seqmna, agreTve qarTuli samxedro korpusis samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba daevala. pirvel xanebSi am komitets generali CivaZe xelmZRvan-elobda, magram is male gaaTavisufles, radgan misi poli-tikuri Sexedulebebi ar emTxveoda social-demokratebis idealebs. qarTul armiaSi xelmZRvanel postebze mx-olod is oficrebi iniSnebodnen, romlebic social-de-mokratebis mimarT loialobiT gamoirCeodnen.

didi problemebisa da winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos regularuli armia TandaTan Camoyalibda. dasawyisSi qarTuli armia aerTianebda �0 aTas kacs da mas �00-mde qvemexi hqonda. germaneli samxedro eqspertebi miuTiTebdnen, rom qarTuli armiis `sabrZolo Tvisebebi araCveulebrivad mcire gaxldaT. revoluciuri zegav-lenis wyalobiT, armiaSi disciplina mTlianad moSli-li iyo: jariskacebi ugulisyurod ekidebodnen TavianT samxedro Cacmulobasa da garegnul ier-saxes, ar esalme-bodnen TavianT oficrebs, xolo am ukanasknelT aSkarad eSinodaT TavianTi xalxis”.

ucxoeli samxedro eqspertebi qarTul uTavbo-lo xelgaSlilobazec amaxvilebdnen yuraRebas, roca miuTiTebdnen, rom `samxedro saminitros organizaciis gegma patara armiisaTvis iTvaliswinebda _ namdvilad aRmosavluri xelgaSilobiT _ Zalian didsa da Zvir-adRirebul aparats”. social-demokratebi ara marto sakadro problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxebSi ereodnen, aramed rCeva-darigebebsac ki aZlevdnen oficrebs, Tu sad da rogor ganelagebinaT artileria, romeli si-maRle daekavebinaT samxedro TvalsazrisiT ukeTesi Tavdacvis mizniT, rodis da sad gaegzavnaT rezervi da a.S. samwuxarod, im droisaTvis, rodesac zogierTma saxelmwifo moRvawem gaacnobiera martivi WeSmariteba, rom armias unda xelmZRvanelobdnen kompetenturi ada-mianebi da ara partiuli liderebi, ukve gvian iyo da

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saqarTvelos caze didi wiTeli droSa frialebda, zus-tad iseTi, rogoric menSevikurma mTavrobam aafriala Tavisi mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi da romelic ase didx-ans enacvleboda erovnul, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSas.

saqarTvelos armiis mSeneblobis procesSi, sxvadasxva etapze, aqtiurad Caebnen saxelovani generlebi giorgi mazniaSvili, giorgi kvinitaZe, varden wulukiZe, genera-li odiSeliZe, general-maiori koniaSvili, polkovnikebi rostom musxeliSvili, nikoloz gedevaniSvili da sxvebi. swored maTi wyalobiT, rogorc amas ucxoeli damkvirve-blebi aRniSnavdnen, `muSaoba armiis reorganizaciis xa-ziT nela miiwevda win”.

axalgazrda samxedro kadrebis mosamzadeblad TbilisSi daarsda kadetTa korpusi, romlis aRsaz-rdelebma, mogvianebiT, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes kojris misadgomebTan saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaT-vis brZolaSi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis bolo etapze qarTuli armia ukve aerTianebda 2�-�0 aTas kacs, romelmac Tavisi maRali samxedro momzadeba daadastura sxvadasxva samxedro operaciis dros. axla Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom xelisuflebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebi rom ara, saqarTvelos eyoleboda Zlieri regularuli armia, romelic warmatebiT daicav-da qveynis damoukideblobas da mTel amierkavkasiis mis-cemda gadarCenis Sanss momdevno samocdaaTwliani ube-durebisa da erovnuli degradaciisgan.

`qarTuli vandea”

�9�� wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg saqarT-velos sofeli mRelvarebam moicva. am viTarebas ver uSvela �9�8 wlis 2� maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamac. social-demokratebis partiuli gazeTi `erToba” am procesebs safrangeTis didi revoluciis-droindel glexTa vandeas ajanyebebs adarebda.

soflad Seqmnil revoluciur ganwyobas, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, iwvevda gaWianurebuli omi, mZime social-uri pirobebi, omidan dabrunebuli gabolSevikebuli ja-riskacebis revoluciuri ganwyobilebebi da Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg bolSevikebis mier Rarib mosaxleo-baSi gadasrolili lozungi _ `daitace datacebuli!”

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samegreloSi, saCxereSi, duSeTSi, Sida qarTlSi, samxreT saqarTveloSi glexTa xSiri gamosvlebi mTeli re-gionebis paralizebas iwvevda. gaRatakebuli mosaxleoba mdgomareobidan gamosavals qonebis revoluciur gadan-awilebaSi xedavda, moiTxovda mdgomareobis radikalur gaumjobesebas, brals sdebda xelisuflebas pasiurobaSi. problemebs oficialuri xelisuflebac aRiarebda, roca miuTiTebda: `Cvensa da glexobas Soris xidia Catexili”, `glexobas Cven ver miveciT miwa da es garemoebaa, rom sofeli Cvens mTavrobas aRar emorCileba...”

mTavroba cdilobda, agraruli moZraoba kanonierebis CarCoSi Caeyenebina – damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRe-buli gadawyvetilebebisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, es ki garkveul drosa da moTminebas saWiroebda. gaRatakebul fenebs moTminebis fiala ukve avsebodaT. saxalxo gamosvlebi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo samegreloSi. aq alioSa gegeWkoris �000-kaciani glexTa laSqari, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, soflebSi bolSevikuri lozungebiT ru-sul socializms amyarebda. zugdididan TbilisSi Sina-gan saqmeTa ministrs atyobinebdnen: `brbo ise gaTamamda, rom TviT zugdidSi iWeren da itaceben kacebs, aravi-Tar sanovages qalaqSi ar uSveben, SeiZleba razmelebma, milicionerebma iaraRi dayaron, bandebi imdenad gaT-avxeddnen, rom ultimatumsac ayeneben”.

�9�8-�9�9 wlebSi saCxeresa da leCxumis raionebSi, borCalosa da duSeTis mazrebSi, mTel samegreloSi, afxazeTSi marTlac seriozuli problemebi iyo, rom-lebic moiTxovda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros samilicio Zalebis aqtiur Carevas. es dasturdeba Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier �9�9 wels Sedgenili wliuri angariSiT, sadac axsnilia `anarqiasTan” brZolis rTuli proces-ebi da misi Sedegebi. samxedro eqspediciebi ki, xSirad, SetakebebiT mTavrdeboda, romlis dros damnaSaveebTan erTad rigiTi moqalaqeebic zaraldebodnen, iyo Zalis gadametebis SemTxvevebic.

seriozul problemas warmoSobda is, rom xelisu-fleba, romelmac radikalurad Secvala Tavisi politi-kuri orientacia, adrindeli ideologiuri principebi, amis Sesaxeb naklebad awvdida informacias sakuTar mo-saxleobas. erT-erTi aseTi radikaluri cvlileba, ro-gorc ukve aRiniSna, ganicada social-demokratiulma Tezisma `xalxis sayovelTao SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb”. adre

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es social-demokratebis saprogramo moTxovna iyo da varaudobdnen, rom saxalxo SeiaraReba Secvlida moma-valSi regularul armias. magram Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis Semdeg memarjvene social-demokratiam gadaw-yvita xalxSi arsebuli iaraRis amoReba, rac duSeTis mazridan daiwyo. aman regionSi mosaxleobis SeiaraRe-buli gamosvlebi gamoiwvia. ajanyebulebma faqtobrivad kontroli daaweses saqarTvelos samxedro gzazec. maT dasaxmareblad gamoemarTa saSa gegeWkoris bolSevikuri razmic. xelisuflebam es ajanyeba saxalxo gvardiisa da regularuli jarebis gamoyenebiT sastikad CaaxSo. mogvianebiT qveyanaSi ganxorcielebulma agrarulma re-formam, garkveulwilad, daawynara qarTuli sofeli da saxalxo gamosvlebi Sewyda.

agraruli reformebi

�9�8 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleobis �� procents glexebi Seadgendnen, romlebsac Zlier awuxebdaT miwis nakleboba, radgan misi didi nawili miwaTmflobelebs ekuTvnoda. ruseTis imperiam ver moaxerxa agraruli sakiTxis samarTliani gadawyveta, amitom uamravi so-cialuri problemiT datvirTuli qarTuli sofeli radi-kalur cvlilebebs eloda. social-demokratias soflis gardaqmnis ori gegma hqonda SemuSavebuli: mTeli mi-webis konfiskacia (bolSevikur-leninuri) da municipal-izacia (menSevikuri). es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda miwebis gadacemas adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romle-bic ijariT gascemdnen mas msurvelebze. daSvebuli iyo miwis kerZo sakuTrebac, Tumca, SezRudvebiT.

amierkavkasiis seimma �9�8 wlis � marts miiRo kanoni miwaTsargeblobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT, nadelis say-ovelTao norma kulturul meurneobebSi � desetiniT (desetina udris ��00 kv. saJens) ganisazRvra, xorbleu-lis momyvani regionebisaTvis es maCvenebeli �� deseti-nas udrida, mesaqonleobis mimdevar raionebSi – �0-s, magram amierkavkasiaSi mimdinare politikurma proces-ebma, TurqeTis eqspansiam gaaZnela agraruli reformis gatareba da is, faqtobrivad, damfuZnebeli krebis mier agraruli kanonebis miRebis Semdeg gagrZelda.

soflis meurneobis ministrma noe xomerikma Semoitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, miwa gadaecemoda mas, vinc miwas

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amuSavebda. debatebis Semdeg, �9�9 wlis 28 ianvars, es kanoni miiRes da glexebs miwa kerZo sakuTrebaSi miecaT misi yidvisa da gayidvis uflebiT. I kategoriis erTi desetina miwis farTobi �000 maneTi Rirda, II kategoriis miwa – �2� man., III kategoriis – ��� man., IV kategoriis – 2�0 maneTi. yovelmxriv xalisdeboda saxelmwifo da municipaluri agraruli meurneobebis e.w. `saxalxo mam-ulebis” organizeba. aseTi mamulebi Seiqmna varcixeSi, winandalSi, muxranSi da a.S.

imJamad saqarTveloSi savarguli miwis farTobi � milionze meti desetina iyo, � �2� �2� desetina marto aRmosavleT saqarTveloze modioda. dasavleT saqarT-velo ufro mciremiwianobiT gamoirCeoda. �9�� wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi � ��� sofeli iyo, romlebSic ��� ��� komli cxovrobda.

miwaTmflobelebs TiTqmis eqvsas aTas heqtarze meti miwa CamoarTves. maT daaxloebiT �0 aTasi heqtari miwa darCaT, �0 heqtari TiToeuls, rac mainc ufro meti iyo, vidre maTi mezobeli glexebisa. es glexobis garkveuli socialuri fenis ukmayofilebas iwvevda – isini mTeli miwis konfiskacias moiTxovdnen.

saqarTvelos glexobis didi nawili saSualo glexoba iyo, Tumca soflad iyvnen Raribi glexebic, boganoebi, mojamagireebic, romlebic miwis nakveTebs ar flobdnen, emsaxurebodnen ufro mdidar mezoblebs, gamZafrebuli hqondaT socialuri protestis grZnoba da bolSevikuri propagandisaTvis Cinebul samiznes warmoadgendnen. maT Sesaxeb gazeTi `erToba” werda: `saqarTvelos sofelSi iseTi viTarebaa, romelic bolSevizmisaTvis qarTul sofels midrekils xdis. Tanasworoba mas dResve unda”.

saqarTveloSi gadawyda saeklesio miwaTmflobelobis sekularizacia, rac ukrZalavda konfesiebs miwis flo-bas. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia imedovnebda, rom daibrunebda avtokefaliis gauqmebamde mis xelSi arsebul saeklesio miwebs, magram social-demokratiuli xelisuflebisaTvis es mosazreba principulad miuRe-beli gamodga.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam, miwis fondis gafarToebis mizniT, mTeli rigi sairigacio proeqti ganaxorciela. maT Savi zRvispireTis midamoebSi daWaobebuli zogi miwac amoaSres. garkveul farTobebze tyis gakafva da am miwis saTes farTobad gamoyenebac dauSves. saqarT-

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velo mciremiwiani qveyana iyo da axali savargulebis aTvisebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda soflad agraruli problemebis gadasawyvetad. aRniSnuli reforma miznad isaxavda qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis privilegiebis Sekve-cas. qarTveli bolSevikebi, socialist-federalistebic ki, memamuleTa mimarT mTavrobis am SeRavaTebs akri-tikebdnen da moiTxovdnen feodaluri miwaTmflobelo-bis likvidacias.

reformas garkveuli naklic axlda, rac gasakviri ar aris aseTi didi socialuri problemebis mogvarebis pirobebSi, Tumca qarTveli glexobisaTvis reforma aSkarad xelsayreli iyo. miT ufro, rom is ZiriTadad or weliwadSi dasrulda, maSin, roca qveyana erTsa da imave dros gareSe mtrebs ebrZoda da glexur revoluciebs umklavdeboda. es saqarTvelos mTavrobis mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo.

muSebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobebi

social-demokratebis ZiriTadi socialuri dasayrdeni muSaTa klasi iyo da amitomac gansakuTrebul yuradRe-bas, yvela dawerili Tu dauwereli kanoniT, mas uTmobda. magram saqarTvelos mravalerovan muSaTa klass seriozu-li problemebi hqonda. pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebma gamoiwvia iseTi ekonomikuri viTareba, romelic pirvel rigSi, muSaTa klasis socialur mdgomareobaze aisaxa: Seikveca warmoeba, Semcirda moTxovna saqarTveloSi warmoebul produqtze, dairRva ekonomikuri kavSirebi, Zlierdeboda umuSevroba. muSaTa erTi kategoria iZule-buli xdeboda, sofelSi dabrunebuliyo – daiwyo muSaTa deklasirebis procesi. es mdgomareoba ar iyo damaxa-siaTebeli mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis. pirveli msoflio omiT gatanjuli evropac nela iSuSebda Wrilobebs, eZe-bda rTuli viTarebidan socialuri kataklizmebis gareSe gamosvlis gzebs.

saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam, muSaTa intere-sebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rigi kanoni da dekreti miiRo, rac qarTvel social-demokratebs popularobis SenarCu-nebaSi daexmara. samuSao dRe ganisazRvra ara umetes 8 saaTisa, kviraSi erTi gamosasvleli dRiT. samrewvelo da agrarul seqtorSi, sadac daqiravebuli muSaxeli gamoiy-eneboda, zeganavkveTuri muSaoba daSvebuli iyo mxolod

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gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi da ormagi anazRaurebiT. aikrZala bavSvTa Sroma, qalebis dasaqmeba saRamos da Ramis cvlaSi. muSas weliwadSi erTxel anazRaurebuli Svebulebis ufleba eZleoda. inflaciis SesaCereblad da xelfasis gazrdis mizniT �9�9 wlis gazafxulze xelfa-sis zRvari dawesda. yovelive amas unda Seeqmna pirobebi muSebis nayofieri SromisaTvis, qveynis ekonomikis asa-RorZineblad.

unda isic aRiniSnos, rom socialisturi xelisufle-ba did yuradRebas uTmobda profkavSiruli moZraobis ganviTareba-ganmtkicebas. dargobriv profkavSirebSi mu-SaTa klasis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo gaerTianebuli. isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen Sromis pirobebisa da Sro-mis kanonmdeblobebis dacvas, urTierTobas daqirave-bulsa da damqiravebels Soris, awesrigebdnen SromiT konfliqtebs, ibrZodnen Sromis pirobebis gasaumjobe-seblad.

xelisuflebis iniciativiT, daarsda specialuri saar-bitraJo komiteti, romelSic Sediodnen muSebi, damsaqme-blebi da dasaqmebis saministros Cinovnikebi. profkav-Siris muSakebi mrewvelobis, bankebis da mTavrobis war-momadgenlebTan erTad, muSebsa da damsaqmebelTa Soris molaparakebebis mowesrigebis mizniT, oficialuri arbi-traJis procesSi aqtiurad Caebnen.

saqarTvelos mrewveloba garkveul potencials flob-da, romelic seriozulad dasustda pirveli msoflio omis ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. ZiriTadad es iyo saSualo da mcire masStabis sawarmoebi. mravalricxovani da didi sawarmoebi saqarTveloSi bevri ar iyo. yvelaze did sawarmod kvlav Tbilisis rkinigzis mTavari sax-elosnoebi iTvleboda, romlebic muSaTa klasis ZiriTa-di samWedlo iyo. bevri muSa dasaqmda Tbilisis tram-vais sammarTveloSi, WiaTurisa da tyibulis samTamadno mrewvelobaSic.

tradiciuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis gawyvetis gamo seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna saqarTvelos samTamad-no mrewvelobas da aq dasaqmebul muSaTa koleqtivebs. omma seriozulad dasca marganecis eqsporti evropasa da msoflioSi. saWiro iyo marganecis eqsportis gamococx-leba. es, garkveulwilad, moxerxda saqarTveloSi germani-is jarebis Semosvlis Semdeg, roca urTierTxelsayreli ekonomikuri xelSekrulebebi daido. mzaddeboda kidev

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ufro yovlismomcveli ekonomikuri proeqtebi germania-sTan, magram msoflio omSi `samTa kavSiris” damarcxebam es ekonomikuri proeqtebi sabolood daasamara.

amasTan, msoflioSi Seqmnilma ekonomikurma viTare-bam, saerTo ekonomikurma krizisma, ruseTTan tradici-uli ekonomikuri kavSirebis moSlam, axali ekonomikuri kavSirebis ararsebobam saqarTveloSi gamoiwvia ekonomi-kuri kolafsi. ruseTidan aRar Semodioda puri. azer-baijanis gasabWoebis Semdeg gaqra sawvavic. qarTuli produqciis (Rvino, xili, marganeci da a.S.) uzarmazari maragi dagrovda, romelsac gasaRebis bazari ar hqonda. daiwyo SeuCerebeli inflacia, qarTuli bonebi swrafad ufasurdeboda.

memarjvene politikuri partiebi moiTxovdnen, rom xe-lisuflebas Seeqmna normaluri pirobebi ekonomikis asa-RorZineblad, Tavisufali kapitalis mosazidad, gadae-dga qmediTi nabijebi biznesmenebis interesebis dasaca-vad. xelisufleba ekonomikis gajansaRebis aucileblobas TviTonac grZnobda, magram socialisturi Sexedulebebi da principebi xels uSlida sabazro urTierTobis ganvi-Tarebas. samarTlianad SeniSnavda erovnul-demokratebis lideri spiridon kedia:Ú `Cven sasikvdilod vazianebT mrewvelobis interess da gadaWarbebiT vicavT muSas”.

mrewvelobaSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas See-cadnen sazRvargareTuli investiciebiT, gaixsenes `abreSumis didi gza” da saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi geostrategiuli mdebareoba, misi tradiciuli saerTa-Soriso ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi. cnobili qarTveli biznesmenis akaki xoStarias daxmarebiT momzadda ram-denime savaraudo ekonomikuri proeqti. maT Soris mniS-vnelovani iyo foTis portis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobe-biT dasavleT evropis investorebis daintereseba.

erT-erTi aseTi SesaZlo investori iyo holandie-li biznesmeni van mali. am pirovnebas satransporto firmebi hqonda inglisSic, kargad iyo cnobili saerTa-Soriso klasis biznesmenTa rigebSi, hqonda Tavisufali kapitali da Cinebulad erkveoda sazRvao transportis TaviseburebebSi. van malis kapitalis mozidvis imediT SemuSavda `sqarTvelo-holandiis sazRvao sazogadoebis” proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavda regularul satrans-porto mimosvlis aRdgenas stambolTan, xolo Semdeg _ evropasTan. sazogadoebis sawesdebo kopitali gan-

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isazRvra �-� milioni guldeniT (��� aTasi funti ster-lingi). proeqtis pirobebis mixedviT, gemebs unda evloT holandiis droSiT, sanaosno dafuZnebuliyo holandiis kanonebze. van mali kisrulobda, axali sanaosno kompa-niisaTvis gadaeca ori pirveli klasis gemi, TiToeuli �000 tona wyalwyvisa, romelic SeZlebda �0-�0 kacis ga-dayvanas I da II klasis kaiutebiT. amis garda gembanze daeteoda �00-��0 kaci, xolo triumSi _ 800-�000 tona tvirTi. saaqcio sazogadoebis kantora roterdamSi unda dafuZnebuliyo. xuTi direqtoridan ors daniSnavda van mali. sazogadoebis aqciebis �0 procenti van mals unda gadascemoda. is itovebda uflebas, momavali ori wlis ganmavlobaSi SeeZina aqciaTa damatebiT �� procenti.

aRniSnul saaqcio sazogadoebas sakuTrebaSi unda ga-dascemoda foTSi dislocirebuli saqarTvelos satran-porto sazogadoebis mTeli qoneba _ portebi, sawyobebi, rkinigzis xazebi, satransporto saSualebebi. momavali kompanioni moiTxovda axali gemebis Rirebulebis nax-evari qarTul mxares gadaexada an naRdi fuliT, an misi kuTvnili aqciebiT, rac imas gamoiwvevda, rom holandie-lis xelSi moeqceoda saaqcio sazogadoebis sakontrolo paketi.

akaki xoStaria umtkicebda mTavrobis Tavmjdomares, n. Jordanias: _ es xelSekruleba CvenTvis axlandel droSi misaRebi da sarfianiao, magram menSevikurma mTavrobam holandielis winadadeba erovnuli suverenitetis xelyo-fad da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT miuReblad CaTvala, xolo �920 wlis 2� noembers sabolood uaryo igi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis Cixidan gamoyvanaze bevrs fiqrobda saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri elitac. �920 wels niko nikolaZem dawera ori werili: `meTevzeoba da Tevzis mrewveloba foTSi” da `foTis portis mniSvnelo-ba msoflio vaWrobaSi”. pirvel werilSi xazgasmuli iyo foTis akvatoriaSi, saTanado investiciebis pirobebSi, Tevzis warmoebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.

kidev ufro mniSvnelovania meore werili: masSi das-abuTebuli iyo foTis portis udidesi mniSvneloba msoflio savaWro ekonomikur urTierTobaSi, gansa-kuTrebiT Crdilo kavkasiis navTobiT mdidari raionis (groznos baseinis) msoflios savaWro orbitaSi moqcevis saqmeSi.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ekonomikis stagnaciidan gamo-

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yvana ver xerxdeboda, rac seriozul socialur prob-lemebs warmoSobda. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo dasaqmebis problema da Sromis kanonmdeblobis saTanado dacva. rTuli viTareba kidev ufro amZimebda socialur fons. respublikis sxvadasxva politikuri mimarTulebis gazeTebi xSirad aqveynebdnen masalebsa da reportaJebs sawarmoebSi Seqmnili mZime viTarebis, foTeli dokerebis, xe-tyis damamzadebeli qarxnebis muSebis, rkinigzis muSa-mosamsaxureebis duxWiri cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, gazeTebis korespondentebi ityobinebod-nen, rom foTis navsadguris yazarmuli tipis sacxovre-blebi gadaWedili iyo adamianebiT. sibinZure saSiS-roebas warmoSobda aTasgvari gadamdebi avadmyofobis gasavrceleblad, ar hqondaT sasmeli wyali, muSebi iy-enebdnen rionis mRvrie wyals. wvimis dros muSaTa ubnebi Zlier itboreboda, wyali aorTqlebas ver aswrebda, lpe-boda da saSineli antisanitaria vrceldeboda. amitomac iyo, rom �9�8 wlis zafxulSi qalaqSi xoleris epidemiam ifeTqa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom muSebi social-demokratebis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zala iyvnen da maqsimalurad cdi-lobdnen, gagebiT mohkidebodnen rTul socialur-poli-tikur viTarebas, gaficvebs mainc awyobdnen. �9�9 wlis TebervalSi Zlieri gaficva daiwyes foTis navsadguris saxelosnos muSebma, mezRvaurebma da portis profkav-Sirulma organizaciam. gaficva ekonomikuri xasiaTisa iyo. eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi isini mTavrobisagan xelfa-sis momatebas moiTxovdnen, Tumca maT yuradRebas aravin aqcevda. muSebi iZulebulni gaxdnen Sromis saministros adgilobriv warmomadgenelTan eCivlaT. man maTi preten-ziebi marTebulad cno da aRZra Suamdgomloba xelisu-flebasTan. msgavsi magaliTi bevri iyo.

opoziciuri partiebi seriozulad akritikebdnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ekonomikur politikas da mis radikalur Secvlas moiTxovdnen. ekonomikaSi serio-zuli problemebi rom iyo, es sajarod TviT noe Jorda-niamac aRiara �920 wlis �� oqtombris ekonomikur TaT-birze: `dRes TviToeuli CvenTagani grZnobs, rom Cven ara Tu mivdivarT katastrofisaken _ Cven ukve mivediT iqamde”.

saqarTvelos xelisufleba, romelic arsebobis 2,� wlis manZilze ZiriTadad SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis

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mogvarebiT iyo dakavebuli, verc SeZlebda cxovrebi-saTvis normaluri ekonomikuri pirobebis Seqmnas, roca arc sazRvargareTidan hqonda realuri daxmareba da arc saSinao rezervebi moipoveboda swrafi ekonomikuri gan-viTarebisaTvis.

burJuazia

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebze seriozulad fiqrobda qveynis burJuaziac. qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebi kapitalisturi urTi-erTobebis damsxvrevas ar apirebdnen, piriqiT – cdi-lobdnen SeeqmnaT pirobebi kapitalizmis maqsimalurad ganviTarebisaTvis, rasac unda uzrunveleyo momavalSi Zalumi socialisturi aRorZineba. da mainc, amis miuxe-davad, damokidebuleba saqarTvelos burJuaziasTan xe-lisuflebas daZabuli hqonda.

amis mizezi, albaT, isic unda yofiliyo, rom saqa-rTvelos burJuaziis mniSvnelovani nawili araqarTuli warmoSobisa iyo, warsulSi isini ZiriTadad ruseTis imperiis ekonomikuri interesebis sadarajoze idgnen da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos gamocxadebas daufar-avi gulgrilobiT Sexvdnen. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somexi warmoSobis burJuaziis warmomadgen-lebi somxeT-saqarTvelos omis dros SemCneuli iyvnen somxeTis saxelmwifosadmi ara marto simpatiebSi, aramed materialur daxmarebaSic. amis gamo ramdenime Tbilise-li somexi biznesmenis sawarmo daiketa, daapatimres Tbiliseli somexi oligarqebi: a. manTaSevi, s. manTaSevi, o. manTaSevi, p. mirzoianci, l. aivazovi, da sxvebi. iyo so-mexi kapitalistebis, tairovisa da alixanovis, qarxnebis gaCxrekvis faqtebic.

pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi TiTqmis Sewyda omamde saqarTveloSi moRvawe cnobili evropeli kapitalistebis rotSildisa da nobelis saqmianoba. pirvelma msoflio omma, ruseTis revoluciebma da mimdinare samoqalaqo omma seriozulad daafrTxo isini.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT opoziciurad gan-wyobili partiebi mouwodebdnen xelisuflebas, Seecvala damokidebuleba biznesmenebis mimarT: ̀ saWiroa dauyovne-bliv SevudgeT ufro safuZvlian molaparakebas kapital-istebTan, rom isini movizidoT Cvensken... SevqmnaT iseTi

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pirobebi, rom mwarmoeblebi ki ar ixiznebodnen aqedan, aramed modiodnen CvenSi”.

qarTveli biznesmenebi, SeZlebisamebr, cdilobdnen, qveynisaTvis am rTul periodSi gaekeTebinaT didi mam-uliSviluri saqme. maT Soris Tavisi moRvaweobiT gamor-Ceuli iyo akaki xoStaria, pirovneba da Rirseuli moqa-laqe, romelmac araerTi proeqti SeimuSava, romlebsac SeeZlo mniSvnelovnad waewia win qveynis ekonomikuri gan-viTareba.

akaki xoStariam Tavisi ekonomikuri proeqtebis reali-zacia jer kidev mefis ruseTis imperiis dros daiwyo: mas afasebdnen, angariSs uwevdnen. gansakuTrebiT seriozuli biznesi hqonda iranSi, mas kargad icnobda iranis Sahic ki. movlenebs gavuswrebT da imasac vityviT, rom iranSi akaki xoStarias biznesi imdenad warmatebuli iyo, xolo misi ekonomikuri kavSirebi adgilobriv saqmian wree-bTan imdenad mWidro, rom xoStariasTan saqmiani urT-ierTobiT saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg dainteresda ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis politbiuro.

saqarTvelos demokratiulma xelisuflebamac scada, gamoeyenebina akaki xoStarias ekonomikuri SesaZleblo-bebi, leCxumis mazris teritoriaze mdinare rionis wylis resursebis gamoyenebis mizniT gaaforma kidec masTan xelSekruleba. es xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda hidro-eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobas, rac drois uqonlobisa da qveyanaSi Seqmnli politikuri situaciis gamo ver ganxorcielda.

Tavadaznauroba

social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi qar-Tvel Tavadaznaurobas seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna. marqsistuli moZRvreba Tavadaznaurobas sazogadoebri-vi ganviTarebis rudimentad Tvlida. socialuri urT-ierTobebis ganuviTareblobam ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, marqsistebis azriT, daakonserva es rudimenti, romelic aucilebelad da swrafad unda wasuliyo istoriuli asparezidan. saqarTveloSi Tavadaznaurobis xvedriTi wili �%-s utoldeboda. Tumca materialurad mdidari Tavadaznauri saqarTveloSi sul TiTebze CamoiTvle-boda. ZiriTadi nawili – saSualo da Raribi aznauroba

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iyo, romlebic TavianTi socialuri mdgomareobiT ufro glexebs waagavdnen (`Semodgomis aznaurebi”). saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis ZiriTadi navsayudeli qveynis Semoqme-debiT-sazogadoebriv-saganmanaTleblo sfero iyo.

qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobam oqtombris gadatri-alebis Semdeg miiRo gadawyvetileba Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa koleqtiuri qonebis qarTveli xalxisaT-vis gadacemis Sesaxeb. miRebul dadgenilebaSi naTqvami iyo: `qarTveli Tavadaznauroba yovelTvis iRvwoda da emsaxureboda saerTo kulturul da ekonomikur saWiroeba-moTxovnilebebs. axla ki, politikuri wyo-bilebis Secvlis Semdeg, saxelmwifoSi aw dawyebuli Ta-visuflebis wiaRSi, Tavadaznaurobas eZleva saSualeba, gadalaxos wodebrivi zRudeni da gaerTiandes mTel er-Tan... Tavadaznaurobas Segnebuli aqvs, rom eris yvela elementis SeerTebas SeuZlia daamyaros saqarTveloSi is politikuri wyobileba, romelic Seesabameba mis istori-ul uflebebs da ukve momwifebul realur interesebs”. am gadawyvetilebiT Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa koleqtiur sakuTrebaSi arsebuli �� milioni maneTis qoneba (maT Soris kaxeTis rkinigza da sxva uZrav-moZravi qoneba) qarTveli xalxis sakuTrebad gamocxadda.

TavadaznaurTa erTi mniSvnelovani nawili mefis ru-seTis armiaSi msaxurobda, iyvnen oficrebi, generlebi. maT pirveli msoflio omis frontebze Cinebuli samxe-dro gamocdileba hqondaT miRebuli. maTi mniSvnelovani nawili Cadga axali saqarTvelos samsaxurSi da saqarT-velos armiis oficerTa korpusi Seqmna. isini gamoirCe-odnen maRali discipliniT, Tanamedrove samxedro xe-lovnebis codniT. maTi didi umetesoba cdilobda sike-Te moetana qveynisaTvis. magram social-demokratiul xelisuflebas maT mimarT mainc garkveuli undobloba hqonda.

saxelmwifo da eklesia

saqarTvelos memarjvene social-demokratebi aTeiste-bi iyvnen – es ki is erTaderTi sfero iyo, sadac bolSe-vikebsa da menSevikebs sadavo araferi hqondaT. evropis social-demokratiuli tradiciebidan gamomdinare, qa-rTveli memarjvene social-demokratebi iziarebdnen sax-elmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis, sindisis Tavisuflebis,

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skolis programebidan religiuri swavlebis amoRebis politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli sazogadoe-bis mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT erovnul-de-mokratiuli partia da misi aqtivistebi, umtkicebdnen xelisuflebas, rom qarTuli marTlmadidebluri sarw-munoeba qarTveli eris identobis ganmsazRvrelia, rom mosaxleobis didi umetesoba aRiarebs da pativs scems qarTul eklesias, rac moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan sa-Tanado yuradRebasa da zrunvas, saqarTvelos mTavroba iyenebda sakanonmdeblo organoSi Tavis upiratesobas da mudam blokavda im sakanonmdeblo iniciativas, romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs exeboda.

eklesiisa da religiisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebule-ba aisaxa saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSic, sadac xa-zgasmulia: `saxelmwifo da eklesia gancalkevebulni da damoukidebelni arian; arc erT sarwmunoebas ara aqvs upiratesoba; xarjis gaReba saxelmwifos xazinidan da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaTa Tanxidan sarwmunoebriv saqmeTa saWiroebisaTvis akrZalulia”.

konstituciis es principebi asaxavs evropeli de-mokratebis damokidebulebas religiuri kultisadmi, ma-gram ar iTvaliswinebs qarTul erovnul tradicias, saqa-rTvelos sazogadoebis didi nawilis imJamindel damokide-bulebas qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi.

saqarTveloSi imJamad funqionirebdnen: saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia, somxur-grigori-anuli taZrebi, ebraelTa sinagoga, mahmadianTa meCeTebi, kaTolikeTa da protestantebis samlocveloebi. ase rom, saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba ara marto mravalerovani, mra-valkonfesiuric iyo.

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia, avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, garkveul problemebs waawyda. TiTqmis asi wlis ganmavlobaSi avtokefaliawarT-meul eklesias, materialurad damcrobils, saxelmwi-fos mxardaWeras moklebuls, uWirda fexze wamodgoma, Tavisi mizandasaxulobis realizeba. gaRatakebuli iyo mosaxleoba, aTeisturi propagandis wyalobiT mrevlic gaucxovda. materialurad SeWirvebuli eklesiis msaxu-rebi uars acxadebdnen RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebaze. ruseTis sapatriarqo da misi wabaZviT – msoflio mar-Tlmadidebluri samyaro saqarTvelos eklesiis avtoke-

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falias ar aRiarebda, rac seriozul problemebs uqmnida saqarTvelos eklesias.

ganaxlebuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels, kaTolikos-pa-triarq kirion II-s bevri problema daxvda gadasaWreli. umTavresi – RvTismsaxurebaSi qarTuli tradiciuli wes-gangebis aRdgena iyo. ruseTis eklesia, pirvel xanebSi, cdilobda Seeqmna damatebiTi problemebi. ar cnobda ra saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias, is cdilobda, gamoeyo rusi marTlmadideblebi saqarTvelos danarCeni mrevlisagan, iTxovda rusebisa da ruseTis eklesiis erT-guli mrevlisaTvis gansakuTrebul statuss, cdilobda afxazeTSi qarTuli eklesiisaTvis daepirispirebina ad-gilobrivi rusulenovani mrevli.

qarTuli eklesiisaTvis aseT rTul viTarebaSi, �9�8 wlis 2� ivniss, martyofis monasterSi mokles didi mam-uliSvili, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II. misi adgi-li daikava kaTolikos-patriarqma leonidem. swored mas mouwia mTeli im simZimis gadatana, romelic dakavSireb-uli iyo aTeisti xelisuflebis antireligiur moRvaweo-basTan. patriarqi xedavda, rogor TandaTan izRudeboda eklesiis moRvaweobis sfero – eklesias CamoerTva sas-wavleblebi, skolebSi aikrZala saRvTo sjulis swavleba, eklesias waarTves qoneba, ganZeuli, eklesiis msaxurebs SeuwydaT xelfasi. uwmidesi leonide cdilobda, ganemt-kicebina saqarTvelos eklesiis erToba. �9�9 wels is ewvia afxazeTs, mouwodebda mrevls daecvaT da SeenarCunebi-naT damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. aTeisti xelisuflebis gasagonad ki acxadebda: `Cveni mTvaroba socialisturia, principulad ver egueba eklesias. Tanaxma var, diaxac, nu Seeguebian urTierTs eklesia da socialistebi da drozed gaSordnen erTmaneTs, magram aqac savaldebu-loa samarTlianoba da Cvenc marto samarTlian daSore-bas vTxoulobT saxelmwifosagan, sxva arafers”.

magram, rogorc dasturdeba, miuxedavad deklarirebi-sa, saqarTvelos mTavroba garkveul materialur zrun-vas mainc iCenda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT – Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saSualebiT yovel-wliurad kaTolikosis balansze iricxeboda ��� 8�2 ma-neTi. es precendenti unda aixsnas saqarTvelos eklesiis mZime materialuri mdgomareobiT, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan garkveul Carevas iTxovda.

saqarTvelos sxva konfesiebi – ZiriTadad mrevlis xar-

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jze arsebobdnen, Tumca SeZlebisamebr maT exmarebodnen saerTaSoriso kaTolikuri, grigorianuli Tu ebrauli organizaciebi. qarTveli mahmadianebis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan iTxovdnen 80 �00 maneTs, raTa Seqmniliyo saqarTvelos muslimani samRvdeloebis specialuri sammarTvelo.

TurqeTis saxelmwifo seriozul daxmarebas uwevda mahmadianur sarwmunoebas, gansakuTrebiT aWara-qobu-leTis regionSi. molebisa da xojebis didi umetesoba proTurquli orientaciis matarebeli iyo da propagan-das uwevda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dabrunebas TurqeTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. baTumis `azizies meCeTi” – antiqarTuli propagandis ZiriTadi centri iyo. medresebSi mahmadis sjulsa da yurans aswavlidnen, qarTuli ena ki idevneboda. inglisis okupaciis piro-bebSi mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis muSaobis kargi pirobebi Seiqmna. saqarTvelos iurisdiq-ciaSi am kuTxis dabrunebis Semdeg (�920 wlis zafxuli) mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebma gaaZlieres proTurquli propaganda.

miuxedavad saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris civi damokidebulebisa, demokratiuli saqarTvelos arsebobis xanaSi urTierToba ZiriTadad civilizebul farglebs ar gascilebia da ar miuRia totaluri aTeisturi iste-riis forma, rac sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi ganxorcielda eklesiisa da misi msaxurebis mimarT.

ganaTleba da kultura

religiuri ganaTlebis SezRudvis paralelurad, Se-Zlebisamebr, didi yuradReba eqceoda saero ganaTlebis qselis ganviTareba-gafarToebas. erovnuli damoukide-blobis gamocxadebam Seqmna Cinebuli safuZveli kul-turuli cxovrebis aRmavlobisaTvis. am periods Ta-namedroveni `patara oqros xanasac” ki uwodeben. bune-brivicaa – saukuneze meti xnis damoukideblobadakar-guli xalxi, urTulesi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis miuxedavad, Seudga erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas, romlis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili erovnuli kul-turisaTvis zrunva gaxda.

yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda saxalxo ganaTleba. es social-demokratebis saprogramo valdebuleba iyo.

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saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti

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saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo droSa da gerbi.

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saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania.

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kaTolikos patriarqi kirion II

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damfuZnebeli kreba

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis erTi jgufi. centrSi - noe Jordania

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saxalxo gvardia

generali giorgi kvinitaZe generali giorgi mazniaSvili

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germaniis imperatoris elCi grafi fidrix - verner fon

der Sulenburgi.

germaneli samxedroebi TbilisSi.

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inglisis samxedro desanti baTumSi.

meore socialisturi internacionalis liderebi TbilisSi.

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ruseTis saokupacio sadesanto kavaleriis ufrosi dimitri Jloba

rigiTi qarTveli bolSevikebi.

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kojorTan daRupuli iunkrebi.

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komunisturi ruseTis meTertmete armiis aRlumi TbilisSi

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Tbilisis universitetis damaarseblebi. centrSi _ ivane javaxiSvili

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mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saskolo qseli – Tu �9�� wels saqarTveloSi yvela tipis mxolod 8�� skola iyo 80 aTa-si moswavliT, �920 wels �92� skolaSi swavlobda ��2 aTasamde moswavle. qarTuli skolebis gverdiT iyo ru-suli, somxuri, germanuli skolebi. saqarTvelos xelisu-fleba cdilobda, pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebiT moecva araqarTveli mosaxleoba, rom is ufro intensiurad Cab-muliyo qveynis socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi.

warmatebiT dasrulda qarTveli inteligenciis mra-valwliani mcdeloba da �9�8 wlis 2� ianvars TbilisSi gaixsna universiteti. am saqmeSi udidesi Rvawli miuZ-RviT iv. javaxiSvils, p. meliqiSvils, a. SaniZes, a. raz-maZes, S. nucubiZes da sxv.

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos gamocxadebas aRfr-TovanebiT Sexvdnen qarTveli mwerlebi, poetebi. mxco-van, damsaxurebul poetTa krebuls Seematnen axalgaz-rda Taobis warmomadgenlebi. im wlebSi saqarTveloSic gavrcelda modernistuli mimarTulebebi, Seiqmna axali SemoqmedebiTi jgufi `cisferyanwelebi” (p. iaSvili, t. tabiZe, k. nadiraZe da sxv.).

viTardeboda qarTuli proza (m. javaxiSvili, S. dadi-ani da sxv.), gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo publicis-tika.

aRorZinebis gzas daadga qarTuli samusiko xelovne-ba. Tbilisis konservatoria qarTveli musikos-Sems-ruleblebis WeSmariti samWedlo gaxda. Tbilisis ope-ris Teatri, romelic adre rusuli kulturis nawili iyo mudam, TandaTan qarTuli repertuariT Seivso. �9�9 wels warmatebiT daidga d. arayiSvilis ̀ Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze”, z. faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri”, v. doliZis `qeTo da kote”. iqmneboda axali safortepiano da saorkestro nawarmoebebi. gamorCeuli siyvaruli da aRiareba moipoves momRerlebma: v. sarajiSvilma, s. in-aSvilma da sxv.

TvalsaCino miRwevebi hqondaT saxviTi xelovnebis ostatebs. Zveli Taobis mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs (g. gabaSvils, m. ToiZes da sxv.) mxarSi amoudgnen axalgaz-rdebi: l. gudiaSvili, e. axvlediani. q. maRalaSvili da sxv. periodulad imarTeboda samxatvro gamofenebi da vernisaJebi respublikis sxvadasxva qalaqSi.

garkveuli yuradReba daeTmo sportis ganviTarebasac. siZneleebis miuxedavad Seiqmna pirveli qarTuli spor-

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tuli organizacia `Sevardeni”, romlis mTavari amocana mosaxleobaSi cxovrebis jansaRi wesis danergva, axal-gazrdobis fizikuri momzadeba da masebis fizikuri aR-zrda iyo.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli xelisuflebis politi-ka, problemebis miuxedavad, mainc uzrunvelyofda xe-lovnebis zeaRmaval ganviTarebas.

yofa da cxovreba

pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad Seqmnili mZime eko-nomikuri krizisis gamo, ra Tqma unda, damakmayofile-buli sayofacxovrebo viTareba saqarTveloSic ar Sei-Zleba yofiliyo. frontidan uamravi dasaxiCrebuli, da-invalidebuli moqalaqe dabrunda. seriozuli, zogjer gausaZlisi problemebi iyo saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela ojaxSi. Tumca, �9�8 wlis 2� maisis damoukideblobis ga-mocxadebam garkveuli imedebi aRZra da xalisi gamoi-wvia mosaxleobaSi. TandaTan damkvidrda da tradiciuli gaxda 2� maisis, damoukideblobis dResaswaulis sazeimo aRniSvnac. saqarTvelos qalaqebi erTmaneTs ejibrebo-dnen dResaswaulis originalur CatarebaSi.

mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis miuxedavad, qarTvelo-ba cdilobda, ganemtkicebina saxelmwifo, Seeqmna axali saxelmwifoebrivi simboloebi, dResaswaulebi, daeZlia warsuli cxovrebis mankierebani da aeSenebina ukeTesi momavali. es procesi ki, samwuxarod, Znelad xorciel-deboda: �00-wliani kolonializmis mavne gadmonaSTebi, CveulebaSi gamjdari mankierebani, mainc iCenda xolme Tavs. saqarTvelos presa yvela SemCneul negatiur faq-tze reagirebda, aaSkaravebda mankierebas da ibrZoda misi aRmofxvrisaTvis.

ukve SeimCneoda `pirovnebis kultis” saxifaTo simp-tomebic – moqandake iakob nikolaZe noe Jordanias Zeg-lis Sesaqmnelad damfuZnebel krebas sTxovda did sub-sidias. Zegli, savaraudod, quTaisSi unda dadgmuliyo.

cxovrebis mankieri mxareebi saqarTvelos ucxoeli me-gobrebisTvisac TvalSi sacemi iyo. generali fon kresi igonebs erT SemTxvevas, romelic Tbilisis quCaSi seirno-bis dros SeemTxva: ̀ roca erTxel ananovTan erTad (cno-bili somexi miwaTmflobeli – avtorebi) golovinis prospeqtze mivdiodi, Cven erTi pirovneba Semogvxvda,

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romelic Tavisi kargi SesaxedaobiT da zRapruli el-eganturobiT TvalSi momxvda. b-ni ananovic xazgasmuli TavazianobiT miesalma mas. Cems kiTxvaze, Tu vinaa es batoni, b-nma ananovma mipasuxa: `es aris Tavadi `X”. igi Cveni erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi yaCaRia, ori wlis win man mTebSi damiWira, Tavis sasaxleSi wamiyvana da Zalian didi gamosasyidi Tanxa gamomZala. tyveobis ganmavlobaSi, me, rogorc stumars, didi pativiT meqceodnen, magram ueWve-lad daviRupebodi, gamosasyidi rom ar gadamexada”.

aseTi iyo viTareba demokratiul saqarTveloSi, sadac axali saxelmwifoebrioba ibadeboda da, aseT viTarebaSi rogorc yovelTvis xdeba xolme, did tkivils didi sixa-rulic Tan sdevda.

erovnebaTaSorisi urTierToba

saqarTvelo mudam mravalerovani qveyana iyo. jer kidev Cv. w. VI saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Camovidnen ltolvili ebraelebi, mogvianebiT maT Seematnen ltolvili somxe-bi, qurTebi, aisorebi. Zlieri mezoblebis ganuwyveteli TareSisa da saqarTvelos mTeli rigi regionebis (mesx-eT-javaxeTi, samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo) mitacebis Semdeg, adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleoba gaamahmadi-anes. moaxerxes tradiciuli qarTuli kulturisagan maTi gaucxoveba. centralizebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos dasustebis Sedegad daiwyo Crdilo kavkasieli tomebis ukontrolo migracia. ruseTis imperiaSi ZalmomreobiT gaerTianebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Camosaxldnen: rusebi, ukrainelebi, germanelebi, estonelebi. XIX saukuneSi ru-seTis warmatebuli omebis Sedegad TurqeTidan samxreT saqarTveloSi (qvemo qarTlSi) gadmosaxldnen berZnebi, somxebi. ruseTis xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda, ar daeSva axladSemoerTebul miwebze qarTuli cno-bierebis aRorZineba, xels uSlida qarTvelebs, ewarmoe-binaT saganmanaTleblo muSaoba qarTvel muslimanebSi, raTa aRdgeniliyo Selaxuli erovnuli cnobiereba.

seriozuli problemebi daTesa ruseTis imperiulma saxelmwifom afxazeTSi, sadac adgilobriv eTnoss ukve aRar axsovda erToblivi qarTuli saxelmwifos farg-lebSi sakuTari aqtiuri monawileoba, da miuxedavad imisa, rom rusebma maT Tavs daatexes `muhajirobac”, so-cialuri da erovnuli Cagvrac, miakeres `moRalate eris”

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zedwodebac, mainc XX saukunis dasawyisidan afxazeTis eTnokratiis mniSvnelovani nawili prorusuli politi-kis gamtarebeli gaxda.

pirveli imperialisturi omis Sedegad saqarTvelos portebs (foTs, baTums, soxums) moawyda TurqeTis represiul politikas gamoqceuli berZnebisa da somxebis axali talRa, ramac damatebiTi seriozuli problemebi moitana.

saqarTveloSi imJamad (�9�8 w.) sul � 0�9 ��8 kaci cxov-robda, aqedan qarTveli marTlmadidebeli _ � 8�� �00, mahmadiani qarTveli – 2�� 809, amaT garda cxovrobda: somexi – 2�� ���, rusi – ��8 ���, Turqi – �0� ���, osi �0� 08� da a.S. qarTvelebi mosaxleobis ��,� procents Seadgendnen. araqarTveli mosaxleobis did nawils araferi akavSirebda qarTvelebTan, maTi didi umete-soba wera-kiTxvis ucodinari, arqauli tradiciebis dam-cveli da sakuTari eTnokratiis brmad mimdevari ubiri masa iyo.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisufle-ba, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis adre arasodes iRvwoda, erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis marqsistul meTods iyenebda. maTTvis mTa-vari iyo lozungi: `proletarebo yvela qveynisa, SeerT-diT!” isini aRiarebdnen `yvela eris TviTgamorkvevis uflebas”, `kulturul-nacionaluri avtonomiis” ideas, romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb erebs unda miniWebodaT ara teritoriuli, aramed eqsteritoriuli `avtonomia”, rac gulisxmobda saxelmwifos Semadgenlo-baSi Semavali erebis gaerTianebas `erovnul sabWoebSi”. es tipuri marqsistuli, avstria-ungreli social-de-mokratebis mier aprobirebuli, politika iyo.

qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebis winaaRmde-gobrivi politika yvelaze naTlad erovnuli sakiTxis gatarebis dros gamoCnda. maT surdaT saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifo aeSenebinaT marqsistuli, inter-nacionalisturi meTodologiiT. swored amaSi unda veZe-boT am politikis naklovaneba.

partiis ideologebi aSkarad dabneulobas avlend-nen. es gazeT `erTobis” publikaciebidanac kargad Cans: `Cveni qveyana dRes damoukidebeli respublikaa, am mxriv erovnuli sakiTxi CvenTvis aRar arsebobs”. aseTi gancxadebis Semdeg vxvdebiT amgvar gancxadebasac: `or-

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magad gonivruli da windaxeduli unda iyos Cveni re-spublikis erovnuli politika”. aSkaraa, rom axali saqa-rTvelos ideologebs Rrmad ar hqondaT gaazrebuli erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis rTuli problema.

pirveli seriozuli Secdoma aisaxa damoukideblobis aqtSi da aman yvela sxva Secdoma da nakli gamoiwvia. istoriul dokumentSi xazgasmulia: `saqarTvelos de-mokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis Tavisufal as-parezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela ers“. saqarTveloSi `yvela eri” ar cxovrobda. saqarTveloSi cxovrobda qarTveli da afxazi eri. danarCeni `erebi” iyvnen diaspora, `Camotexili erebi”, ZiriTad erebs Ca-mocilebuli eTnosebi, romlebic sxvadasxva mizeziT saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCndnen. magram memarjvene social-demokratebma meqanikurad gadmoitanes erovneba-TaSorisi urTierTobis is politika, romelsac partia axorcielebda ruseTis imperiis pirobebSi, sadac, marT-lac, arsebobdnen ̀ erebi”, romlebic SeiZleba gaerTianeb-uliyvnen eqsteritoriul gaerTianebebSi. isini miamitu-rad fiqrobdnen, rom proletaruli internacionaliz-mis idea erT muStad Sekravda yvela eris demokratias socialuri samarTlianobis principebis gasamarjveblad. es politikuri gulubryviloba da, amave dros, didi Sec-doma iyo.

`erovnul sabWoebSi” saqme sagangaSod iyo. saqarT-veloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnosi Zalauflebisaken miiswrafoda, cdilobdnen hqonodaT SeiaraReba, Seeqm-naT sakuTari diasporisaTvis privilegiebi. zogjer maTi qmedeba aSkarad antisaxelmwifoebriv Sinaarss iZenda. ai magaliTic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TbilisSi, e.w. `ar-amiancis saxlSi” ganlagebul somxebis erovnul sabWoSi mimdinareobda Tbiliseli axalgazrda somxebis Cawera somxeTis armiaSi, romelic maSin saqarTvelos eomeboda.

`osTa erovnuli sabWo”, faqtobrivad, antisaxelmwi-foebrivi moqmedebebiT iyo dakavebuli, da araerTxel Caudga saTaveSi ajanyebasa Tu provokacias. seriozuli problemebi hqonda saqarTvelos xelisuflebas `afxaz-Ta erovnul sabWosTanac”. afxazebis eTnokratiis erTi nawilis aqtiur muSaobas Sedegad afxazebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiuri orientaciis gaZliereba mohyva.

movlenebis ganviTareba adasturebs, rom �9��-�92� wlebSi afxazebis didi jgufi fiqrobda, qarTvelebTan

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erTad Tanaswor uflebriv viTarebaSi yofiliyo kavka-siisa da amierkavkasiis federaciaSi. mas ar surda mar-todmarto qarTvelebTan, daqvemdebarebul avtonomiur mdgomareobaSi yofna. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arse-boba mis ambiciebs laxavda, tovebda ra qarTveli eris amara.

jer kidev �9�� wels, ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis gamarjvebisTanave, afxazeTSi Seiqmna droebiTi mTavro-bis adgilobrivi organo – sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti Tavad ServaSiZis meTaurobiT, romelmac imave wlis oqtomberSi vladikavkazSi sakavSiro xelSekrule-bas (kazakTa jarebis, kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa da stepebis Tavisufal xalxTa kavSirebTan) moawera xeli. am xelSekrulebis srul amoqmedebas Crdilo kavkasiaSi mdgomareobis garTulebam da ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dawyebam SeuSala xeli.

�9�8 wlis 9 Tebervals TbilisSi afxazeTis saxalxo krebis delegatebsa da saqarTvelos erovnuli krebis warmomadgenelTa Soris Sexvedra Sedga. swored am Sexve-draze miaRwies SeTanxmebas afxazeTis mxridan kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSirTan kontaqtis gawyvetisa da misi Semadgenlobidan gamosvlis Sesaxeb.

soxumsa da Tbiliss Soris SeTanxmebam afxazeTis mo-saxleobis nawilis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. soxumSi in-spirirebuli iqna SeiaraRebuli putCi, romlis Sedegad soxumi e.w. `samxedro-revoluciuri komitetis” kontro-lis qveS aRmoCnda. mas cnobili afxazi bolSeviki efrem eSba xelmZRvanelobda. es komiteti male gauqmda, magram �9�8 wlis 8 aprils bolSevikebma kvlav SeZles soxumSi Zalauflebis xelSi aReba.

am situaciaSi afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom daxmarebi-saTvis mimarTa amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis mTavrobas, romelmac afxazeTSi gvardiis nawilebi gaag-zavna. amgvarad, afxazeTis bolSevizaciis saSiSroeba im-Jamad likvidirebuli iqna.

amierkavkasiis federaciis daSlisa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis Semdeg, afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom, afxazeTis farglebSi, mTeli Zalau-flebis Tavis xelSi aReba gadawyvita. mogvianebiT, �9�8 wlis �� ivniss daiwyo molaparakeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan, rac oficialuri xelSekrulebis xelmow-eriT damTavrda, romlis mixedviT, afxazeTis saxalxo

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sabWo regionis Sida mmarTvelobaze iyo pasuxismge-beli. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, Tavis mxriv, valdebulebas iRebda, afxazeTis marTvisaTvis kreditebi gamoeyo. agreTve, afxazeTis saxalxo krebis dasaxmareblad, wesrigis dasamyareblad da mtkice xe-lisuflebis organizebisaTvis saqarTvelos wiTeli gvardiis razmis gagzavna gadawyda. es xelSekruleba ar uzrunvelyofda afxazeTis damoukideblobas, Tum-ca imJamad is misaRebi aRmoCnda afxazeTis zogierTi, sakmaod separatistulad ganwyobili fenisaTvisac ki. amgvarad, Tumca afxazeTis mosaxleobis nawili cdi-lobda sruli damoukidebloba mieRo, maT liderebs esmodaT regionSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba, sadac, erTi mxriv, afxazeTs TurqeTisagan sruli okupacia emuqre-boda da, meore mxriv, mis teritoriaze bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebis didi albaToba arsebobda. swored amitom maT am etapze saqarTvelosTan swored amgvari urTierToba akmayofilebdaT.

TbilisSi dadebuli xelSekruleba xels ar aZlevda bolSevikebs, amitomac �9�8 wlis zafxulSi maT soxu-mis mimarTulebiT ieriSi ganaxorcieles da axal aTons miuaxlovdnen. am garemoebam afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo aiZula, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad swrafi zomebi mieRo. saswrafod Seatyobines saqarTvelos mTavrobas da �9�8 wlis �8 ivniss saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro ministrma general mazniaSvilis saxelze samtrediaSi depeSa gaagzavna, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom generali mazniaSvili afxazeTis general-gubernatorad da Savi zRvis jarebis sardlad iniSneboda. mizani soxumis dac-vis organizeba iyo, raTa bolSevikebisaTvis ar miecaT qalaqSi Sesvlis saSualeba, Semdeg ki kontrSetevaze gadasuliyvnen da afxazeTi bolSevikebisagan gaewmindaT.

Tavis mxriv, bolSevikebi, romlebmac ukve daikaves axali aToni, rezervs elodnen, raTa soxumis mimarTule-biT Setevaze gadasuliyvnen.

am momentiT marjved isargebla general mazniaSvi-lis jarma. �9�8 wlis 2� ivniss maT bolSevikebs Seu-ties da gudauTisken daaxevines. bolSevikebi gudauTaSic ver gamagrdnen da ukan daxeva ganagrZes. maT jer gagra datoves, xanmokle brZolis Semdeg ki – soWic. am qa-laqis aRebis brZaneba generalma mazniaSvilma afxazeTis saxalxo sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan miiRo.

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soWis Semdeg xostac aiRes. bolSevikebma ki tuafsesaken daixies. general mazniaSvilis mogonebebidan Cans, rom qarTuli jarebis winsvla tuafsesken sasurveli ar iyo da saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis gagzavnil werilSi is rekomendacias iZleoda, daewyoT TavdacviTi nagebobebis mSenebloba mdinare Sakis gaswvriv, rom aecilebinaT bol-Sevikebis Semdgomi uecari ieriSebi da maTi SemoWra afx-azeTis teritoriaze. magram saqarTveloSi xorblisa da navTobis mwvave naklebobam da yubanis radas mTavrobis dapirebam SeRavaTian fasebSi xorblisa da navTobis miy-idvis Sesaxeb, aiZula saqarTvelos mTavroba uari eTqva general mazniaSvilis SemoTavazebul Tavdacvis gegmaze. mas tuafseze galaSqreba ubrZanes. 2� ivliss Seupovari da sisxlismRvreli brZolis Semdeg qarTulma jarebma aiRes tuafse, ganagrZes ieriSi da brZoliT aiRes stan-icebi beloreCenskaia da krivenkovskaia. amgvarad, gen-eral mazniaSvilis amocana ganxorcielda.

qarTuli armiis aqtiuri moqmedebis dros, aleqsandre ServaSiZisa da tataS marSanias momxreebma TurqeTis saz-Rvao desantis gadmosxmis organizeba SeZles. es desanti umTavresad afxazi muhajirebisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic mefis ruseTma jer kidev �8�� wels afxazeTidan ZaliT gaasaxla da axla TurqeTSi cxovrobdnen. maTi mizanic soxumis aReba iyo. Tumca desanti droulad aRmoaCines da general mazniaSvilis jarebma is alyaSi moaqcies. desantis xelmZRvanelebTan molaparakebis Semdeg g. mazniaSvilma brZaneba gasca, mTeli desanti or barJaze ganeTavsebinaT da isev baTumSi gaegzavnaT, romelic am dros jer kidev TurqeTis okupaciis qveS iyo.

�9�8 wlis seqtembris dasawyisSi denikinis moxalise-Ta armiis xelmZRvanelobam da yubanis mTavrobam saqa-rTvelos xelisuflebas TxovniT mimarTa, rom qarTuli jarebi soWidan da misi olqidan gaeyvanaT, radgan isini mTeli Savi zRvis gubernias da, maT Soris soWis olqs, ganixilavdnen rogorc yubanis nawils.

sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad ekaterinodarSi, mox-aliseTa armiis xelmZRvanelobasTan Sesaxvedrad, saqarT-velos mTavrobam sagareo saqmeTa ministri e. gegeWkori da generali g. mazniaSvili gaagzavna. molaparakeba �9�8 wlis 2� seqtembers gaimarTa, roca moxaliseTa armiis warmomadgenlebma saqarTvelos delegacias kategori-ulad mosTxoves soWis olqisa da gagris yubanis re-

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spublikis SemadgenlobaSi aRiareba da iqidan qarTuli jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvana.

qarTulma mxarem gagraze ruseTis yovelgvari pre-tenzia uaryo da, Tavis mxriv, daJinebiT moiTxova, rom soWis olqi droebiT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCe-niliyo, molaparakebebi uSedegod dasrulda.

�9�8 wlis noemberSi wiTeli armia, romelic donisaken moiwevda denikinis jarebma gaanadgures da ukuaqcies. amgvarad, denikinma, romelic ruseTis samxreTSi mdgo-mareobis baton-patroni gaxda, gadawyvita, erTxel da samudamod, iaraRis ZaliT gadaeWra saqarTvelosTan saz-Rvrebis sakiTxi da lozungiT _ ̀ erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTi” _ jarebi saqarTvelosken daZra. es moxda miuxe-davad imisa, rom didi britaneTi dahpirda saqarTvelos mTvarobas _ igi saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas ar dauSvebda. �9�9 wlis � Tebervals moxaliseTa armiis jarebma Seu-ties da ganaiaraRes mcirericxovani qarTuli razmi soWSi, daikaves mTeli olqi, Semdeg gagra da mdinare baitTan SeCerdnen. amavdroulad, aleqsandre ServaSiZem, moxaliseTa armiis xelmRvanelebTan SeTanxmebiT, sox-umSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyoba scada. moewyo SeiaraRebuli putCi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos operati-uli moqmedebis Sedegad samTavrobo jarebma afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Senobis gaTavisufleba SeZles da putCis Tavkacebi daapatimres.

�9�9 wlis �� Tebervals noe Jordaniam britaneTis 2�-e diviziis meTaurs amierkavkasiaSi general uokers mosTxova, rom denikins gagra daetovebina, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo TviTon SeZlebda Tavisi saz-Rvrebis aRdgenas.

didi britaneTis warmomadgenlebma denikins mosTxoves gagris datoveba, xolo qarTvelebi gaafrTxiles, rom maT qalaqis ZaliT aRebaze uari eTqvaT. magram denikini gagris datovebas ar apirebda. �9�9 wlis TebervalSi md. bzifis gaswvriv, dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris ingliselTa aseuli Cadga. am aqcias didad ar SeuSlia xeli qarTvelebisaTvis, romlebmac general gedevaniSvilis sardlobiT gadalaxes mdinare bzifi da ramdenime dReSi daikaves teritoria md. mzimTamde. Tumca maleve qarTvelebma odnav ukan daixies da md. mexadirTan ganlagdnen.

afxazeTSi viTarebis garTulebis paralelurad da-iZaba viTareba Sida qarTlSi, osebiT dasaxlebul re-

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gionSi. �9�� wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, samxreT oseTis saxalxo kreba da erovnuli sabWo Seiqmna, romelTa mizani iyo e.w. `samxreT oseTis” gamoyofa calke ad-ministraciul-teritoriul erTeulad. am organizaciis aqtiuri monawileobiT �9�8 wlis martSi, jer kidev saqa-rTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, osebma aja-nyeba moawyves, ramac qarTvelebTan sisxliani Setakeba gamoiwvia. am ajanyebis Sedegad qalaqi cxinvali daingra da gaiZarcva. cxinvalSi wesrigis dasamyareblad Sesuli qarTuli wiTeli gvardiis razmi mTlianad gaanadgures.

�9�9 wlis 2� oqtombers daiwyo osTa meore ajanyeba. ajanyebis mizani bolSevikur ruseTTan SeerTeba iyo. am ajanyebas mxari dauWires amierkavkasiis bolSevikurma organizaciebmac. saqarTvelos mTavrobam es ajanyebac Caaqro. da bolos, �920 wlis maisSi, sabWoTa azerbaijan-is mxridan wiTeli armiis nawilebis Semotevisas, osebi kvlav ajanydnen da samxreT oseTis sabWoTa ruseTTan SeerTeba gamoacxades. amjerad es ajanyeba gansakuTreb-uli agresiulobiTa da masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda. qar-Tulma armiam general kvinitaZis xelmZRvanelobiT mka-crad CaaxSo igi.

aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver monaxa os mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis daregulirebis meqa-nizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom osi mosaxleobis didi nawili `samxreT oseTis” farglebs miRma cxovrobda, qa-rTvelebTan intensiur kulturul-sayofacxovrebo da mWidro ekonomikur viTarebaSi, mTavrobam ver gamoiy-ena es mdgomareoba da ver uzrunvelyo sayovelTao mSvidoba. rus bolSevikebs ayolili osi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili ara marto ruseTTan SeerTebas iTxovda, aramed eweoda mezobeli qarTveli mosaxleobis tradiciul Zarcva-rbevas, romlis Sesaxeb, jer kidev adrec, gulistkiviliT amaxvilebda yuradRebas osuri literaturis klasikosi kosta xeTagurovi.

problemebi iyo samahmadiano saqarTveloSic, sadac seriozulad muSaobda TurqeTis saxelmwifo, romlis mizani iyo am regionSi proTurquli ganwyobilebebis xelSewyoba. �9�9 ianvars axalcixis raionSi ajanyebam if-eTqa. ajanyeba adgilobrivi memamuleebis mier iyo inici-rebuli, isini samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respublikis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. am respublikam damoukidebloba �9�9 wlis �8 ianvars gamoacxada qa-

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laq yarsSi musulmanuri nacionaluri sabWosa da me-9 Turquli armiis xelmZRvanelobis iniciativiT. ajanyebis mizani axalqalaqis da axalcixis olqebis, da momavalSi, agreTve baTumis olqis saqarTvelodan mowyveta da yar-sis olqTan, ardaganis da olTisis mazrebTan mierTeba da samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respublikis teritoriis gafarToeba iyo. Znelia erTmniSvnelovnad davasaxeloT ajanyebis mizezi. unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivi ad-ministraciis uxeSma moqmedebam menSevikuri mTavro-bis emisris leo ruxaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, garkveuli roli Seasrula mosaxleobis saprotesto ganwyobilebis Camoyalibebasa da gaRrmavebaSi. swored amiT moxerxebu-lad isargebles samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respubli-kis mTavrobasTan dakavSirebulma Zalebma. ajanyebulebma aiZules qarTuli armiis SedarebiT mcire kontingenti, romelsac gamocdili generali mayaSvili xelmZRvanelob-da, daetovebina axalcixe da axalqalaqi. general mayaS-vilis moqmedebebiT ukmayofilo saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadaayena igi, axalcixis mimarTulebiT armiis sardlad generali mazniaSvili daniSna da mas yovelgvari daxmareba aRuTqva. samwuxarod, dapirebuli daxmareba mazniaSvilma ver miiRo afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis gamo. mazniaSvilis jarma samxreT-dasavleT frontze ukan dax-eva ganagrZo da datova rigi dasaxlebuli punqti awy-uris CaTvliT. am warumateblobiT guldawyvetilma saqa-rTvelos mTavrobam gaiwvia generali mazniaSvili da mis adgilze generali kvinitaZe dainiSna.

saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas ar SeeZlo, an ar un-doda im ubralo faqtis aRiareba, rom gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebelia Zlieri jari da rom veravin, iseTi brwin-vale generalic ki, rogoric iyo giorgi mazniaSvili, ver SeZlebda dadebiTad gadaewyvita brZolis Sedegi aseTi jaris gareSe. swored es moiTxova mTavrobis-gan generalma kvinitaZem da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mis gankargulebaSi Semovida misi gaangariSebiT aucilebeli samaSvelo jari, kvinitaZem Setevis brZaneba gasca. mTeli rigi warmatebuli sabrZolo operaciebis Sedegad misma jarma gaaTavisufla axalcixisa da axalqalaqis olqebi da aRadgina qarTuli kontroli ardaganis olqze. imave dros, 2�-e britanuli diviziis daxmarebiT somxeTis de-mokratiuli respublikis jarebma yarsisa da kazizmanis olqebis udidesi nawilis okupireba moaxdines. �9�9 wlis

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�2 aprils TviTgamocxadebuli samxreT-dasavleT kavka-siis respublika gaauqmes, misi liderebi ki daiWires.

aseT viTarebaSi proqarTuli dajgufebis – memed abaSiZis politikuri gaerTianebis moRvaweoba gansa-kuTrebiT dasafasebelia, magram xelisufleba, romlisT-visac miuRebeli iyo `teritoriuli avtonomia”, aWi-anurebda samahmadiano saqarTvelos avtonomiis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebas. mogvianebiT, saqarT-velos konstituciaSi dafiqsirda afxazeTsa da samus-limano saqarTvelosTvis avtonomiis miniWebis faqti, ma-gram ra Sinaarsisa iqneboda es avtonomia, konstituciaSi naTqvami ar iyo.

ratom gamwvavda ase Zalian erovnebaTaSorisi urT-ierTobebi saqarTveloSi �9�8-�92� wlebSi?

mTavari da upirvelesi, Cveni azriT, iyo arsebuli politikuri realobis araadekvaturi aRqma. saqarTvelos memarjvene social-demokratiam, romelic mudam winaaR-mdegi iyo ruseTis erTiani saxelmwifos daSla-daquc-macebisa da msoflio proletariatis internacionalur erTobaze ocnebobda, iZulebuli gaxda, erovnuli saxelm-wifos mSenebloba daewyo Zveli – social-demokratiuli iluziebiT aRsavse programiT. realoba ki moiTxovda, rom saqarTvelos memarjvene social-demokratias radi-kalurad Seecvala Tavisi erovnuli programa. maSin es ar gakeTda. piriqiT, qarTvelma memarjvene social-de-mokratebma rogorc Semdgari faqti, ise miiRes virtua-lur ocnebaSi arsebuli ̀ Tamarisdroindeli saqarTvelo” da mTel am teritoriaze pretenzia ganacxades.

obieqturi viTarebis gamo adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma (rogorc qarTvelebma, ise araqarTvelebma) daiviwyes erTiani saqarTvelosadmi damokidebuleba, istoriuli kavSirebi da amitomac, maincdamainc, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da masTan daqvemdebarebuli politikuri kavSiri did sikeTed ar miiCnies. saWiro iyo am mimarTulebiT muSaoba, didZali materialuri da sulieri resursi, magram amisaTvis arc dro iyo da arc saSualeba moiZebneboda. amitomac sityvieri apelirebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina”.

seriozul Secdomad Cans, rom cneba `avtonomia”, romelic gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo im periodSi eTnokratiis liderebs Soris, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam

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satyuarad gadaaqcia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, rogorc afxazeTSi, iseve samuslimano saqarTveloSi, `avtonomia”, `farTo avtonomia”, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda memarjvene social-demokratebis erovnul programasa da politikas, iyo virtualuri dapireba, romlis Seusrulebloba mudam aRizianebda meore mxares.

memarjvene social-demokratebi marqsistebi, revolucionerebi iyvnen. isini aRiarebdnen Zalmomreobas – rogorc istoriuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan demiurgs. xelisuflebaSi yofnis dros maT ver moiSores revoluciuri frazeologia da cdilobdnen, magram ver aiciles Tavidan `gaTavisuflebuli monis sindromic”. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino iyo CinovnikebSi, miliciasa da saxalxo gvardiis rigiT wevrebSi. amisi bevri magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT. damfuZnebeli krebis wevri p. i. bruli borCalos mazris rusuli, germanuli da somxuri soflebis Semovlis Semdeg aRniSnavda: `komisrebis, gvardielebis, oficrebis, milicionerebis, zogierTi erobis muSakisa da Cinovnikis saqmianoba aRweras ar eqvemdebareba... patara mefeebiviT iqcevian. es pirdapir dacinvaa adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, demokratizmi Zlivs SeimCneva. samagierod uxvad aris araTu nacionalizmi, Sovinizmic ki”.

baTumis olqis SemoerTebis Semdeg damfuZnebeli krebis wevrma p. geleiSvilma imogzaura aWaraSi da Tavis moxsenebaSi iq antiqarTuli tendenciebis gaZliereba aRniSna.

im wlebSi saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis samxedro Careva sxvadasxva konfliqtur situaciaSi yovelTvis ar iyo gonivruli da viTarebasTan adekvaturi. ra Tqma unda, amboxebuli qarTuli regionebis (duSeTis, samegrelo, saCxere da sxv.) winaaRmdegac igzavneboda damsjeli eqspediciebi, magram araqarTul regionebSi (afxazeTi, samaCablo, borCalo) obieqturi mizezebiT (bolSevikuri amboxeba, separatistuli gamosvlebi) ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebis dros, albaT, ajobebda, ufro loialuri, ufro rbili politika gaetarebinaT.

gansakuTrebuli usamarTloba da simkacre gamoiCines qarTvelma milicionerebma axladSemoerTebuli qobuleTis sofel koxSi, sadac ubralo Selaparakebis gamo adgilobrivi muslimani qarTveli jer sastikad scemes,

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xolo mere, roca dazaralebulma Tavisi Seuracxmyoflebi daxoca, qarTuli miliciis aq Cayenebulma nawilma mTeli sofeli gadawva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi demokratiul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas oficialurad aRiarebdnen, saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli mTavroba da misi pirveladi ujredebi sakmaod aqtiurad iyenebdnen marTvis revoluciur meTodebs, revoluciuri miznebis gamarTlebiT apatimrebdnen moqalaqeebs, Cxrekdnen binebsa da dawesebulebebs, arTmevdnen qonebas, saqonels, sacxovrebel binasac ki – da es yvelaferi sasamarTlos specialuri sanqciis gareSe xdeboda. aris uamravi dokumenti, romlebic mianiSnebs, rom TviTon Sinagan saqmeTa ministri n. ramiSvili aqtiurad iyenebda am meTodebs – rekvizicias, dapatimrebebs, Cxrekas prokuroris sanqciis gareSe. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri sasamarTlo sanqciis gareSe, mxolod dasmenis safuZvelze, apatimrebda, xuravda araqarTul presas, Tuki masSi raime ar moewoneboda, an mas saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis mavned miiCnevda.

danaSauls sCadioda zogierTi araqarTveli eTnosis eTnokratiac. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo wregadasuli pretenziebi da politikuri ambiciebi. eTnokratiis interesi yovelTvis erTia – ar dakargos zegavlena eTnosis marTvis procesebze, uzrunvelyos sakuTari batonoba da moaxerxos maqsimaluri privilegiebis miReba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi eTnokratiis es Tavisebureba kargad hqondaT SemCneuli politikur xelmZRvanelebsa da ideologebs. gazeTi `erToba” im wlebSi werda: `afxazeTis Tavadebs asuldgmulebT siZulvili demokratiisadmi. nu SeexebiT memamuleebis miwebsa da batonobas, daicaviT feodaluri privilegiebi da afxazeTis gabatonebul wreebSi Tqven ipoviT erTgul megobrebs, romlebic iseve erTgulad moiTxoven afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas, rogorc dRes imave afxazebis garusebas moiTxoven. swored es klasikuri, wodebrivi interesebia, rom gabatonebul wreebs xan Turqofilad xdis, xan denikinelad an bolSevikad”.

imJamad, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTsa da samuslimano saqarTveloSi, eTnokratia, ZiriTadad, TavadaznaurTa wridan iyo gamosuli da `demokratiasac” swored isini warmoadgendnen. am kuTxis Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis

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zegavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze sakmaod didi iyo. sainteresoa, rom eTnokratiis calkeuli, yvelaze

ufro proqarTulad ganwyobili politikuri lideris `demokratiul frazeologiaSi” im wlebSi Cinebulad iniRbeboda gankerZoebis, separatizmis muxtebi, klasobrivi, religiuri da kuTxuri Taviseburebebi. sayovelTaod cnobilia memed abaSiZisa da misi politikuri jgufis didi Rvawli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, rom m. abaSiZis mier Sedgenili `programa da instruqcia samuslimano saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komitetisa”, faqtobrivad, moiTxovs muslimani qarTvelebisaTvis `saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi”, radganac is iTvaliswinebs srul damoukideblobas sarwmuneobriv saqmeSi, SariaTze dafuZnebul sasamarTlos, swavla-ganaTlebas medresebSi, soflis meurneobis miwis muslimanuri kanonis mixedviT mowyobas, vaWrobis damoukideblobas da a.S.

es proeqti seriozuli safrTxis Semcveli iyo. misi realizacia gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes geostrategiul regionSi ZiriTadi eTnosisagan gansxvavebuli eTno-socialuri da eTno-kulturuli garemos dakonservebas, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidaciis procesis kidev ufro Seferxebas.

kidev ufro wregadasuli iyo `osi demokratiis” warmomadgenlebis pretenziebi saqarTvelos oficialuri xelisuflebis mimarT. saqarTvelos osebs Tavadaznauroba ara hyavda. mis funqcias yofili straJnikebi, gabolSevikebuli jariskacebi asrulebdnen, romlebic ver faravdnen ruseTTan SeerTebis survils. am mizniT isini ajanyebebsac ki awyobdnen, romelsac Tan erTvoda morodiorobis saSineli faqtebi, rac problemebs uqmnida Tbiliss. arasamarTlebrivi survilebi da pretenziebi warmoSobs konfliqtur situacias, qmnis daZabulobis kerebs. eTnokratiis es warmomadgenlebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen arc TavianTi pretenziebis istoriul, samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, arc obieqtur realiebs da, politikuri ambiciebiT Sepyrobilebi, ayenebdnen iseT winadadebebs, romlebsac veranairi demokratiuli mTavroba dadebiTad ver gadaWrida, radgan es gamoiwvevda saxelmwifos istoriuli teritoriebis gasxvisebas, es ki safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs.

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xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi politikuri kulturis done saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT provinciebSi, maRali ar iyo. wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi ar aRemateboda ��,� procents, soflad es maCvenebeli kidev ufro dabali iyo, xolo araqarTuli eTnosebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi – wera-kiTxva TiTo-orola kacma Tu icoda. aseT viTarebaSi, rasakvirvelia, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ver erkveoda politikur viTarebaSi, ar esmoda saxelmwifos dasavluri Tu aRmosavluri politikuri orientaciis mniSvneloba, ver arkvevda arsebul politikur jgufebsa da mimarTulebebs Soris gansxvavebebs.

amitomac iyo SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da igive eleqtorati (sofeli) erTnairi enTuziazmiT aZlevda xmas proqarTul, proTurqul, proazerbaijanul rezoluciebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi �9�9-�920 wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen mezobeli saxelmwifoebis emisrebi, romlebic xvdebodnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas, cru dapirebebs aZlevden maT. eleqtoratic maTTvis sasurvel gadawyvetilebas iRebda. aseTi antiqarTuli rezoluciebi miRebulia afxazeTis, osebis soflebSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos (axalcixe-axalqalaqis) regionebSi imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli politikuri Zala eufleboda adgilobriv teritorias.

adgilobrivi eTnokratiis pretenziebi da mosaxleobis dabali kulturul-politikuri done, mZime socialuri viTareba, sakuTari eTnosis primatis aRiareba, de-mokratiuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebisa-dmi upativcemuloba, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis garkveul nawils Cveni saxelmwifos erTgulebisTvis ar ganawyobda. amas unda daematos isic, rom jer kidev Zlieri iyo `nikolozis ruseTis” _ cxovrebis SedarebiT maRali donisadmi nostalgiis grZnoba. es satyuara, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos araqarTvel eTnosebze axdenda zemoqmedebas da es ganwyobileba aSkarad ikveTeboda nebismieri politikuri Tu samxedro krizisis dros. es ki iwvevda am regionis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saSiS ganwyobas qarTuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.

roca qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis Semdeg specialurma komisiam borCalos somxur soflebSi viTareba Seiswavla, adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma daarwmunes komisiis wevrebi, rom isini saqarTvelosadmi

�9

loialurebi arian, magram faqtebi aSkarad adasturebdnen, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi umetesoba mxars uWerda somxeTis saxelmwifos. es mxardaWera kidev ufro aSkarad gamoikveTa �92� wlis TebervalSi, rodesac swored am kuTxis mcxovreblebi aujanydnen saqarTvelos mTavrobas da, komunistebisagan Segulianebulebma, qarTveli bolSevikebis winamZRolobiT, Semoiyvanes saqarTveloSi sabWoTa ruseTis XI armia.

SemTxveviTi ar aris isic, rom `rusTa erovnulma sabWom”, romelic mudam gamoirCeoda pretenziulobiT, �92� wlis 2� Tebervals, komunisturi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis meore dResve, Sewyvita Tavisi uflebamisileba `radgan xelisufleba gadavida axali mTavrobis xelSi, romelic mmarTvelobis organizacias axorcielebs sabWoTa sistemis safuZvelze, rac iZleva kanonis winaSe yvela eris Tanasworobis garantias”. aSkaraa, rom Tbilisel rusebsa da maT liderebs totalitaruli ruseTi erCiaT demokratiul saqarTvelos. amiT `erovnulma sabWom” gamoavlina arsebuli antiqarTuli muxti, romelsac mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze guldasmiT niRbavda loialobis mantiis qveS.

saqarTvelos demokratiulisaxelmwifos sagareo politika

amierkavkasia da msoflio politika

amierkavkasia msoflio geostrategiuli interesebis erT-erTi gzaSesayaria dResac da aseTive iyo XX saukunis dasawyisSic. uxsovari droidan amierkavkasiaze gadioda umniSvnelovanesi saqaravno gzebi. Sua saukuneebis msoflio politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo brZola kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebisaTvis, darialisa da derbendis uReltexilebis dapyroba-damorCileba, iq gabatoneba.

XIX saukunis dasasrulidan, baqos navTobisa da WiaTuris marganecis sabadoebis eqsploataciiT daiwyo axali era samxreT kavkasiis xalxebisTvis. regionis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gaizarda. germaniis ekonomikuri interesebi axlo aRmosavleTSi mTlianad gansazRvruli iyo misi mzardi ekonomikuri moTxovnilebiT. WiaTuris marganecis

80

sabados eqsploataciis dawyebisTanave germaniis saqmiani wreebis warmomadgenlebi dainteresdnen sabadoTi da garkveuli uflebebic moipoves masze: aq warmatebiT funqcionirebda germanuli `gizelkirxenis” saaqcio sazogadoeba, romelic sistematurad zrdida madnis damuSavebis maCveneblebs da gahqonda is evropaSi.

baqos navTobis eqsploatacia, romelmac XX saukunis dasawyisSi ukve kolosalur gaqanebas miaRwia, msoflio mopovebis �0 procents Seadgenda da xarbad izidavda msoflios yvela qveynis mwarmoebels: aq interesebi hqondaT nobels, rotSilds, mirzoevsa Tu romanovs. sabadosadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda mas Semdeg, rac eqsploataciaSi Sevida baqo-baTumis navTobsadeni, xolo baTumis navsadguri saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wre-brunvaSi Caeba. baTumis mniSvneloba swrafad gaizarda. man msoflio biznesis gigantebis, da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTi saxelmwifoebis yuradReba miipyro.

sanam ruseTis imperia am teritoriebs akontrolebda, regionSi `moTamaSe” qveynebi lodinis pozicias inarCunebdnen da ruseTis suverenitets aRiarebdnen. pirveli msoflio omisa da ruseTSi bolSevikuri avanturis Semdeg, es regioni `upatrono” gaxda da man swrafad miiqcia evropis wamyvani qveynebis yuradReba.

urTierToba germaniasTan

�9�8 wels regionSi mTavar `moTamaSed” germania iTvleboda. kaizerma vilhelm II-m SeZlo rusi bolSevikebis mier brest-litovskSi miRweuli zavis safuZvelze Zalebis gadajgufeba, uzarmazari materialuri resursebis miReba (germaniam daikava mTeli baltiispireTi, poloneTi, ukraina da belorusia, ruseTma gaiRo didi reparaciebi da a.S.), ase rom, samxreT kavkasiaSi germania – TurqeTis aliansi imJamad daumarcxebeli Canda.

germaniis diplomatia meTodurad angrevda ruseTis zegavlenas samxreT kavkasiaSi, ayalibebda am teritoriaze axal vasalur saxelmwifoebs, romlebic garegnulad `damoukideblebi” iyvnen. Tavisi zegavlenis ganmtkiceba regionSi surda TurqeTsac, romelic germaniasTan dadebuli politikuri SeTanxmebebis miuxedavad, sakuTar interesebs – panTurquli politikis ganmtkicebas ar iviwyebda.

8�

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis interesi germaniisadmi gasagebi xdeba, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom germaniis social-demokratia, evropaSi yvelaze darazmuli da Zlieri, saxelmwifos gverdiT dadga da mxari dauWira I msoflio omSi TavdacviT politikas. qarTvel politikosebs mWidro kavSiri hqondaT germaniis social-demokratiasTan.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, germaniasTan mWidro politikuri urTierTobis ganviTarebis momxre iyo qarTvel patriotTa erTi jgufi, romlebmac ukve omis wina periodSi intensiuri kavSiri daamyares germaniis specsamsaxurebTan da swored maTi daxmarebiT varaudobdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas.

amrigad, �9�8 wlis maisSi, bolSevikebis garda, saqarTvelos politikuri speqtri germaniasTan aliansis momxre iyo. TviTon germaniac ar iyo winaaRmdegi, rom saqarTvelo germaniis mfarvelobis qveS Sesuliyo. es sakmaod araorazrovnad gamoxata noe JordaniasTan Sexvedris dros germaniis warmomadgenelma, generalma fon kresma. TviTon noe Jordania �9�8 wlis zafxulSi germaniis dainteresebas saqarTveloTi Semdegi mizezebiT xsnida: `... Cveni urTierSoris damokidebuleba iyo loialuri, megobruli, gulwrfeli. igive germanelebi imave dros sruliad sxvanairad moiqcnen ukrainaSi. iq isini TviT svamdnen mTavrobas, survilisamebr cvlidnen mas, awyobdnen Sina urTierTobas _ erTi sityviT, iqceodnen rogorc dapyrobil qveyanaSi. riT aixsneba es ori sxvadasxva sazomi Cveni da ukrainis mimarT? ueWvelia, erTi garemoebiT: iq iyo sruli anarqia, Sinauri brZola, bolSevikebis TareSi, partiaTa Widili, uwesrigoba da uTavoba. germanelT ki eWirvebodaT wesrigi, da iseTi mTavroba, romelsac eri scnobda da mas normalurad warmoadgenda da marTavda. CvenSi ki swored is poves, rasac eZebdnen – wesrigi, mTeli eri mTavrobis irgvliv darazmuli, araviTari qaosi da anarqia – erTi sityviT, namdvili Tanamedrove saxelmwifo”. ramdenad samarTliani iyo mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris es, gviandel memuarebSi sakuTari Tavisa da STamomavlobisaTvis gamxelili daskvna, amaze detalurad qvemoT visaubrebT. magram imJamad germaniasTan aliansi saqarTvelosTvis yovelmxriv misaRebad CaiTvala.

swored amitomac, �9�8 wlis 28 maiss foTSi daiwyo

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molaparakeba germaniis imperiasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs Soris. saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis, albaT, erTaderTi optimaluri varianti Turqebis Semotevebis SesaCereblad, germaniasTan dadebuli xelSekruleba iqneboda. amitom daido `droebiTi SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da germanias Soris winaswari urTierTdamokidebulebis damyarebis Sesaxeb”.

raSi mdgomareobda saqarTvelo-germaniis �9�8 wlis 28 maisis SeTanxmebis arsi? am dokumentis mixedviT, imperiuli germania saqarTvelos mTavrobas ̀ de faqtod“ aRiarebda da omis pirobebSi saqarTvelos rkinigzebze germaniis kontrols awesebda. momavali ekonomikuri programisa da sesxis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavroba kontraqts debda germaniasTan. saqarTvelos mTavroba agreTve imedovnebda, rom germania xels Seuwyobda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris urTierTobis mowesrigebas da daexmareboda saqarTvelos stabilur, kargad organizebul saxelmwifod CamoyalibebaSi.

dadebuli xelSekruleba saqarTvelos rkinigzebsa da navsadgurebze germaniis kontrolis damyarebas iTvaliswinebda. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mxares germaniisaTvis unda gadaeca mis portebSi dislocirebuli yvela gemi: samgzavro xomaldi, buqsirebi, barJebi, motoriani navebi, bogirebi.

germaniis saqmeSi Carevam navaraudevi Sedegi ar gamoiRo _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelo iZulebuli gaxda TurqeTisaTvis, aWarasTan erTad, axalcixe da axalqalaqic daeTmo. magram es iyo mSvidoba, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobas aZlevda dros, rom gadajgufeba moexdina da germaniis daxmarebis imediT dakarguli teritoriebis nawilis dasabruneblad diplomatiuri brZola daewyo.

�9�8 wlis � ivniss foTis navsadgurSi germaniis didi samxedro xomaldi Semovida. �-� aTasi jariskaci zarba-znebiT, tyviamfrqvevebiT qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanSi gan-lagda. foTidan operatiuli davalebebis Sesasrule-blad yoveldRiurad gadioda rkinigzis eSelonebiT 200-kaciani samxedro razmebi.

germaniis warmomadgeneli fon kresi da germaniis elCi saqarTveloSi grafi Sulenburgi saqarTveloSi av-toritetuli pirebi gaxdnen, romelTa rCevas, kritikul SeniSvnas iziarebdnen TbilisSi da angariSsac uwevdnen. germaniis elCi imxanad axalgazrda diplomati iyo. saqa-

8�

rTvelos winaSe gaweuli damsaxurebisaTvis is wminda mefe Tamaris ordeniTac ki dajildovda da mas germaniis `rkinis jvris” ordenis qvemoT atarebda (sayuradReboa, rom II msoflio omis win is germaniis elCi iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi da swored man gadasca sabWoTa xelisuflebas germaniis oficialuri cnoba omis dawyebis Sesaxeb).

germanelebi exmarebodnen qarTvelebs SeiaraRebu-li Zalebis organizebaSi. arsebobs fon kresis depeSa, romelSic saubaria general mazniaSvilisaTvis javSan-teqnikis miwodebis Taobaze, germanelebis monawileobaze konfliqtur regionebSi viTarebis ganmuxtvis RonisZie-bebSi da a.S.

es TanamSromloba aSkarad aRizianebda bolSevikur ruseTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom �9�8 wlis zafxuli misT-vis mZime gamocdis periodi iyo – moxda samoqalaqo omis eskalacia, `antantis” mxardaWeriT gulmicemuli `TeTri moZraoba” TiTqmis moskovs uaxlovdeboda, seriozuli problemebi iyo samxreTiT, sadac Zlierdeboda denikinis moxaliseTa armia, komunisturi ruseTis oficialuri presa gesliani statiebiT ikmayofilebda imJamad Sesus-tebul moTxovnebs.

gansakuTrebiT gaaRiziana moskovi TbilisSi, rusTave-lis prospeqtze, didebis yofil taZarTan (Tanamedrove `samxatvro galerea”) saqarTvelosa da germaniis erTo-blivma samxedro aRlumma. im dRes, �� ivliss, saRa-mos � saaTze didebis taZarTan ganlagebuli aRlumis win gamovidnen oficialuri pirebi: mTavrobis Tavmjdo-mare noe ramiSvili, germaniis rwmunebuli grafi Su-lenburgi, saqarTvelos samxedro ministri giorgaZe, general-leitenanti baberi. mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem Caatara aRlumis inspeqtireba da sityviT mimarTa ger-maniis mxedrions. am sityvaSi n. ramiSvilma Camoayaliba saqarTvelos mxaris pozicia, germaniasTan megobrobis survili, da dasasruls gamoTqva rwmena, rom qarTuli da germanuli armiebi, erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi, Se-Zlebdnen wesrigis damyarebas. sapasuxo sityvaSi grafma Sulenburgma gamoTqva imedi, rom germaniis saimperio jarebi da saqarTvelos mxedrioni mudmivad megobrul urTierTobaSi iqnebian da mtkiced daicaven erTmaneTis kanonier interesebs.

samxedro interesebTan erTad germanias didi ekonomi-kuri interesebic hqonda. sisxlismRvreli omis viTare-

8�

baSi mas amierkavkasia esaWiroeboda, rogorc nedleulis wyaro: marganeci, xe-tye, qvanaxSiri. saqarTvelo iyo tranziti baqos navTobisaken, agreTve saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis rkinigzebis saSualebiT SeiZleboda Crdi-lo iranSi Sesvla, inglisis indoeTis koloniebSi SeRweva da a.S. amitomac es megobroba imJamad ormxriv sasarge-blo Canda.

Tumca es TanamSromloba yovelTvis uproblemo ar iyo. magram im periodSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba ger-maniasTan urTierTobis gauaresebas gaurboda da bevr rameze Tvals xuWavda. axalSeqmnil saxelmwifos surda evropeli mfarvelis mxardaWera da am mizniT bevr daTmo-baze midioda. am viTarebas saqarTvelos social-demokra-tiuli xelisufleba ideologiur safuZvels uZebnida da mosaxleobas am politikis gagebisaken mouwodebda.

�9�8 wlis ivnisidan oqtombramde saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros delegacia Tavis germanel kolegebTan erTad or qveyanas Soris farTo xelSek-rulebis mosamzadeblad intensiurad muSaobda germani-aSi. mTavari dabrkoleba sabWoTa ruseTis reaqcia gax-ldaT, romelic germaniisa da saqarTvelos Soris `de iure” molaparakebis winaaRmdegi iyo. magram bolos da bolos, germaniis zewolis gamo, daTmo da oficialu-rad ganacxada, rom Tumca TviTon ruseTs saqarTvelos damoukidebloba jer ar uRiarebia, is ar ewinaaRmdegeba brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis damatebis me-�� punqtis Tanaxmad, germaniis mxridan mis aRiarebas. �9�8 wlis � oqtombers xelSekrulebis xelmosawerad yvelaferi mzad iyo, magram amjerad germaniam ver SeZlo amis gakeTeba, radgan germaniaSi daiwyo samTavrobo krizisi, rac noem-bris revoluciaSi gadaizarda. germania omSi damarcxda, saqarTvelos germaniaze orientacia uecrad gakotrda. germaniasTan xelmosawerad gamzadebuli rogorc poli-tikuri, ise ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebi proeqtebad darCa da, cxadia, aRarasodes Sesula ZalaSi. germaniis dato-vebamde, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Sexve-dris dros, saqarTvelos delegaciis warmomadgeneli zurab avaliSvili esaubra doqtor groperts, romelmac qarTvelebs megobruli rCeva misca: `ecadeT `antantis” qveynebi rac SeiZleba swrafad gadmoibiroT Tqvens mx-areze. es Zneli amocana iqneba, radgan mokavSire sax-elmwifoebi, romelTa mizanic gaerTianebuli ruseTis

8�

aRdgena iqneba, yofili sasazRvro qveynebis winaaRmdeg gamovlen. ufro metic, axla somxebi, albaT, `antantis” favoritebi gaxdebian. `antanta” Seecdeba cremli SeuS-ros da maTi pretenziebi Tqvens raionebze – borCalosa da axalqalaqze – daukmayofilos”. es sityvebi WeSmariti winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCnda, keTilmosurne megobrisa-gan micemuli.

urTierToba TurqeTTan

germanias, surda es Tu ara, Tavisi mokavSiris – TurqeTis interesebzec unda ezruna. saqarTvelos politikosebis survili, daedoT TurqeTTan uaneqsio da ukontribucio zavi, ver ganxorcielda. Turqebma ulaparakod waiRes �8��-�8�8 wlebSi ruseTTan wage-buli omis Sedegad dakarguli teritoriebi da mas �829 wels dakarguli – axalcixis safaSos teritoriebic mi-ayoles. TurqeTis zewolis Sedegad saqarTvelos mxare iZulebuli gaxda, xeli moewera �9�8 wlis � ivnisis `za-visa da megobrobis xelSekrulebisaTvis”, romlis ZaliT saqarTvelo aRiarebda TurqeTis suzerenitets warT-meul miwebze.

am teritoriebze rTuli, gausaZlisi viTareba Seiqmna. saqarTvelos es istoriuli teritoriebi TaviseburebiT nikoloz II drosac gamoirCeodnen. geostrategiuli md-gomareobiT saintereso es mxare ruseTis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda da yvela SesaZlo xerxiT cdilobda aq rusuli zegavlenis damkvidreba-gaZlierebas: aq asaxlebdnen ruseTis Sida guberniebidan wamosul kolo-nistebs, adgilze inaxavdnen rusuli jaris did konti-gents, uRvivebdnen adgilobriv mahmadian mosaxleobas antiqarTul ganwyobilebas da a.S.

unda isic aRiniSnos, rom ruseTs am mxareSi daxvda Zlieri mahmadianuri zegavlena, molebisa da xojebis ga-nusazRvreli Zalaufleba, SariaTis wesebi da tradiciebi. TurqeTi am teritoriebze sakuTari zegavlenis Sesanar-Cuneblad did Tanxas xarjavda da garkveul Sedegebsac aRwevda – gabatonebuli klasebis mniSvnelovani nawili, qarTveli mahmadianebi `sedai mileTis” proTurqul or-ganizaciaSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, isini TurqeTTan kvlav SeerTebaze ocnebobdnen. es orive imperia – TurqeTi da ruseTi saxsrebs ar zogavda regionSi TavianTi intere-sebis dasacavad.

8�

sruliad marto darCa qarTuli erovnul-gamaTavi-suflebeli moZraoba, romlis ideologebi, xSirad si-cocxlisaTvis riskis fasad, cdilobdnen erovnuli cnobierebis aRdgenas. amaSi maT mxolod qarTveli in-teligenciis mokrZalebuli mcdeloba da qarTuli enis Zliereba exmareboda. axla ki – TurqeTis okupaciis pirobebSi, qarTveli patriotebis mcdelobas, mieRwiaT qristiani da mahmadiani qarTvelebis erTianobisaTvis – seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra.

TurqeTi I msoflio omis periodSi autsaideri qveyana iyo. ruseTma mas araerTxel miayena seriozuli dartyma – murRulTan gaunadgura jaris saukeTeso nawilebi, aiRo trapizonic ki. `antanta” TurqeTis daSlas, mis nacvlad ki axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas fiqrobda, ruseTi kon-stantinopolis miTvisebaze ocnebobda, somxebi ki – ti-gran didis `did sasomxeTze”. unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom somxebs am utopiur imedebs `antantis” liderebic, maT Soris rusi monarqistebic, uRvivebdnen, rac mizezi gaxda somxebis antiTurquli gamosvlebisa. es ki sababad gamoiyenes Turqebma da musri gaavles somex mosaxleo-bas.

gaRizianebuli Turqi dampyrobeli, romelmac saqa-rTvelosTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT `saxe” Seinar-Cuna da garkveuli gamarjvebac moipova, saqarTvelos-gan mitacebul miwebze murvan-yrusaviT iqceoda. Turqi askerebi qristian mosaxleobas sacxovrebeli adgile-bidan erekebodnen. am saqmeSi maT zogierTi mahmadiani qarTvelic exmareboda. borjomi, foTi da sxva qalaqebi aivso Turqebis mier gandevnili qarTveli, rusi, somexi mosaxleobiT.

baTumSi Camovida TurqeTis samxedro ministri enver faSac, romelmac sazeimod ganacxada, rom TurqeTma ukan daibruna ZaliT warTmeuli miwebi da `baTumi da baTumis olqi ubrundeba deda samSoblos”.

Turqebis mxardaWeriT regionSi gaZlierda proTurqu-li orientacia, `sedai mileTis” saqmianoba.

axalqalaqis raionSi Turqebis Zalmomreobis Sedegad gawyda ramdenime aTasi macxovrebeli. TviTmxilvele-bi yvebodnen, rom raionSi sursaTis mxriv auwereli gaWirveba iyo, TiTqmis yovel saxlSi SexvdebodiT SimS-ilisagan loginad Cavardnil qalebsa da bavSvebs. balaxis WamiT tuCebdaxeTqil da RrZilebCaSavebul adamianebs.

8�

TurqeTis xelisuflebam, brest-litovskis xelSek-rulebis safuZvelze, gadawyvita, okupirebul miwebze referendumi Caetarebina. am mizniT gaaZlieres muSaoba: darCenil qarTvelebs aiZulebdnen sakuTari saxl-kari daetovebinaT da saqarTveloSi gaxiznuliyvnen, araqa-rTvel mosaxleobas Zalas atandnen, maTTvis sasurveli gadawyvetileba mieRoT, yovelmxriv xels uwyobnen `se-dai mileTis” organizaciis wevrebisa da mahmadiani sam-Rvdeloebis propagandistul saqmianobas.

referendumi imdenad uwesrigod da kanonis darRve-viT Catarda, rom is sabWoTa ruseTmac ki gaaprotesta. sagareo saqmeTa komisris giorgi CiCerinis �9�8 wlis se-qtembris notaSi naTqvamia: `ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa sax-alxo komisariati protests gamoTqvams TurqeTis mimarT brestis zavis pirobebis darRvevis gamo. es ukanaskneli yarsSi, ardagansa da baTumSi iyenebs Zaladobas adgilo-brivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. amasTan, Turquli admin-istraciis damyarebisTanave �9 wlis mamakacebi iZulebiT gaiwvies samxedro samsaxurSi. arCevnebis dros am olqebis mosaxleobas Tavisufali nebis gamoaxatvis ufleba ar misces, isini daaterores da abuCad aigdes. arCevnebis win antiTurqulad ganwyobili avtoritetis mqone xalxi gaasaxles da daapatimres, zog SemTxvevaSi maT xvretdnen kidec. arCevnebi TurqeTis xelisuflebis zewolis piro-bebSi mimdinareobda. aseTi arCevnebis Sedegebi, ra Tqma unda, winaswarve iyo cnobili. ruseTisagan CamoSorebuli olqebis mosaxleobaze ganxorcielebuli aSkara Zalado-ba arRvevs SeTanxmebis IV muxlis pirobebs, ris gamoc sab-WoTa xelisufleba ar aRiarebs yarsis, ardaganisa da ba-Tumis olqebSi e.w. Tavisufali arCevnebis Sedegebs”.

magram am Zaladobas ar SeeZlo gamoesworebina Turqe-Tis metad mZime mdgomareoba – is seriozul warumate-blobas ganicdida makedoniisa da palestinis frontebze, ramac, sabolood, I msoflio omSi TurqeTis sastiki dam-arcxeba gamoiwvia: TurqeTis imperia daiSala, mas gamo-eyvnen arabuli qveynebi – siria, palestina, iordania da sxva saxelmwifoebi, romlebic gamarjvebulma antantis qveynebma gadainawiles. mudrosis zavis mixedviT Turqe-Ti `antantis” yvela pretenzias daTanxmda: mas unda dae-Tmo, agreTve, baTumi da baTumis olqi. gamarjvebulma qveynebma gadawyvites, rom baTumSi didi britaneTis sae-qspedicio korpusi Sesuliyo.

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didi britaneTis politika samxreT kavkasiaSi

�9�8 wlis � dekembers baTumSi Sevida didi britane-Tis saadmiralos gemi `liverpuli” da ori kreiseri. in-gliselebma CamosvlisTanave ganacxades TavianTi poli-tikuri miznebis Sesaxeb – maT jer qalaqis rusulenovan sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan daamyares kavSiri, mx-olod amis Semdeg miiwvies kreiserze qarTuli sazoga-doebriobis warmomadgenlebi. es Sexvedrebi miznad isax-avda mxolod pirad gacnobasa da adgilobriv situaciaSi garkvevas.

qalaqis rusuli saTvistomos warmomadgenlebma in-gliselebs ganucxades, rom baTumi da misi olqi aris ruseTis saxelmwifos organuli da ganuyofeli nawili. garkveuli fiqris Semdeg ingliselebma gamoacxades Tavi-anTi verdiqti: radgan baTumis olqi warmoadgens mefis ruseTis ganuyofel nawils, xolo ingliselebs surT ru-seTSi aRadginon kanonieri xelisufleba, amis gamo baTu-mis olqis mmarTveloba unda gadaeces rusebis erovnul sabWos inglisis general-gubernatoris sistematuri kontrolis pirobebSi. inglisis general-gubernatorad dainiSna generali kuk-kolisi.

�9�8 wlis 2� dekembers foTSi Semovida inglisis saeqspedicio korpusi. meore dResve foTis navsadguri datova germaniis samxedro eSelonma. Tbilisidan sas-wrafod Camosulma specialurma misiam Caibara ger-manelebis samxedro qoneba.

ingliselebma SemosvlisTanave yvelas daanaxes, rom isini gamarjvebuli banakis warmomadgenlebi arian da moiTxoven upirobo morCilebas. maT daaTvalieres saqa-rTvelos Savi zRvis portebi. gemebis nawili gaagzavnes baTumSi. foTSi Ruza CauSva ingliselebis samma trail-erma da erTma naRmosanma. inglisis warmomadgenlebma navsadguris ufross mosTxoves navsadgurSi myofi yvela gemis, barJasa da amwis daTvalierebis ufleba. amasTan, surdaT, rom qarTul mxares maTTvis gadaeca navsad-gurSi mdgomi naRmosani da amwe. magram maT ganucxades, rom centraluri mTavrobis nebarTvis gareSe aseTi sapa-suxismgeblo moTxovnas isini ar Seasrulebdnen. winaaR-mdegobis miuxedavad, �9�9 wlis ianvarSi aRniSuli amwe mainc gadaecaT ingliselebs.

�0 dekembers baTums moadga kidev damatebiT � ingli-

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suri gemi, romelmac qalaqSi Camoiyvana �� 000 jariskaci. maT generali foster uokeri xelmZvanelobda.

� ianvars foTSi, damatebiT, Semoiyvanes inglisuri desantis �00-kaciani razmi. ingliselebma daaTvalieres ra navsadguris profkavSirebis saxli, mas Tvali daadges (am SenobaSi ganTavsebuli iyo sasadilo, samkiTxvelo da gamgeoba). qarTuli mxaris araviTarma protestma ar gaWra, ingliselebma qalaqis municipalitetis warmomad-genelebTan saubari arc ki isurves. am faqtma portis mSromelebis aRSfoTeba da gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. navsad-guris profkavSiruli organizaciis xelmZRvanelobam depeSiT sTxova TbilisSi mTavrobas, rom mas zegavlena moexdina inglisis saeqspedicio korpusis xelmZRvanelo-baze, raTa SeewyvitaT foTSi maTi jariskacebisa da oficrebis aRviraxsnili TareSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, muSebi gaficvebiT imuqrebodnen.

foTSi ingliselTa ukanonobas bolo ar uCanda. aSkara iyo, rom Tbilisi ingliselebTan urTierTobis gafuWe-bas erideboda, bevr daTmobaze midioda da iTvaliswineb-da gamarjvebuli qveynebis guneba-ganwyobilebas, raTa daeCqarebina maTi mxridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-vi damoukideblobis aRiareba. swored amaze miuTiTebs saqarTvelos oficialuri warmomadgenlebis loialuri gancxadebebi samxreT kavkasiaSi ingliselebis Semosvlis pirvel xanebSi.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni gegeWkori oficialurad acxadebda, rom saqa-rTvelos mTavroba Tanaxma iyo TbilisSi Semosuliyvnen ingliselebis qveiTi da saartilerio brigadebi. in-glisis samxedro nawilebi TbilisSic dabanakdnen. in-gliselebis gaocebas iwvevda wiTeli droSebisa da marqsis suraTebis siuxve saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi, isini ekiTxebodnen oficialur pirebs amis Sesaxeb da iRebdnen damamSvidebel pasuxs – wiTeli droSis friali ar gulisxmobda mTavrobis socialistur bunebas da mas araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda bolSevikur ideologias-Tan. magram ingliselebs, gansakuTrebiT mis xelmZRvane-lebs, aSkarad gahyvaT undobloba saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis mimarT da amas xSiradac amJRavnebdnen.

ingliselebi erevanSi miiwvies somxeTis saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma. samxreT kavkasiaSi yofnis manZilze in-

90

gliselebi aSkarad avlendnen prosomxur ganwyobilebas da xels uSlidnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, daecva Tavisi kanonieri interesebi, rac qarTul mxares damate-biT siZneleebs uqmnida.

somxebTan sabrZolo dapirispirebis dros ingliseleb-ma somxebis mxare daikaves da aiZules qarTvelebi, bor-Calos mazra sam nawilad gaeyoT. mesame nawili somxebs gadasces.

ingliselebma daicves `TeTri ruseTis” generlis – denikinis interesebi da qarTul mxares kategoriulad mosTxoves, daetovebina soWis olqi, romelic qarTvelma mxedrobam daikava bolSevikuri amboxebis Caqrobis Sem-deg.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan molapara-kebis dros isini kategoriulad moiTxovdnen denikinTan molaparakebas da bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg erTiani fron-tis Seqmnas. erT-erTi molaparakebis dros generalma brigsma pirdapir uTxra evgeni gegeWkors: `ingliselebi da italielebi wavlen, ruseTi ki darCeba, amitomac mas-Tan karg urTierTobaSi unda iyoT. ai, Cemi rCeva Tqven – daTmeT Tqveni Tavmoyvareoba, gauwodeT denikins xeli da uTxariT mas _ `Cven TqvenTan varT!” yvela patara saxelmwifo sustia, isini ki ar unda ebrZodnen erTma-neTs, aramed unda erTiandebodnen”.

qarTuli interesebis ignorireba da ruseTis intere-sebis lobireba damaxasiaTebeli iyo inglisis saeqspedi-cio korpusis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, Tumca ingliselebs Soris iyvnen oficrebi, romlebic viTarebis obieqturi analizis safuZvelze aSkarad ikavebdnen qarTul pozi-cias. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Canda ingliselebis mier okupirebul baTumis olqSi. am teritoriebis momaval-ze ingliselebs sxvadasxva mosazreba hqondaT: pirveli da maTTvis mTavari – baTumi unda gadaecaT aRdge-nili rusuli saxelmwifosTvis. arsebobda Tvalsazrisi TurqeTisaTvis am teritoriiis gadacemis Sesaxebac. unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul periodSi inglisur administra-ciasTan azerbaijanis saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebmac mouxSires vizitebi – isini baTumis olqis maTTvis ga-dacemas iTxovdnen. aseve arsebobda azri, baTumi `por-to-frankod” gamoecxadebinaT.

generalma kuk-kolinsma baTumi aSkarad antiqarTu-li intrigebis buded gadaaqcia. aq proqarTul orga-

9�

nizaciebs uWirdaT moRvaweoba, isini iatakqveS muSao-baze gadavidnen. samagierod gamococxlda `sedai mile-Tis” proTurquli organizaciis saqmianoba. maT TavianTi gazeTic ki daaarses da sastikad ebrZodnen qarTul or-ganizaciebs, propagandas uwevdnen TurqeTTan SeerTebis ideas.

ingliselTa kavkasiur politikaSi cvlilebebi SeimC-neva �920 wlidan. es dakavSirebuli iyo samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikebis gamarjvebasTan, roca `antantis” mier an-gaJirebuli `TeTri moZraoba” damarcxda da ruseTSi ko-munistebis erTpirovnuli batonoba damyarda.

aseT viTarebaSi kuk-kolisma daiwyo saubari imaze, rom `SesaZlebelia baTumis olqi gadaeces saqarTvelos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amisaTvis Sesaferisi pirobebi Seiqmneba”. �920 wlis martSi ingliselebi jer kidev yoymanobdnen, magram bolSevikebis mier baqos gasabWoebam movlenebi daaCqara. kuk-kolisma ganacxada baTumis olqis saqarT-velosTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.

amis mizezi marto bolSevikebis samxedro warmatebe-bi ar iyo. TviTon inglisSic daiZaba viTareba, evropis proletariati daiRala omiT, saxelmwifoebi gamoifi-tnen, yvela eloda sisxlismRvreli operaciebisa da eqs-pediciebis dasrulebas. ingliselebsac surdaT samSob-loSi gamgzavreba. wasvlis win generalma kuk-kolisma ga-nacxada: `baTumi da baTumis olqi saqarTvelos gadaeca. yvela is, vinc saqarTvelos jars winaaRmdegobas gauwevs, CaiTvleba inglisis mtrad da rogorc saqarTvelo, ise Cvenc, sastik zomebs miviRebT damnaSavis winaaRmdeg”.

�920 wlis � ivliss barcxanaSi (baTumis misadgome-bi) saqarTvelos jaris nawilebi Sevidnen. � ivliss ba-Tumic daikaves. Zalauflebis gadacemis ceremonialze ingliselma oficerma ganacxada: `baTumi da misi olqi daubrunda saqarTvelos. mivesalmebiT am dRes da vi-survebT, rom saqarTvelo iseTi demokratiuli qveyana gaxdes, romelic Rirseul adgils daikavebs msoflio civilizaciis TanamegobrobaSi”.

am sityvebis Semdeg flagStokidan nela daeSva didi britaneTis saxelmwifo alami. meore flagStokze ki zecisken nel-nela miiwevda saqarTvelos samferovani Sindisferi droSa.

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amerika-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis Taviseburebebi

amerika `antantas” SedarebiT gvian SeuerTda, Tumca male misi aqtiuri wevri gaxda. imJamad mas kavkasia didad ar ainteresebda, Tumca am regionSi mtkiced icavda Ta-visi yofili mokavSiris, ruseTis interesebs. bolSevizms amerikis administracia SemTxveviT movlenad Tvlida da mis winaaRmdeg brZola aucileblobad esaxeboda. ameriki-saTvis im dros miuRebeli iyo ruseTis saxelmwifos daSla.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gamarjvebulma `antantam”, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, msoflio wesrigis damyareba daiwyo. saqarTvelos demokratiul mTavrobas unda moenaxa Tavisi adgili am axal msoflio wesrigSi. qarTul diplomatias mouxda rTuli piruetis gakeTeba _ germaniasTan TanamSromlobis politika unda Secv-liliyo inglis-safrangeT-amerikis aliansze mimarTuli, gawonasworebuli politikiT.

saqarTvelo-amerikis urTierTobis normalizebas seriozulad uSlida xels amerikis principuli pozi-cia ruseTis saxelmwifos erTianobisa da demokratiul safuZvelze misi aRdgenis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, samxreT kavkasiaSi mainc aqtiurad moRvaweobda ameri-kuli saqvelmoqmedo misia _ `amerikis axlo aRmosav-leTis daxmarebis komiteti”, romelic sursaT-sanovagiT, tansacmliT exmareboda konfliqturi regionebis mo-saxleobas. komitets hqonda Tavisi sasawyobo meurneo-bac, sadac dasaqmebuli iyvnen saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi misiis warmomadgenlebs sistematurad CahqondaT humanitaruli tvirTi.

aqtiurobdnen amerikis saqmiani wreebis warmomadgen-lebic. seriozulad igegmeboda amerika-saqarTvelos madneuli kompaniis amoqmedeba. saqarTvelos mTavrobas sazRvao transportis ganviTarebis mizniT komerciu-li winadadebiT mimarTa amerikeli biznesmenebis erTma jgufma. amerikis satransporto samsaxuri sTavazobda saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ��00-�000 tona wyalwyvis xis gemebis SeZenas. TiTo gemi �0 milioni maneTi Rirda. proeqtiT gemebis Rirebulebis �0 procenti unda ga-daexadaT gemebis miRebisTanave, danarCeni _ sam TveSi erTxel �8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. saqarTvelos mTavrobam

9�

proeqti daiwuna siZvirisa da gemebis uxarisxo masalis gamo.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebam, Tavisi principebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mx-olod `de faqto”-d aRiara. �9�9 wels TbilisSi Camovida amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konsuli Carlz mozeri. amerikis misia ganTavsda Tbilisis centrSi – veliamino-vis quCaze.

somxur-qarTuli dapirispireba

somxebma saxelmwifoebrioba X saukuneSi, bizantiis agresiis Sedegad, dakarges, magram SeinarCunes monofiz-ituri religia, eCmiaZinis kaTolikosis uzenaesi xelisu-fleba da maT nacionaluri identobis SesaSuri grZnoba CamouyalibdaT. mTeli aTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi somexi eri ibrZoda sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad, magram amas ver axerxebda.

javaxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis umravlesoba musul-mani iyo da maTi mxolod umniSvnelo nawili aRiarebda mar-Tlmadideblobas an kaTolicizms. qarTvelebis ZiriTadi masa, romlebmac uari Tqves, mieRoT islami an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, kaTolicizmi, gaJlites an gandevnes am mx-aridan XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi – javaxebi mtkice winaaR-mdegobas uwevdnen rusul jarebs da am omebis Sedegad umeteswilad datoves TavianTi dasaxlebis tradiciuli adgilebi da gadavidnen TurqeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi. ruseTis gabatonebam samxreT kavkasiaSi somxebs serio-zuli mfarveli gauCina, romelic TviTneburad, qarTve-li eris interesis gauTvaliswineblad, gaveranebul qar-Tul miwebze asaxlebda TurqeTis imperiidan gamoqceul somxebs. �828-�829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg axalqalaqis mazraSi Caasaxles daaxloebiT �0 aTasi so-mexi axalmosaxle.

ramdenadac Tbilisi kavkasiis samefisnacvlos cen-tri iyo, mdidari somxebi qarTvelebis dedaqalaqSic sax-ldebodnen. isini mudam carizmis (ruseTis) interesebis erTguli damcvelebi iyvnen.

pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi ruseTisa da `antantis” sxva meTaurebis mier Segulianebulma somxebma, romle-bic `didi somxeTis” aRdgenis ideiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni,

9�

TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba wamoiwyes, rac tragikulad damTavrda. Turqi askerebis mier gandevnili somexi mo-saxleoba kvlav saqarTvelos Semoexizna – baTumi, foTi, soxumi somexi ltolvilebis TavSesafrad gadaiqca.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave, da-moukidebloba gamoacxada somxeTmac. sanam saqarTveloSi germaniis samxedro korpusi imyofeboda, somxebi terito-riuli pretenziebis gacxadebas ver bedavdnen. rogorc ki germania damarcxda msoflio omSi, somxeTis mmarTve-li elita (romelSic Zalian bevri TbilisSi namsaxurevi Cinovnikic iyo, magaliTad, aleqsandre xatisovi – wlebis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi), aRivso surviliT, gaefarToebina Tavisi saxelmwifo saqarTvelos terito-riis xarjze. somxeTi pretenzias acxadebda yarsis mxaris _ ardaganisa da olTisis olqebze (amJamad es olqebi TurqeTis vilaieTis – yarsis nawils warmoadgens), rom-lebic imJamad saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. somxeTma borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebic sadavo gaxada. am pretenziebs imiT asabuTebdnen, rom istoriis garkveul momentebSi es teritoriebi somxuri saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. somxebis preten-ziebi borCalos mazraze, ardaganisa da olTisis olqe-bze eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT mTlad dasabuTebuli ar iyo, radgan mosaxleobis umravlesoba aq Turqulenovani xalxi, germanelebi da rusebi iyvnen. maT gansakuTrebiT samcxe-javaxeTi, lore-bambakis teritoria mdidari ala-verdis sabadoebiT da xramis auzis miwebi izidavdaT. maT SeZles samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somexi mo-saxleobis erTi nawilis gadabireba – isini moxaliseebad ewerebodnen somxur samxedro nawilebSi.

obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli me-marjvene social-demokratebis revoluciuri frazeo-logia garkveul imedebs aRuZravda sxvisi teritoriebis msurvelebs. jer kidev petrogradSi, amierkavkasiis saerobo konferenciis dros qarTveli social-demokrate-bi somxeTis nacionalisturi partiebis xelmZRvanelobas dahpirdnen eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT gadaexedaT amier-kavkasiis zogierTi administraciuli sazRvrebisaTvis. Tumca, maT am dapirebisaTvis xelSekrulebis oficial-uri forma arasodes miuciaT.

pirveli Tavdasxma somxeTis mxedrionma ukve �9�8 wlis �8 oqtombers scada. somxeTis mowinave razmma adre

9�

Turqebis mier okupirebuli Tbilisis guberniis bor-Calos mazris zonaSi, sofel kamenkas samxreTiT gadakve-Ta sademarkacio xazi da daikava sarkinigzo asaqcevi ko-beri. qarTulma samxedro xelmZRvanelobam konfliqtis zonaSi sapasuxod ori javSanmatarebeli gagzavna da Tan damatebiT 2�0-kaciani razmic miayola, ramac mowinaaR-mdege aiZula, 20 oqtombrisaTvis koberi daetovebina. qarTvelTa ultimatumze _ gaeyvanaT jarebi sadgur Sagalamde, romelic sademarkacio xazis samxreTiT mde-bareobda, somxurma sardlobam uariT upasuxa da 2� se-qtembers somxurma jarebma ieriSi miitanes karinjaze. 2�-2� oqtombers, gaafTrebuli brZolebis Sedegad es sofeli xelidan xelSi gadadioda. bolos, sabrZolo moqmedebebSi qarTuli javSanmatareblis CarTvam mdgo-mareoba saqarTvelos sasargeblod gardatexa da 2� oq-tombers, saRamos, saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxelze somx-eTis respublikis premier-ministris telegrama gaigza-vna, romelSic somxebis mier karindJis dakavebis faqti gaugebrobad gamocxadda. telegrama agreTve Seicavda winadadebas, SeeCerebinaT samxedro moqmedebebi da, sa-sazRvro sakiTxis gadawyvetis mizniT, moewviaT konfer-encia. amiT samxedro moqmedebebi qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris droebiT Sewyda.

ram gamoiwvia oqtombris samxedro incindenti somx-eTsa da saqarTvelos Soris? am movlenebis inicire-biT, somxeTma scada, kidev erTxel daemtkicebina Ta-visi loialoba antantisaTvis germaniis kapitulaciamde da daemtkicebina, rom somxeTi Rirsia im dapirebebisa, romlebic antantis maRalma warmomadgenlebma gamoTqves sxvadasxva kuluarul Sexvedrebze jer kidev pirve-li msoflio omis dros. amave dros somxeTis mTavro-bam mosinja, ramdenad aqtiurad aRudgebodnen win qa-rTvelebi am sadavo teritoriebis dakargvas. aqve unda aRiniSnos TurqeTis rolic, romelic Tavisi moqmedebe-biT SuRls Tesda or qristianul saxelwifos Soris da amgvarad minimumamde dayavda qarTuli da somxuri jar-ebis gaerTianebuli gamosvlis Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. ase, erevanSi myofma Turqma generalma xaSim faSam jer kidev � seqtembers TavisTan miiwvia ramdenime somexi oficeri da SesTavaza maT daekavebinaT ara marto Turqebis mier okupirebuli eCmiaZinis mazris nawili, aramed buferu-li zonac _ lores monakveTi kamenkis samxreTiT. amave

9�

dros, TurqeTis warmomadgenelma saqarTveloSi abdul-qerim faSam imave winadadebiT mimarTa qarTvelebs.

�9�8 wlis noemberSi qarTul da somxur mxareebs So-ris molaparakebebi daiwyo. erevans Tavisi specialuri rwmunebulis meSveobiT saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam TbilisSi umokles vadaSi konferenciis Catareba SesTava-za. somxuri mxare ZiriTadad daeTanxma am winadadebas, Tumca Tan mTeli rigi winapirobebi wamoayena. �9�8 wlis �0 noembers TbilisSi konferencia gaixsna. mas eswrebod-nen saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da mTielTa respubli-kis warmomadgenlebi. somxeTis delegacia konferenciaze ar Camovida. konferencia jer 20 noembrisaTvis, xolo Semdeg �0 noembrisaTvis gadaido, magram aSkarad Canda, rom somxeTis mxare TbilisSi Camosvlas ar apirebda da drois mogebas cdilobda. � dekembers borCalos maz-ris sofel uzunlarSi qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxure mokles, xolo qarTuli garnizonis darCenili jariskace-bi ganaiaraRes da tyved aiyvanes.

farTomasStabiani Semoteva somxeTis regularulma nawilebma 9 dekembers daiwyes. somxeTis mxridan moq-medebda ��00 kaciani samxedro korpusi. mas winaaRm-degobas uwevda Tbilisis sagubernio batalioni da ja-vSanmatarebeli. alaverdTan dislocirebuli iyo me-� qveiTi polkis sami aseuli, me-� polkis erTi aseuli da qarTvelebis saerTo ricxvi am monakveTSi ar aRemate-boda ��0 kacs. aseTi Tanafardoba qarTvelebis mxridan moiTxovda gonivrul manevrirebas, rac Cinebulad ganx-orcielda kidec.

somxeTis nawilebma isargebles ricxobrivi upirate-sobiT da garkveul taqtikur warmatebas miaRwies – qa-rTvelebma daixies sadaxlos mimarTulebiT. sadaxlosTan brZolebSi qarTvelebis samxedro SenaerTma mTlianad gaanadgura somxuri avangardi.

mniSvnelovani iyo brZola ekaterinenfeldTan �9 de-kembers, rac aseve qarTvelTa upiratesobiT warimarTa. brZola ramdenime saaTs gagrZelda da mteri iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am brZolebSi monawileobdnen sax-alxo gvardiis SenaerTebic, magram sabrZolo SemarTe-basTan erTad es danayofebi aSkarad avlendnen udisci-plinobas, rac mudam iyo damaxasiaTebeli aseTi rangis samxedro SenaerTebisaTvis. 22 dekembrisTvis Sulaveris

9�

mimarTulebiT somxeTis jarebma maqsimalurad waiwies win Tbilisisken, mividnen mdinare xramamde da faqtiurad akontrolebdnen borCalos mazris mTel sadavo terito-rias ekaterinenfeldis gamoklebiT, romelic strategi-ulad mniSvnelovani punqti iyo somxeTis nawilebis dasav-leTidan Tbilisisken winsvlis gzaze. �9�8 wlis 2� dekem-bers somxuri jarebis mTavarsardalma borCalos fron-tze generalma drom (kanaiani) saqarTvelos sardlobas ultimatumi gaugzavna dauyovnebliv gadaecaT somxeTisT-vis axalqalaqis mazra, romelic miuxedavad somxeTis jar-ebis cdisa, mTlianad kontroldeboda qarTuli samxedro formirebebis mier. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi generali dro imuqreboda, rom saomar moqmedebebs gadaitanda mdinare xramis CrdiloeTiT. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ultimatumi uaryo da kontrSetevis dawyebis brZaneba gasca.

dekembris dasasruls qarTvelebma Cinebulad Caatares Sulaveris samxedro operacia. rogorc eqspertebi aRniS-naven: `sajariso taqtikis TvalsazrisiT �9�8 wlis 28 dekembers dawyebuli Sulaveris generaluri brZola qa-rTveli mxaris warmatebuli Sturmi iyo, romelic 2�-29 dekembers warmoebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebis damag-virgvinebel nawils warmoadgenda. dagegmarebis sisru-liTa da ganxorcielebis tempebiT igi SeteviTi opera-ciis brwyinvale magaliTs warmoadgens”. Tumca, imasac miuTiTeben, rom miuxedavad mopovebuli didi warmatebi-sa, saqarTvelos mxarem strategiuli Canafiqri bolomde ver ganaxorciela: somxuri SenaerTebis alyaSi moqceva da misi ganadgureba ver moxerxda.

qarTvelebma samxedro warmateba ver gamoiyenes – didi britaneTis misia somxebs mfarvelad gamouCnda. man dekem-bris Sua ricxvebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas somxeTTan omis Sewyvetis saqmeSi Suamavloba SesTavaza. amgvarad, `antanta” somxeTs Sanss aZlevda molaparakebebiT mieR-wia sasurveli pirobebisaTvis. saqarTvelom molapara-kebebze mzadyofna ganacxada, erevanSi gaagzavnes tele-grama, romelSic CamoTvlili iyo winaswari samSvidobo SeTanxmebis punqtebi.

rogorc istorikosebis erTi nawili amtkicebs, somx-uri mxare am samxedro avantiuras ar daiwyebda, rom ara didi britaneTis mxardaWera da maTgan momdinare imedebi. qarTvelebis samxedro warmatebebma ingliselebi aiZula sxva mxriv daxmarebodnen somxebs.

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ingliselebis moTxovniT �9�9 wlis � ianvars saomari moqmedebebi Sewyda da samSvidobo molaparakebebi jer karaklisSi daiwyo, xolo Semdeg TbilisSi gagrZelda. samSvidobo konferencia, romelic �9�9 wlis 9-�� ianvars Catarda, omis oficialur dasrulebasa da samSvidobo pirobebis gaformebas mieZRvna. am konferenciis Sede-gebis mixedviT xeli moewera samTavrobo xelSekrulebas omis damTavrebisa da loreSi neitraluri zonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. miRweuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze moxda sa-davo teritoriis – borCalos mazris sam nawilad dayofa. Crdilo nawili gadaeca saqarTvelos, samxreTi _ somx-eTs, xolo lores teritoria, spilenZis mdidari saba-doebiT, axtalis qarTuli monastriT, e.w. `neitralur zonad” gamocxadda. am teritoriaze ingliselebma Tavi-anTi samxedro nawilebi Seiyvanes.

faqtobrivad moxda is, rom ingliselebis zewolis Sedegad qarTvelebma TavianTi samxedro upiratesoba da warmatebebi bolomde ver gamoiyenes da loreze su-verenuli uflebebi ukve am etapze daTmes. miuxedavad amisa, brZolaSi gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis qarTveli oficrebisa da jariskacebis didi jgufi (��� kaci) da-jildovda wminda giorgis jvrebiTa da medlebiT.

daaxloebiT oTxkviriani omi saqarTvelos aseulobiT adamianis sicocxled daujda, mniSvnelovani material-uri zarali miadga da borCalos mazris teritoriis mcire nawilic dakarga. es yvelaferi uaryofiTad aisaxa saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso imijzec da aman misi da-moukideblobis aRiareba, garkveulwilad, Seaferxa.

samwuxarod, verc saqarTvelos mTavrobam da verc somxeTis xelmZRvanelobam am ZmaTamkvleli omidan daskvnebi ver gamoitana. kamaTi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb grZel-deboda �9�9 da �920 wlebSic da exeboda baTumis olqs, yarsis mxaris ardaganis da olTisis olqebs. somxeTi isev moiTxovda axalqalaqis mazris TiTqmis naxevars, lores neitraluri zonis or mesameds, mTel olTisis olqs, ardaganis olqis mesameds, agreTve baTumis portis da mdinare Woroxis marcxena napiris gadacemas da aleqsan-dropoli-baTumis sarkinigzo Stos kontrols. saqarT-velo mzad iyo rig teritoriul daTmobebze wasuliyo, igi Tanxmobas acxadebda lores neitraluri zonis sanax-evrod gayofaze, somxeTisTvis olTisis olqis mTlianad gadacemaze, magram uars ambobda baTumis olqis erTi mt-

99

kavelis daTmobaze, ar Tmobda arc axalqalaqis olqis nawils da daJinebiT moiTxovda kontrols mTel ardaga-nis olqze, Tumca, tovebda potenciuri molaparakebebis SesaZleblobas ardaganis olqis erTi mesamedis Taobaze. es gagrZelebuli teritoriuli dava imisi mizezi gaxda, rom �920 wlis aprilSi san-remoSi Catarebul konferen-ciaze saqarTvelosa da somxeTis diplomatiur warmomad-genlebs pirdapir miuTiTes, rom sasurveli ar iqneboda antantis umaRlesi sabWosTvis miemarTaT, sanam isini ar gamoimuSavebdnen `saerTo platformas”, anu, ar moil-aparakebdnen yvela sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb.

am qarTul-somxurma dapirispirebam garkveuli laqa datova ori mezobeli xalxis urTierTobaSi, ris gamos-worebasac sakmao dro da propagandistuli muSaoba das-Wirda.

am dramatuli ambebis Semdeg, inglisis okupaciis pi-robebSi, somxebi saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis Semdgom gauaresebas aRar cdilobdnen, Tumca ingliselebis re-gionidan wasvlam da sovetizaciis procesma somex bol-Sevikebs axali avanturis dawyebis survili gauCina.

azerbaijani da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

azerbaijanis liderebma pirvelebma daarRvies amierka-vkasiis erTianobis idea da ukve trapizonisa Tu baTumis konferenciebze aSkarad proTurquli pozicia daikaves. aman samomavlod gamoiwvia somxebTan seriozuli dapiri-spireba da saqarTvelosTanac gaurTula urTierToba. faqtobrivad, samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikuri realiebi am saxelmwifoebs Soris interesTa konfliqts warmoSobda – saqarTvelo germaniis imedad iyo, azerbai-jani – TurqeTis, xolo somxeTi _ `antantis” molodinSi `did somxeTze” ocnebobda.

azerbaijanTan problemebs isic arTulebda, rom saqa-rTvelos istoriuli miwebi – saingilo da misi mimdebare teritoriebi, romlebic mefis ruseTis drosac Tbilisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, sadavo aRmoCnda or mezobel saxelmwifos Soris.

�9�8 wlis zafxulSi, roca qarTvelma social-de-mokratebma germaniaze aiRes orientacia, bolSevikuri ruseTis oficialurma presam gaavrcela Wori, rom ger-mania apirebda saqarTvelosTvis gadaeca baqos navTobis

�00

mdidari sabadoebi. am monaWors araviTari obieqturi safuZveli ar gaaCnda. am droisaTvis baqoSi stefane Saumianis xelmZRvanelobiT sabWoTa xelisufleba arse-bobda, romelzec did imedebs amyarebda moskovi – es mas unarCunebda msoflioSi unikalur navTobsabadoze kon-trolis SesaZleblobas. magram bolSevikebma ver Seinar-Cunes Zalaufleba – baqos komuna daeca, baqoeli komu-narebi (Saumiani, jafariZe, fialetovi da sxv.) daxvrites. baqoSi gabatondnen nacionalistebi – musavatelebi.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas surda samxreT kavkasia-Si daemyarebina xangZlivi mSvidoba da imedovnebda, rom amas kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso konferen-ciis mowveviT miaRwevda. magram aseTi konferenciis Cat-arebas aZnelebda rogorc regionSi Seqmnili politikuri viTareba, ise mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli teritoriuli pretenziebi.

�9�8 wlis Semodgomaze `zaqaTalis olqi ukve ofi-cialurad Sedioda azerbaijanis respublikis farglebSi”. sargeblobda ra TurqeTis mxardaWeriT, religiuri faq-toriT, azerbaijanis saxelmwifo zaqaTalaSi aZlierebda antiqarTul propagandas, molebisa da xojebis zegavle-niT qarTvel mahmadianebzec Zlier zegavlenas axdenda, rac garegnulad qmnida azerbaijanTan zaqaTalis sruli inkorporaciis STabeWdilebas. Tumca fiqsirdeboda qa-rTveli ingiloebis ltolva saqarTvelosken. radgan es ltolva ukavSirdeboda maT ekonomikur interesebs (sasazRvro vaWroba, gansakuTrebiT intensiuri saqarT-velos siRnaRis mazrasTan), saqarTvelos mTavrobas xeli unda Seewyo am interesebis gaZlierebisaTvis da gamoey-enebina ingiloebis es interesi sakuTari miznebisaTvis. samwuxarod, rTuli politikuri da, rac mTavaria, saqa-rTvelos mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, SesaZleblobas ar iZleoda, qarTul saxelmwifos intensiurad emuSava am mimarTulebiT da zaqaTalis sakiTxi seriozulad arc ganuxilavT ori qveynis liderebs. piriqiT, mogvianebiT, ukve ingliselebis okupaciis wlebSi, azerbaijanis xelmZ-Rvaneloba intensiurad cdilobda, gamoeyenebina evropis ekonomikuri interesi baqos navTobisadmi da usabuTebda inglisis general-gubernators baTumis azerbaijanTan mierTebis aucileblobas.

qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT cdilobda azerbaijanTan

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urTierTobis normalizebas, rasac moiTxovda Crdilo kavkasiaSi Seqmnili viTarebac: aq ruseTis dapirispire-buli Zalebi ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, situacia yovelTviu-rad icvleboda, bolSevikebis xelisuflebas general de-nikinis moxaliseTa armiis Zalaufleba cvlida. denikini ar cnobda ruseTis imperiidan gamoyofil saxelmwifoebs da maT separatistebs uwodeba. gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi is ruseTis `erTiani da ganuyofeli” saxelmwifos aRdge-nas varaudobda. es mizani miuRebeli iyo rogorc saqa-rTvelosTvis, ise azerbaiajanisaTvis – am safuZvelze moxda ori mezobeli xalxis gaerTianeba.

�9�9 wlis �� ivniss saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans Soris gaformda samxedro xelSekruleba, romelic, Ta-visi SinaarsiT, metad mniSvnelovani iyo da miuTiTebda ori saxelmwifos interesTa Tanxvedras. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, `SeTanxmebis damdebi saxelmwifoebi valdebu-li arian, erTad gamovidnen SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT da samxedro saSualebiT yovelgvari Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg, romelic emuqreba SeTanxmebis monawile erT an orive respublikis damoukideblobas an teritoriul xelSeuxe-blobas”.

xelSekruleba uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo imiTac, rom is moiwones saqarTvelos opoziciurma partiebma. yvelaze didma opozicionerma, erovnul-demokratma spiridon ke-diam ganacxada: `es xelSekruleba mowmobs, rom Cvenma pasuxismgebelma mesveurebma Tavidan moiSores is parti-uli principebi, romlebic dRemde xels uSlida saqarT-velo-azerbaijanis kavSirs. vimeoreb, es garemoeba metad sasixaruloa da Tan imas mowmobs, rom Cven TandaTan mivuaxlovdiT namdvil saxelmwifoebriv koncefciis SeTvisebis moments”. dadebiTad Seafases xelSekruleba socialist-federalistebma, qarTvelma eserebma da a.S. xelSekruleba daiwuna da mas gaemijna somxeTis saxelm-wifo, imJamad mas TurqeTis SiSi ufro hqonda, vidre CrdiloeTis didi mezoblisa. magram, ra kargic ar unda iyos xelSekruleba, masSi gaTvaliswinebuli diploma-tiuri kanonebis yvela atritbutikiT, Tu igi realurad ar ganxorcielda da konkretuli Sedegi ar moitana, misi Rirebuleba nulis tolfasia.

samxreT kavkasiaSi mdgomareoba ise warimarTa, rom am xelSekrulebas yavli Zalian male gauvida. Crdilo ka-vkasiasa da samxreT ruseTSi denikinis antibolSevikuri

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Zalisxmeva CaiSala. sabWoTa xelisufleba, serafimoviCis gamoTqmisa ar iyos, `rkinis niaRvariviT” moedo ruseTs. daRestnis gasabWoebis Semdeg baqos navTobis mdidari sabadoebis xelSi Cagdeba kremlis liderebis umTavres amocanad iqca. maT kargad axsovdaT baqoeli sabWoTa ko-munaris stefane Saumianis erT-erTi bolo Segoneba, len-in-stalinisaTvis gagzanil depeSaSi rom aisaxa: ̀ baqos Ca-mocileba ruseTisagan! _ es niSnavs, mas miayeno yvelaze didi dartyma. Tu Cven vlaparakobT ruseTis damoukide-blobaze, xolo sakuTari surviliT navTobis wyaros ga-davcemT ingliselebs, gana amiT Cven ar CavdivarT udides danaSauls ruseTis revoluciis winaSe?”

ruseTis geostrategiuli interesebidan gamomdina-re, Seteva azerbaiajanze 2� marts, diliT daiwyo. oTxi javSanmatarebeli mdinare samurze gadavida da yovel-gvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe baqosaken gaemarTa. Suad-Risas bolSevikebis adgilobrivma delegaciam mTavrobis gadadgoma moiTxova. maT mTel baqoSi daikaves sakvanZo poziciebi, xelSi Caigdes arsenali, ganaiaraRes policia, gaaTavisufles politpatimrebi, kontroli daaweses nav-Tobis sarewebze. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, baqos gar-nizonis ori polki bolSevikebis mxareze gadavida. or dReSi XI sabWoTa armiam azerbaiajanis udidesi nawili daikava.

azerbaijanis gasabWoebiT daiwyo samxreT kavkasiaSi bolSevikuri agresia.

kavkasiis xalxTa erTianobis miRwevis cdebi

kavkasiis xalxTa erTianobis idea, leonti mrovelis mier am koncefciis gacxadebis Semdeg, ar asvenebda qa-rTvel politikosebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gvian Sua saukuneebSi kavkasielma xalxebma TavianTi ganuwyveteli qurd-bacacuri laSqrobebiTa da rbeva-SeviwrovebiT la-mis wertili dausves kaxeTis saxelmwifoebriobas, gare kaxeTi (hereTi) Camoaciles, mainc es idea kavkasieli xalxebis erTianobisa Zlieri iyo da dResac aris qarT-vel politikosebs Soris.

ruseTis Semosvlam samxreT kavkasiaSi da Crdilo ka-vkasiis ruseTisadmi damorCilebaSi qarTvelebis aqti-urma monawileobam, ra Tqma unda, gvian Sua saukuneebSi qarTvelebSi gaCenil undoblobas, kavkasielTa mxridan

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undoblobac daumata. mefis ruseTma kavkasiis yvela um-niSvnelovanes strategiul punqtSi Tavisi mxardamWeri eTnosi monaxa da Tavis satelitad gaixada. kavkasiis sx-vadasxva kuTxeSi Casaxlebuli kazakebi, romlebmac ka-vkasiis xalxebis yofidan namcecebi akrifes, formalu-rad kavkasielebad iTvlebodnen, sinamdvileSi ki rusul eTnoss ganekuTvnebodnen. TviTon kavkasielebSic iyvnen eTnosebi, romelTac urTierTdapirispireba istoriulad mosdevdaT (magaliTad, osebi da inguSebi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi) da maTi gaerTianeba seriozul prob-lemas warmoadgenda.

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebic gaaqtiurdnen. daiwyes gaerTianeba, maT afxazTa eTnokratiac ahyva.

oqtombris gadatrialebam da Crdilo kavkasiaSi deni-kinis gamoCenam regionSi politikuri viTareba gaarTula. denikini winaaRmdegi iyo kavkasieli xalxebis erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnisa, amitomac denikinis jarebis mier Crdilo kavkasiis dakavebis Semdeg, damoukideblobis motrfiale Crdilo kavkasielTa liderebi TbilisSi damkvidrdnen. maT monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebis mier organizebul �9�9 wlis saerTaSoriso konferenciebSic.

bolSevikuri zegavlenis gaZlierebis paralelurad yu-banis, Tergisa da donis kazakebis warmomadgenlebi saqa-rTvelos xelisuflebas aSkarad sTxovdnen saerTo fron-tis Seqmnas bolSevikuri agresiis winaaRmdeg. es kazakoba mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis xelketi iyo dapyrobili Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxebis winaaRmdeg permanentul brZolaSi. maT saqarTveloSic araerTxel daurbeviaT qalaqebi Tu soflebi, `egzekuciisas” gauma-TraxebiaT, gauTaxsirebiaT da daumcirebiaT mSvidobiani mosaxleoba. axla isini iTxovdnen Svelasa da daxmarebas. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni gegeWkorma �920 wlis martSi Sexvedris dros ganacxada, rom idea erTianobisa – didebulia, magram mis SeSfoTebas iwvevs kazakTa winaaRmdegoba mTielebisadmi. saqarTvelos am Sem-TxvevaSi surda Seesrulebina saSuamavlo misia. misi az-riT, bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ormxriv daTmoba-kompromisebis gziT miRweuli unda yofiliyo SeTanxmeba. molaparakebebis yvelaze Cinebul adgilad qarTul mxares Tbilisi – neitraluri zona miaCnda.

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social-demokratebs gulubryvilod egonaT, rom mox-erxdeboda Tavisuflebismoyvare CeCenisa da dampyrobeli rusi kazakis Serigeba da gaerTianeba. am molaparakebis Semdeg Zalian male bolSevikebma mTeli kavkasia xelSi Caigdes da kargad daimaxsovres, rom ramdenime Tvis win Tbilisi antibolSevikuri frontis Seqmnis survils aq-tiurad avlenda.

TeTri ruseTi da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

`TeTri moZraoba” miznad isaxavda `erTiani da ganuy-ofeli ruseTis” aRdgenas. ra Tqma unda, am moZraobis liderebi varaudobdnen garkveul cvlilebebs saxelm-wifo struqturebSi, erTa Soris urTierTobebSi, magram maTi mTavari amocana iyo jer saxelmwifos erTianobis aRdgena da Semdeg – axal politikur Tvisebriobaze gadasvla. es aRdgena, ra Tqma unda, mxolod Zalis gamoy-enebiT unda momxdariyo.

generali denikini `antantis” politikuri da materi-aluri mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom mis ideebs bevri maRali rangis qarTveli oficeric iziareb-da da denikinis gverdiT, `TeTri ruseTis” droSis qveS ibrZoda. maT Soris iyvnen generali baraTovi (baraTaS-vili), general-maiori naTiSvili, polkovniki Zmebi eri-sTavebi, oficrebi: dadiani, axvlediani, mgelaZe da sxv.

roca �9�8-�9�9 wlebSi denikinma SeZlo bolSevikebis Seviwroveba da samxreTSi Zlieri samxedro placdarmi Seqmna, aman seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna samxreT kavkasi-is saxelmwifoebs, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosa da azer-baijans. rusi generali `antantis” interesebis gamtare-beli iyo, amitomac ingliselebis kavkasiuri korpusis xelmZRvanelobis politikuri da samxedro mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis sababiT denikini saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT mxares – afx-azeTs moadga da soWisa da gagris olqebis dakaveba scada. unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazi eTnokratiis erTi jgufi rus generals afxazeTSi iwvevda da erTguleba-sac eficeboda.

saqarTvelos mxarem droulad miiRo zomebi da gener-al g. mazniaSvils daavala afxazeTis CrdiloeTSi, gagris raionSi frontis gamagreba. aq qarTvelebma SeZles mniS-

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vnelovani samxedro warmatebebis miRweva md. muxadiris raionSi.

aseT viTarebaSi denikins mfarvelad isev inglisis misia gamouCnda, romelmac saqarTvelos mTavrobas samx-edro moqmedebis masStabebi dauwuna da mosTxova deni-kinTan morigeba.

magram denikinelebi orgulad iqceodnen, maTi ndoba ar SeiZleboda, maT ar surdaT qarTvelTa keTili nebis danaxva, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiareba. es qa-rTulma mxarem amcno ingliselebs: `saqarTveloSi rusma oficrebma miiRes dacva da TavSesafari, im dros, roca mTel ruseTSi velurad uswordebodnen da Jletdnen oficrobas. mxolod aq, saqarTveloSi ar dafiqsirebula rusi oficrebis mimarT Zalmomreobis arc erTi faqti”.

�920 wlis ianvris bolos mokavSireTa mTavrobis xelmZRvanelebi SeTanxmdnen, rom moxaliseTa jarebis Semdgomi daxmareba SeeCerebinaT, radgan katastrofu-li mdgomareobis gamo misi gadarCena SeuZlebeli iyo. bolSevikebi ki swrafad ganagrZobdnen mzadebas mTliani kavkasiis dasapyrobad. �920 wlis 28 Tebervals leninma orjonikiZes (romelic am dros bolSevikebis mier daarse-buli kavbiuros Tavmjdomare iyo) mosTxova Crdilo ka-vkasiaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis aRdgena.

�920 wlis martis ieriSis Sedegad ̀ TeTrebi” yubanidan da Crdilo kavkasiidan gandevnes. dasavleTiT novorosi-iski (28 marts) daeca, xolo aRmosavleTiT bolSevikebma jer (2� marts) grozno, xolo meore dRes – derbenti daikaves. �� marts orjonikiZem CrdiloeT kavkasiis rev-oluciuri komiteti Seqmna, romlis Tavmjdomarec Tvi-Ton iyo. misi moadgile gaxda sergei kirovi.

bolSevikebi saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis sazRvrebs moadgnen.

saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebis imedi

saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvaneloba kargad grZnobda, rom seriozuli mfarvelisa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis mxardaWeris gareSe patara saqarTve-los gauWirdeboda urTules geostrategiul regionSi Tavisi damoukidebeli arsebobis SenarCuneba. amitomac didi imediT elodnen parizis sazavo konferenciis gax-snas.

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�9�9 wlis �8 ianars versalSi, safrangeTis mefeebis sasaxlis sarkeebian darbazSi, sazeimod gaixsna parizis samSvidobo konferencia, sadac sami didi saxelmwifos lideri: klemanso, vilsoni da loid jorji (rogorc Semdeg, II msoflio omis dros ruzvelti, CerCili da stalini) msoflios did politikas wyvetdnen: Slidnen da akowiwebdnen saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebs, urCevdnen da aswavlidnen cxovrebis axlebur wesebs da a.S. da a.S.

berlinSi imedgacreubulma saqarTvelos samTavrobo delegaciam (nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe, irakli wereTeli, zurab avaliSvili) axla ukve parizSi gadainacvla. maT konferencias warudgines memorandumi, romelSic dasa-buTebuli iyo qveynis damoukideblobis aucilebloba da moiTxoves am damoukideblobis oficialuri aRiare-ba. saqarTvelos teritoriuli pretenziebi efuZneboda ivane javaxiSvilis mecnierul dasabuTebas da moicavda saqarTvelos yvela istoriul teritorias.

�9�9 wels `did sameuls” jer kidev `erTiani da ganu-yofeli ruseTis” aRdgenis imedi hqonda, jer kidev Zlie-ri iyo `TeTri moZraoba”, amitomac saqarTvelos wina-dadeba darCa `xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina”.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg kolonializmi jer kidev mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo evropis `demokratiuli” saxelmwifoebisa. isini sxva qveynis koloniebisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWe-baSi, garkveulwilad, `bumerangis efeqts” xedavdnen da amitomac saocar sifrTxiles iCendnen. gamonaklisi mxo-lod avstria-ungreTisaTvis dauSves, romelic ise daSa-les, rom avstria juja saxelmwifod gadaiqca.

versalis konferencia ise dasrulda, rom saqarT-velosTvis araferi Secvlila. versalis konfereniam axa-li politikuri sistema Seqmna mTel msoflioSi da mtki-ce mSvidobis nacvlad evropis politikur gaerTiane-baSi Cado neladmoqmedi naRmi, romelmac mogvianebiT II msoflio omi ganapiroba. magram imJamad amaze aravin fiqrobda, evropa danatrebul mSvidobas daewafa...

erTaderTi, rac moxerxda, msoflios zogierTma qveya-nam, pirvelad argentinam (�9�9 w. �� seqtemberi), cota mogvianebiT inglisma da safrangeTma (�920 w. ianvari), iaponiam da sxva qveynebma saqarTvelo ̀ de faqto”-d cnes, magram aman mainc ver daicva saqarTvelos nanatri da-moukidebloba.

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konferenciaze Seiqmna warmomadgenlobiTi organizacia `erTa liga” (rogorc istoriam daamtkica, saocrad ux-erxemlo, arafrisgamkeTebeli gaerTianeba), romelsac miznebi saocnebo hqonda – daemyarebina msoflioSi say-ovelTao mSvidoba da `kacTa Soris saTnoeba”. verc am organizaciam SeZlo dadebiTad saqarTvelos sakiTxis gadawyveta.

moralurad ufro faseuli iyo saerTaSoriso muSaTa moZraobis _ `meore socialisturi internacionalis” liderTa mxardaWera. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli xelisufleba pirveli socialisturi mTavroba iyo msofli-oSi. amitomac II socialisturi internacionalis liderebis saqarTveloSi Camosvlas garkveuli politikuri Sedegi unda moetana qveynisTvis: maT SeeZloT evropis sazoga-doebriv azrze garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdena.

�920 wlis Semodgomaze ramzei makdonaldi, karl kaucki, esTel snoudeni da socialisturi internacio-nalis sxva liderebi TbilisSi Camovidnen. ra Tqma unda, maT mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeniaT saqarTvelos xelisu-flebis problemebi da siZneleebi, magram oficialur mimarTvaSi mainc imedianad ganacxades: `saqarTvelos demokratiam, romelmac brZola gamoucxada yvela impe-rialists, iseTebsac ki, romlebsac revoluciuri niRabi hqondaT amofarebuli, SeZlo Zlieri da mtkice mar-jveniT Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba da internacionaliz-mis avangardSi Cadgoma. am damoukideblobisa da Tavi-suflebisaTvis brZolaSi mas SeuZlia iqonios msoflio proletariatis sruli Tanxmobisa da Tanadgomis imedi”.

im dros dasavleT evropaSi sakmaod avtoritetSelaxu-li social-demokrati liderebis mxardaWeras realuri mniSvneloba ukve aRar hqonda da isini ver SeaCerebdnen im dramatul procesebs, rac �92� wlis dasawyisSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan.

dasasruli

bolSevikebis politika amierkavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi

komunisturi moZRvreba, ra Tqma unda, marqsizmidan iRebda saTaves. bolSevikebi proletariatis Sesa-

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Zleblobebs da misi politikuri xelmZRvanelis – komunisturi partiis Zalmosilebas afetiSebdnen, arafrad agdebdnen obieqtur pirobebs da pirdapir socializmze gadasvlas mouwodebdnen. es gulisxmobda warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis dauyonebliv likvidacias. `qarxnebi – muSebs! miwebi – glexebs!”, es lozungi sxvisi qonebis gadanawilebisaTvis dawyebul brZolaSi bevr mxardamWers agulianebda da es survili, pirveli omis SedegebiT gaRatakebul msoflioSi, dauokebel survilad rCeboda. bolSevikebis mTavar mokavSired – imJamad siRatake gamodioda.

�920 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTSi bolSevikebi gamarjvebuli gamovidnen samoqalaqo omSi, ramac ganamtkica maTi poziciebi msoflioSic: evropis mTel rig qveynebSi iqmneboda komunisturi organizaciebi, partiebi, Camo-yalibda III komunisturi internacionali. bolSevikebi msoflio proletarul revolucias moelodnen ara pasiurad, aramed aSkarad gegmavdnen revoluciur omebs, msoflios Rataki mosaxleobis totalur laSqrobas kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg _ igegmeboda `permanentuli revolucia”. v. i. lenini am laSqrobis dros ar gamo-ricxavda iaraRis gamoyenebas, e.w. revoluciis eqsports. ai ras ambobda is im wlebSi: `internacionalizmi saqmiT erTia da mxolod erTi: Tavdadebuli muSaoba sakuTar qveyanaSi revoluciuri moZraobis, revoluciuri brZolis gasaZliereblad, mxardaWera (propagandiT, TanagrZnobiT, materialurad) aseTive brZolisa, aseTive xazisa da martodmarto misi yvela qveyanaSi”. es aSkarad Zalmomreobis ideuri gamarTleba iyo.

Tu leninis am Sexedulebas davumatebT i.b. stalinis mier samxreT kavkasiis mimarT cota mogvianebiT gamoTqmul mosazrebas, aSkara gaxdeba komunisti liderebis WeSmariti survili: `revoluciisaTvis kavkasiis didi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba ara marto imiT, rom igi nedleulis, saTbobisa da sursaTis wyaroa, aramed misi mdebareobiTac evropasa da azias Sua, kerZod, ruseTsa da TurqeTs Sua, agreTve umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri da strategiuli gzebis arsebobiT (baTumi-baqo, baTumi-Tavrizi, baTumi-Tavrizi-erzrumi)... bolos da bolos, vin moikidebs fexs kavkasiaSi, vin isargeblebs navTobiTa da aziis siRrmeSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani gzebiT, revolucia Tu antanta _ es aris mTeli sakiTxi”. saocrad gulwrfeli

�09

aRiarebaa... bolSevikuri ruseTi (amasve gaakeTebda `TeTri ruseTic”), rogorc strategiuli saxelmwifo da proletaruli revoluciis iluziis safarqveS msoflio batonobis mosurne, ver Seegueboda am strategiuli regionis dakargvas da yvela dasaSvebi Tu dauSvebeli xerxebiT Seecdeboda mis xelSi Cagdebas.

dRes xSirad gaigonebT, rom stalinma `daasamara saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika”, stalinma Tavisi samSoblo `sabWoTa kavSirSi” SeaTria da a.S. aq ramdenime garemoebas iviwyeben: 20-iani wlebis bolSevikebi gamoirCeodnen rwmenis simtkiciT. maTi rwmenis mTavari simbolo iyo socializmis leninuri gagebis WeSmariteba, rom isini msoflioSi yvelaze samarTlian, yvelaze bednier qveyanas aSeneben. amitomac bunebrivia, rom aseT `samarTlian da bednier” samoTxeSi stalins surda Tavisi qveyanac enaxa da misi xalxi `gaebednierebina”, Tu mas, ra Tqma unda, kidev hqonda SerCenili eTnikuri kuTvnilebis grZnoba. magram marqsis mixedviT `proletriats ara aqvs samSoblo!”. proletaris samSoblo _ revoluciur omebSi gamoWedili saerTaSoriso proletaruli respublikaa.

im wlebSi es ar iyo fuWi sityva... es iyo bolSevikuri rwmenis simbolo...

samarTlianad miuTiTebs cnobili rusi filosofosi berdiaevi: ̀ marqsma Seqmna namdvili miTi proletariatze! proletariatis misia rwmenis simboloa. marqsizmi ar aris marto mecniereba da politika, aramed rwmena da religiacaa, swored amaSia misi Zliereba”.

aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sWirdeboda gansakuTrebuli diplomatiuri moqniloba, mas aucileblad unda moeZebna seriozuli mfarveli, romelic SeZlebda fanatikurad ganwyobili komunisturi urdoebis SeCerebas. Cven vnaxeT, rom aseTi mfarveli im wlebSi dasavleTSi ar moiZebna (samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom aseTi mfarveli verc dRes iZebneba!). noe Jordaniam da misma politikurma jgufma gadawyvita, daewyoT brZola saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. maTi azriT, es potenciur mterTan garigeba SeiZleba yofiliyo.

1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba

azerbaijanis gasabWoebam seriozuli safrTxe Seqmna samxreT kavkasiaSi. mosalodneli iyo viTarebis

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garTuleba. inglisi jer kidev akontrolebda baTums, xolo TurqeTi somxeTis gasanadgureblad emzadeboda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc ki bolSevikebi baqoSi gamagrdnen, wiTeli armia somxeTisa da saqarTvelos sazRvrebisaken daiZra. � maiss sergo orjonikiZem nebarTva sTxova lenins, rom misTvis saqarTvelosa da somxeTis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis ufleba mieca. magram sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam ramdenime mizezis gamo gadawyvita, jerjerobiT es nabiji ar gadaedga: �) diviziebi, romlis gagzavnac orjonikiZes TbilisSi undoda, kievSi sWirdeboda, sadac wiTeli armia polonelebs ebrZoda; 2) britanelebma daiwyes molaparakebebi moxaliseTa armiis kapitulaciis Sesaxeb da �920 wlis � maisis depeSaSi didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lordma kerzonma inglis-sabWoTa ruseTis savaWro SeTanxmebis dasruleba yirimsa da kavkasiaSi samxedro moqmedebebis dasrulebas daukavSira. moskovi Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebda did britaneTTan savaWro molaparakebebs da Tvlida, rom es uaRresad efeqturi saSualeba iyo ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis gasaZliereblad.

swored amiT unda aixsnas, rom sergo orjonikiZem im dReebSi miiRo daSifruli, xelmouwereli depeSa moskovidan (depeSis toni da misi Sinaarsi gvaZlevs saSualebas, gamovTqvaT varaudi mis avtorze: is an leninia, an trocki, SesaZloa stalini): `... SewyviteT moZraoba... Tqven Cven CagviTrevT saerTaSoriso avanturaSi... saqarTvelos sazRvrebis gadalaxva absoluturad dauSvebelia... Cvenma jarebma unda daicvan saqarTvelos sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba. susti burJuaziuli saqa-rTvelo CvenTvis jer kidev sasargebloa”.

rogorc noe Jordanias memuarebi migvaniSnebs, TbilisSic cdilobdnen daewyoT molaparakeba bolSevikur ruseTTan. SeirCa Suamavalic – leninis Zveli kargi nacnobi grigol urataZe. igi awarmoebda molaparakebas ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile lev karaxanTan da kmayofilic iyo am molaparakebis SedegebiT _ �920 wlis � maiss xelmowerili xelSekrulebiT moskovi aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da Tbilisis uflebas gaekontrolebina sazRvrebi foTis portisa da baTumis olqis CaTvliT. Tavis mxriv, bolSevikebma strategiuli samTo gadasasvlelebis gakontrolebis ufleba daitoves. es gzebi saqarTvelos SuagulSi

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gadioda. moskovi Tanxmdeboda, rom mis teritorias saqarTveloze TavdasxmisaTvis veravin gamoiyenebda, magram sanacvlod Tbilisisagan yvela im patimris gaTavisuflebas moiTxovda, vinc sabWoTa ruseTis momxre iyo. saqarTvelos bolSevikuri partia legalizebuli unda yofiliyo, dakavebuli pirebi dauyovnebliv unda gaeTavisuflebinaT. mniSvnelovani iyo isic, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi aRiarebda afxazeTs, samuslimano saqarTvelos da zaqaTalas. xelSekruleba ise iyo Sedgenili, rom igi saqarTvelos teritoriidan yvela mokavSire samxedro personalis daTxovnasac gulisxmobda.

am xelSekrulebis orazrovnobas, mis flidur xasiaTs adasturebs lev karaxanis depeSa sergo orjonikiZisadmi, romelic man xelmoweris meore dResve gaugzavna Tavis megobars: `CvenTvis ufro sasargebloa, rom ingliselebi saqarTvelodan, baTumidan ganidevnon burJuaziuli saqarTvelos xeliT, vidre Cveni jarebi Caebnen inglisTan omSi. saqarTvelo Cven gvWirdeba rogorc droebiTi buferi. is rom sabWoTa iyos, is ver Seasrulebs am mniSvnelovan rols...”

am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis guldasmiT gacnobisas cxadi xdeba, rom rusi diplomatebis mier igi kargad gaazrebuli da damuSavebuli iyo, xelmowerisTanave ZalaSi Sedioda da gansakuTrebul ratifikacias ar saWiroebda. xelSekruleba moskovs saSualebas aZlevda, maT gankargulebaSi myofi strategiuli gadasasvlelebiT wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi gaegzavna da roca moesurveboda, daemxo menSevikuri mTavroba, sababad ki qarTveli mxaris mier zemoT moyvanili xelSekrulebis nebismieri punqtis darRveva gamoeyenebina.

ruseT-saqarTvelos aRniSnuli xelSekruleba mudam iwvevda azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. magram eiforiis viTarebaSi – �920 wlis maisSi, mainc didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia iman, rom `ruseTma gvcno, gvaRiara!”.

nu gvaviwydeba, rom �920 wels ruseTSi kanonieri (demokratiuli) xelisuflebis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba jer kidev sabolood ar iyo dakarguli da evropis mTavrobebi ar Cqarobdnen sabWoTa ruseTis aRiarebas. amdenad, leninis xelisufleba ukanono iyo. `de iured” aRiarebuli ar iyo saqarTveloc. amrigad, saubaria or, iuridiulad araRiarebuli saxelmwifos xelSekrulebaze,

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romlis erT-erT wevrs (ruseTs) legitimaciis safuZvelic ar hqonda. asjer marTali iyo saqarTvelos pirveli elCi ruseTSi U gabriel xundaZe, roca aRniSnavda: `mimdinare epoqaSi, roca nakerebze irRvevian uzarmazari saxelmwifoebi, formaluri xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi gansakuTrebul faseulobas sruliad ar warmoadgenen, ufro metic – maT mier ar ganisazRvreba faqtobrivi urTierTobebi”. am WeSmaritebas dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi Zala.

saqarTveloSi eiforia erTxans marTlac SesaSuri iyo. mogvianebiT, roca ufro detalurad gaaanalizes xelSekruleba, masSi SeamCnies seriozuli naklovanebebi, ramac sabolood Seuwyo xeli saqarTvelos katastrofas. gansakuTrebiTi safrTxis Semcveli iyo mesame da mexuTe muxlebi: – pirveli gulisxmobda kavkasiis uReltexilebis neitralizacias, xolo meoreTi saqarTvelo valdebulebas iRebda, ar daeSva Tavis teritoriaze raime operacia, samxedro Zala, romelic daemuqreboda ruseTis damoukideblobas. qarTuli mxare valdebuli iyo, sakoncentracio banakebSi gaegzavna ruseTis mowinaaRmdege samxedro sazRvao Zalebis naSTebi, ganeiaraRebina saqarTvelos navsadgurebSi myofi gemebi da a.S. patara saqarTvelo urTules saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi imden valdebulebas iRebda, rom misi realizacia aSkarad gauWirdeboda, rac Zlier mezobels morigi agresiisaTvis sababs aucileblad miscemda. amitomac migvaCnia, rom samarTliania ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis Semdegi Sefaseba: ̀ xelSekruleba ar yofila qarTuli diplomatiis udavo warmateba. am xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelos komunisturi partia gamovida iatakqveSidan, cixeebidan gaaTavisufles komunistebi, daiwyo gamosvla komunisturma gazeTebma, TbilisSi gaixsna ruseTis warmomadgenloba”.

sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo

sabWoTa ruseTis pirveli elCi saqarTveloSi iyo sergei kirovi, misi misia dasawyisSi �� kacs aerTianebda, rac Zalian male �00-mde gaizarda. isini faqtobrivad, ruseTis agentebi iyvnen da uzrunvelyofdnen adgilobrivi komunistebisa da ruseTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis urTierTobas. kirovs uSualo kavSiri hqonda baqoSi damkvidrebul rkp (b) ck kavbiurosTan, romlis

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ucvleli xelmZRvaneli sergo orjonikiZe iyo.male kirovi, romelic moskovSi gaiwvies, aron Seinmanma

Caanacvla, romelic erTgulad ganagrZobda komunisturi ruseTis interesebis gatarebas samxreT kavkasiaSi. Tbilisidan sistumaturad igzavneboda moskovSi daSifruli depeSebi, sadac detalurad acnobdnen qveyanaSi arsebul politikur viTarebas, azviadebdnen mTavrobis antikomunistur politikas da mis represiul RonisZiebebs sabWoTa ruseTis agenturis winaaRmdeg.

ruseTis saelCo gansakuTrebiT Tvalyurs adevnebda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sagareo politikas da Zalian ar moswonda evropis saxelmwifoebTan saqarTvelos xelisuflebis aqtiuri kontaqtebi. es exeboda saqarTvelo-britaneTis urTierTobas, romlis dros qarTuli mxare, imisaTvis, rom britaneTi ramenairad mainc darCeniliyo regionSi, bevr daTmobaze midioda, Tanaxma iyo baTumis `porto frankod” gamocxadebisa.

ruseTis faruli gegmebi

viTareba samxreT kavkasiaSi �920 wlis oqtombrisTvis Zlier daiZaba. TurqeTSi nacionalisturi revoluciisa da qemal faSas politikuri dajgufebis gamarjvebis Semdeg, garegnulad (ara didi xniT) Seiqmna ruseT-TurqeTis aliansi dasavleTis mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg. aman SeaSina somxeTi da iZulebuli gaxada, kvlav ruseTis mfarveloba aerCia – somxeTSi sabWoTa diqtatura damyarda.

somxeTSi momxdari `revoluciis” Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTisa da saqarTvelos urTierToba gauaresda. azerbaijanma TbilisisaTvis navTobis miyidva Sewyvita, somxeTma borCalos olqis sadavo nawili daikava. saqarTvelos komunistur partias SesaZlebloba mieca mimdinare politikuri represiebi daefiqsirebina, rac sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos samSvidobo xelSekrulebis darRvevad CaiTvala da saqarTvelos komunistebma daxmarebisaTvis moskovs mimarTes. magram moskovi jer mzad ar iyo. �920 wlis 2� noembers rkp (b) ck politbiurom gadawyvita menSevikuri respublikis winaaRmdeg wiTeli armia ar gamoeyenebina. amasobaSi amasobaSi saqarTvelos menSevikuri partia molaparakebas awar-moebda Turq nacionalistebTan da dasavleTis mokavSi-reebTan. maT undodaT darwmunebuli yofiliyvnen, rom

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Turqebi ar daesxmodnen saqarTvelos da pativs scemdnen mis sazRvrebs baTumisa da ardaganis olqebis CaTvliT. amis pasuxad ankaradan Setyobineba movida, rom nacio-nalistebisTvis `damoukidebeli, Zlieri da megobruli saqarTvelos arseboba umniSvnelovanesi iyo”. sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, acnobierebdnen ra sabWoTa ruseTisgan momdinare potenciur saSiSroebas, menSevike-bi Cqarobdnen. maT gaagzavnes sagareo saqmeTa ministri dasavleT evropaSi da moiTxovdnen saqarTvelos `de iure” aRiarebas, erovnebaTa ligaSi daSvebas da materia-lur daxmarebas.

magram �92� wlis 2� ianvars mdgomareoba Seicvala. im dRes centraluri komitetis sxdomaze krasinma warmoa-dgina didi britaneTis premier-ministr loid jorjTan misi Sexvedris pirveli sruli angariSi, sadac dafiqsi-rebulia saqarTvelos mimarT didi britaneTis aSkara gulgriloba.

ra nabijebi gadadges bolSevikebma, rom britaneTs kavkasia daetovebina? bolSevikebma gadawyvites, koncen-trireba moexdinaT sparseTze da iq britanuli gavle-na SeemcirebinaT. am mizniT azerbaijanis gasabWoebis Semdeg iyo mcdeloba CrdiloeT iranSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT sanapiroebidan ganedevnaT britaneTis jarebi, ruseTis xelSewyobiT iranis provincia gilanSi sabWoTa xelisufleba daemyarebinaT. amiT sabWoeTs sparseTTan vaWrobis SesaZlebloba mieca. es procesi ramdenime Tve gagrZelda da sabolood xeli moewera sparseT-sabWo-Ta ruseTis xelSekrulebas, romelic orive qveynisaTvis xelsayreli iyo. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo britaneTis interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dartyma. amiT sabWo-Ta prestiJi iransa da mTel aziaSi izrdeboda, yalib-deboda bolSevikuri ruseTis – rogorc iraneli xalxis megobris imiji, amiT ruseTi yovelTvis isargeblebda.

krasinis moxsenebis Semdeg bolSevikuri centraluri komitetis wevrebs Soris saqarTvelos sakiTxze ori sapi-rispiro pozicia gamoikveTa: pirveli xazs usvamda saki-Txisadmi politikur midgomas, meore ki iTvaliswinebda Zalis SesaZlo gamoyenebas. aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis poli-tbiuro kavbiurosagan wiTeli armiis mzadyofnas moi-Txovda. es meore pozicia aSkarad dominirebda.

�92� wlis TebervalSi leninma depeSa gaugzavna orjo-nikiZes da dauyovnebliv angariSis Cabareba moiTxova.

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baqodan pasuxi ar mosula. orjonikiZe saqarTvelos ga-sabWoebisaTvis emzadeboda.

lores provokacia

SeeZlo Tu ara saqarTvelos komunistur partias ga-nexorcielebina �92� wlis dasawyisSi politikuri ga-datrialeba da xelSi aeRo Zalaufleba? dokumentebi adastureben, rom es mas ar SeeZlo – saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebis mxridan permanentuli Setevebis Sedegad partiis rigebi Zalian SeTxelebuli iyo – aerTianeb-da mxolod 9000 komunists. organizacia daqsaqsuli da garkveulwilad dabneulic iyo. amaze yuradRebas amaxvi-lebda cnobili komunisti mamia oraxelaSvili �920 wlis dekemberSi rkp (b) ck kavbiuros sxdomaze. aris sxva cno-bac, rom `saqarTveloSi Cveni (igulisxmeba `bolSeviku-ri” – avtorebi) organizaciebi dangreuli iyo”.

amitomac moskovma orientacia axladgasabWoebul somxeTis partiul xelmZRvanelobaze SeaCera da maTac imedebi ar gaucrues.

gasabWoebis Semdeg somexi komunistebi intensiurad muSaobdnen lores neitralur zonaSi. aq mosaxleoba Zi-riTadad somxuri iyo da maTTan saerTos advilad pou-lobdnen. rogorc dasturdeba, garkveuli socialuri daZabuloba regionSi SeiniSneboda, rasac kidev ufro amwvavebda komunisturi somxeTis antiqarTuli propa-ganda.

garkveul etapze, gasabWoebamde, TurqeTis mxridan agresiis momlodine somxeTis burJuaziulma xelisufle-bam saqarTvelos SesTavaza lores neitraluri zonis droebiT dakaveba (ingliselebis regionidan wasvlis Semdeg am teritoriebs monacvleobiT akontrolebdnen saqarTvelo da somxeTi). �920 wlis �� noembris xel-�920 wlis �� noembris xel-Sekrulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo da somxeTi Tu sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ver moaxerxebdnen sadavo terito-riis gamijvnas, saqarTvelos jarebs unda daetovebiaT es zona da iq unda aRdgeniliyo marTvis adrindeli sistema Sereuli administraciiT. sazRvris es monakve-Ti strategiulad metad mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelos-Tvis, radgan amiT izrdeboda manZili Tbilisamde bolSe-vikebis armiis Semotevis SemTxvevaSi, rac dros miscemda qarTul jars qalaqis Tavdacva ukeTesad moemzadebina.

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am teritoriebis Senaxva saqarTvelos 2 milion maneTze meti ujdeboda. aq dislocirebuli iyo � 000-kaciani sa-mxedro SenaerTi. qarTveli samxedroebi gansakuTrebiT icavdnen Sagalis xids, mniSvnelovan strategiul obi-eqts, romelic samxedro mosazrebiT danaRmes – is mters xelSi ar unda Cavardnoda.

swored am strategiuli obieqtis maxloblad bolSevi-kurma dazvervam moawyo duqani, sadac qarTveli jariska-cebi saRamoebs atarebdnen. somxurma agunturam SeZlo qarTvelebis yuradRebis moduneba. rogorc ukve aRvniS-neT, lores neitralur zonas saqarTvelo akontrolebda somxeTis demokratiul respublikasTan SeTanxmebis Ta-naxmad, romelic �920 wlis �� noembers � Tvis vadiT iyo xelmowerili. magram somxeTis demokratiuli respubli-kis arsebobis Sewyvetisa da mis nacvlad somxeTis sabWo-Ta respublikis Seqmnis Semdeg, noembris bolos am uka-nasknelma saqarTvelosTan lores Sesaxeb xelSekrule-bis anulireba da am teritoriidan qarTuli garnizonis gayvana moiTxova. saqarTvelom SesTavaza xelSekrulebis Sesruleba da umokles vadaSi am sakiTxis gadawyveta mo-laparakebebis saSualebiT. es molaparakebebi daiwyo �920 wlis dekemberSi, magram ianvris dasawyisidan praqtiku-lad duned mimdinareobda da xSirad wydeboda. somxeTis sabWoTa respublikis delegacia, romelic molaparakebe-bis dasawyisSi energiulad aprotestebda da moiTxovda teritoriebis dabrunebas, molaparakebebis mimdinareobi-sas moeSva, nakleb aqtiuri da momTxovni gaxda. igrZno-boda, rom mis moqmedebaSi raRac cvlileba moxda, rasac, rogorc mere gairkva, Tavisi axsna gaaCnda. �92� wlis �� Tebervals iwureboda neitralur zonaSi saqarTvelos jarebis yofnis samTviani vada da, SeTanxmebis mixedviT, maT es zona unda daetovebivebinaT. amgvarad, moispo-boda teritoriuli konfliqtis aSkara sababi. kavkasiis biurom gadawyvita, gamoeyenebina es sababi da saqarTve-losTan am sakiTxze uSedego molaparakebebisa da saqar-Tvelos kontrolis qveS myofi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mZime mdgomareobis momizezebiT e.w. `ajanyeba” moawyo. am ajanyebis organizacia daevala profesional revolu-cioners, bolSevik lazians. gadawyda ajanyebis dawyeba �� Tebervals, RamiT. ruseTis XI armiis xelmZRvanelma hekerma �00 wiTelarmieli gamohyo, romlebsac loreSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri rusi moxaliseebic SeuerTdnen.

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moulodnelobis faqtorma ajanyebulebs saSualeba misca, strategiuli obieqti – Sagalis xidi xelSi Ca-egdoT. maT warmatebebs miaRwies dzixis da gergeris raionebSi. didi brZola gaimarTa voroncovkis mimdebare teritoriaze, sadac dasawyisSi qarTvelebma Seaviwroves ajanyebulebi, magram ukve am dros lores dablobze Se-movida sabWoTa armia, ramac brZolis bedi gadawyvita.

mogvianebiT n. Jordania ase igonebda am tragikul faqts: `�� Tebervals ajanydnen borCalos `somxebi”, garekes Cveni jari, daatyveves bevri... maSinve daviba-re odiSeliZe da movsTxove am sircxvilis angariSi. man momca aseTi ganmarteba: jari damarcxda imitom, rom iyo danawilebuli da SeerTeba ver moaswres.... es moaxdina damfuZnebeli krebis samxedro komisiis Tavmjdomarem ak. Cxenkelma”. aSkaraa, rom partiuli funqcioneri ak. Cxenkeli zedmetad aqtiurad ereva samxedro ministris funqciebSi da amis Sesaxeb araferi icis mTavrobis Ta-vmjdomarem.

pirvel xanebSi qarTuli presa dumda. informaciis ga-vrceleba daiwyo �� Tebervlidan: `Cveni jarebi voronco-vkas samxreTiT da sadaxlos samxreTiT awarmoeben brZo-las. wamoyvanilia tyveebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom Cven winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen somxeT-ruseTis sabWoTa jarebi”. sabWoTa ruseTis elCma Seimanma ganacxada, rom man arafe-ri icis am brZolebSi wiTeli armiis monawileobis Sesaxeb da darwmunebulia, rom Tavdasxma organizebulia somxeTis mTavrobis mier. amave dros saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo aranakleb oficialuri deklaracia sabWoTa somxeTis war-momadgenlis _ Saverdovisgan imis Sesaxeb, rom somxeTs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs am TavdasxmasTan.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam saswrafod gamocvala sa-mxedro xelmZRvaneli, xolo general giorgi kvinitaZes daevala Tavdacvis organizeba. generali mogvianebiT, Ta-vis memuarebSi sastikad gaakritikebs im qarTvel samxe-droebs, romlebmac, Warbi samxedro Zalis miuxedavad, sworad ver dagegmes loreSi samxedro Zalebis disloka-cia da aman ganapiroba qarTvelebisaTvis uaresi samxe-dro viTarebis Seqmna. xolo TviTon man, maTi gafuWe-buli saqme ukve veRar gamoaswora da iZulebuli gaxda, ukan daxevis brZaneba gaeca. �� Tebervals azerbaijanis �� Tebervals azerbaijanis mxridan saqarTveloSi Semovidnen cxenosani jariT ga-Zlierebuli me-�� armiis axali qvedanayofebi. �� Teber-

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vals Jordania telefoniT daukavSirda moskovs, magram sagareo saqmeTa komisris moadgile karaxanma uari Tqva masTan saubarze.

�92� wlis �� Tebervals stalinma depeSa gamougzavna s. orjonikiZes: `axlave Seutie, dasturia, aiRe qalaqi”.

�� Tebervals SulaverSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos revo-luciuri komiteti, romlis xelmZRvanelad gamocxadda filipe maxaraZe, romelic imJamad moskovSi imyofeboda. revkomSi Sevidnen: m. oraxelaSvili, S. eliava, b. kvirke-lia, g. elisabedaSvili, a. nazaretiani. isini SemouZRvnen saqarTveloSi komunisturi ruseTis XI armias. saqarTve-los damfuZnebelma krebam revkomis wevrebi kanongareSe gamoacxada. 2� Tebervals Jordaniam mimarTa CiCerins ra-diogramiT da mosTxova omis mizezis ganmarteba. dama-jerebeli pasuxi rom ver miiRo, prezidentma 22 Tebervals mimarTa leninsa da trockis da mosTxova omis Sewyveta. amis pasuxad gaixsna sami damatebiTi fronti: saqarT-velos samxedro gzis mimarTulebiT vladikavkazis mxri-dan, mamisonis gadasasvlelis mxridan quTaisisken da Savi zRvis sanapiroze soWis mxridan. saqarTveloze Tavdasx-maSi monawileobdnen me-�� armia, me-8, me-� da me-�� armiis qvedanayofebi, budionisa da Jlobas cxenosani jarebi.

saqarTvelos regularulma armiam �8-22 Tebervals SemoWril mters medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwia kojris midamoebSi, sadac gmirulad daecnen axalgazrda qa-rTveli iunkrebi. amasTanave, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam samxedro daxmarebisTvis TurqeTs mimarTa. 22 Tebervals TurqeTis mTavrobam bolSevikur ruseTTan molapara-kebisas saqarTvelos ultimatumi wauyena ardaganisa da arTvinis gaTavisuflebis moTxovniT. saqarTvelos mTav-roba, romelsac am provinciebis dacvis saSualeba ar hqonda, iZulebuli iyo droebiT daTanxmebuliyo amaze, Tumca ganacxada, rom es sakiTxi gadawyvetili ar aris, radgan TurqeTis qmedebebi ukanonoa da saerTaSoriso arbitraJma unda ganixiloso.

samxedro mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, xelisuflebam Tbilisi datova da jer quTaisSi, xolo Semdeg _ ba-TumSi gadavida. magram sanam dedaqalaqs datovebdnen, damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica saqarTvelos demokra-tiuli respublikis konstitucia, romlis amoqmedeba ukve veRar moxerxda.

�92� wlis 2� Tebervals qarTveli bolSevikebis wi-

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namZRvrobiT sabWoTa ruseTis XI armia TbilisSi Semov-ida. baqodan orjonikiZem depeSa gaugzavna leninsa da stalins: `Tbilisze frialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis wi-Teli droSa. gaumarjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos!” qarTul-ma jarma brZolebiT daixia baTumisken, sadac sardloba imedovnebda qalaqis Tavdacvis organizebas qalaqis xel-sayreli ganlagebis strategiuli gegmidan gamomdinare. Jordanias mTavroba gulubryvilod fiqrobda, rom fran-fran-gebi da Turqebi mxars dauWerdnen saqarTvelos damouki-deblobas da bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg gamovidodnen. mTe-li Tebervlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mTavroba uSe-degod eloda frangebis Carevas. samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis pirveli dRidanve frangebi exmarebodnen saqar-Tvelos mTavrobas Savi zRvis sanapiros dacvaSi, magram parizs arasdros ufiqria saeqspedicio jarebis gagzavna. britanelebma ki ubrZanes TavianT flots, ar Careuliyv-nen konfliqtSi.

dasasruli

aseT rTul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam sabediswero nabiji gadadga – man Turqebi moiwvia da-saxmareblad. es Turqebis interess Seesabameboda. maT saswrafod daikaves istoriuli qarTuli miwebi – kola-artaani, tao-klarjeTi da baTumisken moiwevdnen. isini imedovnebdnen, rom isargeblebdnen saqarTvelos mZi-me mdgomareobiT da kvlav daibrunebdnen baTumis olqs. �� marts, baTumSi Sesvlis Semdeg Turqebma ganacxades, rom didma erovnulma krebam gadawyvita baTumisa da misi raionis TurqeTTan mierTeba. maT scades ZaliT daekave-binaT yvela saxalxo dawesebuleba da gamagrebuli pozi-ciebi. amave dros, maT ultimatumi wauyenes saqarTvelos mTavrobas, romelSic iTxovdnen baTumSi qarTuli armiis ganiaraRebas. baTumis quCebSi qalaqSi ganlagebuli qar-Tuli armiis nawilebsa da Turqebs Soris SeiaraRebulma Setakebebma ifeTqa.

saqarTvelos mTavroba baTumSi Cavida. aq iyvnen po-litikuri opoziciis liderebic. viTareba sagangaSo iyo. opoziciuri partiebi xelisuflebas uunarobaSi, araorganizebulobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. giorgi kvinita-Ze imasac ki igonebs, rom iyvnen politikuri moRvaweebi, romlebic mas noe Jordanias dapatimrebas urCevdnen.

�20

lenini, SeSinebuli rusuli agresiis saerTaSoriso rezonansiT, moiTxovda JordaniasTan molaparakebas, garigebas, mas sTavazobda saqarTveloSi darCenasac ki. qveynis winaSe udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvilma demokratiulma xelisuflebam gadawyvita, kompromisze wasuliyo – quTaisSi daiwyo molaparakeba dapirispire-bul mxareebs Soris: demokratiul saqarTvelos warmoad-genda grigol lorTqifaniZe, sabWoTa saqarTvelos – ma-mia oraxelaSvili, ruseTs – sergo qavTaraZe. miaRwies SeTanxmebas – demokratiuli saqarTvelo Slida fron-ts, sabWoTa jarebi ikavebdnen baTums da Turqebisagan mTlianad aTavisuflebdnen baTumis olqs. bolSevik li-derebs mSvenivrad esmodaT baTumis mniSvneloba, navTo-bis transportireba baqodan baTumis gavliT evropaSi xom yvelaze mokle da xelsayreli gza iyo. mas, vinc baqos flobda, araviTari ufleba ar hqonda Sesaferis SemTxvevaSi baTumic xelSi ar Caegdo. amasTanave maT kar-gad esmodaT, ramdenad arasasurveli iyo TurqebTan Ria saomari moqmedebebis dawyeba. swored am faqtma ubiZga bolSevikebs, dakavSirebodnen qarTuli armiis xelmZRva-nelobas da miecaT maTTvis saSualeba, gaewmindaT qalaqi Turqebisgan. baTumis revkomi Tavisi warmomadgenlis Tengiz JRentis saxiT daukavSirda general mazniaSvils da sTxova mas ieriSi mietana Turqebze mis gankargule-baSi myofi yvela nawilebis gamoyenebiT. ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi baTumi da misi midamoebi saqarTvelos de-mokratiuli xelisuflebis samxedro SenaerTebma gene-ral giorgi mazniaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Turqebisgan gawmindes. moskovis �922 wlis �� martis xelSekrulebiT TurqeTma sabolood Tqva uari baTumis olqze.

�92� wlis �� marts dasrulda TiTqmis samwliani cda, aRdgeniliyo saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, social-de-mokratiulma xelisuflebam datova qveyana da emigra-ciaSi – safrangeTSi gaixizna, xolo saqarTvelo da misi xalxi Caeflo bolSevikuri okupaciis samocdaaTwlian wyvdiadSi...

�2�

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�22

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26. ����� ����������. ���� ������ �������� ������������� ���������� ��������������� ����������. ���� ������ �������� ������������� ���������� ���������� 1968.

27. ������� ������������. ����� ������������ �� ������� �� ������������� ������������ ������������. ����� ������������ �� ������� �� ������������� ��������� 1918�1921.�� �������� ����������� ������ 19��.�������� ����������� ������ 19��.

28. ������ �������������. ����� �������� ��� ����������������� ������ ����������������� �������������. ����� �������� ��� ����������������� ������ ����������� ������� 1951.

29. �������� �. �����. ��������� ��� ��������������� ���� ������� ������� ���������� �. �����. ��������� ��� ��������������� ���� ������� ������� �� ������ �������� 1918�1921�� �������Q����’� ����������� ������� 1992.

3�. �������� �. �����. ����������� ��� ���������� ���� ������� ������� �� �������������� �. �����. ����������� ��� ���������� ���� ������� ������� �� ������ �������� 1917�1918�� ����������� �� ������� ������� 1979.

31. ������ ������ �����. ����� ������ �� ���� �������� �������� ������� ���������� ������ �����. ����� ������ �� ���� �������� �������� ������� ������������ ������� 199�.

32. �������� �����������. �������� �� ���� ���� �� �������������� 1918���������� �����������. �������� �� ���� ���� �� �������������� 1918�� ����������� �� ���������� ����� ��1967.

33. ����� �. ����. �� ������ �������� �� ������ ��������� ���� ������ ���������� �. ����. �� ������ �������� �� ������ ��������� ���� ������ ����� ������� 1962.

3�. ���������� �������� ��� ���������� �� ���������. ������� ������ �6���������� �������� ��� ���������� �� ���������. ������� ������ �6 �� ���� ������ ��������� �� ��������� ����������. ����� �� ���������������� 83��� ���������� 2��� ������� ����� ����������� �� �. ���. 3�6 ��� �.���. �38. ������ ������ ���������� �������� ������. ����������������� ������ ���������� �������� ������. ����������� ��1955.

35. “Оккупация и фактическая анн�ксия ��у�ии��� О п��итическ��� и�ксия ��у�ии��� О п��итическ��� иксия ��у�ии��� О п��итическ��� и п�������� �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск���������� �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск��������� �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск�������� �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск������� �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск������ �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск����� �ц�нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск����нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск���нк� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск���� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск��� на�у�ения �������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск���������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск��������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск�������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск������а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск�����а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск����а ����у ��у�и��� и ����тск������у ��у�и��� и ����тск�����у ��у�и��� и ����тск������ и ����тск����� и ����тск������тск�����тск����тск���тск�������� Р�сси��� �т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст���сси��� �т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст��сси��� �т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст����� �т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст���� �т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст���т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст��т �� �ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст���ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст��ая ����� ���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст����а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст���а�� ��ку��нт�� и �ат��иа����� ���ат���ст�� “�ака�т����� Tби�иси �������

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sarCevi

winaTqma 5

wanamZRvrebi 6

qarTvelebis ltolva Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis XIX-XX ss. �

social-demokratia da saqarTvelo 9

kvlav `damoukidebeli”! 10

pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo �0

Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi �2

amierkavkasia damoukidebelia �2

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba ��

politikuri cxovreba 16

mmarTveli partia ��

socialist-federalistebi �9

socilist-revolucionerebi 20

erovnul-demokratebi 20

bolSevikebi 2�

damfuZnebeli kreba 2�

qveynis demokratiulobis xarisxi 2�

saqarTvelos demokratiuli saxelmwifos saSinao politika 25

axali qarTuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba 2�

sabWoebi 2�

TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi 2�

sasamarTlo sistema 29

milicia �0

saxalxo gvardia �2

saqarTvelos armia ��

`qarTuli vandea” ��

agraruli reformebi �8

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muSebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobebi �0

burJuazia ��

Tavadaznauroba ��

saxelmwifo da eklesia ��

ganaTleba da kultura �0

yofa da cxovreba ��

erovnebaTaSorisi urTierToba ��

saqarTvelos demokratiuli saxelmwifos sagareo politika 79

amierkavkasia da msoflio politika �9

urTierToba germaniasTan 80

urTierToba TurqeTTan 8�

didi britaneTis politika samxreT kavkasiaSi 88

amerika-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis Taviseburebebi 92

somxur-qarTuli dapirispireba 9�

azerbaijani da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 99

kavkasiis xalxTa erTianobis miRwevis cdebi �02

TeTri ruseTi da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo �0�

saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebis imedi �0�

dasasruli 107

bolSevikebis politika amierkavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi �08

�920 wlis � maisis xelSekruleba �09

sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo ��2

ruseTis faruli gegmebi ���

lores provokacia ���

dasasruli ��9

bibliografia 121

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