თბილისი 2013 - nplgdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/143683/1/guli_gonieri...5...

თბილისი2013

მთავარი redaqtori: თეიმურაზ ბუაძერედაქტორი: ქეთევან მამასახლისი

dizaineri: arCil TurmaniZe

garekanze: janaSviliseuli bibliis xelnaweri gverdi (XV-XVI ss.).gamoyenebuli masala daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.

სარჩევი

წინათქმა

5ქრისტიანობა და მარადიული ღირებულებები

79 მიტროპოლიტი დანიელი (დათუაშვილი) – თანამედროვეობა და მარადიული ღირებულებები

23 დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი – ღირებულებათა რღვევის გამო

50 ირაკლი ორჟონია – ზოგიერთი რამ რელიგიურ საკითხთა შესახებ

ქრისტიანობა და ეროვნული იდენტობა

7375 ეკა კვაჭანტირაძე – ქართული თვითცნობიერება ისტორიულ რეტროსპექტივაში

ეკლესია და სახელმწიფო

9799 თეიმურაზ ბუაძე – ეკლესია და სახელმწიფო

123 ოთარ ზოიძე – ქრისტიანობა და სეკულარიზმი

ეკლესია და თანამედროვეობა

167169 მღვდელი ალექსი ქშუტაშვილი – აფხაზეთში არსებული საეკლესიო მდგომარეობის სამართლებრივი ანალიზი

რელიგია და ფილოსოფია

185187 თეიმურაზ ბუაძე – ფილოსოფიური შეხედულებები თავისუფალი ნების შესახებ

ქრისტიანობა და ლიტერატურა

201203 მაია რაფავა – არსენ იყალთოელის „დოგმატიკონი“ მართლმადიდებლობისა და ეროვნული თვითმყოფადობის კონტექსტში.

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ძ virfaso mkiTxvelo, Jurnal „guli gonieris“ wi-namdebare nomeri mciredi dagvianebiT gamodis.

amis mizezia cvlileba saredaqcio politikaSi. mkiTx-velTa azris gaTvaliswinebiT faseulobaTa kvlevis sazogadoebam gadawyvita Jurnalis Tematika gaefar-Toebina da misTvis ufro popularuli, naklebad aka-demiuri xasiaTi mieca. wina oTxi nomeri eklesiis ma-maTa qarTul Targmanebsa da maT ganmartebebs daeTmo. momdevno nomrebSi patristikul naSromebTan erTad, aseve gaSuqdeba Cveni epoqisaTvis niSandoblivi suli-eri, eklesiuri, filosofiuri, kulturologiuri, so-cialuri da sxva problemebi.

Cveni survilia iseTi fundamenturi sakiTxebis ganxilva, rogoricaa: adamianis sulieri , religiuri da socialuri Tavisufleba; misi uflebebi; eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba; sekularizmi; erovnuli, religiuri da kulturuli identoba; istoriuli faseu-lobani; zneobrivi cxovrebis aspeqtebi qristianobasa da sxva religiebSi; qristianuli literatura da xe-lovneba da a.S.

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vfiqrobT aRniSnuli problematikis qristianuli TvalsazrisiT ganxilva daexmareba Cven sazogadoebas gaarCios WeSmariti faseulobani fsevdoRirebulebebi-sagan.

Jurnal „guli gonieris“ pirveli oTxi nomeri ba-ton ediSer WeliZis redaqtorobiT gamovida. vinaidan batoni ediSeri ZiriTadad patristikaze muSaobs, man umjobesad miiCnia ganaxlebul Jurnals axali redaq-tori hyoloda.

Jurnalis redaqtorad dainiSna batoni Teimuraz buaZe.

Cveni sazogadoeba gamoTqvams madlierebas ba-toni ediSeris mimarT Jurnalis redaqtorobisas mis mier gaweuli uaRresad STambeWdavi da dasafasebeli Sromis gamo, baton Teimurazs ki warmatebebs usurvebs am metad sapasuxismgeblo saqmeSi.

faseulobaTa kvlevis sazogadoeba.

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ქრისტიანობა და მარადიული ღირებულებები

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თანამედროვეობა და მარადიული ღირებულებები*

WiaTurisa da saCxeris mitropoliti danieli (daTuaSvili)

დRevandeli saerTaSoriso konferenciis mTavari Tema – Semobruneba sulierebisaken – bibliuri

swavlebis qvakuTxedia. mizani saRmrTo moZRvrebisa adamianis, viTarca gzaabneuli cxovaris, moZieba da misi WeSmarit gzaze dabrunebaa. saxarebiseuli igavi uZ-Rebi Svilis Sesaxeb aris am ideis erT-erTi saukeTeso gamoxatuleba. Svili tovebs mamis saxls da iwyebs Ta-visufali wesiT cxovrebas, ris Sedegadac midis srul degradaciamde. bolos igi xvdeba Tavis danaSauls, inaniebs da brundeba mamis saxlSi. igavidan kargad Cans, Tu ra aris mizezi pirovnebis WeSmaritebisagan mowyve-tisa da aseve, Tu rogor SeiZleba Semobruneba SecTomi-


* სტატია წაკითხულია საქართველოს კათოლიკოს-პატრიარქის, ილია II-ის იუბილესადმი მიძღვნილ II საერთაშორისო კონფერენციაზე – `შემობრუნება სულიერებისაკენ~.


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li adamianisa. igavi gvaswavlis, rom mTavari mizezi cTomilebisa aris umaduroba, anu daukmayofilebloba im sikeTiT, romelic mieca adamians. ra SemTxvevaSi Sei-Zleba RvTis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnili, Tavisufali da gonieri arseba iyos ukmayofilo Tavisi bediT? – mx-olod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man ver Seicno sakuTari Tavi da ver daafasa misTvis boZebuli sikeTe.

Seican Tavi Seni! – ai, is udidesi mowodeba, rom-liskenac unda iswrafodes yoveli adamiani; ar unda dagvaviwydes Cveni pirovnuli Rirseba, Cveni didebuli winaprebi, Cveni gmiruli warsuli da, rac mTavaria, ar unda dagvaviwydes, visi xati varT da visadmi msgavsebi-saTvis varT mowodebuli.

maxsendeba misi uwmidesobis mier gamoTqmuli mo-sazreba uZRebi Svilis igavze. misi ganmartebiT, es igavi aris winaswarmetyveleba kacobriobis im nawilis Ses-axeb, romelic ganeSora WeSmarit sar wmunoebas, magram bolo Jams kvlav daubrundeba zeciuri mamis wiaRs. ra aris mTavari piroba WeSmaritebisaken kvlav Semo-brunebisa? saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom uZRebi Svili „moego Tavsa Tჳssa“ (luk. 15. 17), anu mas daubrunda unari sakuTari Tavis cnobisa. sakuTari Tavis WeSmariti Sem-ecnebisas aseve iwyeba RvTis Semecnebac, rameTu adamiani aris xateba da msgavseba RvTisa.

rogorc adamianma, aseve ermac unda Seicnos Tavisi Tavi, raTa daadginos Tavisi identoba. eris WeSmariti istoria da kultura aris asaxva sazogadoebis TviT-Semecnebis procesisa. erovnuli cnobierebis gamrudeba niSnavs eris gaucxoebas sakuTar TavTan, anu WeSmaritebis gzidan gadaxvevas. amave dros igi kargavs Tavisuflebas, radgan WeSmariteba aris gza Tavisuflebisa. „scnaT WeS-mariti da WeSmaritebaman gangaTavisuflnes Tquen“ (io-ane, 8. 32), – brZanebs ufali.

mTeli Cveni istoriis manZilze aTasi juris dampy-robeli swored Cveni erovnuli cnobierebis, kultur-isa da Rirebulebebis aRmofxvrasa da gadagvarebas


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cdilobda. Cven samarTlianad vama yobT Cveni gmiruli warsuliT, TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebuli brZolis arnaxuli magaliTebiT, Tumca Cvens istoriaSi iyo peri-odebi dauSvebeli da gaumarTlebeli kompromisebisa, ro melTac uaryofiTi daRi daasves Cvens erovnul TviTmyofadobasa da TviTSegnebas. wminda ilia mar-Tali (WavWavaZe) brZanebs, rom istoriis manZilze Cvenma erma mraval gansacdels gauZlo swored imitom, rom Cvens winaprebs im saZirkvelSi, romelzedac Cveni aw-myoa damyarebuli, bevri magari qva Caudvia; Tumca etyo-ba magar qvasTan erTad uvargisi da fxvieric mravlad Cauyolebia, ris gamoc dRes savalalo mdgomareoba gvaqvso (eri da istoria, 1888 w.). saukuneebis manZilze Cvens cnobierebaze ileqeboda misi bunebisa da Rireb-ulebebisaTvis ucxo da miuRebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. XIX s-Si eris umTavres problemad wminda ilia marTali (WavWavaZe) qarTvelobis mier sakuTari vinaobis daviw-yebas miiCnevda da qveynis gadarCenis dasabams swored eris sulier gajansaRebaSi xedavda (Sinauri mimoxilva, 1881 w.).

wminda ilia marTalma (WavWavaZe), wminda mRvdelm-Tavrebma gabriel qiqoZem da aleqsandre oqropi-riZem, wminda dimitri yifianma, akaki wereTelma, vaJa-fSavelam, iakob gogebaSvilma da sxva Cvenma ga-moCenilma Tanamemamuleebma aRasrules udidesi misia erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamosaRviZeblad – maTi Tav-dadebuli mecadineobiT qarTvel erSi danTebuli ce-cxli RvTisa da mamulis siyvarulisa imdenad mZlavri da cxovelsmyofeli aRmoCnda, rom Cvenma cnobierebam gauZlo komunisturi reJimis umZimes ideologiur wnexs. XX s-is bolos saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZola wminda ilia marTlis (WavWavaZe) mgznebare suliT iyo damuxtuli. marTalia, Cveni erovnuli suli gadarCa, magram igi seriozul reanimacias saWiroebs. totalita-ruli reJimis periodSi Cvenma erovnulma cnobierebam kidev ufro meti ziani ganicada. „uRmrToebis mraval-

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wlianma uRelma ukiduresad gamofita eris sasicocxlo Zalebi“, – brZanebs misi uwmidesoba (saSobao epistole, 1992 w.). saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena jer kidev ar niSnavs Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmnas. igi mxolod xelsayreli pirobaa am miznis misaRwevad. jansaRi cnobierebis mqone sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis upirvelesi amoca-naa. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi mim-dinare reformebi bunebrivi da aucilebeli procesia; magram isini ver moitanen sasurvel Sedegs, Tu parale-lurad CvenSi ar moxdeba „Zveli adamianis“, anu damaxin-jebuli fsiqologiisa da zneobis matarebeli individis Secvla „axali adamianiT“ – jansaRi cnobierebis mqone pirovnebiT.

WeSmariti identobis aRdgena SeuZlebelia misi da-zianebis raobisa da mizezebis Seuswavlelad. „rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba?“ – brZanebs wminda ilia marTali (kozlovis „SeSli-lis“ Targmanis Sesaxeb, 1861 w.). identobis dazianeba, upirveles yovlisa, RirebulebaTa aRreva gulisxmobs. erTi mxriv, subieqts SenarCunebuli aqvs misi bunebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, xolo, meore mxriv, masSi fexs ikidebs misi xasiaTisTvis sruliad sapirisp-iro da SeuTavsebeli cxovrebis wesi; es iwvevs subieqtis gaorebas, rac safuZvelSive spobs misi ganviTarebisa da srulyofis SesaZleblobas. „ara xel ewifebis orTa ufalTa monebad“, – brZanebs ufali. Zalmomreobis Sedegad dakninebuli TviTmyofadi cnobiereba iwyebs sakuTar TavTan gaucxoebas da advilad aRmoCndeba ra-dikalurad gansxvavebuli Tu fsevdoRirebulebebis gavlenis qveS. cnobierebis unikaluroba ar gulisxmobs gansxvavebul kulturaTa ignorirebas da maTgan izola-cias, piriqiT, yvela WeSmariti erovnuli kultura saka-cobrio kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia, sazrdoobs am saunjiT da Tavadac amdidrebs mas. misi uwmidesobis 2006 wlis epistoleSi vkiTxulobT: „mTeli istoriis


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manZilze rogorc CvenTan, ise nebismier qveyanaSi, damp-yroblebi cdilobdnen xelovnurad Tavs moexviaT ara mxolod TavianTi politikuri gavlena, aramed moex-dinaT kulturul-religiuri asimilaciac, rac gulisx-mobda rogorc rwmenis, aseve simReris, cekvis, samoslis, literaturuli Rirebulebebis, sufris wesis da a. S. Secv-las. es xelovnuri eqspansia, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavde-boda kulturaTa Soris urTierTgamdidrebis bunebrivi procesisagan, rac kacobriobis kulturul ganviTarebas ganapirobebs“ (saSobao epistole, 2006 w.).

rasakvirvelia, miuRebeli da sazianoa erovnuli kulturis izolacia msoflios xalxTa saganZurisagan. maradiuli Rirebulebebis nusxaSi kulturaTa integra-cias, anu sakacobriosa da erovnulis harmoniul kav-Sirs gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli eris TviT-myofadoba, es kavSiri fsevdoRirebulebad gadaiqceva. dRes Cveni qveyana dgas mravali gamowvevis winaSe. or-saukunovani wyvetis Semdeg damoukidebeli saxelmwi-foebriobis aRdgena daZabuli Sida da sagareo poli-tikis viTarebaSi problemebis swrafad gadaWrasa da mogvarebas iTxovs. aseT dros ucxo qveynebis miRwevebis gadmotana da danergva metad saSuri saqmea; magram Tu igi moxdeba erovnuli cnobierebis gauTvaliswineblad, SesaZlebelia Sedegebi savalalo aRmoCndes. amitom dRes Cveni dazianebuli identobis aRdgena erT-erTi prioritetia. rogorc saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri-arqi ilia II brZanebs, „erovnuli cnobierebis aRorZine-bas xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis erToblivi Zalisx-meva da garkveuli dro sWirdeba“ (saaRdgomo epistole, 2004 w.).

maradiuli sakacobrio RirebulebaTa Soris aseve erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs mem-kvidreobiTobis fenomens, ro melic droTa kavSiris, Tanamedroveobasa da istorias Soris uwyvetobis gamovlinebaa. iseve rogorc kulturaTa xelovnuri in-tegraciis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreobiTobis feno menic fsevdoRirebulebad gadaiqceva, Tu Zvel formebs ga-


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vafetiSbT da ganaxlebis process davamuxruWebT. Tana-medroveobisaTvis alRos aRebas wminda ilia marTali (WavWavaZe) Cveni eris erT-erT gamorCeul Tvisebad mi-iCnevs: „ram gvixsna? jvarcmulni qristesTvis rogor ga-davrCiT? wamebulni da sisxlis mTxevelni mamulisaT-vis ramRa gvacocxla, ram gvasuliera? man, rom vicodiT – im dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixe-simagre, misi far-xmali. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT; xmali undo-da, xmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omis saqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ram Segvinaxa!.. im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, im droTa qar-cecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa sam-WedurSi naWedni. „silbo gvqonda naqsovisa“ – viT qris-tianebs da „simtkice naWedisa“ – viT meomrebsa da mamu-liSvilebs. amiT gavitaneT Tavi, droTa Sesaferi Rone vicodiT, droTa Sesaferi xerxi, droTa Sesaferi cod-na gvqonda, droTa Sesaferi mxneoba da gamrjeloba“ (ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT. 1897 w.). TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg imasve vkiTxulobT misi uwmidesobis 1986 wlis saaRdgomo epistoleSi: „sazogadoebrivi yofis dRevan-deli forma TavisTavad iTxovs adamianisagan mraval siaxles: axleburad azrovnebas, RirebulebaTa da war-modgenaTa gadafasebas, maRal sulier kulturas“.

komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi Cveni mecnierebi-sa da kulturis rCeuli moRvaweebi, miuxedavad Semo-qmedebiTi Tavisuflebis SezRudvisa, axerxebdnen msoflio donis produqciis Seqmnas; magram sazoga-doebis umetes nawils ar SeeZlo arsebuli inerciis daZleva da amitomac igi moumzadebeli Sexvda saxelm-wifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas. mZime memkvi-dreobisagan ganTa visuflebas masStaburi da drouli reformebi sWirdeba, magram es procesi ar unda iyos zedmetad kategoriuli da radikaluri. 1990 wlis saa-Rdgomo epistoleSi misi uwmidesoba brZanebs: „dadga dro ufrosi Taobis jer arnaxuli daundobeli lanZR-visa im sababiT, TiTqos man daRupa saqarTvelo. is gvavi-wydeba, rom XIX-XX ss-Si Cveni eris cxovrebaSi momxdari faqtebi Sedegi iyo swored qarTvelTa sulieri donis dakninebisa, sulmokleobisa, urTierTmtrobisa... da


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rom winaparTa es nakli CvenSicaa. sakiTxavi isicaa, maT adgilas Cven ukeTesni viqnebodiT, gavuZlebdiT ki im wlebis simZimes?“.

erovnuli moZraobis mRelvare da gauwonaswore-beli xasiaTi kidev erTi dasturia mZime wnexis qveS gamovlili sazogadoebis sulieri uZlurebisa. misi uw-midesoba mudam mogviwodebs da gvaZlevs magaliTs urT-ierTmitevebisa da Semwynareblobis saTnoebis aRsas-ruleblad.

memkvidreobisadmi amgvari kritikuli damokide-buleba saSiSia gadaizardos meore ukiduresobaSi. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ganaxlebis Seferxe-basTan, meore SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa warsulis rolis arasaTanado gaazreba – TiTqos Tanamedrove samyaro imdenad Secvlilia da gansxvavdeba ganvlili sauku-neebisagan, rom sakacobrio istoria naklebad SeZlebs realuri wvlili Seitanos dRevandeli adamianis problemebis gadasawyvetad. skepticizmi warsulisadmi iwvevs tradiciuli faseulobebis ignorirebas da maT nacvlad TavSeukavebeli cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebas. am safrTxis Sesaxeb misi uwmidesoba xSirad migviTiTebs Tavis epistoleebSi: „kargad gvesmis, rom ar SeiZleba mxolod Zveli stereotipebiT cxovreba... magram isic aucilebelia, rom axali Rirebulebebis SeTvisebisas ar davkargoT Cveni tradiciuli da zneobrivi faseuloba-ni“ (saadgomo epistole, 2004 w.).

„dRes erT-erTi umZimesi problemaa Rirebule-baTa gaufasureba. adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT ki axal-gazrdebs, arwmuneben, TiTqos samSoblos siyvaruli, ufrosis pativiscema, patiosnad cxovreba (enisa da sar-wmunoebis dacva) da sxv. Cveni erisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-li tradiciebi moZvelda; arada, rogor SeiZleba moZ-veldes is, rac maradiul Rirebulebebs warmoadgens“ (saSobao epistole, 2002 w.). „SeuZlebelia sazogadoeba uaryofdes Tavis meobas, uaryofdes im zneobriv safuZ-vlebs, romlebsac istoriulad eyrdnoboda da aaSenos warmatebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo, radgan nebismieri saxelmwifo misi istoriidan momdinareobs da sakuTar


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tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli“ (saSobao epistole, 2006 w.).

brZola maradiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebi-saTvis mTe li sakacobrio istoriis manZilze mimdin-areobda. yofila Jami rogorc sulieri amaRlebisa, aseve dakninebisa. XX da XXI ss-Si pirovnebis sulierma degradaciam ukidures zRvars miaRwia. am movlenas saqa-rTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ase afasebs: „XX saukune gamoirCeva swrafad cvalebadi cxovrebis wesiT. didi xani ar aris, rac warmoiSva samyaros raRac axali xe-dva, mecnierebis, xelovnebis, Cveni yofis, kosmosis... Taviseburi aRqma, romlis mixedviTac yovelive ada-mianis miwieri, mdabali moTxovnilebebiT ganizomeba. pirovnebam dakarga naTeli azrovneba, suliereba, WeS-mariti realobis SegrZnebis unari. misi survilebi da-viwrovda da gauxeSda, dairRva urTierToba mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris, axalgazrdoba moswyda ojaxis keras, tradiciebs da bednierebis Zebna mis gareSe daiwyo“ (saa-Rdgomo epistole, 1995 w.).

„dRes kacobrioba imdenad moculia miwieri da ma-terialuri problemebiT, rom sulieri da zneobrivi sakiTxebi TiTqmis aRar axsovs... amqveynad codva yov-elTvis arsebobda, magram sazogadoeba mas mankierebad aRiqvamda da misgan Tavis daRwevas cdilobda. dRes md-gomareobas isic arTulebs, rom uflis mcnebebis dar-Rveva miuReblad aRar miiCneva, piriqiT, sajarod xdeba codvis propaganda da mas adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTeb-el bunebriv Tvisebad warmoaCenen... diax, damkvidrda e. w. „Tavisufleba“, anu principi – „yvelaferi nebadarTu-lia“.

„...SeuZlebelia ar gagaocos Zaladobis, yaCaRobis, mkvlelobis propagandam, zogadsakacobrio, erovnuli, zneobrivi da sulieri faseulobebisadmi upativcemu-lobam, rac Cvens dabal kulturaze da provincializmze metyvelebs. amas ar SeiZleba ewodos Tavisufleba. es aris monoba codvisa da mankierebisa, esaa gza TviT-ganadgurebisa da sulieri sikvdilisa“ (saaRdgomo epistole, 2004 w.).

aRniSnuli sulieri krizisis mizezad zogni mec-nierul-teqnikur progress asaxeleben. misi uwmidesoba


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ar eTanxmeba aseT midgomas da miiCnevs, rom arsebuli krizisis mTavari mizezi mecnierebisa da sulierebis dac-ilebasa da maT araTanabar ganviTarebaSia. 1982 wlis sa-Sobao epistoleSi misi uwmidesoba brZanebs: „zogierTi fiqrobs birTvuli katastrofa da aqedan gamomdinare, dedamiwaze sicocxlis mospobis safrTxe Sedegia mec-nierebisa da teqnikis swrafi ganviTarebisa, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciisa. es mcdari gansjaa. sinamdvileSi mecnierebam da teqnikam axali gzebi da saSualebebi ga-moavlina adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis. mTeli ubedure-ba isaa, rom am mecnierul miRwevebs kacobrioba suli-erad da moralurad moumzadebeli Sexvda da sikeTis nacvlad igi zogierTma borotebis saTaved aqcia“.

bibliuri swavlebiT, RvTis xateba da msgavseba adamianSi su lis ukvdavebasTan erTad gulisxmobs az-rovnebasa da Tavisufal nebas, anu Semoqmedebis unars. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi Tavis Tavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram dabali sulierebis SemTxvevaSi Ses-aZlebelia misi miRwevebi arasworad gamoiyenon. ara mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, aramed misi mowyveta maradiuli Rirebulebebisagan aris mizezi mravali saka-cobrio problemisa. qristianobisaTvis miuRebelia religiuri normebis iZulebiTi damkvidreba sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi. igi miesalmeba sekularizmis iseT gagebas, romelic gulisxmobs religiuri da saero cxovrebis sferoebs Soris TanamSromlobas, urTierT SezRudvis gareSe. magram eklesiisaTvis sruliad miuRe-belia iseTi sekularizmi, romelic amkvidrebs religi-uri da saero sferoebis sruli izolaciis ideas.

jer kidev XX s-is 60-ian wlebSi cnobili marTl-madidebeli saeklesio moRvawe dekanozi aleqsandre Smemani sekularizmis Sesaxeb werda: „amJamad mTeli msoflio sekularuli gaxda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi igi adamians eubneba: „Tu ginda gwamdes, magram araviTar Sem-TxvevaSi ar Cario religia cxovrebis arcerT sferoSi – arc mecnierebaSi, arc xelovnebaSi, arc politikaSi, arc meurneobaSi. aq ar aris religiis adgili“. religi-


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is bedze am sekularul msoflioSi, sadac religia imde-nad akrZaluli ki ar aris (radgan bolos da bolos, rw-menis, locvis, RmerTTan piradi urTierTobis akrZalva SeuZlebelia), ramdenadac mokveTilia cxovrebis yvela gamovlenisagan, unda dafiqrdnen morwmuneebic da ur-wmunoebic. ratom? gamijvna, rac safuZvlad udevs seku-larizms da rac religias gandevnis „kerZo“ sferoSi, adre Tu gvian iwvevs adamianis damonebas da davamateb, iseT damonebas, romlis drosac urwmuno damonebulia ganuzomlad ufro metad, vinem morwmune, radgan is, ra-sac Tanamedrove enaze ewodeba totalitarizmi, aris sekularizmis pirdapiri da gardauvali Sedegi“ (a. Sme-mani, religia da sazogadoeba: religia sajaro sivrce-Si).

samwuxarod, bolo saukuneebSi sekularizmis am mcdarma gagebam sakmaod radikaluri xasiaTi miiRo da axali msoflmxedvelobis niSnebi SeiZina. Tanamedrove msoflios cnobili moazrovneebi, rogorc religiuri aseve arareligiuri msoflmxedvelobis warmomadgen-lebi, emijnebian sekularizmis agresiul da totali-tarul formebs da saubroben postsekularuli epoqis dadgomaze, sadac religiuri cnobiereba ar iqneba gan-devnili sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis procesidan. radi-kaluri sekularizmi iseve miuRebelia, rogorc kleri-kaluri msoflmxedveloba. gasuli wlis oqtomberSi kunZul rodosze Catarda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebri-vi forumis – „civilizaciaTa dialogis“ – mecxre kon-gresi. erT-erTi seqciis muSaoba eZRvneboda postseku-larizmis Temas. yvelasTvis moulodnelad es meeqvse seqcia damswreTa da monawileTa raodenobiT aRmoCnda yvelaze mravalricxovani, rac ganapiroba am TemiT dainteresebam. sekularizmis cnobili ori didi warmo-madgeneli: sociologi piter bergeri da filosofosi iurgen habermasi gasuli saukunis bolodan moyolebuli aqtiurad msjeloben postsekularizmis procesis daw-yebaze, anu saero da sasuliero cxovrebis daaxloebis aucileblobaze.

2001 wlis 14 noembers iurgen habermasma, roca mas mSvidobis premias aniWebdnen, brZana: „sekularulma umravlesobam mniSv nelovan sakiTxebze ar unda miiRos


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gadawyvetileba manam, sanam ar mousmens oponentebs, romlebic TavianTi religiuri rwmenis gamo uflebaSe-laxulad grZnoben Tavs umravlesobis mxridan“.

wignSi – „sekularizaciis dialeqtika“ igi ganavr-cobs azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom xelisuflebis mier seku-laruli msofl mxedvelobis yvela adamianis mimarT gavrcoba SeuTav sebelia saxelmwifos ideologiur neitralurobasTan, radgan igi ver uzrunvelyofs yove-li moqalaqis Tanabar eTikur Tavisuflebas. am mosaz-rebis safuZvelze igi askvnis: „arareligiurma adamian-ebma, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian, principulad ar unda uaryon WeSmaritebis potenciaSi samyaros religiuri aRqma da ar unda waarTvan morw-mune moqalaqeebs ufleba, religiuri cnebebis meSveobiT TavianTi wvlili Seitanon sazogadoebriv diskusiaSi“. amave wignSi avtori aRniSnavs: „postsekularul soci-umSi yalibdeba ganwyoba im garemoebis aRiarebisaTvis, rom „sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis modernizacia“ axal fazaSi gadasvlisas moicavs rogorc religiur, ise sae-ro mentalobas da refleqsurad saxes ucvlis mas“.

piter ludvig bergeri, cnobili amerikeli soci-ologi, sekularizmis erT-erTi apologeti warsulSi, Tavis wignSi – „ukuqceuli sekularizmi“ (1996 w.) wers: „is, vinc ugulebelyofs religiis mniSvnelobas Taname-drove urTierTobebis anali zisas, amas sCadis Tavisi SiSisa da riskis gamo“.

misi uwmidesoba saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriar-qi ilia II, sapatriarqo moRvaweobis dawyebidanve did yuradRe bas aqcevda am sakiTxs. 1995 wlis saaRdgomo epistoleSi igi wers: „Tu sulierebisa da inteleqtua-luri azrovnebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs ar dau-axlovdebian, msoflio dadgeba gauTvaliswinebeli sabediswero kataklizmebis winaSe.

...inteligenciaSi didi potenciuri Zalaa. warsuli drois umZimes periodebSi moazrovne fena Cveni qvey-nis xalxSi nergavda ganaTlebisa da progresis maRal


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idealebs, cdilobda miaxloeboda Rrma filosofiur sakiTxebs da absoluturi WeSmaritebis problemas. erTaderTi, rac mas aklda, es iyo WeSmariti sarwmunoe-bis sruli gaazreba. Tavis funqciis sworad Sefasebasa da Sesrulebas inteligencia SeZlebs mxolod maSin, Tu Tavis codnas rwmenas daukavSirebs“.

konkretulSi zogadis, xolo erovnulSi sakaco-brios ganWvreta misi uwmidesobis erT-erTi damaxa-siaTebeli Tvisebaa. igi mudam zustad grZnobs rogorc Cveni eris, aseve Tanamedrove msoflios majiscemas. didad saamayo da sasixaruloa, rodesac eris sulieri mama aris gamorCeuli moazrovne da Semoqmedi; manugeSe-beli da gamamxnevebelia xilva RvTisa da mamulisaTvis Sewiruli eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisa; magram umetesad aRmatebuli, sakvirveli da saarako is gaxlavT, rom erma isminos xma mamisa da uZRebi Svilis msgavsad daadges su-lieri Semobrunebis gzas. WeSmaritad udidesi saswaulia XXI saukuneSi ixilo is, rac mxolod mociqulebis epoqaSi xdeboda. madloba RmerTs, rom gagvxada Rirsi am saswau-lis xilvisa. dRes Cveni qveyana ara marto acnobierebs postsekularizmis, anu saero da sasuliero cxovrebis daaxloebis aucileblobas, aramed ukve realurad ax-orcielebs mas cxovrebaSi. amis sailustraciod moviy-van mxolod erT magaliTs: XIX saukunidan moyolebuli Cvens saistorio mecnierebaSi sekularizmis gavleniT gaCnda erTgvari skepsisi religiuri wyaroebis mimarT. amis Sedegad, miuxedavad Cveni istoriuli skolis maRa-li akademiuri donisa, Cveni ganmanaTleblis wminda mociqulis andria pirvelwodebulis mogzauroba saqa-rTveloSi legendad iyo miCneuli. misi uwmidesobis locva-kurTxeviT 2001 wels Seiqmna andria pirvelwo-debulis gzismkvlevi samecniero eqspedicia, romelmac sarwmuno wyaroebis Seswavlis safuZvelze daadastura I saukuneSi qristes mociqulis saqarTveloSi moRvawe-obis realuroba. V eqspediciis dasasruls, romelic TurqeTis teritoriaze, istoriul samxreT-dasavleT


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saqarTveloSi gaimarTa, gardaicvala samecniero jgu-fis xelmZRvaneli, istoriuli geografiis erT-erTi udidesi mkvlevari da mecnieri devi berZeniSvili. misi gardacvaleba iberiis uZveles miwa-wyalze niSania imi-sa, rom qarTveli mecnierebi ubrundebian qristianul memkvidreobas da mowameobrivi SemarTebiT agrZeleben winaparTa kvals.

დასკვნა

Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare procesi sulieri Semo-brunebisa aris Sedegi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTo-likos-patriarqis ilia II-is Tavdauzogavi msaxurebisa pirovnebisa Tu sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi darRveuli wonasworobis aRdgenisaTvis.

mSvidoba sakuTar TavTan aris mtkice safuZveli sazogadoebrivi mSvidobisa; xolo mSvidobiani sazoga-doeba umTavresi garantia sakacobrio harmoniisa da keTildReobisa. maradiuli Rirebulebebi kacobrio-bis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis utyuari orientirebia. am sasicocxlo WeSmaritebebis araswori interpreta-cia seriozul garTulebebs iwvevs rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. nebi-smieri cdomileba am gzaze droulad unda iqnas aRmofx-vrili, raTa ar daziandes Cveni cnobierebis sijansaRe, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mivideT am Rire-bulebebis mimarT srul gaucxoebamde. msgavsi gansacde-li kacobriobis istoriaSi araerTxel yofila, magram sazogadoebis rCeuli warmomadgenlebis ZalisxmeviT xdeboda Seqmnili safrTxeebis gacnobiereba da maTgan ganTavisufleba.

mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis Sedegad bolo sauku neebSi kacobriobis garkveul nawils gauCnda azri adamianuri gonebis yovlisSemZleobisa. gonebas, mar-Tlac, udidesi SesaZleblobebi aqvs; magram Tu igi ar


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gaiTvaliswinebs adamianis sxva aseve aranakleb mniS-vnelovan fenomens, rogo ricaa guli da misi kultura, samyaro civi da erTferovani gaxdeba.

XX s-is II naxevridan moyolebuli sulierebisaken Semo brunebis Temaze sul ufro da ufro metad msjelo-ben msoflios mowinave moazrovneebi. am procesSi aq-tiurad arian CarTulni qarTuli samRvdeloebisa da mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi, rac, upirvelesad, aris Sedegi Cveni eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis didi Semoq-medebiTi Zalisxmevisa da rudunebisa.

gamovTqvamT imeds, rom gamarTldeba kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is varaudi da sulierebas ganSore-buli kacobriobis garkveuli nawili uZRebi Svilis ms-gavsad daubrundeba zeciuri mamis wiaRs. aseve gvjera, rom XXI s-is adamianebi SevZlebT, Seuryvnelad davicvaT winaparTagan miRebuli wmidaTawmida saganZuri – mara-diuli sakacobrio Rirebulebebi da sakuTari gamoc-dilebiT gamdidrebuli gadavceT igi momaval Tao-bas.


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ღირებულებათა რღვევის გამო

dimitri TumaniSvili

რ aTa mkiTxvelma winamdebare narkvevs metismeti ar mosTxovos, maSinaTve Sevaxseneb yvela SesaZlo

wamkiTxvels – am striqonebis damweri arc filosofo-sia da arc RvTismetyveli; maT „saufloSi“ igi erTader-Ti mizeziT Tu „SeiWra“: radgan dRevandel dRes, rode-sac lamisaa aRaravin eTanxmeba vinme sxvas, iZulebulni varT, yoveli sityva ganvmartoT, igi ase da ase gvesmiso; xolo raki xelovnebaTmcodne, – me ki xelovnebis is-torikosi gaxlavarT, – Znelad Tu gava fons Rirebul-araRirebulis cnebaTa gamouyeneblad, ginda ar ginda, gixdeba friad zogad sakiTxebSi garkveva SeniT scado: es werilic „cdaa“ mxolooden, „esseჲ“ da ara akademiuri gamokvleva...

dasawyisisTvis minda SemogTavazoT amonaridi moxsenebidan, romelic SarSanwin, 2011 wels, waikiTxa TbilisSi kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erT-erTma udavod gamorCeulma, mTel msoflioSi damsaxurebu-lad saxelmoxveWilma Teoretikosma ჲukka ჲokiletom.


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saubrobs ra SefasebaTa SefardebiTobaze, igi, sxvaTa Soris, ambobs: „...vaRiarebT ra, rom yovel kulturas sa-kuTari Rirseba da RirebulebiTi struqtura aqvs, Cven mainc SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arsebobs iseTi Temebi, rac mzomad gamogvadgeba da maT mimarT SeiZleba aiwon-daiwonos yoveli kerZo kulturis specifikuri Tvise-ba-maxasiaTeblebi. Cven imasac vxedavT, rom identoba, romelsac efuZneba kerZo kulturis Rirebulebani da individualuri „me-oba“, gancalkevebiT ver ganisaz-Rvreba. ase, mag., dasavlurma kulturam Tavisi maxasiaTe-blebi sxvadasxva, rogorc Tavad evropaSi, aseve axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi arsebuli kul-turebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad SeiZina“. am nawyvetis pirvel winadadebas, albaT, yvela daeTanxmeba – kul-turebi namdvilad sxvadasxva RirsebebiT warmogvidge-ba da Rirebulebebsac yoveli maTgani gansxvavebulad „alagebs“. isic marTalia, calke aRebuls romelime maTgans rom ver davaxasiaTebT, isic, urTierTgamdi-drebis gareSe adamianTa istoriuli erTobani rom ve-rafers gaxdebodnen. magram ras unda niSnavdes „Rire-bulebaTa urTierTganayofiereba“? ra Sinaars debs es friad ganswavluli mkvlevari sityvaSi – „value“? davi-wyoT imiT, rom am msjelobis gagrZelebad ჲokileto gvebaaseba ICOMOS-is [ZeglTa da RirSesaniSnav adgilTa saerTaSoriso komiteti] SemoTavazebul CamonaTvalze kriteriumebisa, romelime siZvelis sayovelTao Rire-bulebis gamosakveTad. eseni SeiZleba iyos misi mxat-vruli, istoriuli, simboluri da misTana mniSvneloba, cxadi kia: arc erTi maTgani TavisTavad Rirebuleba ar SeiZleba iyos, isini gulisxmobs ram faseulobas Tavisi damajereblobisa Tu qmediTobis safuZvlad. mTavari ki sxvaa – erTmaneTze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad Tu Ses-akavSirebel-Sesarwymelad „Rirebulebani“ sxvadasxva unda iyos, iseve rogorc sxvaobs erTi meorisgan kul-turaTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, Tviseba-Tvisebrioba-ni. Txrobis mTlianobidan Tu amovalT, laparakia ama


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Tu im sazogadoebisgan Tavisad miCneulze, misTvis arso-brivze, gnebavT mowonebulsa anda miRebul-tradiciul-ze. usamarTloba iqneba amgvari sityvaTxmareba piradad b-n ჲokiletos mivaCemoT – dRes amgvari gageba ufar-Toesadaa gavrcelebuli – gana yoveldRe da yovelwam ar gvesmis „dasavluri Rirebulebebio“, „tradiciuli Rirebulebebio“, „demokratiuli Rirebulebebio“... ganmartebad imasac gaigonebT, magaliTad, „dasavlu-ri“ igive „pirovnebis Rirebuleba“ ariso. vTqvaT, asea. pirovnebis Rirebuleba TavisTavad xom carieli si-tyvaa da Sesabamisi faseulobebiT unda Semtkicdes, ris ZaliTac pirovnuloba faseulia. am dros, es yvelaze zogadia, aris sxvebic, Tundac „kanonis uzenaesoba“, „ada-mianis uflebebi“, „sityvis Tavisufleba“ da a.S. ara mgo-nia, marTebuli iyos, amdagvar rasme „Rirebulebani“ ewodos, es, iqneb, romelime sociumis principebi iyos, sul bevri – maTi wamZRoli idealebi, aramc ki –„faseu-lobani“.

Tuki gvinda am cnebas azri Tu sazrisi SevarCinoT, is, vgoneb, winandeburad adamianis qmedebisa anda naqna-ris Sefasebis uzenaes sazomad unda gavigoT, idead, saqcielisa Tu nakeTebis mniSvnelovanebas rom gansaz-Rvravs (Tu gnebavT, aseTad ganicdeba). mogvigeben, ima-Tac xom undao dasafuZvleba – saqmec isaa, rom ara. „sikeTe“ an „WeSmariteba“ SeiZleba axsna, xolo maT ver daasabuTeb, sxvaTa Soris, zustad iseve, rogorc nebis-mier sxva fuZe-kategoriasa (mag. „materia“ an „energia“), gindac maTematikis aqsiomebs. simarTle vTqva, mikvirs kidec, ratom aravin wuxdeba, e.w. „zust mecnierebebs“ verdamtkicebadi gamonaTqvamni rom aqvT saZirkvlad, maSin rodesac, xelverSesavlebsa da sulierze gansjas Semowmebad argumentebs mosTxoven xolme. ufro rTu-li Cans RirebulebaTa sayovelTaobasa da, amdenad, zedrouloba-sayovelTaobaze ciloba. wamdauwum iTq-mis, romel waruvaloba-absoluturobas ityviT, vis ro-gor esmis, Tugind, „zneobrioba“ an „silamaze“, maTi Tu


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sxvaTa gaSinaarseba sxvadassxvaganac ar aris erTi da sxvadasxva drosaco. uTuod asea! oRond – ar unda iyos erTi da igive risame arseboba da misi vinmesgan xedva. darwmunebuli var, viTomda gansxvavebuli moralis, kanonmdeblobisa, Tundac esTetikis miRma, Tavs Tu Sevi-wuxebT, erTsa da imave warmodgenas mivagnebT. aviRoT sanimuSod „demokratia“, cxvirwin gauTaveblad rom gvi-frialeben, xan dasatuqsad, xan mosaxiblad. mgoni, ar unda vcdebode – misi Ziri yvela adamianis Tanasworoba aris. Tavi davaneboT imas, aris Tu ara aseTi ram Sesa-Zlebeli am wuTisofelSi (Tavad me darwmunebuli var, rom ara – Tanasworni martooden uflis winaSe varT). magram raSiRa mdgomareobs Tanasworobis Rirebulebi-Toba? imaSi, ase meCveneba, rom erT pirs meoresTan ar eZleva raime upiratesoba; es, Tavis mxriv, mikerZoeba-miukerZeoblobasTan, samarTliansa Tu usamarTlo damokidebulebis garCevasTan migviyvans e.i. ki sab-olood „samarTlianobas“ mivadgebiT, viTarca ideasa da faseulobas. am dros ki, winaT Tu sxvagan egeve „samar-Tlianoba“ SeiZleba Zalianac „arademokratiulad“ ganxorcieldes, TviTon ki odnavadac ar Seicvalos. igivea, eWvi ar mepareba, yvela sxva SemTxvevaSic. unda SeveguoT imas, rom ragindara Rirebulebis kerZoobiTi gageba, romelime moazrovnis anTu romelime sociumis mier, nawilobrivia, misi raobis ama Tu im mxares wamosw-evs win. metic kidev, gacalmxrivebisas arc damaxinjeba-gaukuRmarTebaa gamoricxuli – ase, imave „samarTliano-bis“ moTxovna Zalian iolad gadasxvaferdeba xolme SurismaZieblobad, „Rirseulobas“ ki, xSir-xSirad niRbad ampartavneba ifarebda da, cxadia, kvlavac wai-farebs. amas isic emateba, rom istoriaSi zogi kultura Rirebulebebis sistemaSi romelime erTs gaamTavrebs, zogic – meores. amis gamoa, kulturebi rom ara marto sxvadasxvaoben, erTmaneTi eucxovebaT kidec da veRarc urTierTis saziaro absoluturi safuZvlis amocnobas axerxeben. Sesabamisad amisa, erTi maTganis matarebels


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sxvisi warmomadgenlis moqmedebis sworad danaxvac uWirs. didi xania erTi saamiso magaliTi maqvs akviate-buli: warmoidgineT, rom raRac manqanebiT, – sulac nazRaprevi „drois manqanis“ daxmarebiT, – Tavi maias tomis indielebis qalaqSi amovyaviT, Tan XV saukuneSi da vxedavT, rogor agdebs mamakaci tborSi axalgazrda asuls. ras vifiqrebT? rasakvirvelia, gadavwyvetT, da-naSauls, mkvlelobas SeveswariTo; iqneb sxva damswreTa simravlem dagvaeWvos, ase saxalxod ranairad avkacobs, viRacaa, raRac sxva ambavi xom ar ariso. da mxolod Tu vZlieT pirvel aRSfoTebas – arcTu gaugebarsa da umizezos! – SevityobT, es rom msxverplSewirva yofila, monawileTa, maT Soris zvarakad amorCeulis mier, Ta-visi qveynisa da modgmis keTildReobis sawindarad dasaxuli, wyalSi CagdebulisTvis didad sapatioc; is sasaxeloc kia, rogorc sxva qveynebSi, CvenTanac, mamu-lisTvis Tavis gawirva. magram, dameTanxmebiT, Zveli qurumebis damnaSaveebad miCneva Cemi gamogonili odna-vadac ar aris – ase gvixataven Zveli da „primitiuli“ sazogadoebebis RvTismsaxurT, vTqvaT, XIX saukunis mwer-lebi da samecniero-popularul nawerebsa Tu filmebSi dResac, rogorc wesi, amasve gagvagoneben.

ra aris amis mizezi, ukve iTqva: yovel CvenTagans Ta-visTvis Cveuli erTaderTi marTebuli hgonia. es mudam ase yofila, gansakuTrebiT Semawuxebeli ki, rac unda Tqvan, axali drois evropaSi Seiqna. safiqrebelia es, imitomaa ase, rom Tavis Tavs dandobili postrenesan-suli adamiani gaCveuls Tavisive racio-gansjis unaris amoqmedebiT yvelasaTvis savaldebulod warmoaCen-da, yvela danarCens, mTel kacobriobas winaRudgomel normad aZalebda. amgvari znis TiTqmis rom sasacilo erTi gamovlena XX saukunem dagvitova: marTlacda didniWierma arqiteqtorma, Sarl eduard Jannerem, le korbჲuzჲed wodebulma, idealuri proporciebi da TviT zomebic sakuTari simaRlidan gamomdinare „gamoiyvana“ – arada, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, arcTu tanmaRali iyo


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da ukeTu Tavisas gaitanda, mravalze mravals Tavis bi-naSi qeddadrekils mouwevda siaruli. veraferi gone-bamiuwvdomelia isic, amgvari mogonili „normebis“ Tavs moxveva winaaRmdegobas rom gadaawydeboda. jer kidev XVI saukuneSi skeptikosma da yvela skeptikosiviT qedma-Ralma miSel de montenma evropelTa Tavmomwoneobas amerikel indielTa, rogorc ityvian, „keTilSobili ve-lurebis“, siqvele daupirispira, XVIII saukuneSi ki amave gzas, „bunebis SvilTa“ gandidebisas, aranakleb saxel-moxveWili Jan Jak russoc daadga. Tanadroulad win-areromantikos mweral-moazrovneebTan gaRvivda, imav saukunis bolosken ki, romantikosebTan, Camoyalibda rwmena, rom sibrZne da saTnoeba ara mxolod Tavze pu-drwayrili parizeli „enciklopedistebis“ kuTvnilebaa da ara marto hellinebTana da romaelebTan ipovis kaci Tavdadebisa da didbunebovnebis gakveTilebs. sulis si-maRle da gonebis sivrce maT Suasaukunovan raindebTana da mgosnebTanac egulebodaT da jerac naxevradzRa-pruli aRmosavleTis gandegilebTana da moSaireebT-anac. cxadi gaxda isic, rom raoden iyos ucnauri wes-Cveulebanica da axirebuli kanonebic SesatyvisobaSia maTi warmomSobi sazogadoebebis cxovrebis rigTana da nirTan. raki asea, Tavi da Tavi adamianTa istoriuli ar-sebobis nairferovneba, yoveli Jamis ganumeorebloba da erTaderToba yofila. aqedan ki gamodis: a. ama Tu im movlenis Sefaseba mxolod mis aRmomacen garemoe-bebTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba da, rac mTavaria, – b. isini savsebiT TavisTavadia da, SesaZloa, TanabarRirebu-lic. am, rogorc ityvian, istorizmisa da relativizmis Tanamyofad arc normativizmi ganqarvebula srulad – XIX saukunis mecnieruli codniT moqaduli pozitiv-istebi iqneba, „civilizebulobiT“ moamaye maSindelive kolonialistebi Tu XX s. totalitaristi beladebi, vinc ginda, iyos adamians sicocxlis mizansac uTiTebdnen da yoveldRiur ganrigsac udgendnen. Sesabamisad, warsu-lis, awmyosa da TviT momavlis gaazrebisas wanamZRvari


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(umetesad – gamouTqmeli) an isaa, rom yvela Ze adamisa da yvela asuli evasi zustad ganmaazrebelis msgavsia da, raki asea, mcire sxvaobac maT danaSaulad Tu ara, ujerobad mainc eTvlebaT. an kidev is, rom aravin ara-sodes hgavs sxvas, romeliRac erTi adgilisa da xanis mcxovrebi, vTqvaT, awindelisa da aqaurisgan ise sxvaobs, TiTqos sul sxva ram arseba yofiliyos. imTaviTve Sei-Zleba iTqvas, rom arc erTi unda iyos marTali da arc meore – visac gindaT, sulerTia, sadauric unda iyos is da rodindelic, ase vTqvaT, „saerTo-kacebrivsac“ mou-naxavT da adgil-droismier-vergansameorebelsac. Tu asea, istoriul-damaxasiaTebelis mikvlevas aradroiT – sayovelJamo ganzomilebis cxadyofac unda moyves. magram rogor SeiZleba gakeTdes es, rogor movipovoT relativizm-normativizms Soris is „saSuvali“, romelic, rogorc mudam aris, WeSmaritic iqneba? meCveneba, rom aq didad swored xelovnebis istoria wagvadgeba.

RirebulebebTan mimarTebiT mxatvrul Semoq-medebas, saxeldobr, saxviTs, jer erTi, imitom aqvs mniSvneloba, rom niSandobliv is gaxda normativiz-mis damxobis erTi umTavresi mizezi. unda iTqvas, rom aRorZinebis epoqamde xelovnebis aRqma sakmaod „tol-erantuli“ unda yofiliyo. SeiZleba xangamoSvebiT, mag. qristemde IV saukuneSi Cndeboda kidec mxatvarTa Tu moqandakeTa naxelavis av-kargis „gazomvis“ viTomc da samisdRemCio wesebi. ar ki Cans, maT didxnobiT moeki-daT fexi da, sul namdvilad, aseTis risame WaWanebac ar yofila qristianul Sua saukuneebSi. Cven gamudmebiT gviCiCineben, qristianebma antikuri xelovnebis Zegle-bi gaanadgureso. da marTlac – aqa Tu iq, „JamiTiJamad“ baginnic daungreviaT da kerpebic daumxiaT – arsada da arasdros ki maTi gemovnebiTi ver miRebis gamo. rode-sac aleqsandriaSi serapeumi daaqcies, an kidev wm. gior-gi mTawmidelma saberZneTis tyeebSi XI saukunemde gad-monarCunebuli hellinuri qandakeba dalewa, es imitom ki ara, rom gaqristianebul egviptelebs hellinisturi


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arqiteqtura SesZulebodaT, an qarTvel bers TvalSi ar mosdioda winandel ostatTa xeloba – miuRebeli iqac da iqac warmarT RvTaebaTa Tayvaneba, macxovnebe-li sarwmunoebis dabrkoleba Tu misgan gadacdena iyo. axal droSi Tu gadmovinacvlebT, sapirispiro dagvx-vdeba – XVI saukunis italielebs, gindac marTlmorwmune qristianebs, goTuri kaTedralebis Seisruli TaRebi sZulT, XIX saukunis neogoTicistebs, Tugind aTeisteb-sac, barokuli „puWpuWebi“. Cven aki gvexamuSeba saxarebis ydaze an, davuSvaT, usaneTis xatze Tvals warmarTul ka-meas rom vkidebT, an wavikiTxavT, mavanma episkoposma da-sakrZalavad Zveli miTebis ambebiT morTuli sarkofa-gi amoirCiao, gviWirs CavuxvdeT, sul sxva mxatvruli mizanswrafvis mqoneni, maTTvis TiTqosda verSesawyn-arebels rogor guobdneno. pasuxi Cveni gancvifrebi-sa, TiTqos, erTaderTiRa SeiZleba iyos: konstan-tinopolel didebulebsac, romis saRvTo imperiis xelmwifeTa karis moxeleebsaca da qarTlis odindel mkvidrTac uvnebelyofili crureligiis warmodgenebi aRar aRelvebT, maTi gansaxovnebis silamaze ki mzeras uxarebT. yvelaze TvalSisacemi gansaxiereba amdagvari damokidebulebisa aTenis parTenonia, romelSic, ro-gorc viciT, RmrTismSoblis eklesia moawyves, arki Seu-wuxebiaT Tavi misi kedlebidan frontonebisa Tu frize-bis miTologiuri gamosaxulebebis moSorebiT. mokled Tu movWriT: maSin uarsayofad sarwmunoebrivad mawy-inari miiCneoda da ara formismierad msxvaobari. XIV saukunidan viTareba mkveTrad icvleba – axla ukve, ro-gorc wesi, Zvelsa Tu axal qmnilebas romelsame sru-lyofilad, gnebavT, sworad gamocxadebul formas azomaven. XX saukunemde aseT „etalonad“ ufro xSirad klasikur-antikuri an kidev misi Tanagvari „maRali“ italiuri renesansis usaxelganTqmulesi nawarmoebni warmogvidgeba. magram Tavs nu movityuilebT, viTomc normatiuloba mxoloddamxolod klasicizmis Tan-mdevia – aranakleb aRmkrZalav-Seurigebelia nebism-


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ieri sxva mimarTuleba da mimdinareobac. am Tvalsaz-risiT, ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs, naxatis mkafioeba da moculobaTa gamomrgvaleba moiTxoveba Tu moxazu-lobaTa talRovaneba da feradovnebis „siTbo“, dori-ul-ioniur-korinTuli svetisTavebis gamoyeneba Tu Seisruli TaRisa, „sufTa“ moculobebis kuTxovaneba, rogor XX saukunis „internacionaluri“ stili awesebda Tu „vitalur“-„biologisturi“ mrudxazovneba, rogorc imav aswleulis bolosken bruno Zevi an amJamindeli „dekonstruqtivistebi“ gvibrZaneben. arsebrivi yvelgan da yvelasTan erTia – xelovans avaldebuleben Tavisi nakeTebi romelsame adre arsebulsa an gansjismierad warmosaxul formas miamsgavsos. aqedan, sul cota, ori ram gamomdinareobs: a. sazomad Cagdebuli ragindara forma mas mizomils yvelafers masze udaresad dagva-naxebs, radgan mzomis viTom-absoluturoba TviT umci-res gansxvavebasac naklad warmoaCens; b. sakmaod male Tavsmoxveuli etaloni ara marto daZalebulad aRiqme-ba – nebismieradac, ismis kiTxvebi, mag.: ratom silbo da ara simkveTre, ratom rafaeli da ara p. p. rubensi, sazogadod, ratom risame asaxva da ara „Tavisufali“ formaTSemoqmedeba? ara mgonia, vinmes damajereblad Seeracxos romelime am SekiTxvas Segebebuli, visic geneboT, pasuxi. an ra vTqvaT iseT sasacilo Teoriebze, rogoricaa 1930-1950-ani wlebis sabWouri e.w. „social-isturi realizmis“ mesityveTagan „realisturad“ maJor-minoris sistemaze damyarebuli musikis da, orderebiT gawyobili arqiteqturis gamocxadeba – riTaa, marTla da marTla, naklebad „realisturi“, sityvaze, mTelto-niani gama an nalisebri TaRebi? ubedureba ki isaa, ukus-agdebs rom yovelTvis raime sxva formas upirispireben, cota xanSi ki isic mesamis Tu measis SemosaRebad uari-yofa da ase gauTaveblad. sabolood ki xelT SemTxvevi-Ti, droiTi da droebiTi formebis simravleRa gvrCeba, romelTagan yoveli erTaderTobas da zedroulobas isakuTrebs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, saeWvos xdis mxatvrul-


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esTetikuris marTlad dafasebis SesaZleblobasac da mis damsaZirkvebel kategoriasac „mSvenierebisas“.

ai, gaisma kidec, rogorc iqna, sityva `mSveniereba“ – da axla masze unda SevCerdeT, radganac esaa meore garemoeba, ratomac samsjelod xelovneba avirCie, misi momarjvebiT ufro momexerxeba RirebulebaTa awindel bedsa da awmyo gasaWiridan gamosavalze sakuTari mo-sazreba Camovayalibo. rogorc davinaxeT, 500-ze meti welia mSvenierebis raobis grZnobad – racionalurad gaTvalsaCinoebis survilma is sul mTlad gaafer-mkrTala, iqneb gaaqro kidec – sanacvlod „mSvenierebe-bi“ daxvavda, gaCenisTanave Tu ara, cota xanSi uTuobiT yavlgasuli. naTeli unda iyos, misi, rogorc Rireb-ulebis moxelTebis aseTi gezi bevris verafris momtani rom aris; mkiTxveli imasac mimixvdeboda, ra mgonia winarenesansuli esTetikuri Semwynareblobis gamom-wvevi – swored is, arasodes rom mouwadinebia visme is niSandobliv aseTsa Tu iseT formaSi eZebna, igi aSkarad zegrZnobadi, mxoloo – sacnauri (egebis – sulac ver-sacnauri!) hgonebiaT. marTlac, Tu xelSesaxeb-dasanax-gasagoni „mSvenierebani“ kerZoobiTia, maTTvis saerTo, maTTvis am Tvisebis mimcemi versaxilvel-vermosasmen-verSexebiTi unda iyos. vikiTxoT axla: Segvwevs ki unari zegrZnobad-saziaroze ram gamovTqvaT? ki magramo, momi-gebT, amis meti filosofosT ra ukeTebiaTo. asea diaxac da modiT saxeldaxelod „mSvenieris“ ramdenime gansaz-Rvrebac vnaxoT: platoni gveubneba, calkeul nivTTa mS-venierebis mizezi mSvenieris Sesabamisi idea ariso; imanu-il kanti – maTi adamianis SemmecnebiTi unaris wyobas Sesatyvisobao; georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli – maTSi absoluturi ideis SeZlebisaebr srulad xorcSesxmao; avgust vilhelm Slegeli – „usasrulobis simbolo“ Tu iqnebiano; XX saukunis friad cnobili RvTismetyveli hans urs fon balTazari gvaswavlis: „forma miT ufro Rirebulia, ra xarisxiTac is gamWvirvale xdeba absolu-turi arsis naTlisTvis“, mSveniereba ki „Sida naTlis da


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gare formis“ daZabuloba gaxlavTo; XIX saukunis Zlier saxeliani rusi mwerali, visac yurs mravalni, sxvebTan erTad Cveni „Tergdaleulnic“ miapyrobdnen, nikolaჲ CerniSevski sxartulasaviT mogviWris: „mSveniereba – sicocxle (жизнь) aris“-o. am gamonaTqvamTagan, modaseo-bisa da azrTa mimarTulebisamebr, vis romeli daajerebs da vis kidev ra; sakamaTo arc esaa: TavTavianT adgilze, saTiTod am aratolfas, uciloblad ki sayuradRebo moazreTa fiqris dinebas Tu mivyeviT, isini arc uwanamZ-Rvroa da arc ulogiko. erTia mxolod – rogorc ki maT sxva saazrovno nagebobidan gavxedavT, an, miT umetes, risame „mSvenierobis“ gamzomad vindomebT, vfiqrob, did gasaWirSi CavcvivdebiT. geubnebaT rasme, tavtolo-giis garda, es raRac imitom memSveniereba, mSvenierebis ideis ziari raki ariso? ra xelsawyo gagvandobs, am formis „Sida naTelTan“ daZabuloba metia, imisi ki nak-lebio? cocxali arsi yvela Tanabrad mSvenieria da gana sicocxlis sapirispiro – sikvdili, am wuTisofelSi mas ganuyreli da, garkveuli azriT, piroba ar aris? maSa-sadame, imedi aRarafrisa SeiZleba gvqondes? vfiqrob, arc mTlad ase unugeSodaa saqme. aravin CaTvalos, am didTa da saxelovanT vedarebode! ubralod, ase viazre – iqneb marTali iyos – meTqi, martin haideggeri roca ambobs, qveynierebis yofna-myofobis saidumlos ena gaTqvamso da arc Cveni grigol robaqiZe cdeba, Turme-simarTles marto berZnulsa da germanulSi ki ara, Cvens deda-enaSic rom gulobs. meti raRa gavagrZelo – namd-vilad mgonia, qarTulSi romaa am Tavsatexis gasaRebi. Cven, rogorc yvelas moexseneba, „qmnul-keTilobis“ aRsaniSnad araerTi sityva mogvepoveba da kidev meti adre mogveZeveboda: „lamazi“, „mSvenieri“, „mwyazari“, „kekela“... didi xania amaTgan zogad, filosofiaSi mo-saxmar cnebad „mSvenierma“ gaidga fesvi. SeiZleboda pirdapir gamegrZelebina, saTqmeli ki mgonia, Tanacve arsebis gamorkvevis xelSemwyobic, wlebis win gacxade-buli eWvi, es iqneb gamarTlebuli arc iyoso. saqme Sem-


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degSia: „mSvenieri“, rac sakamaTo ver iqneba, raRacis „sa-mSvens“, „mosaxdens“ niSnavs, amdenad ki, raRacis ra-RacasTan mimarTebas; xolo filosofiuri kategoria TavisTavadi unda iyoso. ver ityvi, es iseTi ganafiqria, romelsac SeiZleba yuri ar aTxovo. maSinve ki damenana es sityva agrerigad Sesisxlxorcebuli, ver ki gavoCn-di, ase ver iqneba-meTqi – vin gamoricxavs, viRacas is xelovnurad „gaacnebiTebinos“ da Secdoma mosvlodes? maleve nikoloz baraTaSvili gamaxsenda, romlis leqs-Si – „rad hyvedri kacsa...“ „mSvenieri“ eWvmiutanliv sxva misgvar gansazRvrebebsaa aRmatebuli, sulier-RvTiurs Sesabamebuli. CemTvis gadavwyvite, amis meti arc minda ra da arc isaa sarwmuno, n. baraTaSvils aseTi sazris-debis sababi mainc ar hqoneboda-meTqi. mere da mereRa movisazre, raimenairi daeWvebis gasabaTileblad ad-vilze advili gza rom arsebobs – wminda werilSi Caixe-dos kacma. rac iq damxvda, ukeTess verc vinatrebdi: „mSveniereba“, ufro zustad, „Suenierebaჲ“ saRvTo sju-lis gadmomqarTuleblebma umetesad uflis sayofels, kidev metic, TviT ufals Seufardes! CvenTvis axla „da-viTnis“ ori gansacvifreblad idumali, ucnauri siRrmis muxlic kmara: „ufali sufevs, Suenierebaჲ Seimosa...“ (fs. 92. 1) da: „...ufalo RmerTo Cemo, gansdiden friad, aRsaarebaჲ da didad Suenierebaჲ STaicu...“ (fs. 103. 1). amrigad ki, dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: qarTuli, ase vTqvaT, enobrivi cnobierebisTvis am gvaris sityvaTa ganmazogadeblad, ierarqiulad aRzevebulad swored „mSveniereba“ yofila! Tu asea, gamodis, rom Cveni ena „lamazisa“ an „mwyazaris“ miRma oris Tu mravlis Tana-fardobas ganWvrets. da, kacma rom Tqvas, viTom ase ar aris? ras veZaxiT saxis anda yvavilis „silamazes“, Tu ara nakvTTa da elferTa erTgvar Sexamebas? sayuradReboa, amasTanave, rom es maTematikuri yaidis erTi da igive mimarTeba ki ar aris, mravalnairi urTierTmimarTebaa, romelnic raRacagvar, erTianobad aRqmad mTliano-bas gvaZlevs. es dakvirveba xelovnebazec umartivesad


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gadaitaneba: nairbunebovani mxatvruli formebi nair-gvaradvea aRnagi da yoveli maTganis esTetikuri Rirse-ba mTlianoba, erTianobaa, formaTqmnis ama Tu im wesiT misi srulad ganmsWvalva. ase rom, araferi gviSlis xels, daveTanxmoT qarTul xedvas – met-naklebi esTe-tikuri srulyofilebis piroba romelime formas Sems-gavseba ki ara, nawilTa urTierTSeSvenaa, Tanaxmierebaa – grZnobad qveynierebaSi uricxv saxed Cenili, TviTon ki – yovel SemTxvevaSi Cvenebr sasrul arsTaTvis! – TavisTavad verSesacnobi da vergamosaZiebeli sawyisi formismieri wesrigisa. uTqmelad erTic unda iyos gas-agebi: es gansja yovelgvari azrisgan gaicleba, Tu am da, saerTod, yvela Rirebulebis upirobo dasabami ar vaRi-areT, yovlisSemoqmedi da yovlisgamrige RmerTi.

raki uflis saxeli vaxseneT, isic unda davsZino, rom mis wiaR mSveniereba da sxva ram faseuloba, igiv „samar-Tlianoba“ ver gaimijneba erTi meorisgan. Cemis warmod-geniT, Cveni samsjelosTvis esec Zalian sagulisxmoa, radgan axla ukve xelovnebis raobasTan mivdivarT. axla gamudmebiT Segvaxseneben, es sityva mxatvroba-qandakeba-xuroTmoZRvreba-mwerloba-musikis gamaer-Tianebel cnebad XVIII saukuneSi iqca, manamde ki esenica da uamravi sxva ramec, mag.: durgloba an mWedloba calke „xelovnebani“ iyo, Sesatyvisi sityvebi „texne“-”ars”-”art”-”Kunst” xeliT, risic geneboT, keTebis codnas niSnavd-ao. es ucilobelia! ver ki veTanxmebi amis momizezebiT „xelovnebis“ kategoriis gaZevebas an, sul cota, XVI-XX saukuneebiT misi xmarebis Semofargvlas. raki istori-ulad ase moxda, ra uWirs es termini – sxva ambavia, ra moitana man postrenesansul epoqaSi! – Tu gamoviyeneT; miT umetes, rom yvela „natif xelovnebas“ diaxac aqvs ram saerTo – yvela formis qmnaa, „saxis moqmedeba“. mgoni, SegviZlia „saxe“ „formis“ SinaarsiT davtvirToT – sxvagvarad rogor gavigoT „sikeTis“ sinonimuri „sax-iereba“, rac, ueWvelad, „saxismqoned“ unda gavigoT; es ki gveubneba, winandel qarTvelebs CamonakvTuloba, „saxis


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qona“ dadebiTad, „sikeTed“ esaxebodaTo, rac, albaT, ver iqneboda ase, „saxe“ mxolod raRacis msgavss rom niSnavdes. magram Cven axla „saxis moqmedeba“ = „for-maTqmna“ = „xelovnebis“ mizani, xelovnebis nawarmoebi gvaqvs gansabWobi – ras warmoadgens igi, risTvis ar-sebobs, ratom eZvirfasebaT adamianebs, misTvis garja-wvalebas ratom ar iSureben? ZvelTaganve amboben, is „bunebis mibaZvaao“, rac, sul ukeTesi, misi erTi Semad-geneli iyos. verc XVIII saukunidan gaSinaurebuli ax-sna, xelovneba misi Semqmnelis „TviTgamoxatva“ ariso, CaiTvleba amomwuravad – ratom unda gaxdes, mibrZaneT erTi, visime lxena da dardi sxvaTaTvis gulmisatani! sityva rom ar gamigrZeldes, mokled vityvi: yvelaze mravlisdamtevi da gasagebi xelovnebis axsnaa, viTarca msoflmxedvelobis gamoxatvisa. es imas niSnavs, rom sityvad, bgerad Tu xilul saxebad Cndeba metafora, – am sityvis farTo azriT, – msofliosi, ra Tqma unda, ara bunebsmetyvelebiTi, aramed SefasebiTi, rogorc unaklo Tu zadiani wesrigisa, rogorc siyvarulisa Tu zizRis sagnis, iqneb – rogorc qaosis... aqve davazusteb: upriani iqneba msoflmxedvelobaze ki ara, msoflSeg-rZnebaze gvesaubra, radgan, vTqvaT, msoflgagebiT erT qristemde IV saukunis berZen ostatebs praqsiteles, sko-pass da lisippes igi sxvadasxvanairad aqvT nagrZnobi. zemoTqmulidan, TavisiT, Semdegi daskvnebi ibadeba:

a. xelovnebaSi forma garduvalad sazrisis matare-belia; yovelnairi „xelovneba xelovnebisTvis“, „wmin-da forma“ da misTanani an gaugebroba da Tavis motyue-baa (rogorc Teofil gotჲesTan, oskar uaჲldTan...) an „usazrisoba“, „uSinaarsoba“ xelovanis TviTmxilebaa metsa an nakleb nihilizmSi, ampartavnebiTsa Tu saso-warkveTil yovlisuarmyoflobaSi;

b. raki mxatvruli formis sazrisi qveynierebas exe-ba da Tan SefasebiTi, e.i. RirebulebebTan wilnayaria, is yovladTan, qristianobis enaze, mTel RvTaebriv qmnilebasTan, yovel, „xilulTan da araxilulTan“


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aris mimarTebaSi; aqedan – aucileblobiT dgeba aram-arto esTetikurTan, sxva RirebulebebTan, saxeldo-br, WeSmaritebasTan (marTla aseTia „caჲ da queyanaჲ“?) da sikeTesTan (marTlac Rirebulisa da sulierisken gagvaxedebs es nawarmoebi?); amgvari midgoma, Cveu-lebriv, did guliswyromas iwvevs xolme – rogor, ambo-ben, nuTuRa mSveniereba, esTetikuri simaRle sakmao ar aris suraTis, poemis, simfoniis sulieri aRmatebulo-bis samtkiceblad? vinaidan mSveniereba – Rirebulebaa, misiT aRbeWdils rasme udaod gasCenia makavSirebeli uzenaessa da RvTiurTan; meore mxriv, aq, sawuTroSi, es martooden formismier da, – axla ukve esec unda da-vumatoT, – Sinaarsismier SemadgenelTa mTlianobiT „mowesrigebaze“ migviTiTebs; mxatvruli namuSevari ki, rogorc SevTanxmdiT, Tavis TavSi garkveulwilad das-rulebuli kia, mainc ki sxvaze mowmobs, sxvas gvixatavs; amdenad, esTetikurad didebuli naqmni iseve SeiZleba msoflmxedvelobiTad Semcdari gamodges, rogorc mcdari gonebamaxvilobiT, Txrobis simwyobriT, STax-vedrebis moulodnelobiT brwyinvale filosofiuri an samecniero Txzuleba.

bunebrivia, mogviwevs isic vTqvaT, WeSmaritobis cxadyofaSi ra gvSvelis – raRa Tqma unda, Tavad igi, ra zomazec man Tavi Cven gamogvicxada. visac ra unda, is Tqvas, mgonia ki – RvTivgamocxadebul moZRvre-bas bevrad meti (urwmunoTaTvis – imdenive!) wona unda hqondes gansjisas – vidre „progresis“ da misgvar ada-mianismier Teoriebs. qvemoT, vimedovneb, gamoCndeba, rom WeSmaritebas Sesabamisobis Taobaze msjavri sik-eTes-ziarebulobaze msjavricaa. vecdebi axla ramdenime mxatvruli movlenis motaniT vaCveno, ra mimarTule-biTaa SesaZlebeli amgvari ziarebulobis sazomis povna – swored mimarTulebiT, radgan sisrule – amomwurao-bas, aba, rogor „davibraleb“! saubaric ufro Sinaar-seulze gveqneba, vidre mis „mqadagebel“ formaze – jer imitom, rom simarTle-marTebuloba am sibrtyeze Zevs,


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upiratesad; Semdgom, imitomac, formis garCevaze (epoq-isieri, msoflmxedvelobis gammJRavnebeli „mxatvruli enis“ gamowvlilva iqneba, Tu msoflSegrZnebiT-niWis-mieri mTlianoba erTi mocemuli formisa), SeTanxmeb-ulebi mainc rom varT, ganurCevlad imisa, vis es rogor da ra siRrme-sifarToviT gamosdis.

SevxedoT pirvelad egvipturi xelovnebis nawar-moebT – Zveli, saSualo Tu axali samefos saukeTeso qa-ndakebebsa da reliefebs. rac yvelaze metad akvirvebs damTvarielebels, detalebis, uwinaresad yovlisa, portretuli nakvTebis zedmiwevniTobaa, sibrtyeze gamo-saxulebaTa ucnaur ganSla-amobrunebas (Tvali, mxrebi da mkerdi – winxedSi, Tavi, kidurebi – gverdxedSi), Tu mrgvali figurebis dgomas (mouxrelad winwadgmuli fexi, Sveulad daSvebuli an kuTxiT moxrili xeli...) SeerTebuli. am „Secdomebis“ erTi axsna isaa, rom mxat-vroba-reliefebze yvela nakvTi yvelaze maxasiaTebeli xediTaa motanili (mag., cxviris kexi Tu aprexa gver-didan ukeT aisaxeba, tanis moyvaniloba – winidan) anu, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, ise, rogoric isini aris aRmqme-lis xedvis wertilisgan damoukideblad. meore Semdegi gaxlavT: TiTqmis saukunis win, avstriel-germanelma mkvlevarma gvido kaSnitc fon vainbergma aCvena egvip-tur saxebaTa geometrizeba, maTi swor, Sveul, Tarazul, iribul xazebs daqvemdebareba; es „aCerebs“ maT, isini win mavalad ki ar gvesaxeba, mxolooden saxed moZraobisa, romelic droSi cvalebadobas ar emorCileba. amnairad ki, pirobiToba, „mxatvruli metyveleba“ egviptelTa mudmivyofas, JamTa dinebidan amoridebas emsaxureba. sayovelTaodaa cnobili, es maT religias rom ukav-Sirdeba, risi „yofiTi“ gamoxatuleba mumificireba gax-lavT, sxeulTa Senaxva, raTa gardacvlilis suls Tavis „sadguri“ ar dakargvoda; xolo Tu mumia ram mizeziT ga-nadgurdeboda, misi nacvali qandakeba unda gamxdariyo. aqedan Cans, rom egviptelebs sulis ukvdaveba swamdaT da xorcielebas ganuyreli saiqio arseboba. qristian-


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TaTvis siZneles ar warmoadgens aq mkvdreTiT aRdgo-mis winaganWvretis Tu gacrecili mexsierebis amocnoba; isic cxadia, raoden SezRudulia kacebrivi wvdomis un-ari – „mkvdarTa wignis“ erT-erTi Selocva adamians ase mimarTavs, esa da es unda gaakeTo, „raTa iq Wamo da sva iq, sqesobrivad Seiyofode iq da iqmode yovelives, ra-sac dedamiwaze sCadian“. rogorc vxedavT, egviptelebs, warmarTTa umravlesobasaviT, imier soflad miwieris gameorebis meti vera warmoedginaT ra. ase gansajeT, Zveli aRTqmis msasoebelnic ki warmodgenaTa am rkalSi darCeniliyvnen, radgan gvaxsovs, ra hkiTxes macxovars: gamosacdelad eqvsjer udrood daqvrivebuli deda-kaci, ebraelTa rjuliT, Svid Zmas Tu SeauRles, aRdgo-mis mere vis unda ecoloso. ufali ki, Zalze martivad, adamianis gonebisTvis ki miuwvdomel rasme pasuxobs: „... aRdgomasa mas arca iqorwinebodian, arca ganhqorwine-bodian, aramed viTarca angelozni RmrTisani iyvnen caTa Sina“ (mT. 22. 30). metic, sxvagan igi, yvelas Sesarcx-venad, vinc 2000 welia morwmuneebs raRacis momxveWelad racxs da ukiJinebs, Tqveni zneoba gamorCenis molodini ariso, aseT yovlad idumal rasme gvetyvis: „...ese ars cxorebaჲ saukunoჲ, raჲTa gicodian Sen mxoloჲ WeSma-riti RmerTi“-o (in. 17. 3). magram amas xom gandobilnic vera vwvdebiT da sakuTar sja-warmosaxvas dandobil warmarTebs ra unda SesZlebodaT... amrigad, egviptele-bi, yvela sxva warmarTic, xiluli qveynierebis miRma sxvis arsebobis WeSmaritebasac icnoben da gadmoscemen, Tanki, raRac odenobiT „sruli kacis“ cxonebasac da, sx-vaTa Soris, codva-madlis saiqio sazRaursac.

kidev erTi did xelovnebaTagani winareqris-tianuli xanisa, hellinuri Cvens Tvals ufro „bune-brivad“ eCveneba, Tumca odnavi dakvirveba gamogviCens ase ubralod rom araa saqme – TvalnaTlivaa naklebi individualizeba, „idealuroba“ (ara-zedapiruli „ide-alizacia“!), raginda iyos simZafrisas, gazomiereba-ga-wonasworeba. marto is rada Rirs, rom, uiSviaTesi gam-


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onaklisiT, gmosaxulni Wabukebi an mowifulni arian, dauSromel-mozomilad moZraoben! „saidumlo“ amgvari mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa grZnobadad aRqmuli sinamd-vilis srulyofil wesrigad, Tanaxmier kosmosad gancdaa, RvTiuri ZalebiT warmarTulisa da RmerTTa-gan dadgenili kanonebiT gangebulis. Zvelma berZnebma isic igumanes, nivTiers iqiT misive gameoreba rom ver iqneba, maTTvis miwieri cxovrebis miRma ukunSi moria-le mexsierebadakarguli sulebis samkvidro, romelTa nawili, Tan, Cadenili avkacobis sasjelsac ixdis. sxva-nairad Tu SevxedavT, maTi „hadesi“ jojoxeTia da asec gaigo es qristianobam, „bneli gareskneli“, sadac jer kidev ar „STasrula“ macxovari. maTi mTavari „saTqme-li“ ki, mainc, WmunviTa da tkiviliT savse, magram RvTae-brivi sawyisisgan mogvarebuli da RvTiuri samarTliT marTuli wuTisoflis harmoniulobaa.

qvemoT kidev momiwevs cota ram vTqva qristianu-li, saxeldobr, aRmosavleT qristianuli mxatvruli Semoqmedebis arsebriv Tvisebebze, amJamad ki mcireds davjerdebi. Suasaukunovan-qristianuli, pirvel rigSi, saeklesio xelovneba – vimedovneb, uciloblad! – niv-Tierze amaRlebuli sulierebis cxadmyofelia. aR-mosavleT mxareebSi, Tanac, win kvlav kosmosi modis, oRond axla ukve ara masSi bunebiT ciklTa gameorebis kanonzomierebulobis – rogorc ara marto hellinebT-an, aramed sxvebTanac: indoelebTan, Soreul aRmosav-leTSi... miRmur-gamoRmuri ierarqiis saxiT dasavleT-Si (rac dasanaxad advilia, analiturad saCveneblad ki – Znelze Zneli) raoden iyos a-naturaluri gadmoce-misas, met-naklebobiT Jamiereba, xdomilebiToba Sei-grZnoba xolme – asea, vTqvaT, otonur miniatჲurebSica da romanul reliefebSic. am Taviseburebas Zalze arse-biTi mniSvneloba hqonda, rodesac XII saukunis bolodan mTel saqristianoSi grZnobadisken Semobrunebam iCina Tavi. amis pirveli Sedegi dasavleTSi e.w. „goTuri“ xelovnebaa, maqs dvorJakis maxvilgonivruli daxasi-


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aTebiT, erTdorulad „naturalizmiTa da idealizmiT“ aRbeWdili. es imas niSnavs, rom xelovanni guldasmiT ak-virdebodnen yovelive gareSemo myofs (mcenareebs, iZ-rvisebs, samoselTa nakecebs...), SeniSnuli gamosaxulis SekavSirebas ki „ara amqveyniuri“ kanonebis midevnebiT axdendnen; ase, Zalian xSirad terfebi TiTqmis Sveulad, aris xolme „dacurebuli“, sxeulebi isea gazneqili (mag., Cviledi RmrTismSoblis XIV s-is qandakebebi), rom miwi-er pirobebSi adamiani umal waiqceoda; jgufad Sekrul gamosaxulebebs ki xiluli arara aerTianebs (mag., xare-bebi raimsis taZris fasadsa an bambergis kaTedralis interierSi). wamZRoli, maSasadame, jerac RvTaebriv-absoluturia, TandaTan ki nivTier-xelSevlebadi mrav-ldeba, xelovanTa Tu aRmqmelTa gulsa da gulisyurs ipyrobs da, sabolood, XV saukunis umagaliTod „mar-Tlmagvar“ niderlandur nawarmoebebSi pirvelobas moipovebs. esa Tu XIV- XV saukuneebis mxatvroba-mqanda-kebloba sazogadod, aq iqneba, germaniasa Tu bohemiaSi, ra Tqma unda, ireligiuri odnavadac ar aris, oRond re-ligiuroba axla, erTi rom RvTis qmniliT SefrfinviT aRfrTovanebaa, meorec, arsebrivad-subieqturi gancda. es saukeTesod alpebs CrdiloeTiT mdebare evropul qveynebSi e.w. „sameditacio suraTebis“ (Zalian xSirad maTze RmrTismSoblis an jvarcmis gamosaxulebebia) mom-ravlebiT Cans, rac, Tavis mxriv, mistikuri mWvretelo-bis gavrcelebas mosdevs. am momcro, binaze Tu kerZo samlocveloSi mosaTavsebel xatebaTa winaSe ki ar loc-uloben, saRvTo sagnebze emociurad datvirTul fiqrs eZlevian, is ki, aris ra, uTuod, ram zenaaris ganazreba da grZnobaSi gatareba, upirvelesad, aseve ueWvelad vi-sime. kerZod, ama Tu im morwmunis ganafiqri da ganaca-dia. piradi, subieqtismieri aq ar enacvleba absolutur-RvTaebrivs, friad sagrZnobi ki aris da meditaciisTvis gankuTvnil suraTebsa anda qandakebaSi SesamCnevia is, rasac dRes „koncefcias“, gindac „koncefts“ davar-qmevdiT: xelovanis aramarto damokidebuleba gamosa-


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saxisadmi (rac nebismier adamianismier naqmnSi iyo, aris da iqneba), aramed misi warmodgena masze – ჲan van eჲkis romelime madona an rogir van der veჲdenis „datireba“, upirveles yovlisa, erTis Tu meoris warmosaxuli deda RvTisa da uflis vnebania. amdagvarive subieqtivireba da „gawuTisofleba“ XIII saukunis bolodan italiur fer-werasa da skulpturaSic mimdinareobs, ramdenadme gan-sxvavebulad ki – pirovnuli gansja-fantaziis Segnebuli xazgasmiT, racionaluri kvlevis (maTematikuri perspeq-tiva, proporciebi, „oqros kveTa“...) da SemorCenili, ginda gaTxrebiT mopovebuli antikuri Zeglebis moSve-liebiT. mwvervali am e.w. „renesansisa“, rogorc viciT, XV saukunis bolosa da XVI-is pirveul aTwleulebze mo-dis da imJamad pirad-pirovnulis gamarjveba xelovne-baSi saeWvo aRar unda iyos – SemTxveviT ki ar vambobT „rafaelis madonaa“ da „miqelanjelos mose“-o da ara – „rafaelis daxatuli deda RvTisa“ da „miqelanjelos gamoqandakebuli mose“-o. amave dros, maSinac da ara marto italielebTan, germanelebTanac (a. dჲureri, m. grჲunevaldi, a. altdorferi da a.S.) msoflmxedvelo-ba kvlavac religiur-qristianulia da uryevi yvela RirebulebiTi ganzomileba. es naTelia iseT, TiTqos-da ukiduresad Tavneba fantastikur xelovanTan, ro-goricaa ieronimus boSi mis viTomcda sჲurrealistur-sizmriseul suraTebze, romelTac xalisiT adareben salvador dalis tiloebs, keTil-boroti sruli erTm-niSvnelovnebiTaa gamijnul-dapirispirebuli da faseu-lobiTi TvalsazrisiT, „yvelaferi rigzea“.

istoriis Semdgomi msvlelobis mxriv erTgvar gar-datexad piter brჲoჲgel-ufrosis namuSevrebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mis ufarToesad vrcel xedebze harmoniul bunebas adamianismieri aurzauri da fuTfuTi ewinaaR-mdegeba. esecaa – kacunebad mowvdili adamisa da evas modgma bevrs verafer akleb-umatebs qveynierebas da mis araraobas TviT macxovaric iziarebs, romlis Soba saZebni xdeba daTovlili midamos gamomxatvel mSve-


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nier tiloze. es, ra Tqma unda, „materializmi“ ar aris, SeiZleba ki deizmze, RvTis Seqmnil, magram Tavis rigze meqanizmiviT mbrunav cTomil varskvlavebsa da weli-wadis droebze, ufro ki panTeizmze vifiqroT. TviTk-mari, Tumc RvTaebrivi Sesaqmis didebulebiT Seferili xateba bunebisa evropul peizaJur mxatvrobas, sul cota, XIX saukunis Sua xanamde gamohyva, uilჲam Ternerisa Tu karl blexenis CaTvliT. marTalia, igi, SesaZloa, sizm-risebr, namdvilobis zRvars misul samoqmedo baqnad gardaisaxos, rogorc antuan vattosTan; mxatvris idea-lis mixedviT „gaimarTos“, rogorc nikola pussenTan, klod lorrenTan da maT kvalSi Camdgar mraval sxva fermwerTan; damxatavis religiuri gancda simbolurad gaamJRavnos, rogorc kaspar david fridrixTan, an mis lirikul ganwyobilebas Seewyos, rogorc kamil ko-rosTan. erTi ki ucvlelia – kacobriobis RvTivboZebu-li samkvidreblis aRmatebuleba. uflisadmi rwmena aqvs qveSred pol sezannis provansis xedebs – miuxedavad imisa, rom is Tavs nebas aZlevs, mTa-gorakebi da xeTa ko-romebi demiurgiviT tilosa Tu qaRaldze axlidan „aa-gos“; TiTqosda uflis sityvas (o, ara, cnobierad ara!) „mamaჲ Cemi moaqamomde iqms da meca viqm“ (in. 5. 17) gvi-suraTebs vinsent van gogis ayalyuli serebi da cotac da, miwas momwydari kviparosebi Tu zeTis xilis xeebi; simSvenieriT gvauwyebs kavSirs TvalSeudgam naTelTan klod monesa anda kamil pissaros zRvispira kldeebi, mindvrebi, ginda parizis quCebi, romelnic, geCvenebaT, wamSi ferad qafad ganileva. panTeisturi TviTmyofoba „cisa da queyanisa“ SeiZleba yofis suraTebSic gakrTes – mag., morwmune qristianad cnobil fransua milles-Tan. oRond aq meore istoriuli xazic gadaikveTeba. saqme isaa, rom XVII saukuneSi, rembrandtTana da, vgoneb, adam elshaimerTanac, saRmrTo gardamocema, gnebavT hellin-romaelTa miTologia gamokveTilad „Cveu-lebrivi“, mouxeSav-ubiri adamianebis mier „TamaSdeba“ da mxolod „arsaidan“ mifenili Suqis idumali cimcimi


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gvamcnobs: fizikuris miRma sxva ramecaa, masze umjobe-sica da Rrmac. am Semobrunebis Sedegad, XVIII saukuneSi saRvTo ambavs yofiT-aRweriTisgan ver ganarCev, ro-gorc fransisko goჲasTan; odindeli qalRmerTebi ki, deni didros moswrebuli naTqvamisa ar iyos, zesTabune-brivad SiSvelni ki aRara, ubralod „gaxdilebi“ arian. albaT, am „CamoyofiTebis“ gamoa, am da momdevno dros, yovelnairi „heroizacia“ – saamisod ki bevrni garjilan! – naZaladevi da gafuyuli rom gamodis. Tanadrou-lad, rac naklebad igulveba adamianSi RvTis xati, rac ufro metad xdeba is „martooden adamiani“, irRveva misi pirovnuloba da – erTi SexedviT, paradoqsulad! – in-dividualizmis aRzevebisas qreba portreti da, vTqvaT, pablo pikassosTan mis satrfosac zogjer urCxulisgan veRar ganasxvaveb.

p. pikasos xsenebiT Cven ukve dRevandelobaSi Semov-abijeT, erTi saukune rom grZeldeba da bolo ar uCans. es ki iseTi droa, rodesac RvTis gaZevebul xsovnas Ri-rebulebad aTasnair „ideas“ anacvleben, gamocxadebis WeSmariteba ki, mraval ukeTilSobiles adamianTanac, aragacnobierebulad Tua qmediTi. raRa faseulobaze SeiZleba aq vilaparakoT? winapirvelad, SegaxsenebT, rom, ase, 1970-ian wlebamde, ganagrZobs arsebobas esTe-tikuri Rirebuleba – imav pikassosTan, romelic Tavidan adamianis ususurobas warmoaCenda, mere da mere ki, mon-strebis mets veRarafers xedavda (ar geucnaurebaT, ro-gor eberebaT xan ra nakvTi, xan ra mis „antikurad“ aRnag figurebsac?). ase rom, qristianuli TvalTaxedviT cils swamebs ra msoflios RvTisgangebul mTlianobas, is, Tavisda uneburad, siZlieriT formaTqmnisa, RvTivmi-madlebulobas gvimowmebs. maS, amis meti aRaraferi Seu-Zlia am umagaliTod rTul (arcTu mudam – sxvaze mZime!) droebas? amis pasuxad momeCvena didi, didi xnis winad franc kafkas erTi miniatჲura:


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რკინიგზის მგზავრები

„miwierad wabilwuli TvalebiT Tu SevxedavT, Cven im matareblis mgzavrTa mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT, romelTac grZel gvirabSi ubeduri SemTxveva ewiaT, Tanac iseT adgilze, saidanac TavSi rom aris, im naTels ver xedavT, boloSi myofi ki sul pawawaa da mzera mas mu-dam daeZebs da mudamve kargavs, Tan ki arc Tavia utyuari da arc bolo. Cvens irgvliv, Cveni SegrZnebebis arev-darevisa Tu SegrZnebebisve ukiduresi aRgznebis kvalad pirwminda urCxulebia da yoveli CvenTaganis gunebgan-wyobisa Tu daSavebisda Sesabamisad, Tvalwarmtaci anda damqancveli kaleidoskopuri ciali.

kiTxvebi: ra iqneba Cemi jerovani qmedeba? an kidev: risTvis jer ars es rom movimoqmedo? am sanaxebSi ar da-ismis“.

miaqcevdiT, uTuod, yuradRebas – sibnelesa da qa-osSi imasac ver gadawyvet, ram saWiroa Tu ara. magram: es saaqaos mwviriT Sesvrili mzerisTvisaa ase, igia, dasa-bamieri Tu bolondeli naTeli rom epareba, romelic, TavisTavad arsebobs. swored am, Tugind Tvalsmifare-buli RvTaebrivi Suqis aRiarebisa Tu, zogjer, misi une-blied SemoRwevis xarisxia, XX saukunis bevri xelovanis naRvaws WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis Tundac mcire wilis matarebel-ganmcxadeblad rom aqcevs. asea, Cemis azriT, mainc, Tavad f. kafkasTan, asea – uilჲam folknerTan, raginda ra ubedurebaze Txrobisas imediT rom gavsebs; asea, vTqvaT, henri murTan, usicocxlodan cocxlis aR-moSobas rom gviCvenebs; asea – Cvens daviT kakabaZesTan, romlis „sagnobrivi“ suraTebi sakuTar, dros gamc-dar naTels asxivebs, „usagnoni“ ki sicocxlis feTqvas an kidev usazRvrobaSi materiis mimoZraobas gagvac-nobs.

ar vici, ra gamomivida, Tqma ki, ai, risi mindoda: risime Rirebulebis gamosarkvevad mxoloden misi istoriulad Sepirobebul garegnul iers ki ar unda


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davacqerdeT (sulerTia, ra iqneba – kanonmdebloba, RvTismsaxurebis wesi, hangi Tu moTxroba), aramed Se-sabamisi faseulobis uSinaganesi principis gamocnobas unda vecadoT da mereRa vikiTxoT, aris Tu ara misi Sesa-tyvisi mocemuli forma, xolo Tu ki – ramdenad. dar-wmunebuli var, uTvalavi ubedureba, revolჲuciebisa da kontrrevolჲuciebis mTeli absurduloba namyo Tu aryofili formebis (qcevis, Tanacxovrebis, sazoga-doebrivi urTierTobis, xelovnebis...) gaabsoluture-bam Seapiroba, droiTis Zalad gamaradisebam. kiTx-vad ki rCeba: axla raRa viRonoT, vinc ginda rom „me aseTi var“-s da „ufleba xom maqvs“-s gaiZaxis, rodesac axda fჲodor dostoevskis winaswarmetyvelebam da e.w. „RmerTis sikvdilma“ – sinamdvileSi misTvis zurgis Seqcevam! – yvelafris da, rasakvirvelia, Tavad Rireb-ulebaTa, TviT maTi arsebobis mimarT urwmunoba daam-kvidra?

vfiqrob, zustad igive, rasac yvelgan da yovelT-vis iqmoden: mouRlelad davemowmoT WeSmaritebas. rogorRao, am Cvens droSio, – Semdgomi SekiTxva Cames-mis.

modiT, Cems Sexedulebas isev saxviTi Semoqmedebis magaliTze ganvmartav. didi xania, 200 weli dasavleTSi, asiod-samarTlmadidebloSi cilobaa – rogori unda iyos qristianuli eklesiis xelovneba – „tradiciuli“ Tu „novatorul“-„axleburi“? pirveli azris mimdevrebs dasavleTSi goTuri da romanuli xuroTmoZRvreba moux-miaT, Suasaukunovani Tu adrerenesansuli mqandakeblo-ba da mxatvroba; Cvenken misabaZad vis sxvadasxva dros bizantiuri taZrebi da panselinosi eguleba, vis fskov-novgorodisa Tu moskovis XII-XVI saukuneTa eklesiebi da andreჲ rublჲovi an dionisi, vis samwevrisi an samTavisi da Tevdore mefis mxatvari, gnebavT – ubisis momxatveli gerasime. meorenairad mofiqralnic vin romantizmze migviTiTebs, vin „ar nuvo“-„modernze“, mina-liTon-be-tonis arqiteqturaze, kubizmze, abstraqcionizmze... unda


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zemoTqmulis Semdeg kidev da kidev imis mtkiceba, rom es kamaTi, postrenesansul yaidaze, formaTa sibrtyeze midis da ara arsebrivis WrilSi? saeklesio xelovnebis – Tu SeiZleba axla ferwera-skulpturiT Semovifar-gloT! fuZe-principis STasaxvedrad, ase mesaxeba, is-toriaSi unda CavixedoT da movikiTxoT is, risTvis da ranairad iqmneboda. vimedovneb, sadao ar iqneba, Tu vi-tyvi: „saxeTa qmnis“ movaleoba RvTis sityvis gankacebis da, amis wyalobiT, kacTaTvis cxovneba-ganRmrTobis SesaZleblobis Cenaa da misi miwyiv Sexseneba. saamisod gamosaxulebas raRac odenobiT xorciel-dasanaxis Tvisebebi unda ecxos, amasTan ki is maTi ga-uJamoebis, gansulierebis mimaniSnebelic unda iyos. III saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze Seqmnils, gindac ufro mogvianos, Tvals Tu gadavavlebT, ise Cans, sxvadasxvagan da sx-vadasxva Jams damarwmuneblobisTvis xelSesaxebis da spiritualuris gansxvavebuli Tanafardoba moiTxove-boda. aqedan erTi daskvna Tu gamoitaneba: ar SeiZleba, ragind iyos srulyofili garegnuli formis, garduva-lad meqanikuri, gadmoReba. es maSinRa iqneboda gamar-Tlebuli, Tuki – nu iyofin! – qristianobas istorias Cabarebulad Tu miviCnevT, madlis gardamosvlas ki – RmerTo, momiteve! – Sewyvetilad. nuTu vinme, qristes sjulis maRiarebeli ase fiqrobs, metic, amis gafiqrebas gabedavs? da Tu ara – axlac aucilebelia SemoqmedebiTi ZiebiToba. oRond nurc is gamogvrCeba, zemoT rac iTqva: normativizm-formismierobis Tanmdevi, an – piruku! mx-atvruli qmnaa, rogorc pirovnuli warmodgenis xorc-Sesxma. sapirispirod amisa ityvian xolme, mqmnelis pirovneba unda amoiricxos, saeklesio gamosaxuleba u-pirovno unda iyoso. marto xatweris axlaxan Camosax-elebul didostatTa gaxsenebac (arada, sxvac ramdenia!) migvaxvedrebs, ase rom arasodes gakeTebula rame – ugu-lod, gaucxoebulad, sulis sargo da gamxarebeli ro-gor gamogviva rame? saqme sxvaa – winandeli xelovanni obieqturad arsebuls xat-qmnidnen Zalisaebr da ara


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subieqtur warmonasaxs. gadamwyveti aq saxviTi xerxebi rodia. vin icis, ras argebs odesRac antikuri formaT-metyvelebis sruli metamorfoziT warmoSobil saxovan „enas“ eklesiuri xelovnebisas XX saukunis nebismieri mimdinareobis gamocdileba? arsebrivi sxvaa: maxvili winadadebaSi: „me vxatav RmrTismSobels (macxovars, ama Tu im wmindans)“ – „me“-ze daismis Tu gamosasaxze. Tu ukanasknelze, maSin – ar vici da arc SeiZleba vicode, niSandobliv ra ieriT – WeSmariti xati mogvevlineba, arc „gapirobiTebiT“ molandebad qceuli (xom gaxsovT, aRdgomis mere mociqulebTan mosulma, ra uTxra macx-ovarma SemkrTal mowafeebs: „...sulsa xorc da Zual ara asxen, viTarca – ese me mxedavT, rameTu masxen“ (lk. 24. 39) da arc gafaSfaSebuli sxeulebriobiT macTunebeli (rasac VI msoflio saeklesio kreba pirdapir gvikrZa-lavs). amis misaRwevad ki, uwindeli „mxatvruli enis“ aTviseba zedmeti, miTumetes, mawyinari, ra saTqmelia, ar iqneba, Tavi da Tavi ki, Sinagani ganwyobis Secvlaa, indi-vidualisturi TviTgamoxatvidan uzenaes – maradmyofis msaxurebad monacvlebaa.

„es SeuZebelia, dRes es ver moxdeba“-o, uTqvamT Cem-Tvis, momavalSic metyvian usaTuod. ratomRaa SeuZlebe-li? rTuli, ki batono da an iyo ki advili odesme? iqn-eb, marTlac, axla ufro samZimo aris es Rvawli, vidre aTi saukunis winaT: axla, rodesac yovelwam qristes moZuleTa mozeime xmebi moismis, rodesac Tvalsa da yurs yvelaferi gadabrunebul-amoyiravebuli eZaleba da mainc – amis gamo uari vTqvaT WeSmaritebasa da sik-eTeze? amitom sicrue simarTled CavagdoT da ukuRmar-Toba – zneobad? nuTuRa imas gvkiTxavs ufali – rodis gicxovriaTo? an es ybadaRebuli „dro“ sxva raa, Tu ara Cveni – Cemi, Tqveni da imaTi, – momxdarisa da mosax-denisadmi damokidebuleba? nuTuRa is gagvamarTlebs – Cvens irgvliv rwmena Sesustebuli iyoo – pirveli saukuneebis qristianT raRa eTqmodaT, sawarmarToSi myofT?


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ara, Seorguleba ar gvepatieba, dRes, xval da mazeg rac unda iyos, RvTivuwyebuli mcnebebis erTguleba gvmarTebs, radgan gvsmenia xom: „naTeli igi bnelsa Sina Cans da bneli igi mas ver ewia“ (in. 1. 5).


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ზოგიერთი რამ რელიგიურ საკითხთა შესახებ

irakli orJonia

წ minda ioane damaskeli eklesiis mier dogmaturi RvTismetyvelebis saxelmZRvanelod aRiarebul na-

SromSi – „marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwev-niTi gadmocema“ gvauwyebs, rom RmerTis Sesaxeb codna adamianSi bunebiTad aris danergili1. aRniSnul saekle-sio swavlebas kacobriobis mier ganvlili gza cocxali magaliTebiT adasturebs. swored RvTaebrivisadmi ze-gardamo STaTesili rwmena amoZravebda pirovnebas, rodesac is uxilavsa da sakralurs eZiebda, magram cod-

1 Sdr. „pirveli da netari bunebis Semdeg aravis scodnia odesme RmerTi ara mxolod kacTagan, aramed, agreTve, zeqveyniur ZalTagan da TviT, vambob, qerubimTa da serafimTagan, Tu ara mas, visac Tavad gamoucxada man. mainc ar dagvtova Cven RmerTma srul ucodnelobaSi, radgan mis mier bunebiTad aris STaTesili yvelaSi codna imisa, rom arsebobs RmerTi“ (wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema; Zveli berZnuli-dan Tanamedrove qarTulze Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem. Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2000; gv. 321)


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viT dacemis Sedegad vnebamoreuli goneba ver axerxebda ra siyalbisa da WeSmaritebis garCevas, RvTisagan bune-brivad miniWebul Sinagan religiur grZnobas cru Rmer-Tebis TayvaniscemiT ikmayofilebda. ase warmoiSva gau-kuRmarTebaTa is mravalferovneba, rasac yovel nabijze vxvdebiT Zveli aRTqmis wignebisa Tu istoriuli cno-bebis kiTxvisas.

mas Semdeg mravalma drom ganvlo, kacobriobam codvis qmnis procesSi udidesi „gamocdileba“ SeiZina da, erTi SexedviT, ukeTurebaTa is gamovlinebani, rac dRevandelobidan esoden uaryofiT movlenad aRiqme-ba, TanamedroveobaSi daxvewil formas iRebs, TiTqos araferi aqvs saerTo ZvelTan, magram realurad swore-dac rom Zvelis ganaxlebuli saxea, dro-JamTan Sesabam-isobaSi TanaSewyobili. magaliTad, iyo dro, rodesac adamianebi sakuTar Svilebs msxverplad swiravdnen kerpebs, rasac Tanamedrove e. w. liberaluri sazoga-doeba udavod dagmobs da SeuZlebelia, aRniSnul qmede-bas gamarTleba moeZebnos, Tumca arsobrivad imave saxis gaukuRmarTebas, dedaTa mier SvilTa mokvdinebas abor-tis saxiT, mravali momxre da qomagi hyavs (sainteresoa, rogor SeiZleba es ori movlena urTierTisgan gaimij-nos?!).

vfiqrobT, swored msgavsi saxis SeniRbuli formaa Tanamedroveobis udides gamowvevad aRiarebuli seku-larizmic, romelic sazogadoebas orsaxovani cxovrebis wess sTavazobs. misi mTavari kredoa, erTi mxriv, is, rom adamians aqvs ufleba religiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa, magram, meore mxriv, pirovnebis re-ligiuroba ar unda vrceldebodes sajaro sivrceSi, anu gamodis, rom morwmune garkveuli drois manZilze, saRvTismsaxuro ritualSi monawileobisas, uzenaesis mier dadgenil moZRvrebas unda erTgulebdes, xolo msaxurebis dasrulebisTanave, saero sivrceSi dab-runebisas, yovelive warsuls miabaros da amjerad gansx-vavebuli Rirebulebis Sesabamisad warmarTos sakuTari


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cxovreba – mTeli arsebiT eswrafodes materialur keTildReobas, Zalauflebas, komforts, didebas kacTa winaSe...

cxadia, sekularizmi RmerTisa da pirovnebis oden formalur kavSirs gulisxmobs, sadac qmnilebasa da Semoqmeds Soris cxoveli urTierToba arasodes Sedge-ba. esaa sivrce, sadac adamianis mTavari daniSnuleba, RmerTTan odesRac dakarguli erTobis aRdgena, pir-vandel samSobloSi kvaladgeba da maradiuli sicocx-lis Tanaziareba, daviwyebasaa micemuli, sadac wamyvania ara uzenaesi RvTis neba, aramed pirovnebis egreTwode-buli cru Tavisufleba, risi SezRudvis ufleba aravis gaaCnia, TviT mcnebebsac ki, sadac adamiani Tavisi Tavis RmerTia.

marTalia, qristeSobamdel epoqaSi termini seku-larizmi ar arsebobda da igi mogvianebiT gaCnda, magram saxeli mxolod arsebuli realobis Semomkrebi bgeri-Ti gamoxatulebaa, xolo masSi nagulisxmevi dedaazri imave simZlavriT Zveli aRTqmis epoqaSic iCenda Tavs. RvTisgan gamorCeuli wminda adamianebi swored ms-gavsi safrTxeebis damRupvel Sedegs sulieri mzeriT ganWvretdnen da mTeli arsebiT cdilobdnen xalxis gamofxizlebas. bibliuri istoria cxadyofs, Tu rogor sruldeba pirovnebis, sazogadoebis, eris formaluri, uSinaarso urTierToba RmerTTan, rac ganvlili Sec-domebis gauTvaliswineblobis SemTxvevaSi kvlavac gan-meordeba.

codviT dacemis Sedegad maradiuli sikeTisTvis Se-qmnilma adamianma dakarga kavSiri SemoqmedTan, rasac umZimesi Sedegebi mohyva. eklesiis mamebi kacobriv bune-baSi gamovlenil, RvTisagan uqmnel sam Tvisebas asax-eleben: xrwnadoba, tkivilganmcdeloba da mokvdavoba. amavdroulad, sikvdili ara marto fizikuri, aramed sulieri mniSvnelobiTac gabatonda, rac arsobrivad gulisxmobs imas, rom Zveli aRTqmis epoqaSi caTa sasuf-eveli daixSa da siwmindiT gamorCeuli moRvawenic ki,


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mamamTavrebi – abraami, iakobi, isaaki, winaswamrtyveli mose, esaia, ieremia... gardacvalebis Semdeg uklebliv yvela warwymedilobas daeqvemdebara.

uzenaesma sibrZnem, romelmac windawin uwyoda RvTis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnili arsebis dacema, kacobriobis gamoxsnis gangebuleba saukuneTa uwinares gansazRvra. gamomsyidvelobiTi Rvawli yovladwminda samebis meore piris, Ze RmerTis gankacebas gulisxmobda. Tumca sanam umwvervalesi saidumlo, saRmrTo da adamianuri bunebis erT hipostasSi Seurevnelad da Seurwymelad SeerTeba, ganxorcieldeboda, adamis modgmas mosamza-debeli dro – Zveli aRTqmis Jami unda gaeara. swored am mizezma ganapiroba mraval eTnosSi erTaderTi eris gamorCeva da misTvis WeSmariti sarwmunoebis gacxadeba, rom rjulis dacvis Sedegad rCeuli sazogadoebis wiaR-Si Sobiliyo mxsneli-mesia.

ufalma urTulesi misiis aRsasruleblad „zecisa kaci da queyanisa angelozi“ – mose winaswamretyveli gamoixmo da monobaSi myofi israelis winamZRoloba daavala. mravali Zalisxmevis Sedegad ebraelebma eg-vipte datoves. sinas mTaze miRebuli saRvTo gamocxadeb-iT ki kacobriobis istoriaSi axali epoqa daiwyo – sul-ieri wyvdiadiT mocul droebaSi adamians eboZa rjuli, rogorc gzamkvlevi, mimyvanebeli axal aRTqmasTan, Tumca monobaSi mravalsaukunovan cxovrebas ukvalod ar Cauvlia da aRTqmuli qveynisken msrboleli xalxis msoflmxedvelobaSi, miuxedavad gaTavisuflebisa, mra-valma mZlavrad dasaZirkvlebulma religiurma gauku-RmarTebam iCina Tavi, rac JamiTi Jamad saxes icvlida da saukuneTa mdinarebaSi sxvadasxva formiT vlinde-boda.

rCeulma erma qanaanis miwaze axali saxelmwifo Se-qmna, romelic mogvianebiT (Zv. w. aR.-is 929 wels) orad – israelisa da iudeis samefoebad gaiyo. amavdroulad, mezobeli qveynebis mkveTri sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli gavlenis uaryofiTma Sedegebmac ar daayovna.


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wminda werilis mier ukeTurebis damnergav me-fed saxeldebulma israelis pirvelma mmarTvelma ieroboamma qalaqebSi: dansa da beTilSi ori oqros xbos kerpi aRmarTa da Seecada, politikur sazRvarTan erTad religiuri zRudec Semoevlo israelisTvis, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobas, ierusalimis taZarSi siaru-lis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani samefos aRdgenis survili ar gasCenoda. man realoba Seafasa da mixvda, rom Tu axlad-daarsebuli saxelmwifos – israelis mkvidrni iahves gansadideblad mezobeli iudeis samefos dedaqalaqSi ivlidnen (Zveli aRTmqis rjulis Tanaxmad, saeklesio msaxureba mxolod ierusalimis taZarSi aResrulebo-da), SesaZloa, xalxSi erTiani saxelmwifos aRdgenis survils eCina Tavi. am SemTxvevaSi ki efremis tomidan gamosuli ieroboami iudaur sazogadoebaSi udidesi avtoritetis mqone, RvTisagan mefobisTvis kurTxeul daviTis modgmas ver Seecileboda da, Sesabamisad, xe-lisuflebas dakargavda. amitomac man mzakvrul xerxs mimarTa, dansa da beTilSi oqros xbos gamosaxulebebi aRmarTa da sazogadoebas Soreul ierusalimSi siaru-lis wil religiuri moTxovnilebebis adgilze dak-mayofilebis piroba Seuqmna, Tumca israelis samefoSi mcxovrebma adamianebma mSvenivrad uwyodnen, rom moses rjulis mixedviT (mcnebebis Tanaxmad) nebismieri kerpi ikrZaleboda. israelis pirvelma mefem aqac cbiereba gamoavlina: man xsenebuli xbos gamosaxulebebi sazoga-doebas SesTavaza ara rogorc kerpebi (amas, savaraudod, rigiTi mosaxleobis mxridan didi mRelvareba mohyve-boda), aramed viTarca iahves Zalis, Zlierebis xiluli gamovlineba. aRniSnulma movlenam aTi tomisagan Semd-gar sazogadoebaze umZimesi Sedegebi iqonia – israelis samefo, masSi arsebuli gaukuRmarTebebis mizeziT, Zv. w. aR.-is 722 wels asureTis imperiis Tavdasxmis Sedegad aRigava pirisagan miwisa.

warmodgenili bibliuri istoriis fonze, Cveni TvalTaxedviT, ieroboamis egreTwodebuli religiuri


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reforma arsobrivad Zlier hgavs Tanamedrove realo-bas, sadac dRevandeli samyaro SeniRbulad, TiTqos erTi SexedviT umtkivneulod, adamians WeSmaritebasTan urTierTobis wil sxva faseulobebs dausaxavs da, ms-gavsad israelis samefoSi mimdinare xbos gamosaxule-baTa Tayvaniscemisa, RirebulebaTa gadafasebebis Sede-gad axali kerpebisadmi pativmigebas sTavazobs.

wminda qalaqi ierusalimi (Sesabamisad, Zveli aRTq-mis taZaric) iudeis samefos sazRvrebSi moeqca, Tumca viTareba aqac sakmaod mZime iyo. warmarTuli saxelmwi-foebis gavlena, miuxedavad levitelTa mier aRsrule-buli rjulismieri msaxurebebisa, mZime daRs asvamda mo-saxleobas, rac yovel nabijze iCenda Tavs. sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi Zveli aRTqmis mRvdelmoqmedeba mxolod formalur movlenad, tradiciis litoni aRsrulebis wesad iqca, radgan adamiani pirad cxovrebas sakuTari survilisamebr warmarTavda da es survilebi xSir Sem-TxvevaSi radikalurad sxvaobda rjuliT dadgenili ganCinebebisgan. sarwmunoebrivi moRvaweobis WeSmariti Sinaarsi gamiwierebulma warmodgenebma Caanacvla da ZiriTadi yuradReba Sinaganidan garegnulze iqna ga-datanili: e. w. morwmunes miaCnda, rom sakmarisi iyo, saeklesio msaxurebaSi mieRo monawileoba, taZrisTvis msxverpli Seewira da RmerTi TiTqos sxvas arafers iTxovda.

wminda werili, zegardamo gacxadebuli WeSmariteba, adamianis msgavsi saxis damokidebulebas Semoqmedis-admi umkacresi sityvebiT amxels. iudeveli eris wiaRSi Sobili rigiT pirveli didi winaswamretyveli esaia sakuTari moRvaweobis dasawyisSi rjulis formalurad aRmsrulebel Tanamedrove iudaur sazogadoebas Semde-gi sityvebiT mimarTavda: „ismineT, cano, da yuri daugde, qveyanav, radgan ufali laparakobs: Zeni gavzarde me da aRvamaRle, maT ki mimuxTles me. xari icnobs Tavis mflobels da viri – bagas Tavisi patronisas, israeli ki ar micnobs me, Cems xalxs gageba ar aqvs“ (es. 1. 2-3).


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sxvagan igive esaia ambobs: „ismineT uflis sityva, sod-omis mTavarno, yuri daugdeT rjuls Cveni RmerTisas, gomoris xalxo. rad minda me Tqveni mravali Sesawi-ravi? – ambobs ufali. – gavZexi me sruladdasawveli verZebiT da qoniT msuqani saqonlisa; da sisxli moz-verTa, cxvrebisa da vacebisa ar msurs me. rodesac mo-dixarT Cem winaSe warsadgomad, vin gTxovT Cemi ezoebis gaTelvas? ar momitanoT metad amao ZRveni; Tqveni sak-meveli – sisaZaglea is CemTvis, axalmTvarobas da Sa-baTs, sadResaswaulo Sekrebas ver vitan: urjuloeba da dResaswauli? Tqveni axalmTvarobebi da dResaswaule-bi SeiZula Cemma sulma, tvirTad meqca isini, daviRale maTi zidviT“ (es. 1. 10-14). ierusalims, romelic erTi SexedviT, mxolod dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs aqti-uri regiuri cxovrebis mizeziT, ufali umZimesi codve-biT dasneulebul, ukeTur qalaqebTan aigivebs. rogorc sodom-gomorSi ar moiZebna aTi marTali adamiani, igive mdgomareobaa RvTismgmob ierusalimSic. vfiqrobT, warmodgenili faqti Zalze sagulisxmoa, radgan rig SemTxvevaSi kacTagan dadebiTad Sefasebuli movlena, wminda werilis Tanaxmad, uflis mier araraobad da si-saZagled Seiracxeba (Sdr. „rac kacTa Soris maRalia, RvTis winaSe sisaZaglea“. lk. 16. 15).

wminda werili kidev erTi gaukuRmarTebuli relig-iuri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: iudevelebs miaCndaT, rom qalaqs, sadac taZari mdebareobda da mudmivad RvTisadmi msxverpli Seiwireboda, warmarTi dampyrobeli verasodes avnebda. isini acxadebdnen, rom dedaqalaqsa da eris umTavres sakralul kuTvnilebas – wmidaTa wmidas uzenaesi aravis Seaginebinebda. amgvar Sexedulebas garkveulwilad ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre momxdari movlenac ganamtkicebda: Zv. w. aR.-is 701 wels ierusalimis dasapyrobad qalaqis kedlebTan sen-naxirimis meTaurobiT ganlagebulma asurulma mraval-ricxovanma jarma erT RameSi 185 000 adamiani dakarga. wminda werili momxdar movlenas RvTisagan movlenil


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angelozs ukavSirebs2. qalaqi ierusalimi gardauval ganadgurebas gadaurCa, xolo aRsrulebuli saidumlo mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi zegardamo mzrunvelobis ueWvel dadasturebad aRibeWda.isini miiCnevdnen, rom nebismier viTarebasa da droSi igive gameordeboda. zmanebiTi keTildReobiT vnebamoreul sazogadoebas winaswarmetyveli ieremia umkacresi mamxilebeli si-tyvebiT mimarTavda: „nu xarT dandobilni cru sityve-bze, rom amboben: uflis taZaria, uflis taZaria, uflis taZaria es! magram Tu gamoasworebT Tqvens gzebsa da Tqvens moqmedebebs, Tu iqmT samarTals kacsa da mis moyvass Soris, mwirs, obolsa da qvrivs ar daCagravT da udanaSaulo sisxls ar daRvriT am adgilze, da Tu sxva RmerTebs ar gamoedevnebiT Tqvens saubedurod, ma-Sin dagasaxlebT am adgilze, qveyanaSi, romelic me mi-veci Tqvens mamebs ukuniTi ukunisamde“ (ier. 7. 4-7).

msgavsi viTareba rig SemTxvevaSi arc axali aRTq-mis eklesiisTvisaa ucxo ram. wminda giorgi mTawmind-elis cxovrebis aRmweri erTgan borotisagan cduneb-uli mRvdelmTavris Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, romelsac, erTi SexedviT, keTili saqme, – eklesiebis gamSveneba da Zvirfasi SesawiravebiT Semkoba, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg monastrebSi misi moxseniebis mizniT safasis dagroveba, – vnebad hqonda qceuli: „rameTu iyo vinme episkoposi, mdidari friad da warCinebuli, romelsa-igi marjul hbrZoda eSmaki, raTa simdidriTa safaseTa TvisTaTa eklesiani Seamkvnes da ganaSvennes da raTa monasterTa Sina aRapi daidvas. da amiT mizeziTa scvi-da simdidresa Tvissa, xolo glaxakTa yovladve ara mixedvida“. aTonis mTidan saqarTveloSi stumrad Camo-suli moRvawis saTnoebaTa mxilveli ierarqi „daemowa-fa wmidasa amas bersa da ganucxada Tvisi gulissityva“. suliwmidis madliT gabrwyinebuli mTawmindeli moZR-vari SemkiTxvels saRvTo-macxovnebel swavlebas miage-

2 Sdr. „gavida uflis angelozi da musri gaavlo aSuris banakSi a soTx-mocdaxuTi aTas kacs“ (es. 37.36)


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bebs: „hoi meufeo, ege brZola borotisa mterisa ars, raTamca eklesiaTa da aRapTa mizeziTa glaxakTa uwya-loebasa Sina mogkla. rameTu ara Tu getyvis RmerTi, viTarmed – eklesiani ara SeamkveniTo, aramed, rameTu: mSioda da ara meciT me Wamadi, viTarca ityvis iovane oqropiri“3.

warmodgenili bibliuri Tu hagigrafiuli cnobebis fonze, sadac orive SemTxvevaSi WeSmariti sarwmunoebis wiaRSi damkvidrebul adamianebzea saubari, sayuradRe-boa igive bibliuri uwyeba iona winaswarmetyvelis Ses-axeb (Zv. w. aR.-is IX-VIII ss.), romelic RvTis ganCinebiT saqadageblad ninevSi miemarTeba. wminda kirile ale-qsandrielis TqmiT, asureTis dedaqalaqi warmarTul ukeTurebaTa morevSi STafluliyo da sakuTar TavSi yvela saxis codvas Semoikrebda, Tumca ionas xanmokle moRvaweoba sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom mTel mosaxleo-bas, didian-patarianad, Seenana. ganmmarteblebi RvTi-sagan gaucxoebul warmarTebs saxarebiseul monanul Zes adareben, romelmac miuxedavad mamiseuli xmobis Tavda-pirveli uaryofisa, mogvianebiT Seinana da miTiTebuli saqme aRasrula, xolo meore Ze, romelSic marTali sarwmunoebis mqone sazogadoeba moiazreba, erTi Sexed-viT, mzadaa, nebismier dros damorCildes Semoqmedis survils, sinamdvileSi ki mTeli arsebiT upirispirdeba mas da ararad miiCnevs (Sdr. mT. 21. 28-32).

moxmobili magaliTebi, vfiqrobT, erT mniSvnelo-van sakiTxze migvTiTebs: individma Tu sazogadoebam arasodes unda dakargos movlenaTa gonieri Sefasebis unari, ar unda ifiqros, rom radgan is WeSmaritebas-Tanaa wilnayari, araferi SeeSleba da yovelive Ta-visTavad warimarTeba sasikeTod. aseTi Tavdajerebu-lobiT Sedioda taZarSi sakuTari „keTili saqmeebiT“ aRfrTovanebuli cnobili saxarebiseuli fariseveli da kadnierebiT yovel adamianze win ayenebda Tavs. Tum-

3 qarTuli mwerloba, tomi 2; Tbilisi, 1987, giorgi mcire, giorgi mTaw-mindelis cxovreba; gv. 115-116


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ca realoba gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda da „es (mezvere, i. o.) ufro gamarTlebuli wavida Sin, vidre igi (fariseve-li, i. o.), vinaidan yvela, vinc Tavs aimaRlebs, damdabl-deba, da vinc Tavs daimdablebs, amaRldeba“ (lk. 18. 14). meoTxe saukuneSi moRvawe kapadokieli wmindani basili didi brZanebs: „marTlac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze Zneli saqme sakuTari Tavis Secnobaa, radganac ara mxolod Tvals ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis danaxva da mxolod imas xedavs, rac mis garSemoa, aramed Cveni gonebac, ro-melic ase gamWriaxia sxvisi codvebis danaxvisas, sakuTar naklulevanebaTa SecnobaSi nelia da mZime“4. miuxeda-vad sirTulisa, jansaRi TviTkritika (anTu sxvaTagan gamoTqmuli samarTliani SeniSvnebi) movlenaTa swori Sefasebis sawindaria (rasac mezveris magaliTi cxady-ofs), xolo sakiTxis marTebulad gansja nebismieri saq-mis RvTivsaTnod aRsrulebis safuZvelia.

aqve kidev erTi, Soreul warsulSi aRmocenebuli da Tanamedrove yofaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli gauku-RmarTebis Sesaxeb visaubrebT, rasac mkiTxaoba da cru-morwmuneoba hqvia. xSirad Sexvdebi adamians, romelsac sakuTari momavlis Setyoba didad swadia da am survil-iT aRZruli, arafers erideba, iqneba es yavaSi Caxedva, vinme cnobil mkiTxavTan stumroba da kidev vin moTv-lis, ramdeni ram. yvelaze samwuxaro isaa, rom amgvarad ganmsjeli adamianebi eklesiis wiaRSic mravlad arian. mocemul SemTxvevaSic arqaulis ganaxlebul saxesTan gvaqvs saqme. yvelasTvis kargadaa cnobili Zveli saber-ZneTis delfos samisno, sadac samfexaSi mjdomi misani qurumi qali piTia mraval stumrad Casul elinsa Tu bar-baross „RmerTis nebas“ ucxadebda. istorikosebis cno-biT, Zvel babilonSi xSirad misnobis sam formas mimar-Tavdnen: 1. isrebis Serxeva; 2. SekiTxva Terafimebisadmi; 3. RviZlze mkiTxaoba (e.w. heparoskopia). wminda weri-lidan vigebT, rom msgavsi saxis msaxureba iudevelTa

4 wminda basili didi, homiliebi eqvsi dRisaTvis; Zveli berZnulidan Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo gvanca koplataZem; Tbilisi, 2006 w.; gv. 129


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Sorisac iyo gavrcelebuli. israelis samefoSi moRvawe winaswarmetyveli osia rCeuli eris warmomadgenlebs Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavda: „Cemi eri xeze mkiTxaobs da misi toti ucxadebs mas“ (osia. 4. 12). wminda kirile aleqsandrielis cnobiT, misnoba xis totebis gamoy-enebiT (e.w. ravdomantia) sakmaod gavrcelebuli movle-na iyo elinTa Soris. misi saSualebiT samoqmedo gegmis gansazRvras cdilobdnen, rac mogvianebiT rCeulma er-mac SeiTvisa.

warmodgenili uwyebis dRevandel fonze ganxilvi-sas aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove adamiani momavlis gagebis mizniT xesa da totze mkiTxaobas sibriyved CaTvlis, Tumca Tavad iseT xerxebs mimarTavs, rom civilizacias ziarebuli mavanis pativmoyvareoba ar Seilaxos (gana usulo xisadmi SemkiTxveloba sakadrisia?!), rac arsebi-Tad arafriT sxvaobs Zvelisgan.

zemoTxsenebuli kesarieli Teologi basili didi esaias wignis komentirebisas erTgan crumorwmuneobis Sesaxeb saubrobs, rasac aqtualuroba ocdameerTe sauku-neSic ar daukargavs, da garkveulwilad Cvens zemoTwar-modgenil msjelobas exmianeba. kapadokieli moZRvari Semdeg bibliur citatas ganmartavs: „magram Sen miatove Seni xalxi“ (es. 2. 6), da brZanebs: „yvelaze mZime sasjeli RvTisagan mitovebulobaa. Tu ratom dautevebs mavans xeli RvTisa, amas Semdegi sityvebi cxadyofs: „radgan gaivsnen aRmosavleTidan da misnoben filistimelTa da ucxotomelTa msgavsad“ (es. 2. 6). xedav, rogori uk-eTurebaa mkiTxaoba? igi RvTis mzrunvelobis miRma ayenebs masze mindobils. bevr qristians ki miaCnia, rom uboroto saqmea misi yurisgdeba, niSnebis Semokreba da am niSnebis ganmmartebelTa mosmena. Tuki vinmem sityvis warmoTqmisas daacemina, ase ityvian: amasac aqvs mniSvn-eloba. viRacam uknidan saxeliT mommarTa, gamosvlisas fexi damicurda, tansacmeli gamoedo raimes – miaCniaT, rom yovelive es dabrkolebaa. didad cnobili adami-anebic ki, romlebic msajuls zecidan moelian, civsisx-


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lianad STaekveTebian am ukeTur codvaSi. magram ismine: ukugdebulia xalxi, vinc amgvarad moqmedebs. jer kidev uZvelesi droidan, moses rjulis Tanaxmad, jadoqroba, misnoba, Semlocveloba, frinvelTmkiTxoba uaryo-filia, viTarca demonis Semoqmedeba5. Citi, romelmac araferi uwyis Tvalwin arsebuli safrTxis Sesaxeb, nuTu Sen momavals gatyobinebs? budidan bartyebisTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad amofrenili, igi xSirad ukan carieli brundeba, SenTvis ki utyuari winaremauwyebeli gamxdara da misi amao moZraoba momavlis ganmcxade-blad qceula! rodesac demonis qmedebiT Citebi Seni ga-briyvebisTvis dafrinaven, nu dajdebi da pirdaRebuli ar umziro demonur sanaxaobas, eSmakis gavlenis qveS nu aRmoCndebi, radgan Tuki man erTgzis Seipyro suli, da-RupvisTvis advilad wartacebuli, araTu xelidan gauS-vebs mas, aramed yovel borot saqmeSi gamoiyenebs. aseve yvavis Cxavili da zecaSi mimomfreni arwivi SiSs aRZ-ravs crumorwmune gulebSi. mteri im donemde amasxrebs adamians, rom Tu kata Semoxvdeba, ZaRli gamoxedavs, an diliT adamiani Semoegebeba, Tundac keTilganwyobili, magram dazianebuli marjvena TvaliT an barZayiT, is my-isve ganze gadgeba, Setrialdeba da araerTxel daxuWavs Tvalebs. gana aris rame amisTana cxovrebaze ubadruki – yvelafrisadmi eWvianoba, yoveliveSi winaaRmdegobis danaxva, maSin rodesac misi suli yvelaferma zecad unda aRamaRlos? rodesac caSi mimomfren Citebs ixilav, nu daakvirdebi, frTebiT Cvens Tavs zemoT wres Semo-sazRvraven Tu ara, an Cvenken moemarTebian, anTu ukni-dan gviaxlovdebian, anac gzas gaswvriv gvikveTaven. es dauteve da Semoqmedis sibrZniTa da gangebulebiT gank-virdi, Tu rogor axerxebs simZimis mqone arseba zecaSi navards; haeris faqizi buneba rogor qcevia frTebs et-lad; gaSlili frTebiT ragvarad mimocuraven haerSi, xolo kudiT, viTarca saWiT, frenisas mimarTulebas

5 ix. lev. 19.26; II rj. 18. 12-14


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gansazRvraven“6.meoce saukuneSi moRvawe wmindanad Seracxili

mRvdelmTavari – nikoloz serbi erT-erTi diakvnisad-mi miweril werilSi crurwmenasa da uRmerTobas erT mTlian movlenad ganixilavs da ase exmianeba: „Sen Sex-vdi adamians, romelsac RmerTi ar swams, magram aRsav-sea crurwmeniT. igi gamogityda, rom arasodes swamda RmerTis, bavSvobidanve uwvdida xelisguls samkiTxaod boSebs da axlac imaves agrZelebs. SesaZlebelia, amt-kicebs imas, rom misma mkiTxavma ufro meti icis, vidre „yvela mecnierebaTa akademiam“ erTad aRebulma. amas-Tanave gaTvalvis eSinia da quCaSi Tavdaxrili dadis. samSabaTs Sav dRed Tvlis: am dRes arafers akeTebs da saxlidan ar gamodis. ricxv „13-s“, rogorc cecxls, ise gaurbis. erTxel viRacam mis magidaze xumrobiT „13“ dawera, xolo man xumaras skami mouqnia. TviTon igi ki ganaTlebuli da uzrunvelyofili adamiania. maS raRa gakvirvebs, Zvirfaso diakvano? is, rom uRmerToba da crumorwmuneoba xelixelCakidebulni midian? aseTi arabunebrioba bunebrivia. erTica da meorec – sicruea. erTsac da meoresac igi Sobs, visac yvelaze WeSmaritma bageebma sicruis mama uwodes. WeSmariteba mudam erTi da igivea, xolo sicrue ki qameleonis msgavsia, ferebs rom icvlis. uRmerTobisa da crurwmenis megobrobaSi ara-nairi paradoqsi arsebobs, tyuilad fiqrob ase: isini erTmaneTs avseben, suraTisa da CarCos msgavsad. yovel-gvari uRmerToeba crurwmenis CarCoSi zis da erTi si-crue mudmivad stumrobs meores.

rodesac mefe sauli eurCa RmerTsa da uflis winas-warmetyvel samoels, igi aendorSi mkiTxavTan gaeSura, raTa misTvis rCeva ekiTxa (Sdr. 1 mef. 28). safrangeTis mefe filipe egaleli ori ramiT trabaxobda – uRmer-TobiTa da yavis naleqze mkiTxaobis xelovnebiT. gana Sen wminda werilSi ar wagikiTxavs, rogor SeTanxmda

6 Святитель Василий Великий. Толкование на книгу пророка Исаии; ix. internetsaiti – www.wco.ru/biblio/books/vasilv5/main.htm


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ori matyuara, pilate da herode, manamde, vidre qristes sikvdils miusjidnen? „da iqmnnes megobar pilate da herode urTierTas mas dResa Sina, rameTu pirvel mter iyvnes igini“ (mT. 23. 12), axlac xSirad erTiandeba ori sicrue, roca maT WeSmaritebis winaaRmdeg uwevT brZo-la. gaixsene uRmerTo ebraelTa crumorwmuneoba, roca isini nebismier fasad cdilobdnen qristes mokvdinebas! „da moiyvanes iesu kaiafaisiT taZrad. da iyo ganTiad. da igini ara Sevides taZrad, raiTa ara Seiginnen, aramed raiTa Wamon paseqi“ (in. 18. 28). rameTu maTi dResaswauli idga. igi, vinc rwmenas ganudga, crurwmenis talRebSi CaixrCo, magram ver xvdebian ubedurni, rom, WeSmariti RmerTisagan gandgomiT, sakuTari Tavi mTlianad xelSi Caugdes mis maradiul mowinaaRmdeges, im idumal maZa-gebels, romelsac kacTa modgmis mteri, sicrue da si-cruis mama ewoda (Sdr. in. 8. 44)“7.

dRevandelobaSi aranakleb aqtualuri Temaa astro-logia – zodiaqos niSnebis mixedviT adamianis bed-iRb-lis gansazRvra, rasac didad uwyobs xels presa, radio Tu televizia. xSirad yofila SemTxveva, rodesac axlo-bel-naTesavebTan raime piradul sakiTxze msjelobisas, mosaubre, romelsac surs, gaarkvios Sengan mosmenili mdgomareobis arsi, mTeli seriozulobiT SegekiTxeba, Tu ra xar zodiaqos mixedviT, da elodeba pasuxs, rom Semdeg Sesabamisi daskvnebi gamoitanos (erTi sityviT, am viTarebaSi aRmoCenisas xvdebi, rom Seni cxovreba zeca-zea damokidebuli, magram ara RmerTze, aramed romeli-Rac planetasa da mosaubris gonebamaxvilobaze, Tu ra gamosavals SemogTavazebs mcireoden dafiqrebis Sem-deg). upirveles yovlisa, SevniSnavT, rom eklesia ara-sodes uaryofda xsenebul niSnebs. amas sveticxovlis taZris samxreT kedelze gamosaxuli freskac cxadyofs. zodiaqo – esaa ekliptikis gaswvriv ganlagebuli Tor-meti Tanavarskvlavedis (verZi, marCbivi, kuro, kirCxibi,

7 misioneruli werilebi; wm. nikoloz serbi (velimiroviCi), Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 219-220


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lomi, qalwuli, saswori, Rriankali, mSvildosani, Txis rqa, merwyuli, Tevzebi) Semomkrebi saxeli. Tavad ter-mini berZnuli warmomavlobisaa – ζῳδιακός da iTargm-neba rogorc „cxoveluri“. igi sakuTar TavSi kidev erTi berZnuli sityvis Sinaarss moicavs – ζωδion, rac „gamo-saxulebas“, „cxovelis moxazulobas“ niSnavs. radgan TanavarskvlavTa umetosobas cxovelTa saxelebi gane-kuTvna, yvela maTganis gamaerTianebel terminad, Sesa-bamisad, zodiaqo (berZ. ζῳδιακός) iqca.

ciuri mnaTobebisadmi gaukuRmarTebuli damokideb-ulebis Sesaxeb cnobebs rCeuli eris cxovrebaSic vxvdeb-iT. iudeidan israelis samefoSi saqadageblad Casuli winaswarmetyveli amosi uflis saxeliT ase mimarTavda msmenelebs: „gana mogqondaT CemTan msxverpli da ZR-veni ormoci wlis manZilze udabnoSi, israelis saxlo? daatarebdiT Tqveni moloqis da qiunis karavs, Tqvens kerpebs, Tqveni RmerTebis varskvlavs, Tqvensave na-keTebs. amitomac damaskos iqiT gadagasaxlebT, ambobs ufali, cabaoT RmerTia misi saxeli“ (amos. 5. 25-27). ne-tari ieronime moxmobili bibliuri citatis ganmartebi-sas SeniSnavs: winamdebare adgili gvatyobinebs, rom msxverpli da ZRveni, rasac iudevelni udabnoSi or-mocwliani mogzaurobisas aRavlendnen, ekuTvnoda ara RmerTs, aramed moloqs, romlis karavsac isini daatarebdnen. Tu rogori gamosaxuleba hqonda aRniS-nul kerps, amas Semdegi sityvebi cxadyofs: „Tqveni Rmer-Tebis varskvlavs“. xazgasmuli sityvis adgilze bibliis ebraul teqstSi gvxvdeba termini cochab, rac lucifers, anu dilis varskvlavs niSnavs8.

amjeradac araerTgzis xsenebuli wmindanis – basili didis moZRvrebas moviSveliebT. kapadokieli RvTism-etyveli, Sesaqmis eqvsi dRis komentirebisas, aRniSnul sakiTxs, varskvlavTmkiTxaobas, Zirfesvianad ganaq-iqebs, risi damowmebac mocemul SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT,

8 Блаженный ИЕРОНИМ СТРИДОНСКИЙ, ТОЛКОВАНИЕ НА КНИГУ ПРОРОКА АМОСА, Опубликовано: Творения. Ч. 13. Киев, 1896, с. 106


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saSuri saqmea: „magram maT, romelTac zomierebis saz-Rvrebi gadalaxes, moses sityvebi Sobis dReTa Sesaxeb mecnierebis dasacavad moixmes da amboben, rom Cveni cxovreba ciur sxeulTa moZraobebzea damokidebuli. amitomac hgoniaT qaldevelebs, rom varskvlavebi migvaniSneben imaze, rac unda SegvemTxves. wminda weril-is martiv sityvaSi: „iyvned saswaulebad“ maT ara haeris cvlileba da JamTa mimoqceva, aramed cxovrebiseuli xvedri gulisxmayves, da ras amboben? rom Sobis ama Tu im saxes zodiaqos varskvlavebTan amoZravebuli var-skvlavebis SeerTeba gansazRvravs, roca isini erTma-neTTan Sexvedris Sedegad raRac garkveul saxes qmnian, xolo sxvagvarad ganlagebiT sapirispiro cxovrebi-seul xvedrs iwveven. SesaZloa, usargeblo ar iyos, Tu am sakiTxze msjelobas meti sicxadisaTvis cota zemodan daviwyeb. magram vityvi ara raimes Cems sakuTars, aramed maTi mxilebisaTvis maTive sityvebiT visargebleb, raTa isini, romelnic ukve Cavardnilni arian sacdurSi, ram-denadme ganvkurno, xolo danarCenebi davicva, raTa maT msgavsad ar daecnen.

Sobis dReTa Sesaxeb am mecnierebis gamomgone-blebma Seicnes ra, rom vrceli drois manZilze mra-vali saxe usxltebodaT, drois sazomis sazRvrebi, rac SeiZleboda, daaviwroves, radganac yvelaze mciresa da umokles droSi, anu rogorc mociquli ambobs: „mey-sa Sina wamsa Tualisasa“ (1 kor. 15. 52), sxvaoba Sobidan Sobamde metad didia. am wamSi rom qalaqTa mflobeli, xalxTa mTavari, friad mdidari da Zalauflebis mqone ibadeba, meore wamSi dabadebuli Ratakia da mowyalebis mTxovneli, karidan karze moxetiale dRiuri sazr-dos mosapoveblad. amitomac zodiaqod wodebuli wre Tormet nawilad gayves, ramdenadac mze e.w. uZravi sfer-os meTormeted nawils ocdaaTi dRis manZilze gadis, TiToeuli meTormetedTagani ocdaaT nawilad, Semdeg yoveli aseTi nawili samoc, xolo TiToeuli mesamoce-di kidev samocad daanawevres.


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ganvixiloT axla dabadebulTa Sobani da vnaxoT, SeuZlia Tu ara vinmes, zedmiwevniT zustad miswvdes drois am danayofebs. raJams Cvili daibadeba, bebia qali daxedavs, vaJia igi Tu qali, xolo Semdeg daelo-deba tirils, rogorc niSans axalSobilis sicocxlisa da rogor fiqrob, am droisaTvis ramdeni mesamocedi Caiqrolebda? ai, ukve uTxra man qaldevels axladSo-bilis Sesaxeb. ramdeni umciresi nawili dasWirdeboda bebia qalis Txrobas, kidevac rom gamarTleboda mas da saqalebos gareT mdgomi vinme Jamis damdgeneli ep-ova? radgan mas, visac horoskopis Secnoba surs, zustad unda ecnobos Sobis dro, dRisa iqneba is Tu Ramisa da kidev ramdeni mesamocedi nawili gairbenda amasobaSi? aucileblad unda iqnes napovni Sobis ganmsazRvreli varskvlavi, kerZod, romelia igi ara mxolod erT meTormeted nawilSi, aramed meTormetedis romeliRac nawilis romeliRaca mesamocedSi, radac igi iyofa, ro-gorc vTqviT, raTa zustad iqnes napovni pirveli mesamo-cedidan moyolebuli romeliRaca mesamocedi.

amgvarad, maTi TqmiT, yoveli planetisaTvis aseTi umciresi da Seucnobeli dro unda iqnes gamoTvlili, raTa vipovnoT, ra mdgomareoba ekavaT maT uZrav var-skvlavebTan mimarTebaSi da Cvilis Sobis Jams rogori saxe Seadgines. ramdenadac am drois zustad dadgena SeuZlebelia, xolo misi erTi mcire nawilis Secvla meoreTi did cdomilebas qmnis, sasaciloni arian isini, romelnic am sinamdvileSi ararsebuli mecnierebisaT-vis iclian da kidev ufro isini, romelnic pirdaReb-ulni usmenen, TiTqos maTgan imis gageba SeeZloT, ra elodebaT. da rogoria daskvnebi? isini amboben: es TmaxuWuWa da TvalmSvenieri iqneba, radgan verZis dros daibada, da am cxovels ki aseTi Sesaxedaoba aqvso; did-sulovanic iqneba, ramdenadac verZi winamZRoliao; da kidev: xelgaSlilica da momgebelic, radganac es cxove-li umtkivneulod ganiyris ra matyls, bunebisagan kvlav advilad imosebao, xolo kuros dros naSobnio, – am-


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boben isini, – jafis damTmenni da msaxurni arian, iseve rogorc kuro, romelic uRlis qveSaa; morielis dros dabadebuli, msgavsad am cxovelisa, SfoTisTavia, xolo sasworis Jams Sobili ki – samarTliani, viTarca Cveni saswori.

da raRa unda iyos amaze sasacilo? verZi, romlisga-nac Sen adamianis dabadebis dros iReb, erTi meTormete-di nawilia zecisa, da masSi yofnisas mze gazafxulis niS-nebs exeba. aseve sasworica da kuroc, TiToeuli maTganic erTi meTormetedi nawilia zodiaqod wodebuli wrisa. ambob ra, rom ZiriTadi mizezebi kacobrivi cxovrebisa iqidanaa, CvenTan Sobil mZovarTagan adamianTa znes rogor axasiaTeb? ukeTu verZis dros Sobili guluxvia ara imitom, rom es Tviseba zecis am nawilma misca, aramed imitom, rom cxvaria bunebiT aseTi, ratom gvaSineb var-skvlavTa niSnebis ueWvelobiT da cdilob, dagvarwmuno mZovarTa bRaviliT? Tuki zecam xasiaTis amgvari Ta-viseburebani cxovelTagan isesxa, maSin igi, ramdenadac mizezebiT mZovarze yofila damokidebuli, TviTonac ucxo sawyisebs unda emorCilebodes. da Tu amis Tqma sa-saciloa, kidev ufro sasaciloa Zalisxmeva, damajere-bloba mianiWo swavlebas sagnebze, romelTac saerTo araferi aqvT. maTi amgvari brZnobani obobas qsels hgavs. Tu mas koRo, buzi an sxva amaTi msgavsi uZlurTa-gani mieaxleba, gaebmeba da damarcxdeba; maSin, roca, Tu romelime Zlieri cxoveli miuaxlovda, Tavs advilad gaaRwevs, sust ablabudas gaglejs da gaanadgurebs.

magram isini mxolod amaze rodi Cerdebian, aramed imis mizezebsac, risi arCevac yoveli Cvenganis xel-Taa, – me vlaparakob imaze, ras avirCevT, sikeTesa Tu borotebas, – zeciur sxeulebs miaweren. Tu, erTi mxriv, maTTvis pasuxis gacema sasaciloa, meore mxriv, ramde-nadac am cdomilebiT mravalni dasneuldnen, saWiroe-ba moiTxovs, rom dumili davarRvioT. upirvelesad es vkiTxoT maT: gana varskvlavebi saxes yoveldRe aTas-jer ar icvlian? radganac cdomilebad wodebulni mud-


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mivad moZraoben, Tu erTni swrafad xvdebian erTmaneTs, meoreni moqcevebs ufro nela aRasruleben, erTsa da imave droSi xSirad orive ixilveba, xSirad ki erTma-neTs faraven, xolo, Sobis Jams ki, rogorc isini ambo-ben, didi Zala aqvT, rom an keTilismyofel, an kidev borot varskvlavTa gverdiT gamoCndnen. xSirad, erTi umciresi nawilis Seucnoblobis gamo, ver ipoves ra dro, romelSic varskvlavi Tavis keTilismyofelobas daamowmebda, igi ukeTurTa Soris aRweres.

me iZulebuli var, rom maTive gamoTqmebiT visargeblo. amgvar msjelobaSi friad didia ugunureba, da kidev ufro didi uRmerToeba, radgan ukeTur varskv-lavebs TavianTi ukeTurobis mizezi Semoqmedze gadaaqvT. Tu isini bunebiT arian borotni, maSin dambadebeli borotebis Seqmneli yofila, xolo Tu boroteba ne-bayoflobiT airCies, maSin, jer erTi, isini nebis mqone cocxali arsebani yofilan, romelnic iZulebis gar-eSe, Tavisuflad moZraoben; meorec, mtkiceba amgvari sicruisa usuloTa Sesaxeb, namdvili sigiJea. Semdeg: ra didi ugunurebaa Tqma imisa, rom sikeTe da boroteba TiToeul varskvlavs wilad Rirsebisamebr ki ar xvda, aramed am adgilas igi keTilismyofeli iyo, xolo sxva adgilas boroti gaxda, radgan romeliRaca varskvla-vis qveS ixilveboda da kvlav; garkveuli mdgomareobi-dan ramdenadme gadaixara Tu ara, Tavisi boroteba my-isve daiviwya.

amis Sesaxeb sakmarisad iTqva. ukeTu drois yovel wams varskvlavTa urTierTganlageba erTi saxidan meo-reSi gadadis, da uricxvi Secvlisas dReSi xSirad iqm-neba imgvari saxe, romelic mefis dabadebas gviCvenebs, ratom yoveldRe ar ibadebian mefeni? da ratom ergebaT maT samefo mamisagan memkvdireobiT? ra Tqma unda, mefe-Tagan yoveli xom ar iazrebs Tavisi Svilis dabadebas gamomdinare varskvlavebis samefo ganlagebidan? da kacTagan vin SeiZleba iyos ufali amisa? rogor Sva osiam ioaTami, ioaTamma – aqazi da aqazma – ezekia ise, rom amaT-


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gan arcerTs ar daemTxva Jami monad dabadebisa? Semdeg: ukeTu borotsa da saTno saqmeebs Cvengan ki ar eZleva dasabami, aramed dabadebidanve aucileblobiT dagvyve-ba, zedmetni yofilan sjulismdebelni, romelTac gangvisazRvres, ra unda gavakeToT da ras unda gaveqceT, zedmetni yofilan msajulni, romelnic saTnoebas pa-tivs scemen, xolo ukeTurebas sjian; maSin brali aRarc qurds unda daedos da aRarc kacis mkvlels, radganac kidevac rom sdomeboda, ar SeeZlo daeWira Tavisi xeli, romelsac amis Cadenisaken aucilebloba aqezebda. da mainc, yvelaze amaod xelosnebi da miwadmoqmedni Svre-bian, romelTac Turme Tesvisa da mkis gareSec SeeZloT mieRoT uxvi mosavali. aseve vaWaric, miuxedavad imisa, moisurvebda igi amas Tu ara, gamdidrdeboda, radganac qonebas bedi Seukrebda. qristianTa didi sasoebac unda ganqardes, radgan iqidan gamomdinare, rom adamianebi sakuTari nebiT arafers akeTeben, aRarc samarTliano-bas miegeba pativi da aRarc codva ganisjeba; iq, sadac aucilebloba da bediswera mZlavrobs, adgili ara aqvs Rirsebis mixedviT migebas, rac upiratesad marTlmsa-julebis Tvisebas warmoadgens“9.

wminda basilim warmodgenili msjelobiT safuZ-velSive aRmofxvra farTod gavrcelebuli swavleba adamianis bedisweris ciur mnaTobTagan gansazRvrulo-bis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi, rac dagvrCenia, yuri davugdoT da mivendoT suliwmidis madliT ganbrZnobil moZR-vars, visac cxovrebis wesad RvTis cxoveli sityvis mor-Cileba gauxdia da uzenaesis saydris winaSe wardgomils, udidesi kadniereba aqvs misdami mvedrebelTa Sesaw-evnelad.

Zvelsa Tu axal epoqaSi arsebuli yvela religi-uri gaukuRmarTebis ganxilva mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cvens SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, magram gvsurs, maT warmom-Sob mizezebzec vTqvaT mciredi ram. bibliuri swavlebis Tanaxmad, saRvTo SesaqmeTa simravleSi mxolod ori

9 wminda basili didi, dasax. Sroma, gv. 83-87


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arseba gamoirCeva gonierebiT, rac moazrovneobis unar-SesaZleblobebs gulisxmobs. eseni angelozebi da adami-anebi arian. zeciur usxeulo ZalTa erTma nawilma mini-Webuli nebeloba borotad gamoiyena da ukeTurebisken miidrika, ris Sedegadac maTi buneba arsebiTad Seicva-la. saRvTo madlTan ganSorebis Sedegad dacemulma an-gelozebma sapirispiro Tvisebebi SeiZines, rac sami md-gomareobiT gadmoicema: siwmindis wil – uwmindureba; simarTlis wil – usamarTloba; sikeTis wil – borote-ba. odesRac RvTis madideblebma sakuTari Semoqmedi moiZules da daupirispirdnen mas. azrovnebis unari arc dacemis Semdeg daukargavT, magram Tuki uwin mxolod saTnoebas izraxavdnen, amieridan oden ukeTurebaa maTi mamoZravebeli Zala.

wminda werilSi naTqvamia, rom RvTis xatad da ms-gavsad Seiqmna adamiani. xatebaSi eklesiis mamebi ram-denime Tvisebas gamoyofen, erT-erTi maTgani swored moazrovneobaa, rasac movlenaTa ganmsjeli, azrebis Semomkrebi goneba warmarTavs. codviT dacemamde dauz-ianebeli cnobierebis mqone pirvelmSobelni yovelives marTebulad afasebdnen da Tavisufali nebelobiT Se-sabamisad moqmedebdnen. amis naTeli dasturia adamis mier cxovelTa yvela jiSisTvis Sesabamisi saxelebis SerCeva, rac TiToeuli utyvi arsebis bunebis ganWvretis Sedegia. msgavsi qmedeba gonebrivi simrTelis gareSe yovladSeuZlebeli iqneboda. magram akrZaluli xilis dagemovnebis Sedegad adamianurma bunebam RvTisagan uqmneli sapirispiro Tvisebebi SeiZina (ukvdaveba mokv-davobiT Seicvala; uvneboba – vnebianobiT; uxrwneleba – xrwnadobiT). moazrovneoba, marTalia, ar aRxoci-la, radgan igi bunebiTadaa STanergili, magram codvis Sedegebma Sesabamisi uaryofiTi zegavlena maszec iqonia da Tuki edemis baRSi myof pirvelmSoblebs naTeli gon-eba gaaCndaT, amieridan sinaTle bundovanebiT Seicva-la.

saeklesio swavlebis mixedviT, swored ganmsjelo-


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biTi unar-SesaZleblobebis dakninebas iyenebs dace-muli suli da adamianTan azrismier urTierTobaSi Semodis. igi sakuTar azrs pirovnebas daxvewili saxiT gadascems ise, rom misi Semwynarebeli adamiani, ar gaaC-nia ra ganmrCevelobis unari, mas, viTarca sakuTars, iRebs. amas dacemuli kacobrivi bunebidan momdinare gaukuRmarTebanic emateba, kerZod, uwinares maradis si-wmindis mzraxveli goneba, saRvTo mcnebis darRvevis Sedegad vnebianobas daqvemdebarebuli, sakuTar Tav-Sive Sobs dacemuli bunebis Sesabamis azrebs, romlebic pirovnebas erTgvar warmosaxviT, ararealur samyaros uyalibebs da mis tyveobaSi amyofebs. saboloo jamSi yovelive xsenebuli erTad iyris Tavs da adamiani, ms-gavsad ablabudis qselSi gabmuli mwerisa, garegan Tu Sinagan samyaroSi aRZruli qvedamzidveli zraxvebis tyveobaSi aRmoCenili, nebismier sisaZagles moimoq-medebs. kvlavac kapadokiel mRvdelmTavar basilis SeviwevT, romelic amgvarad gvmoZRvravs: „demonTa Sesaxeb, romlebic sxvadasxva codvas STagvagoneben, naTqvamia, rom rokaven isini. da rogorc mrokvelni sa-marcxvino sarbielze an erTi, anTu meore saxiT warmo-Cindebian, msgavsadve demonebi, nacvlad niRabisa, Cven gviyeneben da mrokvelni, xan mrisxaned, xanac avxor-cad, zogjer sxeulebriv tkbobas daqvemdebarebulebad, zogjerac matyuarebad gamogvaCenen. amitomac raJams ix-ilav, rom adamiani ganuzomel sicils miscemia, an mwux-arebiTaa SeZrwunebuli da Tvalcremliani, godebiTa da moTqmiT sakuTar Tavs itanjavs, daaskveni, rom ro-kavs masSi viRaca, vinc Tavad iRebs xan erT, xanac meo-re saxes. da Semoiyvaneba ukeTurmoqmedebiT vercxlis-moyvareoba, pativmoyvareoba Tu ampartavneba. yvela SemTxvevaSi adamianTa modgmas dascinis is, vinc ilxens da rokavs codvisadmi advilmsrbolelTa da advilad-midrekilTa sulebSi“10.

10 Святитель Василий Великий. Толкование на книгу пророка Исаии; ix. internetsaiti – www.wco.ru/biblio/books/vasilv5/main.htm


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apokriful literaturaSi Semonaxulia cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aResrula samyaroSi pirveli mkvl-eloba, kaenisagan sakuTari Zmis – abelis mokvdineba: abelze ganrisxebul kaens, romelmac ar icis, rogor daiokos Zmisadmi gulSi aRZruli siZulvili, radgan mocemul viTarebamde adamianebs Soris dapirispireba arasodes momxdara, Sesabamisad, arc moyvasis sisxli dauRvria vinmes da „gamocdileba“ kacTa kvlis saqmeSi aravis gaaCnia, samoqmedo gegmas halucinaciebiT demoni warmousaxavs da mkvlelobis yvela detals azrobrivad warmoudgens, rasac kaeni saqmed aqcevs. swored amgvari iluzoruli samyaros nayofia amqveynad dasabamidan dRevandelobamde Cenili borotmoqmedebani, radgan realobis miRma aRmoCenili adamiani, warmosaxvebiT datyvevebuli, borotebis xelSi saTamaSo iaraRad iqce-va da oden ukeTurebas aRasrulebs. petre mociqulis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kvlavac damaSvralobs, „viTarca mbrdRvinavi lomi“, pirvelmSobelTa damcemeli arqau-li gveli, da „eZebs, vin Caylapos“ (1 petr. 5. 9).

msjelobis dasasruls SevniSnavT, rom wminda wer-ilSi gadmocemuli movlenebi Tu eklesiis RvTivgan-brZnobil mamaTagan gamoTqmuli moZRvrebani SeuZle-belia, mxolod warsulis sakuTrebad, gardasrul dReTa aCrdilad miviCnioT, radgan maTSi amokiTxuli yvela uwyeba, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi movlenebiTurT, kacobriobis istoriaSi aqtualurobas arasodes da-kargavs da mravali saukunis uwinares sazogadoebis ga-jansaRebis, WeSmaritebisken ukugebis mizandasaxulobiT gacxadebuli gzebi cxovelmyofelobas vidre samyaros aRsasrulamde SeinarCunebs.



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ქართული თვითცნობიერება ისტორიულ რეტროსპექტივაში

eka kvaWantiraZe

ნ aciis TviTcnobierebis problema Tanamedrove dasavluri humanitaruli mecnierebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. qarTuli TviTcno-bierebis Seswavla, misi adgilis gansazRvra naciis msoflio tipologiaSi, misi istoriul retrospeqtiva-Si gaazreba Cveni qveynis TviTgansazRvris, TviTdamkvi-drebisa da TviTdadgenisaTvis metad saWiro sakiTxia. qarTuli eTnosis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva eTno-sis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis umTavres faqtors gareSe da Sinaur sxvebTan urTierToba warmoadgens. qarTvelTa naciad formirebis procesi or mniSvnelo-van eTnosTan: ebraelebTan da somxebTan mimarTebaSi mimdinareobda. som xeTSi erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis pirobebSi naciis mTavari makonsolidi-rebeli Zala eklesia iyo, somxurma eklesiam saxelm-wifos funqcia SeiTavsa, sarwmunoeba gaxda erovnuli


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kuTvnilebis orientiri. qarTuli istoriografiuli tradiciis mixedviT, qarTvelTa da somexTa eTnarqebi, haosi da qarTlosi, Zmebi arian, erTi bibliuri wina-pris, Targamosis, STamomavlebi. am eTnogenetikur kon-cefcias, vfiqrobT, is datvirTva hqonda, rom Suasauku-neebis kavkasiaSi dominant saxelmwifos _ saqarTvelos kavkasiis gamaerTianeblis roli unda ekisra, Tan umt-kivneulod Semosuliyo masSi somxuri erToba. somexTa sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebulobis ver daZlevis SemTx-vevaSic ki am Teoriis arsebobis fonze maTi integracia ufro gaadvildeboda. ebraelebma, RvTis rCeulma erma, romlis saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena mxolod XX sau-kuneSi moxerxda, msoflios masStabiT ganbneulobisa da gafantulobis miuxedavad, SeinarCuna naciadyofnis aucilebeli atributebi: istoriuli mexsiereba, sajaro kultura, TviTdasaxeleba da a. S. marTalia, maTi qar-Tul Cven-jgufSi Semoyvana ar momxdara, magram ganxor-cielda iudaur-qristianuli konsesusi, riTac sruliad unikaluria qarTuli erToba. swored am ori eris axlo garemocvaSi uxdeboda cxovreba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi am TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebul qarTul eT-noss. qarTuli beWduri da satelevizio mediidan xSir-ad ismis Cveni erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa Tu dabrunebis moTxovna, magram ar ismeba SekiTxva, Tu ra aris realurad Cveni erovnuli TviTmyofadoba? ra ZiriTadi markerebi gvaqvs qarTuli TviT cnobierebis dasadastureblad? ra aris Cveni eTnosisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli da sxvisagan ganmasxvavebeli Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi? ras niSnavs _ iyo qarTveli? swored am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Seecdeba Cveni statia qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis daxmarebiT.

qarTuli nacionaluri cnobierebis istoriul kon-teqstSi ganxilva qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi ba-zis pirvel xarisxovani Zeglis _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ kvaldakval warimarTeba. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ isto-riografiuli tradiciis gansazRvra mniSvnelovania

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rogorc misi ideur-stilisturi kuTvnilebis, ise qar-Tuli ideologiuri sayrdenebis warmoCenisaTvis. ami-tom Tavdapirvelad mokled am sakiTxsac SevexoT.

sayovelTaod cnobilia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi minaweri, romelic moTavsebulia wminda mowame mefis _ arCilis wamebis Semdgom da asrulebs Txzulebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils: `xolo wigni ese qarTvelTa cxorebisa vidre vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiTi-Jamad. xolo vaxtang mefisiTgan vidre aqamomde aRwera juanSer juanSerianman, Zmiswulis qmarman wmidisa arCi-lisman, naTesavman revisman, mirianis Zisaman. mieriT-gan SemdgomTa momavalTa naTesavTa aRweron, viTarca ixilon da winamdebareman Jamman uwyebad mosces gon-ebasa maTsa RmrTivganbrZnobilsa!~ moyvanili minaweri araerTi mkvlevris yuradRebis sagnad qceula. bevri sx-vadasxva Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli Txzulebis `aRmwer-is~ vinaobis Sesaxeb. arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Tu sakuTriv romeli nawili `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ unda mi-vakuTvnoT juanSeris kalams. mniSvnelovania am minawer-is gamoyeneba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Janruli klasifika-ciis mizniT. vfiqrobT, swored am TvalsazrisiT iZleva es minaweri Zalze sayuradRebo informacias.

maS rogori tipis saistorio Txzulebaa `qarTlis cxovrebis wigni~ am minaweris avtoris TvalsazrisiT? avtori gveubneba, rom is aRiwereboda `JamiTi-Jamad~. rogorc wesi, es sityvebi esmiT Semdegnairad: arsebobda sxvadasxva saistorio Txzulebebi, romlebic Semdgom erT saistorio Zeglad gaerTianda. magram, vfiqrobT, minaweri amas ar unda gulisxmobdes. avtori ambobs, rom TviTon `qarTlis cxovreba~ aRiwereboda `Jami-Ti-Jamad~, anu am Txzulebas warsulSi bevri aRmweri da gamgrZelebeli hyavda. misi ukanaskneli `aRmweri~ konkretuli pirovneba (juanSer juanSeriani) iyo, xolo amis Semdegac aseve unda gagrZeldes misi `JamiTi-Ja-mad~ aRwerao, anu minaweris avtors miaCnia, rom `qarT-lis cxovreba~ imgvari istoriuli Txzulebaa, romelic

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drodadro unda Seivsos. ase iyo uwin, asea axla da ase unda iyos Semdgomaco. vin unda aRweros es Txzuleba? juanSer juanSeriani revis `naTesavia~, anu samefo sagva-reulos warmomadgenelia. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ wera unda gaagrZelon `SemdgomTa momavalTa naTesavTa~. da rac Zalze sayuradReboa, _ ̀ viTarca ixilon~... amgvarad, minaweri cxadyofs, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ imgvari saistorio Janris Txzulebaa, romelic drodadro samefo saxlis wevrebis da masTan daaxloebuli pirebis mier aRiwereboda, xolo avtori movlenaTa TviTmx-ilveli unda yofiliyo. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani deta-li: rogor unda werdes avtori `qarTvelTa cxovrebis wigns?~ _ `RmrTiv ganbrZnobili~ gonebiT. ras niSnavs es gamonaTqvami? es unda niSnavdes, rom `qarTlis cxovre-bas~, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `kanonikur~ teqsts Zalze maRa-li avtoriteti aqvs. is miewodeba mkiTxvels, rogorc avtoritetuli versia, `RmrTivganbrZnobili~ gonebis Semoqmedeba. anu am minawerSi ori avtoriteti arsebobs: Tavad ufali, romelic ganabrZnobs avtoris gonebas, da avtoris statusi – samefo saxlisadmi kuTvnileba.

farnavazis mefobiT iwyeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ istoriuli nawili, romelSic kargad Cans winareqris-tianuli xanis qarTuli TviTcnobierebis ZiriTadi atributebi – saxelmwifoebrioba, ena da religia. ilia WavWavaZis mier qarTvelTaTvis Camoyalibebuli sami mTavari faseuloba – ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba xom am atributebis analogiaa gansxvavebul istoriul viTare-baSi. es sami niSnuli rCeba qarTuli identobis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebad mTeli misi istoriis manZilze, swored am markerebis mdgradobasa Tu cvlilebebs Seexeba sta-tia istoriul retrospeqtivaSi. aleqsandre makedone-li qarTlSi mmarTvelad tovebs mis mier sparselTa-gan ganTavisuflebuli arianqarTlis mefis Zes, azos, romelsac upirispirdeba mcxeTis mamasaxlisis Zmiswu-li farnavazi. am ori figuris dapirispirebaSi yali-bdeba mefobis instituti qarTul sazogadoebaSi. ale-

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qsandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis realuroba sadavodaa qceuli qarTul istoriografiaSi; SesaZloa, TviTon aleqsandrem ki ara, misma romelime sardalma ilaSqra CvenTan, qarTvelma avtorma ki misi popularo-bisa da prestiJulobis gamo miawera es aleqsandres, Tumca amjerad CvenTvis es ar aris saintereso. ixila ra saSinel warmarTobaSi Cavardili qarTvelebi, aleqsan-drem ubrZana azos, `raTa pativscemden mzesa da mTova-resa da varskulavTa xuTTa, da hmsaxurebden RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa~. magram ra gaakeTa azom? is wavida arian qarTlSi da moitana iqidan ori kerpi – gaci da gaimi da qarTvelebs misi Tayvaniscema ubrZana. man agreTve moiyvana arian qarTlidan rva saxli mamamZuZeTa da isini upirveles moqalaqeebad aq-cia qarTuli elitis Seviwroebis xarjze. azo ar miiRo qarTulma sazogadoebam da gandevna igi. amis mizezi misi ucxoeloba ar unda yofiliyo, rogorc amas zo-gierTi istorikosi miiCnevs, jer erTi, sakamaToa misi ucxoelobac, radgan arianqarTli qarTveluri qveya-naa, oRond sparseTis iurisdiqciaSi myofi da meore, is ar iqna Sewynarebuli mxolod da mxolod sazoga-doebis mxridan masTan erTobis gancdis ararsebobis gamo. amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom azom miiRo qarTvelTa TviTcnobierebis ori maxasiaTebeli – religia da sax-elmwifoebrioba, am SemTxvevaSi, naTesaoba. mamasaxli-sis gandevniT da rva monaTesave gvaris CamoyvaniT azom gaauqma qarTlSi arsebuli mmarTveli instituti, gamo-acxada arianqarTlelebi privilegirebulebad, mcx-eTis mosaxleobas iaraRi ahyara, mxolod mamamZuZeebs mianiWa iaraRis tarebis ufleba, xolo rodesac pirve-lad gaemarTa kerpebis saTayvaneblad, marto isini iaxla. qarTlSi, cxadia, iqneboda warmarTuli kerpebi, magram azom ar isurva maTi Tayvaniscema da axali ker-pebi SemoiRo. amiT man is ori tradiciuli faseuloba – mamaTa rjuli da naTesaoba – daarRvia, romelsac qa-rTveli sazogadoeba gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda.


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amas misi gandevna mohyva.azosagan gansxvavebiT, farnavazi sruliad misaRe-

bia qarTuli erTobisaTvis. is amarcxebs azos, magram ara damoukideblad, aramed krebulTan erTad, romelic misi mxardamWeria. Tavdapirvelad farnavazi poulobs ganZs, ganZis povna metad mniSvnelovani momentia, Rv-TivrCeulobis gamoxatulebaa, anu miRmieri samyarodan dasturia imisa, rom is teritoria ganZis mpovnels ekuT-vnis. sayuradReboa farnavazis sizmari: farnavazi Sedis bnel saxlSi, sadac ver ignebs gzas, am dros oTaxSi Semo-dis mzis sxivi, ganaTdeba da Camodis TviT mze, romelsac is cvars mohbans da Semdeg saxes moibans am cvriT. far-navazi mziscvarcxebuli, anu RvTis rCeulia. man dainaxa sizmris mistika ganZis povnaSi, pirvelad sizmarma mian-iSna, rom mas didi misia ekisreboda amqveynad da dai-wyo mizanmimarTulad moqmedeba. is Camodis mcxeTaSi; mas yvelaferi aqvs imisTvis, raTa gaxdes mefe; far-navazi azos imiT amarcxebs, rom is ganZis mflobelia da teritoria misia; is aRadgens mamasaxlisobas, anu qa-rTvelTa Zvel saxelmwifo wyobas; aRadgens azos mier mcxeTelebis Selaxul uflebebs; ar uaryofs azos ker-pebs; maT Soris albaT arc qarTvelTa Zvel kerpebsac, Tumca mas Semoaqvs axali armazis kerpi, romelic mis sax-elTan – farnavazTan asocirdeba. is aris RvTisrCeuli da xalxis rCeuli, radgan pasuxobs da icavs qarTuli TviTcnobierebis or niSnuls _ saxelmwifoebriobas (naTesaobas) da rjuls. farnavazi ukavSirdeba egrisis mmarTvel qujis da masTan erTad amarcxebs azos. es mo-menti metad sayuradReboa qarTuli TviTcnobierebis gagebisaTvis, roca saxelmwifoebrivad azrovnebs ara marto farnavazi, romelsac gaazrebuli aqvs saqarT-velos saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis momwifebuli da gamarTlebuli procesi, aramed qujic. es kargad Cans mis mimarTvaSi farnavazisadmi: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, da Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... ukeTu mo-gueces Zleva, Sen xar ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni~.


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qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisSi ukve arsebobs erTsulovnebis Segneba. msgavsi momenti kidev fiqsird-eba saqarTvelos istoriaSi, roca afxazeTis mTavari leoni Tavis samefos qarTlis erismTavrebs gadascems. amaze qvemoT gveqneba saubari. mesame da mTavari, rac gaa-keTa farnavazma, aris is, rom `ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qar-Tulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobrobai qarTuli~. im enaTa Soris, romelic `izraxeboda~ qarTlSi, qarTulma enam kuTvnili, wamyvani adgili daikava, erTian monarqiasa da religiur rwmenaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo sab-olood Sekra qarTulma enam. amrigad, farnavazma miiRo qarTuli erTobis cnobierebis samive markeri _ saxelm-wifoebrioba, religia da qarTuli ena.

saintereso sakiTxia, Tu vin iyo qarTuli TviTc-nobierebis am maxasiaTeblebis gamziarebeli, mTeli sazogadoeba Tu mxolod elita, rogorc es dasavleT-Sia? zogadad, rogori iyo es sazogadoeba? qarTul wyaroebSi metad mwiri informaciaa amis Sesaxeb. `qa-rTlis cxovrebaSi~ dasaxelebuli arian `mkvidrni qarTlisani~. eseni arian Tavisufali meTemeebi, anu miwismflobelebi da meomrebi. SevadaroT es fena dasavlur _ berZnuli da romauli samyaros socialur fenebs. misi Sesatyvisi antikur polisSi aris moqalaqe. vin SeiZleba yofiliyo saberZneTis moqalaqe? imisT-vis, rom aTeneli moqalaqe yofiliyavi, ori piroba unda dagekmayofilebina: pirveli berZnul eTnikur warmomavlobas gulisxmobda, meore ki qonebis flobas moiTxovda, romelic Tavisuflebis tolfasi iyo. ro-gori viTarebaa am mxriv, qarTlSi? qarTlis mkvidrs miwa unda hqonoda mflobelobaSi da monawileoba unda mieRo samxedro samsaxursa da religiur ritualebSi. am samive pirobis Sesruleba aucilebeli iyo. saintereso jgufebia elini da barbarosi. vin iyo saberZneTSi eli-ni da vin iyo barbarosi? elini iyo eTnikurad berZeni, barbarosi ki _ ucxoeli, anu barbarosi verasdros gax-


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deboda berZnuli identobis wevri. sxvagvari viTarebaa qarTlSi, sadac qarTuli erTobis wevri SeiZleba gax-des ucxoeli, Tu is eTnikuri TviTcnobierebis yvela niSnuls miiRebs da piriqiT, qarTulma sazogadoebam SeiZleba gariyos eTnikurad qarTveli, Tu igi arRvevs am maxasiaTeblebs. amis magaliTia sparseli ufliswu-li, qarTlis pirveli qristiani mefe miriani da eT-nikurad qarTveli mefe farnajomi, romelmac daar-Rvia religiuri niSnuli (armazis alternativa zadenis kulti Semoitana), risTvisac gandevna igi religiuri niSniT SekavSirebulma qarTulma sazogadoebam. rogo-ri viTarebaa romSi? respublikur romSi ori ZiriTadi socialuri fena arsebobda: patriciebi da plebeebi. patriciebi iyvnen warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi (anu elita), plebeebi, marTalia, Tavisuflebi iyvnen da miwas flobdnen, warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen. senatSi irCeodnen mxolod patriciebi, mi-wis ZiriTad nawils flobdnen isini, saxalxo krebaSi didi raodenobiT iyvnen patriciebi, aseve sasamarTlos mTlianad warmarTavdnen isini. iwyeba plebeebis br-Zola uflebebisaTvis. isini uars amboben laSqrobaSi monawileobaze, Sedegad maT patriciebisgan garkveuli daTmobebi miiRes, ramac SemdgomSi permanentuli xa-siaTi miiRo. cnobilia Zmebis, tiberius da gaius grakx-usebis, reformebi, rac plebeebisaTvis miwis mflob-elobis sakuTrebis mopovebiTa da samxedro samsaxuris gaTanabrebiT damTavrda. brZola dasrulda imiT, rom plebeebi da patriciebi uflebrivad gauTanabrdnen erTmaneTs. amgvarad, ikveTeba saerTo niSnebi qarTuli da dasavluri moqalaqeobisaTvis: miwis memkvidreobiT floba, samxedro samsaxuri da religiur kultSi monaw-ileoba. aRniSnuli niSnebiT qarTuli identoba am peri-odis dasavlur identobasTan msgavsebas avlens.

qarTuli TviTcnobierebis Semdegi etapi qveynis qristianizacias ukavSirdeba. is saqarTvelos civili-zaciuri arCevania.. saqarTvelos gaqristianeba mcx-


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eTaSi elioz mcxeTelisa da longinoz karsnelis mier uflis kvarTis CamobrZanebiT iwyeba, xolo Semdeg si-mon kananelisa da andria pirvelwodebulis qadagebiT grZeldeba. saxelmwifoebriv dakanonebas qristianoba saqarTveloSi mirian mefis dros aRwevs. qarTuli wy-aroebis mixedviT, miriani sparsi ufliswulia, sparse-Tis mefis, qasres, Ze, romelmac `Seiyuarna qarTvelni, da daiviwya ena sparsuli da iswava ena qarTuli, da hma-ta Semkoba kerpTa da bomonTa, keTilad ipyrna qurumni kerpTani, da yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa umetes aRas-rulebda msaxurebasa mas kerpTasa, da Seamko saflavi farnavazisi. xolo ese yoveli qarTvelTa saTnoebisaT-vis qmna, da keTilad ipyrna qarTvelni niWiTa da yov-liTa didebiTa da Seiyuares igi yovelTa qarTvelTa umetes yovelTa mefeTasa~. mocemul fragmentSi dafiq-sirebulia qarTuli erTobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da mirianis mier maTi aRiarebis xarisxi. specialuradaa aRniSnuli misi sparselobac, rameTu am realobaSi qar-Tul sazogadoebasTan erTobis mosapoveblad am niS-nulebis gaziarebas ufro meti datvirTva eniWeba. miri-ani aRiarebs da icavs qarTuli TviTcnobierebis sam markers: qarTul enas, mefobas da religias. man daiviwya sparsuli da iswavla qarTuli; man aRiara samefo dinas-tiis wevroba, ris dasadasturebladac Seamko pirveli da qarTvelTaTvis metad faseuli mefis, farnavazianTa dinastiis damaarseblis, farnavazis saflavi; mirianma irwmuna qarTvelTa oficialuri religia – kerpTayva-nismcemloba, Tayvani sca maT kerpebs, Tanac iseTi mon-domebiT, rom mematiane Semdegs SeniSnavs: `yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa umetes~. yovelive amis gamo is mi-iRo qarTulma erTobam da gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli gamoucxada `umetes yovelTa mefeTasa~.

gaqristianebiT qarTuli TviTcnobierebis es sami niSnuli qristianuli saburveliT Seimosa. saqarT-veloSi qristianobis dafuZnebis bedi mefe mirianis arCevanma ganapiroba. TxoTis mTaze gansacdelSi Ca-


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vardnili mefis bnelSi xetialiT qarTvelma memati-anem simbolurad gamoxata warmarTobaSi myofi qvey-nis mdgomareoba. RmerTi daexmara mirians da mTel qarTvelobas, gaekeTebina erTaderTi swori arCevani, Tumca rTuli gaxda warmarTuli tradiciebis erTianad gadalaxva. nadirobidan miriani cocxali RmerTis rw-meniT Semosili dabrunda mcxeTaSi, iseve, rogorc far-navazma sizmris naxvisa da ganZis povnis Semdeg irwmuna uxilavis Zala da rigiT pirvel mefed moevlina mcxe-Tas. mirianis TvalTaTvis miniWebuli naTeli sulieri naTelmosilobis dasabamad iqca mTeli saqarTvelosT-vis. qristes rjulis miRebiT iwyeba qarTveli xalxis erovnuli misiis gansazRvra. qristianoba qarTvelTa maradiuli arCevani Seiqmna.

vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi qarTuli erTobis cno-bierebis kuTxiT mefobis koncepti da religiuri niS-nuli dominirebs. am periodis msoflio politikas ori mTavari faqtori gansazRvravs: sparselebi da berZnebi. swored am istoriul gzasayarsa da arCevanis zRvarze warimarTa gorgaslis mefoba. vaxtangis legitimuro-bas ramdenime momenti gansazRvravs. sainteresoa misi Sedareba daviT winaswarmetyvelTan im epizodSi, rode-sac 15 wlis vaxtangi Semoseuli osebis winaaRmdeg sa-brZolvelad midis. aq juanSeri svams SekiTxvas: rogor dabrundeba is am omidan? am brZolaze iqneba damokide-buli, Sedgeba Tu ara is, rogorc mefe, eqneba Tu ara mas taxtze yofnis ufleba? vaxtangis brZola daviT winas-warmetyvelis filistimelebTan dapirispirebasTanaa Sedarebuli. orive SemTxvevaSi RvTis SewevniT imar-jveben. vaxtangis mefoba daviT winaswarmetyvelis me-fobis analogia. es gamarjveba vaxtangis, rogorc mefis, legitimaciis erTi momentia. vaxtangis mefobis legi-timurobis mniSvnelovani safuZvelia, agreTve, sparsTa samefo dinastiasTan naTesaoba, anu mefe mirianis STa-momavloba, misi legitimaciis mesame ideaa bizantiis Teokratiis principebze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba.


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bizantiidan Camoyvanili qarTlis pirveli kaTalikosi petre arwmunebs vaxtangs, rom unda `megobar iyo keis-risa, viTarca dResamomde iyav sparsTa~, rom Tu mas surs, iyos RvTivkurTxeuli mefe, bizantiuri qristianu-li mmarTvelobis idea unda SeiTvisos, romelic auqmebs xorcieli naTesaobis upiratesobas da uSualod RvTis Zeobas efuZneba, rasac asrulebs kidec vaxtangi.

vaxtang gorgaslis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli qa-rTlis saeklesio damoukidebloba, avtokefaliis mop-oveba, rac mefis RvTaebrivi gamocxadebiT, bizantiis im-peratoris mxardaWeriTa da antioqiis sapatriarqosTan SeTanxmebiT ganxorcielda. am periodis religiuri markeris gansaxilvelad sainteresoa vaxtangis dedis, sagduxtis, istoria. sagduxti qarTl-albaneTis marzpa-nis, ranis erisTavis _ barzabodis asulia. is mazdeanobis mimdevari iyo da qarTlis dedoflad gaxdomis Semdeg gaqristianda. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg sagduxti mamas-Tan bardavSi wavida, radgan eSinoda, rom marzpans qris-tianobis miRebisaTvis ar daesaja misi vaJi da ar emtro misTvis. sagduxtma muxli moiyara, fexebze eamboreboda mamas da iTxovda misgan, rom ar aeZulebina qristianobis dateveba, ar evno vaxtangisaTvis, romelic sasanianTa iranis qveSevrdomad darCeboda. barzabodma Seiwyala asuli da yvela Txovna Seusrula. aRniSnul pasaJSi mniS-vnelovania dedoflis mier qarTuli erTobis religi-uri markeris srulad gacnobiereba da sworad aRqma. is ver iqneba qarTvelTa dedofali am niSnulis aRiarebis gareSe, is, albaT, verc dabrundeboda ukan, radgan qarT-velTa dedoflobisaTvis iseT sulier simaRleebTan da siRrmeebTan ziareba iyo aucilebeli, rasac qarTuli eTnosisaTvis qristianoba niSnavda. aRniSnuli simaRl-is daTmoba misTvis sikvdilis tolfasi iyo. swored am niSnulis fasi igrZno barzabodma qaliSvilis TxovnaSi, yvelanair daTmobaze wavida da mxolod erTi moTxovna wauyena mas _ mazdeanebi ar SeezRudaT qarTlSi.

qarTvelTa TviTcnobierebis ganxilvisas sayur-


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adRebo da, SeiZleba iTqvas, unikaluria erismTavrobis instituti. vin aris erismTavari? iranelebma VI saukuneSi gaauqmes mefoba qarTlSi, albaneTsa da somxeTSi. dasax-elebulTagan bolo or samefoSi mefoba Znelad aRdga, magram qarTuli erTobisaTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani da ganmsazRvrelic ki aRmoCnda mefobis koncepti, rom qarTlis mosaxleoba verafriT Seegua mefis aryolas.amitomac daiwyo brZola, magram ara iaraRiT, aramed fiqriTa da azriT, rom qarTlis mosaxleobas nominal-uri mmarTveli mainc hyoloda. xsenebuli mizezis gamo bizantias Sesabamisi TxovniT mimarTes, rom sasurveli mmarTveli miecaT. aseTi mmarTvelia guarami, romelic VI saukunis 70-iani wlebidan Cans qarTlSi, tituliT er-ismTavari. erismTavari erisTavTa Soris upirvelesi iyo. igi, ra Tqma unda, moklebuli gaxldaT samefo uflebebsa da legitimacias da mefis funqcias mxolod nominalurad flobda, magram qarTulma erTobam moax-erxa, rom mefobis aRdgenamde erismTavrobis instituti mainc hqonoda. am instituts qarTuli eTnosis gangrZo-badobisTvis, vfiqrob, sruliad unikaluri mniSvneloba eniWeba.

Semdegi etapia arabTa batonobis xana saqarTvelo-Si, romelmac seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna qarTul eT-noss. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Txroba imiT iwyeba, rom herakle keisars (610_641 ww.) uwinaswarmatyveleben, Tu rogor ganadgurdeboda yovelive arabTa mosvlis Sem-deg.. amitomac berZnebma ganZis daflvasa da Sesabamisi miwebis mflobelTa vinaobis aRnusxvas mihyves xeli. Semdeg Txroba erismTavar stefanozss ukavSirdeba. igi sakuTar qonebas Svilebs _ arCils da mirs _ unawi-lebs da ufros vaJTan, mirTan erTad dasavleT saqa-rTveloSi gadadis. stefanozis meore vaJi arCili ki qarTlSi rCeba. qarTlSi arabebis Semosvlisas herak-les msgavsad iqceva arCilic: is daflavs Tavis ganZs da datovebs sakuTar saxls. arCili fiqrobs, rom aucile-blad dabrundeba, radgan es teritoria misia da gada-


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dis dasavleT saqarTveloSi. arabebi gaedevnebian mas. arCili da miri anakofiis cixeSi imyofebian, garSemo arabebis iseTi raodenobis jari moiyris Tavs, rom Zmebs gamarjvebis aranairi SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT. Rame isi-ni RvTismSoblis xelTuqmnel xatTan loculoben. ar-Cils angelozi ecxadeba da auwyebs, rom kari gaaRos da sabrZolvelad gavides. RvTis ZaliT, mteri marcx-deba. aq qarTuli erTobis SegrZnebisaTvis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena fiqsirdeba: afxazTa mTavari leoni midis arCilTan da mirTan, sakuTar gvirgvins ga-dascems maT da erTian mmarTvelobas SesTavazebs. daax-loebiT aseTive faqti moxda farnavazsa da qujs Soris. leons kargad hqonda gaazrebuli gadadgmuli nabijis mniSvneloba, qarTli arabebs epyraT da Tu dasavleTSi ar Sedgeboda qarTvelTa erToba, momavali uperspeq-tivo Canda. leonis qmedebiT qarTlisa da afxazeTis SeerTebas Caeyara safuZveli, azrismierad SeuerTda erTurTs dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da ori gvirgvini gamTlianda. rogor moxda yovelive amis dagvirgvineba? bizantiis imperatorma arCilsa da mirs gvirgvinebi gamougzavna bizantiisaTvis gaweuli sami mniSvnelovani samsaxurisaTvis: pirveli es iyo miri-anis gaqristianeba, meore _ pontosa da jazireTis gaTa-visufleba da mesame _ arabebis damarcxeba. es bizanti-isTvis, anu qristianuli samyarosaTvis, qarTvelTagan Sewiruli msxverpli iyo.

X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi xdeba qarTuli miwebis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianeba, qarTuli eTnosis cno-bierebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mo-menti. rogorc aRvniSneT, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo mentalurad gaerTianda, magram unda momx-dariyo politikuri, samarTlebrivi gaerTianebac. qa-rTuli erTobisTvis gadamwyvetia, aRdges mefobis er-Tiani instituti. es idea xSirad musirebda. icoda ra, rom gamoxatavda ara mxolod elitis, aramed xalxis survilsac, pirveli, vinc moaxerxa es gamoeTqva, ioane


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maruSisZe iyo. rogorc Cans, mas TanamoazreTa partia da sakuTari kandidatura hyavda, visac qarTuli erTobis warmmarTvel Zalad miiCnevda. vin SeiZleba yofiliyo pretendenti, romelic gaerTianebuli qarTuli sax-elmwifos taxtis mflobelis moTxovnebs daakmayo-filebda da romlis mimarTac yvelaze naklebi preten-zia SeiZleba hqonoda qarTul erTobas, Tanac daSlils samefo-samTavroebad. saqarTvelo ukve saukunenaxevar-ia danawevrebulia samefo-samTavroebad. arsebobs kax-eTis samTavro, hereTis samefo, afxazeTis samefo, tao-klarjeTis samTavro, Tbilisis saamiro. saqarTvelos TiToeuli am nawilisaTvis misaRebi unda iyos erTi kandidatura. ioane maruSisZes hyavs aseTi kandidatura. es aris bagrati, axalgazrda bagrationi, erTdroulad ori taxtis memkvidre. mas ekuTvnis qarTlis mefoba memkvidreobiT Tavisi mamis – gurgenisagan da ekuTv-nis afxazTa mefoba, radgan am dros dasavleT saqarT-velos taxtze zis bagratis biZa, dedis Zma, usinaTlo da uSvilo Teodosi, romlis erTaderTi memkvidre bagra-tia. Sesabamisad, bagrati aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos memkvidrea. mTavari kiTxvis niSani ioane maruSisZes erT pirovnebasTan dakavSirebiT gaaCnia. es pirovneba Zalian popularulia ara mxolod im drois saqarTveloSi, aramed bizantiasa da mcire aziaSi. mas, SesaZloa, pretenziac ki hqondes gaerTianebuli saqa-rTvelos taxtze. es aris taos cnobili mefe daviT mesa-me kurapalati. amitomac ioane maruSisZe, upirvelesad, daviT mesamesTan midis da bagratis kandidaturaze Ta-vis azrs uziarebs. daviTs kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli taxtis legitimuri memkvidreobis principi. mas, Sesa-Zloa, pretenzia hqondes Sida qarTlze, magram ara af-xazTa samefoze, ris gareSec saqarTvelos gaerTianeba ver moxerxdeba. amitom asakovani daviTi ara mxolod moiwonebs bagratis kandidaturas, aramed, Tavad umem-kvidreo, Tavis Svilobilad gamoacxadebs mas, riTac bagrati erTdroulad sami taxtis memkvidre xdeba. da-


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viT kurapalatma TviTon Seiyvana bagrati ufliscixeSi da cnobili sityva warmoTqva: `ese ars mkvidri taosi, qarTlisa da afxazeTisa, Svili da gazrdili Cemi, da me var mouravi amisi da TanaSemwe; amas daemorCileniT yovelni~. daviTis es anderZi mniSvnelovania, rogorc qarTuli erTobis makonsolidirebeli idea da gam-Tlianebuli saqarTvelos mefobis erTiani koncepti.

saqarTveloSi, oqros xanis periodSi, kidev ufro ganmtkicda qarTuli identobis maxasiaTeblebi. amis sailustraciod daviT aRmaSeneblis mefoba saukeTeso magaliTia. daviTma moaxerxa, aeSenebina sruliad axali qveyana: axali sagareo-politikuri statusiT, amaRleb-uli sarwmunoebrivi midgomiT, axali saxelmwifo in-stitutebiT, gansxvavebuli mentalobiT _ saqarTvelos mravalricxovan eTnosTa mier moqalaqeobis sruli gancdiT da absoluturi harmoniiT samefo xelisufle-basa da xalxs Soris. saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad 16 wlis taxtze asuli daviTi mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli gegmiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, `erovnuli programiT~ wardga qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe da aseve mizanmimarTulad ganagrZo misi ganxorcieleba 36 wliani mmarTvelobis periodSi. saero da sasuliero azrovnebis Serwyma davi-Tis moRvaweobis warmatebis sawindaria, rac saeklesio ierarqebTan: mis aRmzrdelTan _ giorgi WyondidelT-an, arsen berTan, sakuTar moZRvarTan _ ioanesTanaa da-kavSirebuli. maTTan konsultaciisa da molaparakebis gareSe daviTi arc erT saSinao Tu sagareo-politikur sakiTxs ar wyvetda, romelTa sisworis garanti mefis politikur alRosTan erTad saeklesio moRvaweTa Rv-TivganbrZnobili azrovneba iyo.

sayuradRebo qmedebaa daviTis mier mwignobarTuxu-cesis da Wyondidelis saxelos gaerTianeba. igi qarTul istoriografiaSi eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi daqvemde-barebis aqtad aRiqmeba. vfiqrobT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mizani eklesiis samefo karisadmi damorCileba ar iyo. misi, rogorc metad sulierisa da Rrmadmorwmune adami-


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anis, yvelaze axlos mdgomi da mokavSire swored maRa-li saeklesio rangis figura unda yofiliyo, romelsac garkveulwilad saero saqmeebis gaZRolac daevalebo-da. mwignobarTuxucesi _ samefos umaRlesi moxele da mefis Semdeg pirveli piri saxelmwifoSi _ miwismflo-belobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis SesaZleblobiT sruliad gansxvavdeboda yvela sakariskaco Tanamde-bobebisagan. is beri iyo, piradi qonebis armqone, anu miwis memkvidreobiTobiT gadacemis valdebulebisagan sruliad Tavisufali da, aqedan gamomdinare, samefo xelisuflebis gaZlierebas ualternativod uWerda mx-ars. Wwyondideli, anu Wyondidis saepiskoposos mwy-emsmTavari dasavleT saqarTvelos yvelaze aRzevebul kaTedras flobda. im politikur viTarebaSi, roca Tbilisi seljukebs epyraT, mefe quTaisSi ijda da davi-Tis umTavresi mizani dedaqalaqis gaTavisufleba da erTiani qarTuli samefo taxtis TbilisSi gadatana iyo. samefo karze Wyondidelis dawinaureba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis daaxloeba-SerwymisaTvis mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo. vfiqrobT, es iyo am ori saxelos gaer-Tianebis realuri mizezi. amrigad, daviT aRmaSeneblis es gadawyvetileba, mis mier eklesiaSi Catarebul sxva reformebTan erTad qarTuli erTobis mniSvnelovani religiuri niSnulis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.

daviTma saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnoss Soris moqalaqeobis sruli Segneba mefe-xelisuflis piradi magaliTis fonze Camoayaliba. amis nimuSia misi urTierToba yivCaRebTan, somxebTan, Tbilisis mus-lim mosaxleobasTan. Camosaxlebuli yivCaRebis sru-li asimilacia moxda qarTul eTnosTan. daviTis mier laSqris organizebisaTvis gadmosaxlebuli 40 aTasi ojaxi, romelic Zalian swrafad mravldeboda, ise Seer-wya qarTul erTobas, rom male maTi kvalic ki daikar-ga. qarTuli saxelmwifo, daviT aRmaSeneblis droidan moyolebuli, Tanmimdevrul politikas atarebs somex-Ta qarTul samyaroSi Semosayvanad da saerTo Semwyn-


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areblur politikasTan erTad frTxilad, magram mainc cdilobs monofizit somexTa marTlmadideblobaze moqcevas. im periodis somexi istorikosebi (maTeos urhaeci, vardan arevelci) did simpatiebs avlenen da-viTis mimarT, mas somxeTis mxsnelsa da maTi religiis pativismcemels uwodeben. daviTi xSirad dadis somxur eklesiaSi, Sedis meCeTsa da sinagogaSi. daviT aRmaSene-blis iniciativiT daarsda sasamarTlo organo _ `saajo kari~, sadac dabal instanciebSi miRebuli usamarTlo gadawyvetilebani ganixileboda. is Tvalyurs adevneb-da da eswreboda `saajo karis~ muSaobas, romelsac xSirad erovnuli umciresobani mimarTavdnen. misi yvela es qmedeba mimarTuli iyo imisken, rom saqarT-veloSi mcxovreb yovel adamians Tavi sruluflebian moqalaqed egrZno, miuxedavad misi warmomavlobisa Tu religiuri mrwamsisa. es, cxadia, qarTuli erTobis mdgradobas emsaxureboda. daviTma Seqmna `daumonebeli Tavisufleba~.

saintereso sakiTxia, Tu rogoria qarTuli erToba, Riaa is Tu Caketili? iRebs Tu ara is ucxos da Tu iRebs, ra saxiT akeTebs amas? nacionaluri identoba yovelT-vis, yvela eTnosis SemTxvevaSi sxvebTan mimarTebaSi ikveTeba, Tu ar aris Zlieri sxva, ar aris Zlieri br-Zolisunariani adgilobrivi eTnosis identobac. qar-Tuli erToba gavrcobadia drosa da sivrceSi imis ga-moc, rom mas sxvebTan urTierTobis didi gamocdileba aqvs. sxva erTobasTan urTierToba mas gamobrZmedas aiZulebs, ar aZlevs modunebis uflebas da mudmivad formaSi amyofebs. Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari somxebi-sa da ebralebis, muslimanebisa da yivCaRebis Sesaxeb, romelTac sakuTari wvlili aqvT Setanili qarTuli erTobis CamoyalibebaSi. am mxriv, sayuradRebo figure-bi arian Tamaris samefo karze moRvawe cnobili saxelm-wifo da samxedro moRvaweni, Zmebi mxargrZelebi: za-qaria mxargrZeli _ amirspasalari, mandaturTuxucesi, ivane mxargrZeli _ msaxurTuxucesi, aTabagi. maT zogier-


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Ti wyaro qurTebad miiCnevs, zogic _ grigorianelebad (monofizitebad). ismis kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba mxargrZelTa eTnikur warmomavlobas, an maT aRmsare-blobas, Tu isini WeSmaritad qarTul saqmes akeTeben? rasakvirvelia, ara. mxargrZelebi aqtiuri monawilee-bi arian saqarTvelos mier mowyobili TiTqmis yvela didi laSqrobisa: Samqoris, basianis, anisis, ardebilis, bijnisis, amberdis brZolebis, iranze galaSqrebis. isini iyvnen Tamar mefis gverdiT misi cxovrebis yvela kri-tikul momentSi. maTi mzadyofna, SeerTebodnen qarTul erTobas, maTi umTavresi markeris _ religiuris gazi-arebaSic gamoixata. ivane mxargrZeli marTlmadide-blad moinaTla ioane qarTlis kaTalikosis xeliT. za-qaria mxargrZelis iniciativiT moiwvies loris (1205 w.) da anisis (1207 w.) saeklesio krebebi, romlebic miznad isaxavda, cvlilebebi Seetana somxur sarwmunoebaSi diofizitobasTan daaxloebis mizniT. yovelive es qar-Tuli erTobis gaxsnilobis maCvenebelia, mxargrZelTa mxridan ki am erTobasTan Serwymis survilis, maT mier qarTuli identobis sasicocxlo niSnulebis sworad da-naxva-gaazrebisa da warmatebuli arCevanisa.

oqros xanis Semdgom saqarTvelos daqveiTeba dai-wyo, Sesustda saxelmwifoebrivi Zalmosileba, JamTa-aRmwerlis sityviT, `iqmna ukuqceva suesvianisa bedisa~, rac, pirvelyovlisa, qarTuli eTnosis umTavresi niS-nulis _ religiuris Seryevam ganapiroba. laSa-giorgim da rusudanma uwesobis magaliTi uCvenes ers, maT RvTis kanonebiT cxovreba Sewyvites, dakarges erT-erTi umniS-vnelovanesi saTnoeba, unari pasuxismgeblobis gancdi-sa, rasac marTlmadidebloba yovel morwmunes avalebs. Tu Tamari locviT, marxviT, mowyalebiT icavda qarTu-li erTobis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, laSa-giorgim is udardelobiT, RreobiT, TanamoasakeebTan garTobiT, rindebTan (sufisturi moZRvrebis mimdevrebi) urT-ierTobiT da sabolood upasuxismgeblobiT Caanacvla. swored amis Sedegia mis piradi cxovrebaSi momxdari


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rigi epizodebi, magaliTad, roca man veliscixeli azn-auris coli sasaxleSi miiyvana, ar daemorCila kaTa-likoss da, faqtobrivad, gamijna samefo kari da ekle-sia, anu gamijna ori markeri qarTuli erTobisa _ mefoba da religia. rusudanis mefobis da cxovrebis stilis ganmsazRvreli misi gauwonasworebloba da zneobrivi dacema iyo. amis magaliTia misi damokidebuleba saku-Tari ZmisSvilis, laSas ukanono vaJis, daviTisadmi, ro-melic man Tavis siZesTan da qaliSvilTan SirvanSi gaag-zavna da misi fizikur ganadgureba moiTxova. am dros samefo karze politikuri sifxizle imdenad moduneb-uli iyo, rom monRolTa Semosvla sruliad moulod-neli aRmoCnda maTTvis. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Seqm-nili `mstovarTa instituti~, rogorc Cans, ise dakninda, rom rusudans aranairi informacia ar gaaCnda udidesi dampyroblis _ monRolebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac saqarT-veloSi Semosvlamde naxevari msoflio daimorCiles. rusudani romis papisadmi miweril werilSi wers, rom imdenad araferi icoda maT Sesaxeb, rom monRolebi qristianebi egona. es iyo swored upasuxismgebloba ro-gorc samefo ojaxis, ise mTlianad qveynis winaSe, ramac politikuri katastrofa ganapiroba.

XV saukuneSi saqarTveloSi gaZlierda qveynis ga-mofitvis procesi. Temur-lengma rvajer ilaSqra, qvey-ana samefo-samTavroebad daiSala, amasTan, 1453 wlis 29 maiss Turqebma konstantinopoli aiRes, ramac qrias-tianuli kulturis safuZvlebi Ziramde Searyia. cxadia, aRniSnuli movlena saqarTvelosac Seexo. XVI-XVII sauku-neebSi kavkasisaTvis sami qveyana ibrZvis: TurqeTi, irani da ruseTi. qarTlis taxtze gamahmadianebuli mefeebi sxedan: dauT-xani, rostom-xani, Sah-navazi, nazaralix-ani. maTi gamahmadianeba xSirad nominaluria, isini qristianul taZrebSi dadian, eswrebian wirva-locvas, magram es qarTuli erTobisaTvis mainc mZime dartymaa.

XVIII saukune orWofobis saukunea. yvelaze cudi, rac am droisTvis xdeba, isaa, rom qarTuli samefo elita


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iwyebs fiqrs, SeuZlia Tu ara qarTul saxelmwifos da-moukideblad, sxva qveynebis proteqtoratis gareSe ar-seboba. amis Sedegia vaxtang VI-isa da sulxan-saba orbe-lianis evropisaken gadadgmuli sruliad gauTvleli nabijebi, erekle II-is gadawyvetilebebi. vfiqrob, wina saukuneebi aranakleb rTuli da gausaZlisi iyo, magram arasodes dasmula qarTul mentalobaSi ucxo mxsne-lis Ziebis sakiTxi. Cven mxolod da mxolod qarTuli SeWiduloba gvSvelida, rac, rogorc Cans, mZlavrad Seirya. erekle II-s bevri mniSvnelovani proeqti hqonda da maT Soris kavkasiis gaerTianebis mcdeloba saqarT-velos egidiT, qarTuli saxelmwifos hegemoniiT (ioseb emini, Zmebi Samirianebis proeqtebi), magram misi ruseTze orientaciis saboloo gadawyvetileba, vfiqrobT, qar-Tuli erTobis erTma umTavresma faseulobam gadawona _ suverenul uflebebze uaris TqmiT SeenarCunebina um-Tavresi identobrivi markeri _ religia, magram mefis arCevanma ver gaamarTla.

XIX saukunis pirveli wlebidanve ruseTi erTmane-Tis miyolebiT ipyrobs qarTul samefo-samTavroebs, ierTebs maT, auqmebs mefobis instituts saqarTveloSi. Seviwroebuli da Selaxulia marTlmadideblobisa da qarTuli enis uflebrivi statusi. amgvarad, moiSala qarTuli TviTcnobierebis samive markeri: mefoba, re-ligia da ena. ruseTis saimperatoro karma aRar misca ufleba mefe giorgi XII-s Svils – daviTs _ daekavebina qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxti, qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis gu-bernia gaxda, rac, faqtobrivad, 1801 wlis manifestiT ga-formda. dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebSic gauqmda qarTuli mmarTveloba, anu qarTul cnobierebas gamoecala is mTavari RerZi, romelic saxelmwifoebri-oba iyo. ruseTma akrZala saganmanaTleblo sistemasa da oficialur saqmiswarmoebaSi qarTuli enis gamoy-eneba, anu moiSala qarTuli TviTcnobierebis meore niS-nuli _ ena. man gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtoke-falia, saqarTvelos eklesiis umaRlesi mwyemsmTavari


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rusi egzarqosi gaxda, qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi wirva-locva rusulad dawesda, ramac mrevli eklesias ganaSora. gauqmda mesame religiuri niSnulic, ramac qarTul TviTcnobierebaSi sruli rRveva gamoiwvia. bagrationTa samefo dinastias udidesi da gansakuTreb-uli datvirTva eniWeba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi, bagrationebi da saqarTvelo ganuyofel cnebebad iqcnen, am dinastias eTnikuri maxasiaTeblis funqcia daekisra, bagrationebi xom qarTuli istorio-grafiuli tradiciis mixedviT daviT winaswarmetyve-lis STamomavlebi arian, amitom maTi mmarTvelobis gauqmebam qarTul identobaSi seriozuli uaryofiTi ryevebi gamoiwvia. es iyo metad mdgradi da xangrZlivi samefo dinastia (IX_XVIII saukuneebi), romlis precedenti evropas arc hqonia, sadac xSiri iyo dinastiaTa cvla. qarTuli eTnosisaTvis amitomac aRmoCnda seriozuli dartyma bagrationTa dinastiis moSla. swored es gaxda maprovocirebeli saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelo-bis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saxalxo gamosvlebisa (1802 wlis kaxeTis, 1804 wlis mTiuleTis, 1812 wlis kaxeTis, 1819-1820 wlebis imereT-guriis, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba). yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom saqarTveloSi saxalxo ajanyebebi evropuli revoluciebisagan gansxvavebulad warimarTa. evropaSi brZola mefeebTan dapirispire-biT, maTi Zaladobrivi gziT taxtidan CamogdebiT, mkvl-elobebiT daiwyo. moxda rigi revoluciebisa, romlebic mowonebuli iyo elitisa da xalxis mier, xelisufalTa dasjisas mravalferovani aRmoCnda damsjelTa fan-tazia, SemoiRes pasuxisgebis gansxvavebuli meTodebi. yovelive amis sapirispirod, saxalxo gamosvlebi saqa-rTveloSi ara mefe-xelisufalTan dapirispirebiT, aramed misi mmarTvelobis aRdgenisken iyo mimarTuli, rac, vfiqrobT, qarTuli TviTcnobierebis maRali do-nis maCvenebelia.

1918-1921 wlebSi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli re-spublikis arsebobis periodSi qarTuli TviTcno-


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bierebis dakarguli umTavresi niSnulebis aRdgena ver moxerxda. es mosalodnelic iyo, radgan mmarTvel social-demokratebs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cno-bierebis deficiti hqondaT, spontanurad gamocxadebu-li damoukideblobis fonze maT srulyofilad ar hqon-daT gaazrebuli rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis arsi, ise qarTuli cnobierebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da maTi dacva-aRorZinebis aucilebloba. 1921 wlidan, gasab-Woebis Semdeg, samocdaaTwlian periodSi, qarTuli er-Toba srulad mowyda rogorc evropaSi mimdinare in-teleqtualur Semoqmedebas, ise sakuTari `me~-s Ziebis process. man gawyvita Sinagani kontaqti sakuTar TavTan, sakuTar erTobasTan, ZiriTad faseulobebTan da Rire-bulebebTan, rac, vfiqrobT, dRemde grZeldeba. ikveTe-ba radikalurad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba: yovel-gvari dasavluris kalkireba, an brZola yovelgvar siaxlesTan. aseTma polarizaciam Cvens sazogadoebaSi, erTi mxriv, yalbi patriotizmis momZlavreba gamoiwvia, meore mxriv, ki ususuri nihilizmisa da uimedobis sin-dromi gaaCina, rac Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebaSi ase mZlavrobs.



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თეიმურაზ ბუაძე

ე klesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba qristiano-bis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. es istori-

ulad cvalebadi da mravalmxrivi urTierToba xSirad konfliqtis saxes iRebda. am konfliqtebs Zalian Rrma safuZveli aqvs, romlis arseboba gasakviri arc unda iyos, radgan misi warmoSobis SesaZlebloba Tavad ada-mianur bunebas ukavSirdeba. adamianuri egzistenciis yovel gamovlinebas mudmivad Tan axlavs SesaZlo kon-fliqti, romelic Tavisuflebisa da avtoritetis, indi-vidisa da jgufis, sindisis xmisa da kanonis formaluri Zalis dapirispirebiT warmogvidgeba. marTlac, ekle-siasa da saxelmwifos Soris konfliqtis faqtolo-giuri gamoxatuleba xSirad bipolaruli opoziciebis gamovlinebad aRiqmeboda. religiuri da zemoxsenebu-li mizezebis safuZvelze warmoSobili dapirispirebebi adamianuri urTierTobebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri iyo. igi Tavidanve gaxda filosofiuri da literaturuli re-fleqsiis sagani. magaliTad, sofokles antigones Zmis-


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admi siyvarulisa da masTan dakavSirebuli religiuri movaleobis grZnobis dapirispireba mefis brZanebasTan sakuTari cxovrebis sazareli dasasrulis mizezi Seiqm-na; individis moralur-religiur grZnobasa da social-uri jgufis tradiciul Rirebulebebs Soris konfliqtze weren vaJa-fSavela, henrik ibseni da sxvebi; literatu-ruli gmirebis msgavsad, am tipis konfliqtebis msxver-plad Tavad mwerlebic gvevlinebian; magaliTad, Tomas mori henri meoTxem sikvdiliT dasaja, raki man mefis da parlamentis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, kaTolikuri aRm-sareblobis miRebaze uari Tqva da a. S. aseTi adamianuri tragediebi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris yvelaze dramatuli konfliqtebis safuZveli xdeboda, Tum-caRa es ukanaskneli mTlianad ar daiyvaneba pirvelze. maTi dapirispirebis mizezi SeiZleba wminda iuridiul xasiaTs atarebdes da safuZvlad Zalauflebis, iuris-diqciis gadanawilebis survili edos. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis problematika adamianuris garda institucionalur aspeqtsac Seicavs. Cveni statiis mizani swored am ukanaskneli aspeqtis ganxilvaa.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom eklesiisa da saxelm-wifos urTierTobis istoriuli gzis ganxilvisas ar vapirebT mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesiiT Semovi-fargloT. piriqiT, did yuradRebas davuTmobT dasav-leT evropisa da amerikis religiur cxovrebas. amisken garkveulma mosazrebebma gvibiZga: bizantiis imperiaSi saxelmwifos da eklesiis urTierTobis modeli kon-stantine didisa da iustinianes epoqidan TiTqmis igive darCa. es modeli TiTqmis ucvlelad gadaiRo marTl-madidebelma qveynebma. am qveynebSi bizantiuri modeli TurqeTis imperiis, an modernuli nacionaluri sax-elmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg gauqmda. aseTi sax-elmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg marTlmadidebel qveynebSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis saxe umeteswilad dasavlurma modelma gansazRvra. amitomac gvsurs, yuradReba ufro dasavleTis ekelesiis istori-


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aze gavamaxviloT. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove qristianul samyaroSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis formebs, masze laparaks aq ar vapirebT, radgan maTi diferenciacia istoriulze metad iuridiuli ganxil-vis sagania da Sesabamis kompetencias moiTxovs.

am sakiTxis institucionaluri aspeqtiT Seswavli-sas, bunebrivia, adamianebis ori organizebuli erToba warmogvidgeba. pirvelia, saxelmwifo anu politikuri organizmi, romlis mizania keTildReobisa da social-uri harmoniis miRweva. meore ki _ eklesia, anu religi-uri organizmi, romelic mowodebulia, Tavis wevrebs sulieri miznebisaken mimaval gzaze uxelmZRvanelos. xangrZlivi istoriuli gzis sxvadasxva periodSi, in-stitucionaluri TvalsazrisiT, eklesiasa da saxelmwi-fos Soris urTierToba gansxvavebuli konfiguraciiT warmogvidgeba. zogjer daxvewili iuridiuli aparatiT da qmediTunariani administraciiT aRWurvili imperia sulierad Zlier, sicocxlisunarian, magram imperiis masStabiT aracentralizebul, erTiani struqturis ar-mqone eklesias upirispirdeboda; an piriqiT, adminis-traciulad kargad organizebul eklesias saqme hqon-da politikuri, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bolomde gaumarTav saxelmwifosTan. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi sax-elmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierToba rudimentur doneze rCeboda. magram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTma-neTs upirispirdeboda orive kargad organizebuli, cen-tralizebuli administraciuli struqturebiT aRWur-vili, erTi da imave geografiuli arealisa da xalxis momcveli saxelmwifo da eklesia, maTi konfliqti uaR-resad mwvave xasiaTs iRebda.

pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi romis imperia qristianul religias legalur statuss ar aniWebda. amitom eklesias ar SeiZleboda imperiis masStabiT kargad centralizebuli administraciuli struqtura hqonoda. is, rac qristianebs erTianobis grZnobas un-ergavda, saerTo rwmena da sakramentaluri cxovreba


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iyo. calkeuli qristianuli Temi mxolod adgilobrivi episkoposis mier imarTeboda. aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, eklesias ar SeiZleba hqonoda erTiani mkveTrad ar-tikulirebuli politikuri neba, romliTac daupirisp-irdeboda romis imperias, an iTanamSromlebda masTan. maS rogori iyo qristianebis damokidebuleba, hobsis termonologias Tu gamoviyenebT, am leviaTanis, Zl-evamosili imperiuli politikuri manqanis mimarT? marTalia, ieso qristes mimdevrebi ufals, meufes, mefe daviTis STamomavals uwodebdnen, man daufaravad ga-nacxada: „meufeba Cemi ara amis soflisagani ars“ (in. 18. 36). ufalma am fraziT Tavidanve uaryo qristianuli Teokratiuli pretenziebi. meore aseve lapidaruli fraziT, romelic erTi SexedviT martivi Canda, magram mogvianebiT mravalgvari interpretaciis sagani gax-da, man mkveTrad ganasxvava saero da sasuliero sfer-oebi: „mieciT keisrisa keisarsa da RmrTisa RmerTsa“ (mT. 22. 21). aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sasuliero da saero sferoebis diferenciacia sulac ar gulisxmobs religiuri da saero sferoebis erTmaneTisagan abso-lutur gamijnulobas, avtonomias, rogorc es zogierT Tanamedrove sekularists warmoudgenia. pilatesTan saubarSi ufali pirdapir mianiSnebs, rom adamianuri xe-lisuflebis aqtualizacia RvTaebrivi daSvebiT xdeba: „ara gaqus xelmwifeba Cemi arca erTi, ukeTumca ara mo-cemul iyo Senda zegardamo“ (in. 19. 11). petre mociqulis mixedviT, de facto saero xelisuflebisadmi qristianis loialuri damokidebuleba ufro religiuri aqtia, vidre samoqalaqo morCilebis gamoxatuleba, radgan qristiani saero xelisuflebas, upirveles yovlisa, RmerTis saxeliT unda emorCilebodes: „daemorCile-niT ukue yovelsave kacobrivsa dabadebulsa, uflisaT-vis; gina Tu mefesa, rameTu yovelTa zeda ars... RmrTisa geSinoden, mefesa pativscemdiT“ (I petre 2. 13,17). raki qristiani samoqalaqo kanonebisadmi pasuxismgeblobas RvTaebrivi nebisadmi morCilebas ukavSirebda, igi Tavs


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movaled Tvlida, yvela kanonsa da xelisufals, TviT neronis nebismier brZanebasac ki damorCileboda ma-namde, sanam es ukanasknelni mis konfesionalur sindiss ar daupirispirdebodnen. aqedan gamomdinare, qris-tiani movale iyo, „neitralur“ sferoSi sruli samoqa-laqo morCileba gamoeCina TviT urjulo xelisuflebis mimarTac, radgan am ukanasknelis Zalauflebac RvTi-sagan iyo sanqcirebuli. pavle mociquli amas araoraz-rovnad moiTxovs: „yoveli suli xelmwifebasa mas um-Tavresisasa daemorCilen, rameTu ara ars xelmwifeba, garna RmrTisagan; da romelni-igi arian xelmwifebani, RmrTisa mier ganwesebul arian“ (rom. 13. 1). bunebriv-ia, rom mociqulebis epistoleebSi saxelmwifosadmi damokidebulebis zogad, yovelgvari kazuistikisagan Tavisufal principebs vxvdebiT. im epoqaSi Zlevamo-sil imperiaSi mimofantuli qristianuli TemebisaTvis samoqalaqo yofis sxvanairi alternativa ar arsebob-da. zogierTi avtoris azriT, eklesia Tavisi istoriis pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi SesaSur mdgomareo-baSic ki iyo, raki mas araviTari politikuri urTier-Toba hqonda saxelmwifosTan. marTalia, qristianebi individualur doneze upirispirdebodnen saxelmwifo biurokratias imperatorisadmi RvTaebrivi pativis mi-gebis uaryofis gamo, magram am individualuri aqtebis arseboba ar ewinaaRmdegeba zemoxsenebul debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi eklesias ar gaaCnda mkveTrad artikulirebuli, korpo-raciuli politikuri neba.

konstantines moqcevam qristianul samyaroSi radi-kaluri cvlileba moitana. man aramarto piradad aRi-ara qristianuli rwmenis WeSmariteba da yvela aiZula pativi eca qristianebis, maTi rwmenisa da instituciebi-sadmi, aramed is qristian imperatoradac moevlina sa-myaros. amiT imis Tqma gvinda, rom, konstantines azriT, qristiani imperatoris statusi garkveul Zalauflebas aniWebda mas saeklesio cxovrebis zogierT mxareze. ase-


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Ti Zalauflebis Tu msaxurebis TavisTavze aReba uCveu-lo ar unda yofiliyo misTvis, radgan qristianuli eklesia araTu ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed Tavad eZiebda qristiani imperatoris mfarvelobas, rogorc amas don-atistebis istoriidan vigebT. Tavad konstantines ekle-siis saqmeeebze zrunva Pontifex Maximus-is funqciis bunebriv gagrZelebad eCveneboda, romelsac, sparseli mefee-bis msgavsad, avgustusisidan moyolebuli, yvela ro-maeli imperatori iTavsebda. iziarebda ra qristianul Sexedulebas yoveli xelisuflebis RmerTisagan war-momavlobis Sesaxeb, konstantine qristian imperator-Si xedavda RvTis rCeul instruments, romlis amocana eklesiisaTvis mSvidobis motana da yvela moqalaqis uflis samsaxurSi Cayeneba iyo. ase rom, konstantines mo-qceviT qristianuli eklesia romis imperiis oficialur eklesiad iqca da imperatorma Tavis Tavze aiRo misi meurveoba. am dros eklesias ar hyavda da arc SeiZleba hyoloda oficialuri warmomadgeneli, an organo, ro-melic mTeli saeklesio organizmis saerTo politikuri da administraciuli nebis gamomxatveli iqneboda, es gasagebs xdida imperatoris survils, erTiani, homogen-uri imperiuli zedamxedvelobisadmi daeqvemdebarebina eklesiis „gareSe“ saqmeebi. imperatori iwvevda krebebs, aqveynebda mis dadgenilebebs, aarsebda axal saepiskop-oso kaTedrebs, irCevda patriarqebs da a. S. britaneli monarqebisagan gansxvavebiT, imperatori ar iTvleboda „eklesiis Tavad“, igi mxolod mis „gareSe saqmeebs“ kuri-rebda da RmerTis mier dadgenil mfarvelad evline-boda qristianul samyaros. rogorc cnobilia, konstan-tine didi gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre moinaTla, amitom igi sakuTari survilis SemTxvevaSic ki ver Se-Zlebda, aSkarad Careuliyo eklesiis sakramentalur cxovrebaSi, TumcaRa, qristianul konteqstSi gadmotani-li romaeli imperatoris kvazi-sakraluri statusi Seu-Zlebels xdida, igi Cveulebriv saero pirad warmoedg-inaT. bunebrivia, pirvelive qristiani imperatoridan


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iwyeba saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis simfonizaciis mcdeloba. rogorc, sazogadod, ori gansxvavebuli Za-lis, an stiqiis urTierTobisas xdeba xolme, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba ver ascda eqscesebs verc aRmosavleTsa da verc dasavleTSi. „RvTaebrivi komediis“ erT-erT cnobil stancaSi dante sinanuls gamoTqvams egreTwodebuli „konstantines donaciis“ gamo1. am apokrifuli imperiuli dekretiT konstantinem TiTqosda imperiis dasavleT nawilze saero Zalaufle-ba uboZa romis paps. cxadia, dantesaTvis Donatio Constantini simbolo iyo romis kaTedris politikuri ambiciebisa da saero saqmeebSi zedmeti CarTulobisa. meore mxriv, marTalia, eklesiis istoriis bevri Tanamedrove mkvl-evari eWvis qveS ayenebs termin „cezaropapizmis“ marTe-bulobas, magram arianelobasTan, nestorianelobasa da xatmebrZolobasTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli perip-etiebi cxadad aCvenebs, rom bizantiis imperatorebi re-alurad ar kmayofildebodnen eklesiis mxolod „gar-eSe saqmeebze“ zrunviT. Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom simfoniis principebidan gadaxvevis permanentulma ten-denciebma ufro dasavlur qristianobaSi iCina Tavi.

qristiani imperatorebis mier eklesiisadmi mini-Webulma privilegiebma, gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebam, krebebze dogmatur kamaTebSi eklesiis saerTo saxeliT monawileobam, imperatoris mier mTeli saqristianos kontrolma da zrunvam qristianebSi eklesiis, rogorc erTiani struqturuli da administraciuli organizmis, gancda gaaCina. romis episkoposebi cdilobdnen, er-Tianobis es gancda romis kaTedris primatis da suli-eri xelisuflebis saero xelisuflebaze aRmatebuli

1 konstantines donacia, anu saCuqari (laT. Donatio Constantini) apokri-fuli romauli imperiuli dekretia. am dokumentiT konstantine pirvelma TiTqosda paps gadasca mmarTveloba romsa da romis imperiis dasavleT nawilze. es dokumenti, savaraudod, merve saukuneSi unda iyos Seqmnili. mas gansakuTrebiT me-13 saukuneSi iyenebdnen papebis politikuri ambiciebis gasa-myareblad. me-15 saukuneSi italielma kaTolike mRvdelma da humanistma filologiuri argumentebis gamoyenebiT daasabuTa am dokumentis siyalbe


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Rirsebis maTeul koncefciasTan daekavSirebinaT. ro-mis kaTedris pretenziebma eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaSi seriozuli daZabuloba Seitana.

am problemas momdevno ori saukunis ganmavloba-Si gansakuTrebuli simwvavisaTvis ar miuRwevia. ekle-siis istoriaSi meoTxe saukune, iuliane gandgomilis gamoklebiT, qristiani imperatorebis epoqa iyo, es gax-ldaT aseve patristikis oqros xanac. miuxedavad amisa, am dros metad Tu naklebad sistematur artikulacias saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb eklesiis cxovrebaSi TiTq-mis ver vxedavT. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis ve-rafers vnaxulobT gamoCenil berZnulenovan qristian avtorebTan aramarto meoTxe saukuneSi, aramed ori-genedan dawyebuli TviT wminda ioane oqropiramde. pirveli da karga xnis manZilze erTaderTi avtori, romelmac mniSvnelovani Sexedulebebi gamoTqva ekle-siisa da saero xelisuflebis urTierTobaze, netari avgustine gaxldaT. aq, cxadia, misi naSromi „RvTis qa-laqi“ igulisxmeba, romelsac avgustine 14 wlis ganma-vlobaSi(413-426 ww.) werda. iseve rogorc misi nawar-moebebis umravlesoba, es Sedevric ideosinkretul xasiaTs atarebs da uaRresad mdidaria Rrma Teolo-giur-filosofiuri ideebiTa da intuiciiT. is ekle-siasa da saxelmwifos Soris gaCenili konfliqtis, an raime krizisis gamo ar dawerila. misi Seqmnis sababi 410 wels vestgoTebis mier romis darbevis faqti gaxda. am didi istoriuli katastrofis gamo qristianebis dada-naSaulobis mcdelobam avgustines biZgi misca, funda-mentalur istoriosofiul problemebs Cahfiqreboda. nawarmoebSi specialuri yuradReba ar aris gamaxvile-buli dasavleTSi Seqmnil politikur situaciaze, avgus-tine Teologiur-filosofiuri koncefciebisa da ter-minebis gamoyenebiT ganixilavs saxelmwifos raobas da cdilobs is sulieri, anTropologiuri da socialuri Zalebi gamokveTos, romelic adamianTa sazogadoebis istoriul msvlelobas gansazRvravs.


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iTvleba, rom „RvTis qalaqma“ platonis „saxelmwi-fosTan“ erTad yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdina dasav-luri politikuri azris ganviTarebaze. es SeniSvna gansakuTrebiT Sua saukunebis politikur filosofias exeba. am periodSi gamoikveTa tendencia, romelic RvTis qalaqs miwier eklesiasTan aigivebda. am koncefcias su-lieri xelisuflebis saero xelisuflebaze upirate-sobis dasasabuTeblad iyenebdnen. Tanamedrove mkv-levrebis absoluturi umravlesoba, da ara marto isini, fiqroben, rom aseTi „politikuri avgustianizmi“ adek-vaturad ar gadmoscems avgustines avTentur politikur naazrevs. aseTi politikuri filosofiiT aRWurvili romis kaTedra, cxadia, mtkiced ewinaaRmdegeboda kon-stantines Semdgomdroindeli qristiani imperatorebis mcdelobas, sakuTari kontrolis qveS moeqciaT saekle-sio saqmeebi. am tipis argumentebis klasikur artikula-cias papi gelasiusi gvaZlevs. 494 wels imperator anas-tasiusisadmi miwerili werilis Tanaxmad, qveyanas ori Zala – eklesiis wminda da suverenuli Zalaufleba da mTavrobis aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba – ganagebs. pa-pis Tanaxmad, orive xelisufleba RmerTis dadgenilia, Tumca sasuliero ufro aRmatebulia saeroze, radgan, rogorc eklesiis wevri, TviT imperatoric valde-bulia, pirvels daeqvemdebaros. papi imasac wers,rom saero saqmeebSi sasuliero pirebi imperators unda daemorCilon. misi es gancxadeba gansakuTrebiT ori aspeqtiTaa saintereso: pirveli, papma imperatori, ro-gorc eklesiis wevri, sasuliero sakiTxebSi samRvdelo xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara; meore, imperatori Ta-vis Zalauflebas iRebs RmerTisagan da ara papisa da sasuliero klasisagan; igi suverenuli xelisuflebiT warmarTavs saqristianos saero saqmeebs, TumcaRa sa-suliero Zalauflebis sfero ufro amaRlebulia, vi-dre imperatorisa. Cvens droSi oficialuri kaToli-kuri politikuri azri am balansirebul Sexedulebas daubrunda. amiT man Sualeduri pozicia daikava istori-


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ulad arsebul or eqstremalur Sexedulebas Soris. aq igulisxmeba moZRvreba mefeebis „RvTaebrivi uflebebis Sesaxeb“2 da egreTwodebuli „samoqalaqo kontraqtis“ Teoriebi, romlis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari Zalauflebis wyaro adamianuri konvencia, anu SeTanxmebaa.

pap gelasiusis werilidan daaxloebiT or-mocdaaTi wlis Semdeg imperatorma iustinianem simfo-niis Teoria Camoayaliba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, saero da sasuliero xelisufleba, marTalia, RmerTis mier aris dadgenili, magram raki imperatoris movaleoba mTel saqristianoze zrunvaa, mis funqciebSive Sedis sam-Rvdelo dasis cxovrebis siwmindisa da WeSmariti qris-tianuli moZRvrebis dacvac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, termini „cezaropapizmi“ arapopularobiT sargeblobs Tanamedrove bizantiologebs Soris. isini samarTli-anad miuTiTeben, rom sasuliero dasma gansxvavebul garemoebebSi, TviT patriarqebis mxardaWeras mokleb-ulebmac ki, bevrjer warmatebiT gauwies winaaRmdegoba imperatorebis mcdelobebs, eklesiisaTvis Tavze mo-exviaT araswori moZRvrebebi. termin „cezaropapizmis“ sawinaaRmdegod isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi imperatorebis intencia, maTi azriT, ekle-siisaTvis tradiciuli, marTebuli moZRvrebebis dacva iyo. miuxedavad maTi rwmenisa, rom isini sakuTari aqte-biTa da moqmedebebiT RvTisagan boZebul Zalauflebas aRasrulebdnen, imperatorebi arasodes miiwerdnen uc-domelobis statuss, roca saqme qristianuli cxovrebis doqtrinalur aspeqts Seexeboda da arc samRvdelo da-sis meTaurad miaCndaT Tavi. amgvari Sexeduleba war-moudgeneli iyo bizantiur konteqstSi. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantieli imperatorebi ufro metad ereodnen eklesiis sulier cxovrebaSi, vidre amas kar-

2 „mefeebis RvTaebrivi uflebebis“ Teoriis Tanaxmad, monarqebi pirda-pir RmerTisagan iReben TavianTi politikuri Zalauflebis legitimacias. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi gansja mxolod RmerTis prerogativaa. xalxs, aris-tokratias, samRvdeloebas an sxva romelime miwier xelisuflebas ufleba ar aqvs, mefes daupirispirdes, es RvTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad CaiTvleba


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olingebTan da lui meToTxmetesTan hqonda adgili. Tanamedrove adamians ar SeiZleba ucnaurad ar

moeCvenos erTi garemoeba, romelic maSindeli impera-torebisa da papebis qcevebsa da sityvebSi ikveTeba da romelic status quo-s SenarCunebis utopiuri survilebis gamoxatulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rogorc aRmosav-leTis, ise dasavleTis imperatorebi da papebi ofi-cialur dokumentebSi ise weren, TiTqos aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi erTpirovnulad ganagebdnen mTlian im-periasa da eklesias da mkveTrad arc ki ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan am or realobas. Tumca, meSvide sauku-nidan moyolebuli, bizantiis imperatoris Zalaufleba dasavleTSi fiqtiuri xdeba, papis avtoriteti ki nomi-naluric aRar aris aRmosavleTSi; arc eklesiisa da saxelmwifos sazRvrebi emTxveva yovelTvis erTmaneTs. am epoqidan moyolebuli dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi gansxvavebul, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel cxovrebas misdevs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aRmosavleTSi bizantiuri modeli didxans ucvleli darCa, dasavleTSi ki wminda romis imperiis rRvevam, erovnuli saxelmwifoebis war-moSobam, reformaciam da sxva faqtorebma eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba ufro dinamiuri gaxada. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvenc ufro dasavleTis is-torias mivadevnebT Tvals. aq bizantiis imperiis poli-tikuri zegavlena karolingebis dasavlurma imperiam Caanacvla. am droisaTvis papebis politikuri doqtri-nac gansxvavebuli iyo imisagan, rasac gelasiusi aswav-lida. mas Semdeg, rac papebma Tavi Tavisuflad igrZnes imperatorebis kontrolisagan da Tavad igemes poli-tikuri Zalauflebis gemo, metismetad gauZlierdaT sulieri Zalauflebis saeroze aRmatebulobis gancda. aseTma gadaWarbebulma gancdam saero da sasuliero Za-lauflebebis avtonomiurobis gelasiseuli aRqma Seam-cira. wminda romis imperiis dasustebisa da daSlis Sem-deg dasavleTSi aRar arsebobda erTiani politikuri


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centri, romelsac SeeZleboda, romis gavlenisaTvis konkurencia gaewia. es garemoeba xels aZlevda papebis pretenzias, TiTqosda mowodebulni iyvnen, exelmZR-vanelaT qristianTa aramarto sulieri cxovrebisaTvis, aramed politikurisTvisac. am pretenzias iuridiul da ideologiur safuZvlad zemoxsenebuli konstantines donacia daudes. papebma monarqebs, rogorc TavianT min-istrebs, ise dauwyes yureba.

leon III-is mier karlos didis imperatorad koro-naciisas, romlis iniciativasac zogierTi istorikosi da monarqi Tavad paps miawers3, romis episkoposi im-edovnebda, eklesiis „saWurvelmtvirTvelad“, sakuTar ministrad gadaaqcevda mTeli dasavluri imperiis su-verens. magram karlos dids sakuTari gegmebi hqonda, mas sakmarisi imuniteti gaaCnda, raTa Tavi daecva papis politikuri Sexedulebebis zemoqmedebisagan. aseTi politikuri gavlenisagan mas icavda avgustines „RvTis qalaqiT“ STagonebuli sakuTari samefo karis Teolo-gebis rekomendaciebi, bizantiis saimperatoro karis praqtika da germanul-franguli tradiciuli Sexed-ulebebi samefo xelisuflebis arsze da a. S. karlosi fiqrobda, rom saqristianos mmarTvelad is RvTisagan iyo dadgenili da mis movaleobaSi Sedioda, kontroli gaewia sakuTari qveSevrdomebis religiur cxovrebaze da ezruna eklesiis doqtrinalur, sakramentalur da moralur siwmindeze. saimperatoro Zalauflebis gan-mtkicebis Semdeg karlosi iustinianes msgavsad iqceoda, Tumca bizantieli imperatorisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro metad ugdebda yurs eqsperti Teologebis azrs da cdi-lobda, aSkarad ar dapirispireboda paps, roca saqme

3 rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan irkveva, karlos didi ukmayofilo iyo papis „moulodneli“ qceviT. eWvs gareSea, rom igi Tavad eswrafvoda imperatorobas, Tumca ar awyobda imperatoris tituli papis iniciativiT mieRo. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, misTvis ufro momgebiani iqneboda, jer „xalxs“ aerCia imperatorad da amis Semdeg Semdgariyo koronaciis religi-uri rituali, rogorc es bizantiis imperiaSi xdeboda. aseTi Tanamimdevroba paps saSualebas ar miscemda, Tavi saimperatoro Zalauflebis mimniWeblad warmoedgina


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wminda doqtrinalur, an disciplinarul sakiTxebs Se-exeboda.

karlosis Semdeg misma uSualo mimdevrebmac ki ver SeZles srulad SeenarCunebinaT misi metismetad pretenziuli Sexeduleba saimperatoro Zalauflebaze. mis Semdeg arc erT dasavlel imperators aRar hqonia msgavsi gavlena saeklesio saqmeebze. evropa daiyo na-cionalur regionebad da erovnul monarqiebad. aqedan gamomdinare, germaneli imperatorebis pretenziebma universalur politikur mmarTvelobasTan dakavSire-biT realuri xasiaTi dakarga da fiqtiuri gaxda. meore mxriv, papebis gamonaTqvamebi sulier sakiTxebSi maTi absoluturi primatis Sesaxeb ufro da ufro emfatikuri gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis monarqebi da sekularuli xelisufleba iseT realur gavlenas flobda adgilobriv eklesiebze, Tundac in-vestiturebis4 meSveobiT, rom dasavluri eklesia ara-sodes yofila iseTi homogenuri da centralizebuli, rogorc amas papizmis doqtrina moiTxovda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imperiasa da papobas Soris cnobili antag-onizmi ar dawyebula, rogorc saxelmwifosa da ekle-sias Soris konfliqti, igi ufro metad gamowveuli iyo moraluri da disciplinaruli reformebis saWiroe-bis SegrZnebiT, rac TavisTavSi gulisxmobda papisa da episkoposebis saero xelisuflebisagan damoukide-blobas. am moZraobis pirdapiri mteri gaxldaT eris-kaci, romelic saekleso qonebasa da adgilobriv ier-arqiaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebs flobda. rogoric ar unda yofiliyo garemoebani, iqneboda es istoriuli Tu pirovnuli, konfliqti yovelTvis or Zalas Soris iyo polarizebuli. eseni iyvnen Tavis uflebebsa da Zliere-

4 investitura Sua saukuneebis evropaSi farTod gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo, romlis drosac didi feodalebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobdnen maTze daqvemdebarebul teritoriebze episkoposebisa da abatebis arCevaSi. me-11 da me-12 saukuneebSi papebsa da evropel monarqebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mwvave konfliqtebs hqonda adgili investiturebis gamo. es problema 1122 wels vormsis konkordatma gadaWra


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baSi darwmunebuli romis papi da imperatori, romelsac, tradiciulad, germanel monarqTagan irCevdnen. amas-Tan am ukanasknelis koronaciis procesi uSualod ro-mis papze iyo damokidebuli. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, am konfrontaciaSi papebis upiratesoba naTeli iyo, radgan dasavleTSi yvela aRiarebda sulier sakiTxeb-Si romis kaTedris primats; imperators realurad ar SeeZlo hqonoda efeqturi, universaluri Zalauflebis pretenzia; da, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, misi Zalauflebis legitimacia uSualod papze iyo damokidebuli. am epoqa-Si SeuZlebeli iyo sekularuli saxelmwifos arseboba, amitom evropis arc erT monarqs SeeZlo samyaros upa-pod warmodgena. papTan konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi Zlieri monarqi cdilobda axali papis arCevas. Sua saukuneebis evropas ramdenime aseTi warmatebuli mcdeloba axsovs. imperatoris xelisuflebisadmi realuri konkurenci-is gasawevad papebs energiuli nabijebis gadadgma das-WirdaT: isini cdilobdnen, ukiduresad gaeZlierebi-naT klerikaluri zegavlena sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoze; aseve aucilebeli iyo efeqturi disci-plinaruli kontrolis ganxorcieleba mTel eklesi-aze. amis gamo maT eklesia mxolod sasuliero fenasTan gaaigives. cxadia, aman mniSvnelovnad Secvala ekle-siis Zveli koncefcia, romelic adre masSi ara marto RvTismsaxurebis, aramed mTeli morwmune eris erTo-bas xedavda. garkveul periodSi TavianTi Tavis qristes vikariosebad, anu moadgileebad gamocxadebis da dis-ciplinirebuli klerikaluri administraciuli manqa-nis efeqturi gamoyenebis saSualebiT papebma marTlac miaRwies realur monarqiul Zalauflebas. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi romis kaTedras bevri ambiciuri, iuridiuli kompetenciiTa da energiiT gamorCeuli papi edga saTaveSi. am epoqis papebis umravlesoba sulierze metad iuridiuli kate-goriebiT azrovnebda da moqmedebda. saimperatoro xe-lisuflebasTan oponirebis procesSi dasavlelma kan-


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onistebma da Teologebma axali doqtrina SeimuSaves, romlis Tanaxmad, sasuliero xelisufleba ara marto aRemateboda saeros, aramed moicavda kidec mas. aqedan gamomdinare, imperatorebi papebs TviT saero sakiTxeb-Sic iseve unda damorCilebodnen, rogorc klerikalebi. garkveuli iuridiuli formulebisa da wminda werilis zogierTi pasaJis maTTvis sasurvel alegoriul inter-pretaciaze dayrdnobiT, kaTolike kanonistebma daas-kvnes, rom paps RmerTisagan ori – sasuliero da saero – maxvili hqonda mindobili; amaTgan papma imperators, rogorc sakuTar saWurvelTmtvirTvels, ise gadasca saero maxvili eklesiis interesebis dasacavad. rogorc aqedan Cans, pap gelasiusis moZRvreba gansxvavebuli, ma-gram mainc ori damoukidebeli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb, aRmatebulobis xarisxiT Caanacvla axalma moZRvrebam, romelic orive: sasuliero da saero Zalauflebis wy-arod romis paps miiCnevda. aqedan gamomdinare, is im-peratorebsa da monarqebs mxolod da mxolod papis amsofliur saqmeTa ministrebad aRiqvamda.

am doqtrinam realuri xorcSesxmas yvelaze me-tad inokenti III-is da misi uSualo memkvidreebis dros miaRwia. maT dros kaTolikurma eklesiam, rogorc so-cialurma sxeulma, saxelmwifos yvela Tviseba da am-bicia SeiTvisa. papis, rogorc yovelgvari politikuri Zalauflebis wyaros, Teorias aZlierebda maSin gaba-tonebuli aristoteles politikuri filosofiis uni-taruli aqsioma, romlis Tanaxmad, yvela Zalaufleba erTaderT sawyisze daiyvaneba. papizmis ideologebi-saTvis cxadi iyo, rom erTaderTi da umaRlesi xelisu-flebis pretenzia mxolod qristes vikarioss SeiZleba hqonoda.

papizmis TiTqosda cxadi gamarjvebis dros, roca bonifas VIII-m 1302 wels gamocemuli buliT – Unam sanctam, mTeli qveyniereba papis iurisdiqcias dauqvemdebara, realur politikasa da doqtrinalur sferoSi ukve ga-moCndnen Zalebi, romlebic aSkarad ewinaarmdegebod-


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nen mis miswrafebebs. sxvadasxva avtors gansxvavebulad moaqvs cnobili fraza, romelic safrangeTis mefis, filipe IV-is warmomadgenlma, pier de flotma, pap bon-ifas kamaTisas pirSi miaxala. amitom Cven mis SesaZlo perifrazs warmovadgenT: „Tqveni Zalaufleba sityvebs eyrdnoba, Cveni ki – saqmeebs“5. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, politikuri xelisuflebis unitaruli koncefciis sawi-naaRmdegod gamoikveTa im dros asparezze gamosuli nominalizmi, istoriuli kriticizmi da Toma aqvinelis „bunebrivi kanonis“ koncefcia. Toma aqvineli imave ar-istoteleze dayrdnobiT acxadebda, rom adamianuri buneba da sazogadoebis teleologiuri mizezebi safuZv-lad edeba „bunebriv kanonebs“, romelic saerToa mTeli kacobriobisaTvis da damoukidebelia romelime sax-elmwifos moqalaqeebis religiuri rwmenisagan. Toma aqvinelis zogierTi mimdevari am koncefciis gamoy-enebiT cdilobda, daesabuTebina, rom religiisagan da-moukidebeli sajaro samarTali sazogadoebis bunebrivi moTxovnilebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da maTi aucile-beli xasiaTidan iZenda legitimurobas6. zogi imasac amtkicebda, rom Cveulebrivi adamianuri yofa mxolod yoveldRiur gamocdilebas efuZneboda, religia ki _ rwmenas, amitom am sofelSi saero xelisuflebas unda gadaewyvita, vin iyo dasjis Rirsi, sasuliero dass ki mxolod saiqio cxovrebaze SesZleboda apelireba. is-toriuli kriticizmis TvalsazrisiT, papebis pozicia gaumarTlebeli iyo; pirveli saukunis eklesia msgavs arafers icnobda; amitom eklesiis, rogorc morwmuneTa socialuri organizmis, wminda administraciuli marT-vis zogierTi aspeqti saxelmwifo kanonebs unda damor-Cileboda.

rogorc cnobilia, aseTma ideebma gamokveTili

5 albaT aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom es papi simoniis braldebiT misma poli-tikurma mowinaaRmdegem dante alegierma Tavis „RvTaebriv komediaSi“ jojox-eTis merve wreSi moaTavsa6 mogvianebiT, modernuli saxelmwifoebis momxreebma am argumentebze dayrdnobiTac daiwyes mtkiceba, rom sekularuli saxelmwifo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis bunebriv, aucilebel Sedegs warmoadgenda


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artikulacia SeiZina marselius paduelis da cnobili nominalistis, okamis, nawerebSi. msgavsi Sexedulebebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleTSi ukve meToTx-mete saukunis Suawlebidan. maSasadame, am dros erT-maneTs daupirispirda, erTi mxriv, papebis miswrafeba, sulieri ZalauflebisaTvis mTlianad daeqvemdebare-bina adamianTa mentaluri, zneobrivi, politikuri, TviT yoveldRiuri aqtivoba da, meore mxriv, evropaSi axlad-Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri cnobiereba, efeqturi na-cionaluri administraciiT, romelic swrafad iZenda iuridiul, politikur kompetenciasa da ambiciebs da romelTa gamarTlebas berZnul politikur filosofi-aze dayrdnobiT cdilobda. romis kaTedris universal-uri Zalauflebisadmi nacionalur opozicias ar SeiZle-boda mxolod papebis, monarqebis da maTi ministrebis politikur konfrontaciaSi epova gamoxatuleba. ro-gorc adre aRvniSneT, man filosofiuri da iuridiuli eqspresia Toma aqvinelis politikuri filosofiis zo-gierTi adeptis, okamis, marseliusis da sxvaTa nawereb-Si hpova. es opozicia zogjer religiur da istoriul ar-tikulacias iZenda, amis magaliTebia viklifi da husi. es ukanasknelni wminda saRvTismetyvelo, skriptularul argumentebTan erTad eyrdnobodnen maSin gavrcelebul istoriul da fsevdoistoriul Sexedulebs Zveli ekle-siis ubraloebis, apolitikurobis da administraciuli struqturis pirvelyofili simartivis Sesaxeb. opozi-ciam faqtiurad evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi aRmar-Ta iuridiuli barierebi romis kaTedris pretenziebis winaaRmdeg: inglisSi es iyo sapapo gadasaxadebisa da romisadmi apelaciis amkrZalavi statutebi; safran-geTSi „axal“ postgracianul kanonikur samarTalsa da dekretaliebze dayrdnobiT uari ganacxades, papis nebi-smier kontrols daqvemdebare bodnen; imperiulma ele-qtorebma7 daadgines, papis avtoritetisagan damoukde-

7 imperiuli eleqtorebi, anu princ eleqtorebi (ger.Kurfürst) wevrebi iyvnen im kolegiisa, romelic wminda romis imperiis imperatorebs irCevda.


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blad emoqmedaT. am droidan iRebs saTaves radikaluri cvlilebebi, romlebmac niadagi moumzada sekularuli saxelmwifos warmoSobas. aqedan moyolebuli, kon-fliqturi mxareebi aRar arian imperia da samRvdeloba, aramed, adgilobriv politikur intrigebSi CarTuli eklesia da axladwarmoSobili modernuli, sekularu-li nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis xelisufalni.

Sua saukuneebis bolos papebis Zalaufleba Zli-er Sesustda. franguli monarqiis politikurma veqtor-ma, papebis „avinionis tyveobis“8 periodma, dasavleTis „didma sqizmam“9, anu mravalpapianobam da konstancis krebis konsiliarulma10 xasiaTma sagrZnoblad Seam-cira papis aramarto politikuri Zalaufleba, aramed misi sulieri avtoritetic. cxadia, papebs aSkarad ara-sodes uaruyviaT TavianTi pretenziebi, magram arsebu-li garemoebebi saSualebas ar aZlevda mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. marTalia, mogvianebiT maT daamar-cxes konsiliaruli tendenciebi da monarqiuli mmarT-veloba daibrunes, maTTvis mainc SeuZlebeli gaxda evropaze Zveli politikuri da sulieri gavlenis aR-dgena. bevri avtori miiCnevs, rom meTxuTmete saukuneSi

imperatorebs, tradiciulad, germanel monarqTagan irCevdnen8 papebis „avinionis tyveobis“ periodi 1309 wlidan 1376-mde gagrZelda. am dros papebi safrangeTis qalaq avinionSi cxovrobdnen. safrangeTis mefe henri me-4-isa da pap bonifac me-8-is konfliqtis da benediqte me-11-is ram-denimeTviani papobis Semdeg frangi monarqis uSualo gavleniT, axal papad arCeuli iqna franguli warmoSobis klimenti me-5. man papad gaxdomis Semdeg uari ganacxada romSi cxovrebaze da rezidenciad avinioni airCia. momavali 67 wlis ganmavlobaSi papebi iZulebulni iyvnen, am qalaqSi darCeniliyvnen. am periods zogjer „papebis babilonis tyveobadac“ moixsenieben9 egreTwodebuli dasavluri „didi sqizma“ 1378-dan 1417 wlamde grZel-deboda. am periodSi ori „papi“ ecileboda erTmaneTs romis kaTedras. am skandaluri situaciis mizezi ufro politikur xasiaTs atarebda, vidre Teo-logiurs. aman Zalian daaknina papebis avtoriteti. es problema sabolood konstansis (1414–1418ww.) krebam gadawyvita10 konsiliarizmis saxeliT cnobilia moZraoba kaTolikur eklesiaSi, romelic papis avtoritetze maRla saeklesio krebas ayenebda. am moZraobam XIV-XVI saukuneebi moicva. konsiliarizmis poziciebi Zlieri iyo pizis (1409w.), konstansis (1414–1418ww.) da bazelis (1431–1449ww.) krebebze, Tumca latera-nis mexuTe krebam (1512–1517ww.) dagmo es moZraoba. papizmma sruli gamarjveba 1870 wlis vatikanis pirvel krebaze moipova


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sqolastikuri Teologiisa da filosofiis krizisma espaneTis, safrangeTisa da inglisis monarqebs SeaZle-bina, manamde arnaxuli avtoriteti da Zalaufleba mo-epovebinaT. maTma Zalauflebam absoluturi xasiaTi aramarto praqtikulad, aramed Teoriuli Tvalsazris-iTac SeiZina. am qveynebSi monarqi ganixileboda rogorc erTaderTi umaRlesi xelisufleba, RmerTis warmomad-geneli, romelTanac mis qveSemrdomebs kvazi-religi-uri morCileba akavSirebda. es axali koncefcia, cxadia, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba SuasaukuneebSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebisagan, romelic maSindeli Teologiis meta-fizikur da naturalur aspeqtebs eyrdnoboda. savarau-dod, am axali koncefciis kvazi-religiuri xasiaTi im Zveli qristianuli swavlebis deformaciis Sedegi iyo, romelic yoveli Zalauflebis saTaves RmerTSi xedavda. advili dasanaxia, rom mefeebis „RvTaebrivi uflebebis“ Teoria ufro axlos dgas israelis same-fos Teokratiul modelTan, vidre adreuli Suasauku-neebis qristianul monarqiasTan. mefeebis „RvTaebrivi uflebebis“ koncefciam Sesaferi garemo protestantul saxelmwifoebSi hpova. es advili asaxsnelia, radgan protestantizmma eklesias sakramentaluri aspeqti ga-moacala.

Tavisi religiuri problemebis gamo, meTeqvsmete saukunem yvelgan Seitana garkveuli sirTuleebi ekle-siasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebSi. kaToli-kur qveynebSi mefeebma romisagan faqtobriv damoukide-blobas miaRwies da absoluturi monarqiebi daamyares. am movlenas adgili hqonda espaneTSi, ludoviko IV-is galikanur safrangeTSi, maria terezasa da ioseb II-is avstriaSi da a. S.; amave dros kalvinma JenevaSi reform-istuli Teokratiuli mmarTveloba daamyara; sxva ev-ropuli miwebi, sadac kalvinizmi gavrcelda, cdilobda, JenevisaTvis miebaZa; rogorc cnobilia, Tavad luTer-is damokidebuleba mTavrebisadmi garkveuli ambiva-lentobiT gamoirCeoda. igi maT, rogorc avazakebs, ise


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uyurebda, Tumca amave dros, xelisuflebisadmi mor-Cilebas qadagebda; evropa gansxvavebuli qristianuli aRmsareblobebis mqone regionebad daiyo; 1648 wlis vestfaliis zavis Semdeg bevr qveyanaSi tolerantobis principma ufro didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba SeiZina, vidre eklesiasa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sakiTx-ma; bolos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciam politikur da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis aRiarebasTan erTad daufaravad gamoacxada saxelmwifos pozitiuri indiferenciis principi sxvadasxva religiuri jgufebi-sa da aRmsareblobebis mimarT. momdevno ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi miiCneoda, rom es principi ekelesiasa da saxelmwifos urTierTobasTan dakavSirebuli proble-mebis saukeTeso praqtikul gadaWras iZleoda. vatikanis meore krebam amave principze dayrdnobiT gaakeTa re-ligiuri Tavisuflebis deklaracia.

safrangeTis revoluciam saxelmwifosa da ekle-sias Soris damokidebulebis axali suraTi moitana. marTlac, am droidan moyolebuli, saxelmwifoebis ab-soluturi umravlesoba, imisda miuxedavad iyo Tu ara is liberaluri, demokratiuli, socialisturi, faSis-turi an komunisturi, gvevlineba arareligiuri, zogjer ki, antireligiuri xasiaTis matareblebad. evropis gaqristianebidan moyolebuli pirvelad warmoiSva saxelmwifoebi, romelic aSkarad uaryofda eklesiis CarTulobas, religiur diskurs sajaro sivrceSi. amave dros adamianebis cxovrebasa da calkeul aqtebze sax-elmwifos zegavlena pirdapiri da TiTqmis yovlismom-cveli gaxda imisda damoukideblad, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo am ukanasknelis ideologia da politikuri wyoba. sajaro sivrcidan eklesiis, religiis gandev-nam da saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebam „bunebrivad“ daamkvidra tendencia, romelic ukiduresi formiT mx-olod totalitarul reJimebSi vlindeba. kerZod, aq laparakia principze, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis, mis axlandel an momaval keTildReo-


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basTan SedarebiT individualur interesebs, Sexedule-bebs an TviT Tavisuflebasac gacilebiT naklebi mniSvn-eloba eniWeba. teroristulma aqtebma es principi TviT yvelaze liberalur qveynebSic ki gaabatona, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom igi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis mzar-di sekularistuli xasiaTis „bunebrivi“ Sedegia; ter-orizmi aq mxolod katalizatoris rols TamaSobs. aq Cven „bunebrivi Sedegi“ misi gardauvalobis, logikuri aucileblobis azriT vixmareT. saqme imaSia, rom Tu sa-jaro sivrcidan religia, anu misi transcendentaluri, „araamsofliuri“ Rirebulebebi idevneba, maSin adamiani mTlianad „amsofliuri“ xdeba da igi mxolod koleqti-vis nawilad gvevlineba; nawili ki yovelTvis ufro na-klebmniSvnelovania, vidre mTeli. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo adamianis interesebi ufro naklebmniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba, vidre -koleqtivisa. yoveli metismetad saero sekularistuli saxelmwifo TavisTavSi atarebs to-talitarul potencias, romlis mTeli sisruliT aqtu-alizeba didi socialuri krizisebis dros xdeba. soci-umis korporaciuli tendenciebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva mxolod eklesias SeuZlia, radgan qristianoba pirovnebaSi, mis saboloo daniSnulebaSi araamsofli-ur faseulobebs xedavs, ris gamoc individi ufro fa-seuli xdeba, vidre pirovnulobas moklebuli sociumis nebismieri forma.

cxadia, eklesia ar SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos saxelmwifos advilad asaxsnel survils, erTmaneTisa-gan gamijnos saero da religiuri institutebis samarT-lebrivi, administraciuli da politikuri kompetenciis sferoebi. institucionaluri sekularizmi ki ar gvev-lineba totalitarizmis, korporaciuli da antireligi-uri mentalitetis saTaved, aramed msoflmxedvelobiTi sekularizmi, romelic sociumis interesebisa da miznebis dafuZnebas pirwmindad „saero“ faseulobebze cdilobs. aseTi saxelmwifo „eWvis TvaliT“ uyurebs eklesias im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac misi dacvis da mxardaWeris


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survils gamoTqvams. igi masSi iseT socialur orga-nizms xedavs, romelic moqalaqeebisagan gansakuTrebul loialobasa da cxovrebis wess iTxovs da SeuZlia im-pulsi misces iseT aqtebs, miznebsa Tu Sexedulebebs, romlebic saxelmwifo politikisa da administraciuli aparatis interesebSi ar jdeba. totalitarul saxelmwi-foebs rom Tavi davaneboT, TviT demokratiul-liber-alur saxelmwifoebSic ki gabatonebulia humanisturi, an materialisturi msoflmxedvelobebi, romlebic qristianobis tradiciul religiur, socialur da zneo-briv standartebs emuqreba. Tanamedrove arakonfesion-aluri saxelmwifo uars acxadebs, eklesiis religiuri miznebis ganxorcielebis iaraRad iqces, Zveli privi-legiebi mianiWos mas; piriqiT, eklesia, romelic Tavis mowodebas adamianebis amasoflisadmi totaluri mi-jaWvulobisagan ganTavisuflebaSi xedavs, mudmiv molo-dinSi unda iyos mTeli arsebiT win aRudges saxelmwi-fos, Tu es ukanaskneli amsofliuri idealebis saxeliT, mis religiur mrwamsa da sakramentalur cxovrebaze ze-moqmedebas Seecdeba. meoce saukune araerTxel yofila eklesiis devnis mowme. am dros saxelmwifo safarve-lad xSirad politikur mizezebs iyenebda. Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris konfliqti yvelaze xSirad ganaTlebis sferoSi vlindeba, radgan aq ikveTeba religiuri da saero interesebi. adre ekle-sia didi mondomebiT kurirebda ganaTlebis sistemas, kargad esmoda ra misi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba adamia-nis pirovnebis Camoyalibebasa da masze zemoqmedebis saqmeSi. meore mxriv, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yvela eTanxmeba azrs, rom saxelmwifos ufleba da movaleoba moqalaqeebisaTvis sayovelTao ganaTlebis uzrunve-lyofaa.

axla yvelas gulubryvilod eCveneba mecxramete saukunis rwmena, TiTqos ganaTlebis sistema SeiZleba neitraluri iyos religiuri da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT; am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic uaRresad spekulatu-


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ri xasiaTisaa da praqtikulad SeuZlebeli, aRsazrdels Tavze ar unda movaxvioT esa Tu is religiuri sistema da saSualeba unda davutovoT, Tavad damoukideblad air-Cios igi zrdasrul asakSi. rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, aseTi Sexedulebebi gansakuTrebul popularobas aRwev-da da iZulebiT inergeboda materialistur da zogierT totalitarul reJimSi. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos So-ris konfliqtebis SesaZlo sferoebia, agreTve, raso-brivi segregacia da politikuri niSniT diskriminacia.

zogierTi dasavleli avtori fiqrobs, rom bevr Tanamedrove qveyanaSi eklesia male aRmoCndeba im md-gomareobaSi, rogorSic iyo igi romis imperiis gaqris-tianebamde; socialuri an politikuri TvalsazrisiT, eklesias aRar eqneba saxelmwifos mier sanqcirebuli ze-gavlena; misi roli SeumCneveli gaxdeba sajaro sivrce-Si. marTlac, bevr Tanamedrove qveyanaSi eklesia ufro sasuliero dasis mzrunvelobis qveS gaerTianebul mor-wmuneTa ojaxad aRiqmeba, vidre kvazi politikur orga-nizaciad.

bolos aseve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris konfliqti, romelic gansxvave-bul istoriul, kulturul da geografiul garemoSi sxvadasxva saxes iRebda, SeiZleba kacobriobis modgmis endemur, Tavidan mouSorebel fenomenad miviCnioT. aseTi konfliqtisa Tu konfliqtebis gardauvaloba ne-tari avgustines „RvTis qalaqisa“ da „miwis qalaqis“ kon-cefciebidanac kargad Cans. rogorc cnobilia, netari mama aswavlida, rom kacobriobis istoria, misi kultura da civilizacia ori mtruli sazogadoebis: „RvTis qa-laqisa“ da „miwis qalaqis“ konfliqtzea aRmocenebuli. RvTis qalaqi aerTianebs adamianebs, romlebsac RmerTi WeSmaritad uyvarT da mTel samyaros uflis msaxurebis saSualebad miiCneven, miwis qalaqi ki iseT adamianebs aerTianebs, romlebic ama soflis gadaWarbebuli si-yvarulis gamo RmerTis mtrebad qceulan. netari avgus-tine ambobs, rom am ori gansxvavebuli siyvarulis mqone


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adamianebs erTmaneTTan xangrZlivi mSvidobiani Ta-naarseboba ar SeuZliaT. marTalia, netari mamis Tanax-mad, ar SeiZleba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos pirdapir gaigiveba RvTisa da miwis qalaqebTan, magram eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris winaaRmdegoba mainc SeiZleba um-Tavresi avgustineseuli konfliqtebis garkveul aspeq-tad, ufro sworad mis Sedegad warmovidginoT, radgan „RvTis qalaqis“ wevrebi, umeteswilad, eklesiaSi cxov-roben da moqmedeben, „miwis qalaqis“ wevrebi ki TavianTi miznebis, motivebis ganxorcielebis umTavres iaraRad saxelmwifos miiCneven. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, rode-sac saxelmwifoebi ufro da ufro sekularulni xdebi-an da uars amboben eklesiaze zrunvasa da daxmarebasze, ufro da ufro miecema gasaqani im antieklesiur tenden-ciebs, romlebsac miwis qalaqi TavisTavSi implicitu-rad atarebs. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos esqatologiur orientaciaTa sxvaoba da mzardi sekularizacia ekle-sias albaT momavalSi marTlac Caayenebs im mdgomareo-baSi, romelSic igi misi warmoSobis gariJraJze iyo. igi ufro da ufro iqceva „ucxo sxeulad“ momavali saxelm-wifos socialur da politikur konteqstSi.


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ქრისტიანობა და სეკულარიზმი(masalebi gansjisaTvis mcire komentarebiT)

oTar zoiZe

`...21-e saukunis dasawyisSi religiur adamianebs Znelad Tu ipoviT mcirericxovan seqtebSi, sadac isini erT-maneTs ekvrian sekularuli kulturis winaaRmdeg br-Zolisas“.

piter ludvig bergeri (1968 w.)

„is, vinc ugulebelyofs religiis mniSvnelobas Taname-drove urTierTobebis analizisas, amas sCadis Tavisi SiSisa da riskis gamo“.

piter ludvig bergeri (`ukuqceuli sekularizmi~, 1996 w.)

„Cemi azriT, Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven vcxov-robT sekularizebul samyaroSi, mcdaria“.

piter ludvig bergeri („msoflios desekularizacia: globaluri mimoxilva“,

1999 w.)


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„stolipinis reformebis istoria, vfiqrob, naTlad cxadyofs, ramdenad Znelia, Tu ubralod SeuZlebeli ara, religiuri sazrisis miRma da mis gareSe (da maso-brivi moZraobis gareSe) saSualo klasis („saSualoTa kulturis“) Seqmna jansaRi ekonomikuri azrisa da racio-naluri RonisZiebebis safuZvelze“.

merab mamardaSvili

1. Sesavali: sakiTxis mniSvnelobisaTvis

2. qristianoba da sekularizmi1) qveynierebis sekularizacia – qristianuli idea (protopresviteri ioane meiendorfi)2) sekularizmis arsi (protopresviteri aleqsan-dre Smemani)3) liturgia da sekularizmi (protopresviteri aleqsandre Smemani)4) gaucnobierebeli kapitulacia (protopresviteri aleqsandre Smemani)5) pirovnebis sekularistuli reduqcia (proto-presviteri aleqsandre Smemani)6) marTlmadidebluri anTropologia da sekular-izmi (protopresviteri ioane meiendorfi)7) erToba da sekularizmi (protopresviteri ioane meiendorfi)8) dapirispirebis daZleva da eklesiis kaTolikoba (mitropoliti ioane ziziulasi)9) ori esqatologia da sekularizmi (protopres-viteri aleqsandre Smemani)

3. instituciuri sekularizmi1) saxelmwifos qristianuli xedva

1.1) saxelmwifo: marTlmadidebluri xedva (protopresviteri sergi bulgakovi)

ქრისტიანობა და სეკულარიზმი

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1.2) saxelmwifo: marTlmadidebluri xedva (protopresviteri aleqsandre Smemani)1.3) saxelmwifo: kaTolikuri xedva (papi benediqte XVI)

2) religiuri institutebisa da saxelmwifos gami-jnulobis Tanamedrove modelebi3) sekularuli kultura da religiuri uflebebi4. religia da sazogadoeba: religia sajaro sivrce-Si 1) religiuri xedva: marTlmadidebloba (proto-presviteri aleqsandre Smemani)2) religiuri xedva: kaTolicizmi (papi benediqte XVI)3) arareligiuri xedva (iurgen habermasi)4) sajaro pirebis religiuri diskursi sajaro sivrceSi 5. Sejamebis nacvlad: isev sakiTxis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

1. Sesavali: sakiTxis mniSvnelobisaTvis

banaluri WeSmaritebiT daviwyeb: qarTul saxelm-wifoebriobas daaxloebiT samiaTaswlovani istoria aqvs.

miuxedavad amisa, mtkiced SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom Cven ar gvaqvs Tanamedrove saxelmwifos gamocdileba. Cveni gamocdileba sxva epoqebisa da sxva sistemebis sax-elmwifoebriobis gamocdilebaa, romelic, Tumca mniS-vnelovania, magram arasakmarisi. amitom warmatebuli Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad didi Zalisxmeva gvmarTebs; Tumca yovelive amaod Caivlis, Tu sworad ar gaviazrebT da ar gadavwyvetT erT fun-damentur sakiTxs, kerZod, religiis sakiTxs. mxedvelo-baSi maqvs Tanamedrove qarTul saxelmwifoSi zogadad religiisa da, kerZod, marTlmadideblobisa da saqa-


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rTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis adgilis gansaz-Rvra. vgulisxmob ara marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da sxva religiuri organizaciebis statusis sakiTxs, ara sakiTxis samarTlebriv aspeqts, aramed sakiTxis faseu-lobiT (RirebulebiT) mxares – ra adgili da roli unda hqondes zogadad religiasa da religiur institutebs sazogadoebaSi, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi, Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos Se-qmnaSi.

pasuxi TiTqos martivia: samagaliTod dasaxuli liberalur-demokratiuli sistema religias acxadebs kerZo saqmed da aRiarebs saxelmwifos saeroobis prin-cips, sekularuli saxelmwifos ideas. Sesabamisad, Ta-visTavad igulisxmeba, rom Cvenc Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifo amave principebs unda davafuZnoT. magram sakiTxis siRrmiseulad ganxilvisas cxadi xdeba, rom sakiTxi ase martivi ar aris. Cveni zedapiruli codnis (rac, samwuxarod, didi xania ukve Cvens myar maxasiaTe-blad iqca) miRma aRmoCnda is umniSvnelovanesi cv-lilebebi, rac bolo ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze ganicada religiisadmi damokidebulebam swored lib-eraluri demokratiis sistemebSi, is, Tu rogor Seicva-la sekularizaciis procesi desekularizaciiT, rogor mohyva religiis „privatizacias“ misi „deprivatizacia“, ra mZlavi nabijebiT brundeba religia sajaro sivrceSi...

ssrk-is daSlisa da religiiis diskriminaciis formaluri safuZvlebis mospobis Semdeg CvenTanac bunebrivad daiwyo religiis dabrunebis procesi ara mx-olod pirad cxovrebaSi, aramed sajaro sivrceSic. Tumca religiis sajaro sivrceSi dabrunebis process mZafrad ewinaaRmdegeba sekularizmis adeptTa mcirericxovani jgufi. am jgufis azriT, saxelmwifos saeroobis prin-cipi gamoricxavs religiis sajaro sivrceSi arsebobas da nebismieri sawinaaRmdego procesi arRvevs sekular-izmis principebs (romelTac am ideologiis mimdevar-TaTvis xelSeuxebeli dogmatis xasiaTi aqvs) da spobs


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liberaluri demokratiis sistemis safuZvlebs. amitom sekularizmis qarTveli mimdevrebi kategoriulad moiTxoven maTi dogmatizebuli ideologiis aRiarebasa da pativiscemas religiuri cnobierebis mqone pirebisa-gan. ideokratiuli saxelmwifos koSmaris gamocdilebis mqone qveyanaSi isev ideokratias gvTavazoben, amjerad sxva formiT, magram kvlav da kvlav Tavisuflebis sax-eliT. morigi ideokratiis mowinaaRmdegeebs ki garan-tirebuli aqvT bneleTis mociqulebis iarliyi...

amdenad, arsebiTad sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu ra tipis saxelmwifo gveqneba, ra iqneba am saxelmwifos arsi, daefuZneba Tu ara igi Tavisuflebas, Tu kvlav SevqmniT kidev erT ideokratiul jojoxeTs.

amitom sakiTxi uaRresad safuZvlian ganxilvas moiTxovs. es ki SeuZlebelia, Tu ar gavigeT, rogori damokidebuleba aqvs TviT qristianobas, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos saeroobis konceptisa da, meore mxriv, sekularizmis mimarT. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom es damokide-buleba diferencirebulia da vnaxavT imasac, rom sax-elmwifos saeroobis principis aRiareba aucileblad ar gulisxmobs msoflmxedvelobrivi sekularizmis miRebas (gansxvavebiT instituciuri sekularizmisagan), rogorc es CvenSi hgoniaT sekularizmis mimdevrebs.

am orive sakiTxze davimowmeb uaRresad avtoritet-uli pirovnebebis naazrevs (zusti TargmaniT), xolo bo-los mkiTxvels gavuziareb Cems mosazrebebs gansaxil-vel problemaze.

2. marTlmadidebloba da sekularizmi

1). qveynierebis sekularizacia – qristianuli idea (protopresviteri ioane meiendorfi)

„qristianobis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli siaxle iyo is, rom man moaxdina kosmosis demistificireba, Tu gnebavT, sekularizeba: idea, rom RmerTi myofobs


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stiqiebSi, wylebSi, wyaroebSi, varskvlavebSi, impera-torSi, dasawyisidanve srulad iqna uaryofili samoci-qulo eklesiis mier. magram amave dros amave eklesiam dagmo yovelgvari maniqeizmi, yovelgvari dualizmi. qveyniereba cudi ar aris TavisTavad, stiqiebma unda aRavlinon RmerTis dideba; wyali SeiZleba ikurTxos, kosmosze SeiZleba ibatono; imperatori SeiZleba gax-des RmrTis msaxuri. qveynierebis yvela es stiqia ar aris mizani TavisTavad da maTSi miznis danaxva niSnavs swored imas, rasac niSnavda qristianobamdel Zvel sa-myaroSi maTi gaRmerTeba; isini TavianTi siRrmiseuli arsebobiT ganisazRvrebian TavianTi kavSiriT TavianT SemoqmedTan, da adamianTan, samyaroSi Semoqmedis xat-Tan.

amitom kurTxevis yvela wes-gangeba, romelic esoden uyvars marTlmadideblur bizantiur RvTismsax-urebas (iseve, rogorc yvela Zvel RvTismsaxurebas), Ta-vis TavSi moicavs

a) Serisxvis, egzorcizmis elementebs...b) mowvevas suliwmidisa, romelic gamodis mamisa-

gan, e. i. ara qveynierebisagan;g) mtkicebas, rom Tavis axal, nakurTx mdgomareoba-

Si materia, ukve RmerTisken orientirebuli da aRdgeni-li Tavis Tavdapirvel mimarTebaSi SemoqmedTTan, axla gaxdeba msaxuri adamianisa, romelic RmerTma daadgina qveynierebis meufed.

amgvarad, nebismieri stiqiis dalocvisa da kurTx-evis aqti adamians aTavisuflebs am stiqiaze damokide-bulebisagan da am stiqias ayenebs adamianis samsaxurSi.

ase moaxdina Zvelma qristianobam materialuri samyaros stiqiebis demistificireba. Cveni drois RvTismetyvelebis amocanaa sazogadoebis, seqsis, sax-elmwifos, revoluciisa da sxva Tanamedrove kerpebis demistificireba. sekularizaciis Cveni Tanamedrove winaswarmetyvelni mTlad ar tyuian, roca saubroben qristianebis sekularizatorul pasuxismgeblobaze:


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kosmosis sekularizacia dasabamidan qristianuli idea iyo. magram problema isaa, rom isini axdenen eklesiis sekularizacias da mas cvlian axali kerpTayvanismcem-lobiT, qveynierebisadmi TayvaniscemiT; amiT adamiani isev uaryofs Tavisuflebas, romelic mas suliwmidam mianiWa, da xelaxla eqvemdebareba istoriis, sociolo-giis, froidistuli fsiqologiisa Tu utopiuri progre-sizmis determinizms.

...wm. grigol noselisaTvis adamianis codviTdace-ma mdgomareobda swored imaSi, rom is aRmoCnda kosmi-uri determinizmis tyveobaSi, maSin, roca dasabamidan, roca igi monawileobda RmrTaebriv cxovrebaSi, roca Tavis TavSi inarCunebda RmrTis xatebasa da msgavse-bas, igi WeSmaritad Tavisufali iyo. amrigad, Tavisu-fleba ar upirispirdeba madls, xolo madli, e. i. TviT RmrTaebrivi cxovreba, ar aris arc saSualeba, romliT-ac RmerTi Cven gvaiZulebs morCilebas, arc damatebiTi elementi, romelic daedeba adamianis bunebas zemodan misi keTili saqmeebisaTvis damatebiTi wonis misace-mad. madli is garemoa, romelSic adamiani WeSmaritad Tavisufalia: „xolo raJams moiqces uflisa, moeZarcu-vis saburveli igi. xolo ufali sul ars; xolo sada suli uflisaჲ, mun aznaurebaჲ (Tavisufleba – o.z.) ars. xolo Cuen, yovelni, gancxadebuliTa piriTa didebasa uflisasa ganvicdiT, masve xatsa mivicvalebiT didebiTi didebad, viTarca-igi uflisagan sulad“ (2 korinT. 3. 16-18).

pavle pociqulis epistolis es adgili, iseve ro-gorc wm. irineos lionelisa da wm. grigol noselis anTropologia, gvTavazobs ZiriTad mtkicebas: buneba da madli, adamiani da RmerTi, adamianis suli da suli-wmida, adamianis Tavisufleba da RmrTis myofoba ar gamoricxaven erTmaneTs. piriqiT, WeSmariti adamianu-roba Tavis WeSmarit SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebsa da WeSmarit TavisuflebaSi, Tavdapirvel mSvenierebasa da harmoniaSi aris swored [RmrTaebriv cxovrebasTan] zi-


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arebisas, an roca, – rogorc gvauwyeben pavle mociquli da wm. grigol noseli, – igi ganicdis „didebiTi dide-bas“, arasodes amowuravs ra arc RmrTaebriv simdidres, arc adamianis SesaZleblobebs.

axla ukve sayovelTao gaxda mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom Cvens droSi RvTismetyveleba unda iyos anTro-pologia. marTlmadidebel RvTismetyvels SeuZlia miiRos dialogi am safuZvelze da unda miiRos kidec igi im pirobiT, rom Tavidanve iqneba miRebuli Sexed-uleba adamianze, rogorc Ria arsebaze. pirvel rigSi, uaryofil unda iqnas sekularizmis, adamianis avtono-miurobis, kosmocentrulobisa Tu siciomagnetizmis Tanamedrove dogmatebi, rogorc dogmatebi. bevr am Tanamedrove dogmats aqvs... Zalian Rrma fesvebi dasav-luri qristianobis Zvel SiSSi „ziarebis“ ideis (ro-melic, Cveulebisamebr, miCneulia emociur misticizmad) mimarT, mis midrekilebaSi, adamiani ganixilos rogorc avtonomiuri arseba. magram es dogmatebi TavianT safuZ-velSive yalbia.

axlac ki „uRmerTo qristianobis“ winaswarmetyvele-bi, upirvelesad, arasworad ganmartaven adamians. Cveni umcrosi Taoba ar aris midrekili sekularizmisaken, igi ganwiruli cdilobs „sxva raimes“, transcedentulis, erTaderTi WeSmaritis bunebrivi wyurvili daikmayo-filos iseTi orazrovani saSualebebiT, rogoricaa aRmosavluri religiebi, narkotikebi Tu fsiqodeluri lozungebi. Cveni saukune ara mxolod sekularizmis sau-kunea, igi axali religiebisa da religiis surogatebis gaCenis saukunecaa. es gardauvalia imitom, rom adami-ani Teocentruli arsebaa: roca mas arTmeven WeSmarit RmerTs, igi qmnis yalb RmerTebs“ (protopresviteri io-ane meiendorfi, cocxali gardamocema. marTlmadide-blobis mowmoba Tanamedrove msoflioSi, rus. 2004).

2) sekularizmis arsi (protopresviteri aleqsan-dre Smemani)

„sekularizmi rTuli movlenaa, da, ra Tqma unda, aq


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SeuZlebelia misi yvela aspeqtis ganxilva. Cveni amo-canisaTvis sakmarisia ganvsazRvroT sekularizmi, ro-gorc adamianisa da sazogadoebis sekularuli cxovreba, ese igi amsofluri cxovreba religiisagan da faseulo-baTa religiuri sistemisagan avtonomiurad. aucilebe-li ar aris, sekularizmi iyos antireligiuri: amerika, magaliTad, Rrmad religiuricaa da Rrmad sekularu-lic. SeiZleba savsebiT gulwrfelad ganacxado re-ligiis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, ganukuTvno mas sapatio adgili, mianiWo bevri privilegia. magram es Tanaarse-boba, TanamSromloba da TviT ormxrivi enTuziazmic ki ver cvlis religiisa da cxovrebis Zireul dixoto-mias. [sekularizmis pirobebSi] religias SeuZlia uzrun-velyos cxovreba zneobrivi normebiT, daexmaros mas keTilmowyobaSi, magram ar SeuZlia gardaqmnas cxovre-ba religiad, aqcios igi religiur cxovrebad, romlis mTavari Sinaarsi aris RmerTi da misi sasufeveli. saqmi-an adamians, magaliTad, SeiZleba swamdes RmerTi da sulis ukvdaveba, SeiZleba loculobdes da did nugeSs poulobdes locvaSi, magram roca igi midis ofisSi da iwyebs saqmes, arc ki gaiazrebs, rom es saqme miemarTeba sakvanZo religiur realobas – Seqmnas, codTviTdace-mas, gamosyidvas – es saqme miiCneva savsebiT TviTkmar da avtonomiur qmedebad.

...sekularizmi aris msoflmxedveloba da misi Sesa-bamisi cxovrebis wesi, romlis drosac ara mxolod ada-mianuri arsebobis ZiriTadi mxareebi, iseTi, rogoricaa ojaxi, samuSao, ganaTleba, mecniereba, xelovneba da a. S. araTu ar aris dakavSirebuli rwmenasTan da ar aris dafuZnebuli rwmenaze, aramed uariyofeba TviT amgvari kavSiris aucilebloba da misi TviT SesaZleblobac ki. amasTan erTad, cxovrebis saero sfero moiazreba rogorc avtonomiuri, e. i. warmarTuli sakuTari Ri-rebulebebiTa da principebiT, romlebic gansxvavdeba religiuri Rirebulebebisa da principebisagan. seku-larizmi ama Tu im zomiT axasiaTebs yvela Tanamedrove


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civilizacias, magram sekularizmis amerikuli Tavise-bureba, romelic gvaSinebs, aris is, rom amerikaSi seku-larizmi ar aris mTlianad antireligiuri, an aTeisturi, aramed, piriqiT, igi Seicavs gansazRvrul Sexedulebas religiaze da SeiZleba ewodos „religiuri“ sekular-izmi. es imdenadaa „religiis filosofia“, ramdenadac „cxovrebis filosofia“. TviT aSkarad antireligiur sazogadoebebs, sabWoTa ruseTs, an wiTel CineTs ar Sei-Zleba ewodoT sekularuli sazogadoebebi! iq religia mteria, romelic likvidacias eqvemdebareba, da yvela kompromisi masTan, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, unda iyos droe-biTi. magram amerikuli kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis Tavisebureba aris is, rom isini erTdroulad iReben religias, rogorc adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovan gare-moebas, da uaryofen mas, rogorc mTlian msoflmxedv-elobas, romelic ayalibebs adamianis cxovrebas“.

amerikeli „sekularisti“ SeiZleba savsebiT „re-ligiuri“ adamiani iyos, Tavisi eklesiis erTguli, regu-larulad mlocveli, romelic eswreba RmrTismsaxure-bas da uxvad gaiRebs xolme Sesawirs. igi sazeimod iwers jvars eklesiaSi, akurTxebs Tavis saxls, asrulebs re-ligiur valdebulebebs – da yovelive amas is gulwrfe-li rwmeniT akeTebs. magram yovelive es verafers aklebs im faqts, rom cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis (qor-winebis, ojaxis, saxlis, samsaxuris da, bolos, TviT misi religiuri valdebulebebis) gageba momdinareobs ara rwmenisagan (rwmena qristesi, RmrTis Zisa, romelic gax-da Ze kacisa, rwmena qristes gankacebisa, sikvdilisa da aRdgomisa), romelsac es adamiani aRiarebs eklesiaSi, aramed erTgvari „cxovrebis filosofiisagan“, ese igi ideebisa da Sexedulebebisagan, romelTac faqtiurad am aRmsareblobasTan ara aqvs raime kavSiri, Tu pirda-pir ar mtrobs mas. sakmarisia mxolod CamovTvaloT Cveni kulturis zogierTi ZiriTadi „Rirebuleba“ – warmateba, usafrTxoeba, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, konkurencia, sargebeli, prestiJi, pativmoyvareoba –


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raTa gavigoT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba TiToeuli maT-gani saxarebis TviT suls...

magram niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom amgvari religiuri sekularisti aucileblad cinikosi, fariseveli da Sizo-frenikia? srulebiTac ara. es mxolod imas gviCvenebs, rom religiis miseuli gageba fesvgadgmulia seku-larul msoflmxedvelobaSi da ara piriqiT. araseku-larul sazogadoebaSi (sazogadoebis erTaderTi tipi, romelic warsulSi icoda marTlmadideblobam) re-ligia da misi Rirebulebebi Seadgenda mTeli cxovrebis umaRles kriteriums, romelTa meSveobiT adamianebi da sazogadoeba afasebdnen TavianT Tavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad arRvevdnen am kriteriumebs. maT See-ZloT ecxovraT, exelmZRvanelaT iseTive miwieri mis-wrafebebiT, magram amasTan erTad religia mudmivad amxelda maT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki religia mxolod pasiuri faqtori iyo. ase, magaliTad, „cxovrebis wesi“ SeiZleba ar yofiliyo religiuri, miuxedavad imisa, rom „cxovrebis filosofia“, ueWvelia, rCeboda relig-iuri xasiaTisa. sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi ki savse-biT piriqiTaa: „cxovrebis wesi“ moicavs religias maSin, roca „cxovrebis filosofia“ gamoricxavs religias.

gasagebia, rom sekularizmis miReba niSnavs TviT religiis arsis radikalur cvlilebas. SeiZleba reli-giam SeinarCunos yvela Tavisi garegani da tradiciuli forma, Tumca Sinaganad es ukve sxva religiaa. Tu seku-larizmi „xels uwyobs“ kidec religias, miuCens ra mas sapatio adgils sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ase akeTebs mxolod imitom, rom TviT religia xdeba gaamsoflure-buli msoflmxedvelobis nawili, sanqcias aZlevs seku-larizmis Rirebulebebs da exmareba miznebis miRwevaSi. da marTlac, religiasTan dakavSirebiT sekularizmSi arcerTi sxva sityva ar gamoiyeneba iseTi sixSiriT, ro-gorc daxmareba. religia exmareba adamians, ekuTvnodes ama Tu im religiur jgufs, gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi rome-lime religiur tradiciasTan, iyos aqtiuri eklesiaSi,


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locvisas; mokled rom vTqvaT, igi exmareba, adami-ani „iyos religiuri“. da raki religia exmareba, raki igi aseTi sasargeblo faqtoria pirad da socialur cxovrebaSi, amitom masac unda gavuwioT daxmareba. amiT aixsneba amerikaSi religiis usaSvelo warmateba, rasac statistika mowmobs. sekularizmi iRebs religias, ma-gram sakuTari pirobebiT; is religiisTvis gansazRvravs erTgvar funqciebs da Tu religia iRebs da asrulebs am funqciebs, sanacvlod igi iRebs pativsa da prestiJs. „amerika, – wers v. gerbergi, – TiTqosda yvelaze re-ligiuria da, amave dros, yvela xalxs Soris yvelaze sekularulia... Tanamedrove religiuri cxovrebis nebismieri mxare asaxavs am paradoqss: yvelganSemRwevi sekularizmi mzardi religiurobis fonze...“.

3) liturgia da sekularizmi (protopresviteri aleqsandre Smemani)

...marTlmadidebeli „msoflmxedveloba“ gamor-icxavs sekularizms, radgan marTlmadideblobis mTa-vari, yovlismomcveli da ZiriTadi paTosi isaa, rom cxovreba ara mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis, aramed is unda iyos RmrTismimsgavsebuli da Teocentruli, RmerTTan urTierTobad gardaqmnili, da amitom aranairi „sae-ro“, an „profanuli“ seqtori adamianuri moRvaweobisa da Semoqmedebisa ar SeiZleba iyos „neitraluri“, miu-wvdomeli kurTxevisaTvis, ese igi RmerTTan urTier-TobisaTvis gamouyenebli. da es ar aris gulubryvilo optimizmi. marTlmadideblobam icis da amtkicebs, rom yoveli kurTxevis sisavse miiRweva sasufevelSi, amqveyn-iurobisagan usasrulod maRla. man icis da amtkicebs, rom ar aris am sisavsisaken mimavali sxva gza, garda Tvi-Tuaryofisa da TviTSewirvis „iwro gzisa“.

amsoflisa da cxovrebis kurTxevis saSualeba aris swored RvTismsaxureba. radgan liturgiaSi Cven ara mxolod vexebiT RmerTs, aramed viRebT niWs, davin-axoT RmrTis sasufeveli, rogorc aRsruleba Rmer-TSi yovelive arsisa, yvelafrisa, rac RmerTma Seqmna


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TavisTvis, da kidev – vxvdebiT am axali realobis mo-ziareni. davinaxeT da mivemTxvieT „caTa da queyanasa“, romelnic „savse arian didebiTa RmrTisaTa“, Cven axla mTeli Cveni cxovreba, mTeli saqmianoba, mTeli dro unda SevufardoT am xedvas da gamocdilebas da amiTve unda gavzomoT, ganvsajoT da gardavqmnaT mTeli Cveni yofa. RvTismsaxurebis es „araamqveyniuri“ xasiaTi xdis swored mas „ama sofelSi“ realur gardamqmnel Zalad. aseTi iyo yovelTvis marTlmadideblobis liturgi-kuli gamocdileba... ...Cveni tragedia aq, amerikaSi, isaa, rom RvTismsaxureba aRar miemarTeba cxovrebas mTel mis sisruleSi, aRar emsaxureba cxovrebis kurTxevas. da es moxda ara Cveni samrevlo Temebis raRac didi codvis, an sizarmacis gamo, aramed, pirvel rigSi, seku-laristuli „cxovrebis filosofiis“ gamo, romelic „rwmenad miiRo“ Cvenma sasuliero ierarqiam da xalxma. sekularizmi aris ara ganzrax danergili swavlebis nay-ofi, igi TviT amerikuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesia. igi Cvenamde modis mravali gziT: skolis, reklamis, Ju-rnalebis, Cveni sazogadoebis mTeli „eTosis“ meSveo-biT. da mainc, igi savsebiT Tanmimdevruli, dasrulebu-li da metad mZlavri „cxovrebis filosofiaa“, romlis mTlianobaSi ganxilvisa da kritikis gareSe SeuZlebe-lia ara mxolod misi daZleva, aramed danaxvac ki da misi Sefaseba rogorc marTlmadideblobisaTvis radi-kalurad ucxo movlenisa.

...SeiZleba Tu ara visaubroT RvTismsaxurebis raRac gavlenaze Cvens faqtobrivad sekularul cxovre-baze...? arsebiTad, Cveni cxovrebis yvela sfero – ojaxi, samuSao, dasveneba, swavla – Camoyalibebulia princi-pebiTa da standartebiT, romelTa „gadasinjva“ aravis ucdia im „msoflmxedvelobis“ safuZvelze, romelic gveZleva RvTismsaxurebaSi. amgvarad, RvTismsaxureba iqceva Zravad, romelmac dakarga kavSiri borblebTan da romelic gamomuSavebul energias ver gardaqmnis moZraobad, sinaTled, an siTbod.


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saqmeTa amgvar mdgomareobaSi gardauvlad icvleba TviT damokidebuleba RvTismsaxurebisadmi, misi siRrm-iseuli gaazreba. kiTxva, romelic dgas marTlmadide-blobis mTeli liturgikuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze – „ras micxadebs RvTismsaxureba Cemsa da Cemi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, ras niSnavs igi Cemi saqmianobisaTvis da Cemi damokidebulebisaTvis adamianebis, bunebisa da drois-admi?“ – icvleba kiTxviT: „ramdenjer unda daveswro RvTismsaxurebas, raTa viyo „keTilmowese?“ da iq, sadac religia iqceva valdebulebad da „umwikvlo reputa-ciis“ saqmed, yvela kiTxva RvTismsaxurebis „swori“ da „araswori“ praqtikis Sesaxeb kargavs kavSirs zneobriv, egzistenciur da WeSmaritad religiur konteqstTan. mRvdeli kmayofilia, rom „sworad“ Caatara msaxureba, xalxi dakmayofilebulia imiT, rom zustad icis Tavisi religiuri valdebulebebi, mTeli mrevli amayia brwyin-vale taZriTa da mSvenieri msaxurebebiT... magram is, rac Tavidanve Seadgenda RvTismsaxurebis realur nayofs – sixarulis („naTeli WeSmariti vixileT..“) unikalur Serwymas Rrma daukmayofileblobasTan („brwyinvale-basa wmidaTa SenTasa viTar Sevide araRirsi, rameTu uke-Tu vikadro Sesvlad sasZlosa, samoseli Cemi mamxilebs me, rameTu ara ars saqorwine..“), Seadgenda msjavrs mTel Cems cxovrebaze, mowodebas sisrulisaken, wyurvils cv-lilebisa, gardaqmnisa – yovelive es aklia RvTismsax-urebas. RvTismsaxureba jer kidev rCeba Cveni saeklesio cxovrebis centrad – ueWvel, udavo da ukritiko cen-trad. sinamdvileSi ki es centri periferiis gareSea, gu-lia, romelsac ar aqvs kontroli sisxlis momoqcevaze, cecxlia, romelsac araferi aqvs gansawmendeli da da-sawveli. radgan cxovreba, romelic unda damwvariyo am cecxliT, savsebiT kmayofilia Tavisi TaviT da winamZ-Rolad da kanonmdeblad sxva cecxls irCevs.

...adamiansa da sazogadoebas ar esmis TviT ekle-siis ena da ver iazrebs mas mTeli yovlismomcvelobiT, da ara mxolod sityvis lingvisturi mniSvnelobiT,


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romelic moicavs RvTismsaxurebis yvela teqstsa da mRvdelmoqmedebas, mTel ritmsa da struqturas. radgan adamianma aiTvisa (ise, rom verc ki gaacnobiereba) sa-kuTari Tavisa da sakuTari cxovrebis sxva modusi, da aman igi WeSmaritad brma da yru gaxada RvTismsaxurebi-sadmi, romelsac igi valdebulebis gamo eswreba. arada mxolod RvTismsaxurebas SeuZlia... daarRvios yvel-ganSemRwevi sekularizmi, radgan RvTismsaxurebis WeS-mariti funqcia yovelTvis iyo adamianisaTvis euwyebina xedva, romelsac erTaderTs SeuZlia, aRavsos adami-ani Secvlis surviliT, gauCinos sevda im gamouTqmeli didebis gamo, risTvisacaa mowodebuli igi, gauCinos WeSmariti sinanuli (metanoia – gonebis Secvla), mx-olod RvTismsaxureba gansjis, kurnavs da gardaqmnis.

...namdvili liturgikuli swavleba ki ...aris RvTismsaxurebis axsna cxovrebasTan kavSirSi, misi „eg-zistenciuri“ Zalmosilebis gacxadeba. da rogor ewi-naaRmdegeba (TiTqmis diametrulad) es liturgiuli swavleba saRvTismsaxuro wesebis metad popularul da ukiduresad zedapirul „simbolur“ interpretacias, romelic Zalian kargad „pasuxobs“ azrovnebis seku-larul wyobas, radgan amgvar interpretaciaSi ar aris arc gamowveva, arc ganaCeni, arc kiTxva. magaliTad, imis Tqma, rom mcire Sesvla saRmrTo liturgiaSi „simbolu-rad“ gamoxatavs qristes gamosvlas saqadageblad, niS-navs, daakmayofilo ritualuri ceremonialisadmi bune-brivi vneba, rac Zalian uyvars sekularizebul adamians (gavixsenoT misi siyvaruli procesiebisadmi, quCaSi msvlelobebisadmi, saqorwino zeimis dausrulebeli repeticiisadmi da misT.), magram amgvari axsna sekular-izebuli adamianis gulSi ar gaaCens kiTxvas sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Tu mcire Sesvlis asaxsnelad mivuTiTebT, ra xdeba adamianisa da mTeli eklesiis mimarT, rom esaa realuri (da ara simboluri) svla eklesiisa, romelic Sedis RmerTTan cocxal urT-ierTobaSi, rom eklesia moxmobilia RmrTis trapezze,


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aRyvanilia ama soflisagan, amaRlebulia yofierebis sxva ganzomilebaSi, romelic sruladaa STafluli RmrTis siwmindis TviT gulisgulSi („wmidao RmerTo, wmidao Zliero, wmidao ukvdavo..“), ganmarto yovelive es – niSnavs, moiTxovo adamianisagan ara mxolod pi-radi monawileoba liturgiaSi, aramed moiTxovo im WeSmaritad „saSineli“ daskvnebis gakeTeba, rac gamom-dinareobs am monawileobisagan mTeli misi cxovrebi-saTvis. radgan Tu me, rogorc qristiani, marTlac is var, visac eboZa SesaZlebloba, miswvdes zeciurs, vinc SeuerTda ufals da gaxda monawile qristes sasufevel-Si Sesvlisa, maSin me momemarTeba mociqulis sityvebi: „rameTu SeuZlebel ars erT-gzis ganaTlebulTa maT, romelTa gemoi exilvos niWTa maT zecisaTai da ziar-qmnul iyvnen sulisa wmidisa da keTili gemoi exilvos sityvisa RmrTisa da Zali igi mermisa mis saukunoisai da dacemulTa kualad ganaxlebai sinanulad, Tana-juar-cumad maTTa Zesa RmrTisasa da ganqiqebad“ (ebrael. 6. 4-6). liturgia uecrad aRar aris „Zveli“, „saukuneebiT kurTxeuli“, „kaSkaSa“ da „mSvenieri“ wes-Cveuleba da xdeba saSinlad seriozuli saqme. da mTeli Cemi cxovre-ba uceb saeWvo xdeba, da masSi yovelive ixilveba imis SesaZleblobiT, rom me SeiZleba gavxde saSineli „gan-maqiqebeli“ RmrTis Zisa. da amis SesaZlebloba aq aris swored imitom, rom liturgia micxadebs, vin var me, ra momeZRvna, mayenebs pirispir sasufevlis didebasTan, es ki niSnavs, rom aSiSvlebs RmrTisagan mTeli Cemi cxovrebis ganvardnasa da gaucxoebas.

wminda naTlobis wyali, mironcxeba, puri da Rvino Cveni evqaristiuli ZRvenisa, dReebi da saaTebi Cveni kalendrisa – yovelive es Cvens RvTismsaxurebas xdis Zalian „realurs“, „materialurs“, akavSirebs mas re-alur cxovrebasTan, realur nivTierebasTan, Cveni sa-myaros realur drosTan, raTa am yvelafers liturgiam mianiWos axali sazrisi da STaberos masSi axali Zala. sekularizmis tragedia is aris, rom igi „ganyofs“ yo-


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fierebis am or wess da „saWmels“, „siyvaruls“, „dros“, „materias“, „fuls“ xdis erTgvar Tavis TavSi arsebis mqoned, romelsac ar aqvs unari gardaqmnisa da madlis miRebisa. sekularizmi imitom aris warmoudgenlad moxa-ruli „wminda simbolizmis“ gamo (esoden xSirad gasaRe-buli WeSmarit qristianul swavlebad), rom igi arafers gansjis da ar xdis sadavod „realuri cxovrebis“ TviT-kmarobas. magram vinc Tundac nawilobriv gaiazra, rom yoveli saWmeli, da, Sesabamisad, saWmliT uzrunve-lyofili mTeli cxovreba pirdapir miemarTeba evqa-ristiis did saidumlos („...WameT,... sviT..“), man ukve axleburad daiwyo amqveynis Wvreta, daiwyo amqveyanaSi imis danaxva, rasac adre ver xedavda. da aq aris dasawy-isi sekularizmis dasasrulisa.

...arsebiTi niSani marTlmadideblobisa aris Semo-qmedebiTi damokidebuleba im samyarosadmi, sadac mar-Tlmadidebloba myofobs. es niSnavs, eWviT Sexedo am samyaros yvela „faseulobasa“ da „cxovrebis wess“ da Seufardo isini eklesiis WeSmaritebas, gadaafaso da Secvalo isini (...). Cveni amocanaa, ki ar uarvyoT, an mi-viRoT samyaro, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, aramed ubralod mivmarToT mas da mivmarToT, rogorc marTlmadide-blebma. magram es niSnavs, am samyaroSi arsebuli yove-live da mTeli misi mTlianoba davinaxoT Cvens rwme-nasTan mimarTebaSi – rogorc qristianuli Sefasebisa da msjavris obieqti, rogorc Secvlasa da gardaqmnas daqvemdebarebuli obieqti.

da swored amas uaryofs sekularizmi; magram swored es aris erTaderTi gza sekularizmis daZlevisa. seku-larizmi „uSvebs“, rom qorwineba akurTxos eklesiam, ma-gram qorwinebis Sinaarss moiazrebs cnebebiT, romelic radikalurad ucxoa kurTxevisaTvis, rogorc aseTisaT-vis. da sanam Cven gvgonia, rom daqorwinebis ceremonia-li mxolod „mimdinareobs“ eklesiaSi da ar vucxadebT wyvils, ra xdeba maTi daqorwinebiT qorwinebis saekle-sio saidumloSi, Cven faqtobrivad vacxadebT kapitula-


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cias sekularizmis winaSe...da aq Cven winaSe mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dgeba litur-

gikuli problema, radgan RvTismsaxureba aris is, rom-lis meSveobiT eklesia zemoqmedebs Tavis wevrebze, xolo am wevrebis meSveobiT zemoqmedebs im samyaroze, sadac isini cxovroben. swored RvTismsaxurebaSi da RvTismsaxurebis meSveobiT aris RmrTis sasufeveli „momavali ZaliTa“ (mrk. 9. 1) – aris Zalmosili, gansajos da gardaqmnas. swored RvTismsaxureba, adamianisaTvis caTa sasufevlisaTvis gamocxadebiT, cxovrebasa da is-torias, bunebasa da materias aqcevs mogzaurobad, zeaRs-vlad am sasufevelSi. da, bolos, swored RvTismsaxure-ba aris Zala, romelic mocemuli aqvs eklesias yoveli „kerpis“ Sesamusrad, xolo sekularizmi erTi aseTi kerp-Tagania. magram yovelive zemoTqmulad RvTismsaxureba iqceva maSin, roca Cven TviTon viRebT mas da viyenebT rogorc Zalas.

...albaT, ar aris saeWvo is, rom Cvens eklesias, mTe-li misi SedarebiTi garegani da materialuri keTil-dReobis miuxedavad, emuqreba uRrmesi krizisi Signidan: xifaTi gasoflurebisa, namdvili sulieri minavlebi-sa. (...) amasTan erTad, es gasoflureba, saeklesio Te-mis eklesiurobisagan ganZarcva iwvevs imas, rom bevri, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdoba, midis eklesiidan, sadac aravin uxsnis mas, ra aris eklesiis arsi, ras niSnavs iyo wevri eklesiisa, sadac yovelive sulieri dayva-nilia minimumamde... Cveni pirobebi ki uRrmesi sulieri krizisiT xasiaTdeba.... – sazogadoebis, kulturis, adami-anis sulieri krizisiT. arsi am krizisisa aris sekular-izmi: adamianis mTeli cxovrebis mowyveta RmrTisagan. SeuZlebelia, am krizisma gavlena ar moaxdinos eklesi-is Sinagan mdgomareobaze. Zneli ar aris imis damtkiceba, rom xdeba TviT eklesiuri cxovrebis swored sekular-izacia, rasac mowmobs ...koncentrirebuloba garegnulsa da materialurze, „uflebebsa“ da „qonebaze“, formasa da ara Sinaarsze. (...) Tu Cemi moxseneba saidumloebis Ses-


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axeb daviwye amsofelsa da eklesiaSi arsebul sulier krizisze zogadi saubriT, imitom, rom Rrmad var darw-munebuli, am sferoSi (eklesiis saidumloebebSi) wamoW-rili sakiTxebi fesvgadgmulia swored am krizisSi, swored masTan aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri. darwmunebuli var, rom saidumloebebSi eriskacTa xSiri monawileo-bis sakiTxi, am SemTxvevaSi – evqaristiis saidumloebaSi ufro xSiri, an ukeTesi iqneba vTqvaT, ufro regularu-li monawileobisa, aris sakvanZo sakiTxi mTeli Cveni saeklesio cxovrebisa, sakiTxi, romlis gadawyvetaze pirdapir aris damokidebuli TviT Cveni eklesiis moma-vali: misi aRorZineba, an kidev misi swrafi minavleba.

...iq, sadac saeklesio da samrevlo cxovreba ar aris dafuZnebuli uwinaresad ufal ieso qristeze, e. i. ieso qristesTan cocxal urTierTobasa da masTan erTobaze da masSi erTobaze eklesiis saidumloebaSi – evqaristi-aSi, iq gardauvlad, adre Tu gvian, pirvel rigSi, adgils ikavebs sxva raRac... iq ukve aris ara qriste, aramed sxva ram, rac gnebavT – nacionalizmi, politika, material-uri warmateba, koleqtiuri ampartavneba da a. S. da adre Tu gvian iwyebs eklesiis cxovrebis Sinaarsis gansaz-Rvras da, amavdroulad, am cxovrebis gaxrwnas. (...) Tu adamianebma ar ician, risTvis unda gaerTiandnen da visi saxeliT unda gaerTiandnen, maSin isini gardauvlad iw-yeben gaerTianebas viRacis winaaRmdeg. da es Seadgens Cveni amJamindeli mdgomareobis tragikul siRrmes.

...am mokle moxsenebaSi ar aris SesaZlebloba da arc amis saWiroebaa sakiTxi eriskacTa ziarebis Sesaxeb daisvas mTeli misi dogmaturi da istoriuli ganzo-milebiT. sakmarisia mTavaris gaxseneba.

ra Tqma unda, sayovelTaodaa cnobili da ar saWiroebs raime mtkicebas, rom adreul eklesiaSi yovel liturgiaze yvela marTlis, mTeli eklesiis ziareba Ta-visTavad cxadi norma iyo. Tumca mniSvnelovania aRvniS-noT, rom TviT ziareba aRiqmeboda ara mxolod rogorc piradi RvTismosaobisa da ganwmendis aqti, aramed,


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uwinaresad, swored rogorc aqti, romelic gamomdin-areobda eklesiis wevrobisagan da im faqtidan, rom es wevroba „aRsruldeboda“ da xorcieldeboda ziarebiT. evqaristia iyo da mas ewodeboda eklesiis saidumloe-ba, Sekrebis saidumloeba, urTierTobis saidumloeba. ...aranairi sxva niSani da kriteriumi eklesiisadmi kuT-vnilebisa da misi wevrobisa, garda ziarebisa, adreulma eklesiam ubralod ar icoda. eklesiisagan gankveTa iyo gankveTa evqaristiuli Sekrebisagan, romelSic is axor-cielebda da moavlenda sakuTar Tavs, rogorc qristes sxeuls. eklesiis saidumloebasTan ziareba gamomdin-areobda uSualod naTlobisagan – eklesiaSi Sesvlis saidumlosagan, da ziarebis raime sxva „piroba“ adreul eklesiaSi ar iyo. misi wevri – es aris is, vinc eklesiaSi eziareba mis saidumloebas, amitom erT Zvel liturgi-aSi kaTakmevlebTan da monanulebTan (e. i. ziarebisgan ganyenebulTagan) erTad taZris datovebisaken mouwo-debdnen imaT, vinc ar eziareboda. amgvar aRqmas ziarebi-sa, rogorc eklesiis wevrobis ganxorcielebisa, Sei-Zleba vuwodoT eklesiologiuri; da ramdenadac unda dabinduliyo da garTulebuliyo eklesiis Semdgom is-toriaSi, igi arasodes gauqmebula da Seadgens misi gar-damocemis pirvelad da maradiul normas.

...amitomac ase mniSvnelovania gavigoT, rom sinanu-lis saidumlosa da aRsarebis gadaqceva ziarebis saval-debulo pirobad ara mxolod ewinaaRmdegeba gardamo-cemas, aramed namdvilad amaxinjebs mas. igi amaxinjebs swavlebas eklesiis Sesaxeb, eklesiaSi qmnis wevrTa or kategorias, romelTagan erTi – saeroni – arsebiTad ganyenebulni arian ziarebisagan, rogorc eklesiis wev-robis Sinaarsisa da aRsrulebisagan, wevrobis suli-eri wyarosagan. amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom eklesiis wevrebi, romlebsac mociqulma uwoda „Tanamoqalaqe wmidaTa da saxleul RmrTisa“ (efes. 2. 19), xdebian swored „araeklesiuri“ (eklesiis gareT myofi) pirebi, e. i. ganicdian „sekularizacias…“


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4) gaucnobierebeli kapitulacia (protopresviteri aleqsandre Smemani)

„gana kidev saWiroa msjeloba imaze, rom marTl-madidebloba – mTeli misi gardamocema, mTeli misi aR-qma RmrTisa, adamianisa da qveynierebisa absoluturad SeuTavsebelia religiisadmi sekularistul damokide-bulebasTan? gana saWiroa mtkiceba, rom marTlmadide-bloba diametrulad ewinaaRmdegeba sekularizms, Tuki WeSmariteba (romelic marTlmadideblobam, rogorc TviTon amtkicebs, mTeli sisavsiT SeinarCuna da rom-liTac, sakuTari mtkicebiT, igi cxovrobs) gulisxmobs gamTlianebul da yovlismomcvel cxovrebis wess da mTlian, kaTolike (sayovelTao) msoflmxedvelobas, e. i. cxovrebis xedvisa da cxovrebis gansazRvrul wess?

da amitom amerikuli marTlmadideblobis suli-eri krizisi Cans imaSi, rom igi, sekularizmTan mTeli Tavisi SeuTavseblobis miuxedavad, xdeba sekularizmze daqvemdebarebuli, da es daqvemdebareba kidev ufro tragikuli xdeba imiT, rom igi gaucnobierebelia. misi namdvili xifaTi dafarulia marTlmadidebelTa um-ravlesobisagan, pirvel rigSi, TviT religiis „warmate-biT“, rac esoden tipuria amerikuli sekularizmisaTvis, da, meorec, seriozuli sulieri da inteleqtualuri xelmZRvanelobis ararsebobiT. radgan pirveli, vinc aiTvisa religiis sekularuli filosofia da daiwyo misi propaganda da, Sesabamisad, sekularizmisadmi Sina-gani daqvemdebarebis gaRrmaveba, raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, iyo Cveni samRvdeloeba. gareganma warmate-bam, romelic izomeba msaxurebaze daswrebiT, popularo-biT, samrevlo saqmeebiT, samSeneblo gegmebiTa da a. S., daabrmava igi da man faqtobrivad ver dainaxa misTvis mindobil sulTa gandgoma marTlmadideblobisa da cxovrebis marTlmadidebluri gagebisagan. swored sam-Rvdeloeba agebs pasuxs marTlmadideblobis reduqci-isaTvis, ramac, Tavis mxriv, eklesiis kari gauxsna seku-larizms.


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ramdenime aseT reduqciaze ukve mivuTiTe. es Sei-Zleba iyos reduqcia formalur „kanonikurobamde“, garegan liturgikul „marTebulobamde“, an, bolos, „warmatebamde“ warmatebisaTvis da bevr sxva raimemde. magram TiToeul SemTxvevaSi – da arsebobs bevri sxva tipis reduqcia – marTlmadidebloba igivdeba raRac garegnulTan Sinaganis sazianod, xolo martivad rom vTqvaT, sazianod TviT cxovrebisa, romelic arc ki ga-nixileba rogorc marTlmadideblobis qmedebisa da zemoqmedebis obieqti. marTlmadidebloba iqadageba da moiazreba, rogorc aRmsarebloba, romelic unda SevinarCunoT, rogorc „kulti“, romlis aRsrulebisas dacul unda iqnas ganwesebaTa minimumi mainc (upirates-ad, amkrZalavi xasiaTis ganwesebani: magaliTad, gansaz-Rvrul dReebSi garTobis dauSvebloba) da dacul unda iqnas ganwesebaTa mimarT Sesabamisoba – da yovelive es erTgvari nacionaluri tradiciis farglebSi, romelic aseve moiazreba metad zedapiruli, folkloruli gamovlinebiT – balalaikis ansambli umjobesia dosto-evskize). magram – da esaa saqmis mTeli arsi – arc dogma-turi, arc sakulto ganwesebani ar miemarTeba cxovrebas, ar euwyeba da ar gamoiyeneba rogorc safuZveli, wyaro da SemomsazRvreli axali cxovrebisa, romelzedac (da arsebiTad mxolod masze) saubrobs saxareba. (...) Tu marTlmadidebloba ar miemarTeba mTel cxovrebas – ar gamoaqvs msjavri, ar amxels, ar gananaTlebs, ar ex-mareba cxovrebis yvela sferos Secvlasa da gardaqm-nas, cxovreba gardauvlad TandaTanobiT gadadis sxva „cxovrebiseuli filosofiis“ marTvaSi, sxva eTikuri da socialuri principebis sistemaSi.

swored es daemarTa Cvens eklesias amerikaSi. Taobidan Taobamde, wlidan wlamde Cveni xalxi iz-rdeboda imis gaazrebiT, rom marTlmadidebloba gu-lixmobs RvTismsaxurebaze keTilsindisier daswrebas (RvTismsaxurebis sazrisi ki ar ganimarteboda), wmindad garegnuli „wesebis“ keTilsindisier dacvas... ar aris


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gasakviri, rom yovelive danarCenTan dakavSirebiT xalxma aiTvisa im sazogadoebis „cxovrebis filosofia“, romelSic igi cxovrobs da Sromobs. da mas gonebaSi ar mosdioda, rom es optimisturi, progresuli da Tavisi safuZvlebiT hedonisturi msoflmxedveloba SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes mis religias, radgan mas aravisgan smenia amgvari winaaRmdegobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.

...magram sinamdvileSi religiisa da misTvis ucxo „cxovrebis filosofiis“ Tanaarseboba ubralod Seu-Zlebelia. Tu religia ar akontrolebs ‘cxovrebis fi-losofias“, maSin „cxovrebis filosofia“ gardauvlad iwyebs religiis gakontrolebas Tavis faseulobaTa sistemaze religiis garegani daqvemdebarebis meSveo-biT. SeuZlebelia iyo „marTlmadidebeli“ eklesiaSi da sekularisti cxovrebaSi, radgan adre Tu gvian xdebi sekularisti eklesiaSic. ai, ratom ukvirT savsebiT gu-liTadad marTlmadideblebs, sazogadoebriv yofaSi TiTqosda ase warmatebuli demokratiuli wesis da „um-ravlesobis“ principis gamoyeneba ratomaa dauSvebeli eklesiaSi. ...isini savsebiT gulwrfelad xedaven ekle-siaSi instituts, romelic mowodebulia, daakmayofilos maTi saWiroebani, asaxos maTi interesebi, „moemsaxuros“ maT survilebs, da, rac mTavaria, – „Seesatyvisebodes“ maTi cxovrebis wess. aseTive guliTadobiT, gulwrf-elobiTa da keTilsindisierebiT uaryofen isini ekl-esiaSi yvelafers „SeuZlebels“, rac ar pasuxobs maTi „cxovrebis saerTo filosofias“, an miaCniaT, rom es „SeuZlebeli“ ewinaaRmdegeba am filosofias.

5) pirovnebis sekularistuli reduqcia (proto-presviteri aleqsandre Smemani)

`...Tanamedrove sekularizmis erT-erTi udidesi xifaTi aris adamianis reduqcia, misi cxovrebisa da religiis dayvana (reduqcia) istoriamde da sociolo-giamde. istoriulma reduqciam relativizmamde migvi-yvana. [romlis Sesabamisad] is, rac WeSmariteba iyo warsulSi, SeiZleba araWeSmariti aRmoCndes dRes, da


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piriqiT, radgan TviT WeSmaritebis gagebas ganapirobebs istoria. socioligiuri reduqciis mixedviT ki adamiani mTlianad vlindeba Tavis ideebSi, idealebsa da qcevaSi, romelic ganpirobebulia socialuri pirobebiT, iqneba igi „saSualo klasi“, „Tanamedrove samyaro“ Tu „maRali teqnologiebis saukune“.

... amasTan dakavSirebiT, gadaWriT unda ganvacxadoT, rom qristianobas saqme aqvs ara „kulturebTan“, „sazoga-doebebTan“ an „epoqebTan“, da TviT „xalxebTanac“ ki ara, aramed imasTan, rac verafriT daiyvaneba verc isto-riamde, verc sociologiamde. es ar niSnavs, rom qris-tianoba SemozRudulia mxolod pirovnuli, e. i. indi-vidualuri xsniT. piriqiT, qristianobas aqvs kosmiuri, WeSmaritad kaTolike (sayovelTao) masStabi, igi Tavis xedvaSi moaqcevs mTel qmnilebas, cxovrebas Tavisi mTlianobiT da yovelTvis iqadageba da cxaddeba, ro-gorc soflis gamoxsna. magram es niSnavs, rom soflis gamoxsna uwyebulia da garkveuli azriT mindobilia TiToeuli pirovnebisaTvis, xsna miCneulia TiToeuli pirovnebis pirad mowodebad da pasuxismgeblobad da saboloo jamSi xsna „damokidebulia“ TiToeul pirovne-baze.

qristianul swavlebaSi adamiani yovelTvis pirovnebaa da, Sesabamisad, ara mxolod „mikrokos-mosi“, romelic Tavis TavSi asaxavs mTel samyaros, aramed am samyaros xvedris unikaluri matarebelicaa da „qmnilebis potenciuri meufec“. mTeli samyaro eZ-Rvneba – ganumeorebeli saxiT – TiToel pirovnebas da, Sesabamisad, samyaro TiToeul pirovnebaSi „gamoixsne-ba“, an „iRupeba“. samyaro gamoixsneba yovel wmindanSi, mTlianad ki gamoixsneba erTaderT srulyofil ada-mianSi – ieso qristeSi. amgvar perspeqtivaSi boroteba (viciT... „yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas“ (1 in. 5. 19) aris adamianis, misi pirovnebis swored „upirovno“ bunebisaTvis daqvemdebareba da, Sesabamisad, borote-baa adamianis pirovnebis reduqcia upirovno sawyisamde


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da damoneba „upirovno sawyisisadmi“. „bunebis“ es zeoba pirovnebaze aris zeoba, romelic mTavrdeba rogorc bunebis, ise adamianis momakvdinebeli dazianebiT, an dacemiT, radgan adamianis mowodeba isaa, rom euflos bunebas da srulyos igi.

aqedanaa swored qristianuli rwmenis dasabamieri pirovnuli xasiaTi. igi eqadageba samyaros, magram ada-mianis pirovnebaSi. misi nayofia erToba, urTierToba, siyvaruli, magram es erTobac, urTierTobac, siyvaru-lic pirovnulia. eklesiis marTlmadideblur swavle-baSi eklesiisadmi arc „mikuTvnebuloba“, arc garegnu-li „wevroba“ ar aris TavisTavadi garantia xsnisa, e. i. qristesa da axal cxovrebaSi WeSmariti myofobisa. xsna miiRweva mxolod WeSmaritad yvela am niWis mTeli si-savsiT pirovnuli „mopovebiTa“ da aTvisebiT...

qristianobis es pirovnuli xasiaTi unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi, roca vsaubrobT eklesiis mdgomareoba-ze nebismier „sazogadoebaSi“, „kulturasa“ Tu „epoqaSi“ da roca vsaubrobT mis damokidebulebaze nebismieri „cxovrebis wesisadmi“. radgan marTlmadidebel garda-mocemaSi Cven vpoulobT or diametrulad sapirispiro Sexedulebas imaze, ra aris „SesaZlebeli“ da „SeuZlebe-li“ imis mixedviT, ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi gardamocemas: adamianis pirovneba Tu upirovno arsi „sazogadoebisa“ Tu „kulturisa“, romelTac gardamocema moaqcevs „ama soflis“ saerTo cnebaSi.

qristianobis „socialur orientaciaze“ mTeli dRe-vandeli aqcentis miuxedavad SeuZlebelia uaryofa imisa, rom „ama soflis“ mimarT qristianoba arsebiTad pesimisturia. „ama soflis“ kategoria saxarebaSi sulac ar aris droiTi movlena da igi ar unda gavaigivoT am-soflis romelime erT gamovlinebasTan (iqneba es warm-arToba Tu komunizmi, aTeizmi Tu rasobrivi segregacia). igive Tanabrad miemarTeba „qristianul samyarosac“, rasac saukeTesod mowmobs qristianizebuli Suasauku-neebis sazogadoebaSi zeoba monazvnobisa, ese igi ama


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soflis uaryofis zeoba. magram marTlmadidebloba dasabamierad optimisturia pirovnebis SesaZleblo-bebis mimarT. „SeuZlebeli“ ama soflisaTvis SesaZle-belia imisTvis, visac swams qriste: „amen, amen getyvi Tquen: romelsa hrwmenes Cemi, saqmesa, romelsa me viqm, manca qmnes, da ufroisRa amissa qmnes..“. (in. 14. 12), „yove-live Zal-mic ganmaZlierebelisa Cemisa qristes mier“ (filip. 4. 13). ai, ra rCeba yovelTvis „sicofed“ „ama soflisaTvis“ da rasac verasodes miiRebs vercerTi saxis sekularizmi (religiuri sekularizmis CaTvliT). radgan „es sofeli“ yovelTvis amtkicebs, rom mas yove-live „SeuZlia“ da amitom iTxovs pirovnebis reduqcias (anu dayvanas) „ama soflamde“. qristianoba ki amis sapa-suxod acxadebs: es SeuZlebelia. Tavisi uZlurebis gamo adamiani yovelTvis ambobs, rom „SeuZlebelia“ winaaRm-degoba gauwios „ama soflamde“ misi pirovnebis reduq-cias da ukve mzadaa, miiRos es reduqcia. qristianoba ki pasuxobs, rom es SesaZlebelia.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinareobs raRac Zalian martivi da Zalian praqtikuli Cveni sulieri prob-lemis gadasawyvetad aq, amerikaSi. manamde, sanam Cven TviTonve vaxdenT am problemis reducirebas „arapir-ovnul“ ganzomilebamde da vmsjelobT „amerikel ada-mianze“, „amerikul kulturasa“ da misTanebze, Cven ara mxolod mojadoebul wreSi vrCebiT, aramed mTel prob-lemas vsvamT sruliad aramarTlmadideblur konte-qstSi. radgan araviTar abstraqtul „adamians zogadad“ („amerikelsa“ Tu nebismier sxvas), araviTar abstraqtul „sazogadoebasa“ Tu „kulturas“sinamdvileSi arc erTx-el ar miuRia qristianoba, da am TvalsazrisiT Cveni amerikuli situacia ar aris radikalurad raime siax-lis Semcveli. magram yovel „Jams“ da yvela „kulturaSi“ iyvnen pirovnebebi, romlebic iRebdnen qristianobas da cxovrobdnen qristianobiT da yovelTvis da yovelgan Rrmad zemoqmedebdnen im kulturebsa da sazogadoebe-bze, romelsac isini miekuTvnebodnen da radikalurad


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Sinaganad cvlidnen maT (Tumca es ar yofila arc maTi mTavari mamoZravebeli motivi da arc maTi zrunvis sa-gani). ai, ratom gaakeTes qristianobis saboloo gamar-jvebisaTvis mowameebma ufro meti, vidre es gaakeTa yve-la „apologiam“ da ratom SeinarCunes maT qristianuli sazogadoeba qristianuli SinaarsiT Tundac ideali-sadmi swrafvis formiT; ai, ratom gaakeTes monazvnebma ufro meti, vidre yvela „qristianulma“ mTavrobam.

mowameebi sityvebis mSvenierebisaTvis rodi vax-sene. Tu qristianobas Tundac wamierad miviRebT serio-zulad, mTeli sicxadiT warmoCindeba, rom martviria (berZ. „mowmoba“), anu is, rac saxarebaSi aRwerilia, ro-gorc „iwro gza“ – aris arsebiTi da ucvalebeli nawili qristianuli cxovrebisa. da es gza iwroa imitom, rom igi yovelTvis konfliqtSia ama soflis „cxovrebis we-sebisadmi“. qristianad gaxdoma da qristianad yofna da-sabamidanve gulisxmobda or rames: pirveli, gaTavisu-flebas ama soflisagan, anu yovelgvari reduqciisagan, da swored amgvari iyo yovelTvis qristianuli kurTx-evis wesis sazrisi. adamiani Tavisuflebas hpovebs qris-teSi, radgan qriste aRmatebulia da metia yvela „kul-turaze“, yvela reduqciaze. amgvarad, gaTavisufleba aris realuri SesaZlebloba, dainaxo samyaro qristeSi da airCio qristianuli „cxovrebis wesi“. meorec: qris-tianoba yovelTvis gulisxmobs winaaRmdegobasa da br-Zolas „ama sofelTan“ – brZolas (kidev erTxel aRvniS-navT) upiratesad (Tu mxoloobiTad ara) pirovnuls, e. i. Sinagan brZolas CemSi arsebul „Zvel adamianTan“, ama soflamde Cems TviTreduqciasTan. martviriisa da askezis (askeza ki niSnavs cxovrebas koncentrirebul Za-lisxmevasa da brZolaSi da gadaWriT sxva arafers) ga-reSe qristianuli cxovreba ar arsebobs.

ukiduresad gamartivebuli saxiT ai, ra gamomdin-areobs aqedan: imisaTvis, rom daiZlios marTlmadide-blobis yvelganSemRwevi sekularizacia amerikaSi, „amerikel adamiansa“ da „amerikuli cxovrebis wesze“


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zrunvidan, sanam droa, unda gadaverToT qristian pirovnebebze, romlebic Seadgenen amerikul marTl-madideblobas. dResdReobiT eklesiis TiTqmis mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTulia an imis mcdelobisaken, rom „amerikuli marTlmadidebloba“ SenarCunebul iqnas „rusuli“, an „berZnuli“ formiT, an mimarTulia imisken, rom „rusuli“, an „berZnuli“ marTlmadidebloba, ram-denadac SesaZlebelia, gaxdes „amerikuli“. orive mcd-eloba saboloo jamSi mcdaria, radgan igi gulisxmobs qristianuli cxovrebis „formas“ da ara Sinaarss. orive mcdeloba farTod uRebs kars sekularizms, romelsac aZlevs SesaZleblobas, gaxdes cxovrebis „Sinaarsi“. bolos da bolos, yovelgvari „faseuloba“ miRebul an uaryofil unda iqnas, unda gaxdes cxovrebis Sinaarsi, an mogeriebul unda iqnas ara imitom, rom igi „amerikulia“, an „ucxouria“ (berZnulia, rusulia da a. S.), aramed imi-tom, rom igi WeSmaritia, an yalbia. magram es miReba an uaryofa, es arCevani iqadageba da miewodeba pirovnul doneze.

radgan, rogorc ukve vTqviT, igi, rac „SeuZle-blad“ gveCveneba, roca dayvanilia „kulturebis“ an „cxovrebis wesis“ moTxovnebamde da Taviseburebebamde, xdeba savsebiT SesaZlebeli, roca mas iRebs pirovneba. ase, magaliTad, savsebiT uazroa ganxilva, „misaRebia“ Tu ara, „SesaZlebelia“ Tu ara SabaTis mwuxris msax-ureba (rac, ueWvelad, miemarTeba marTlmadideblur gamocdilebaSi yvelaze arsebiT sakvirao liturgias) „amerikuli cxovrebis wesis“ konteqstSi maSin, roca es wesi tradiciulad SabaTis saRamos „mxiarulebas“ uTmobs. mTavari problema is ki ar aris, rogor „Ca-vakvexoT“ cxovrebaSi minimaluri marTlmadidebloba maqsimaluri „amerikanizmis“ pirobebSi da amgvarad da-vamtkicoT, rom sinamdvileSi yvelaferi „SeTavseba-dia“ (maT Soris, igive „mxiaruleba“ da mwuxris msax-ureba, sakmarisia mxolod maTi gadaCoCeba romelime sxva dros). saboloo problema is aris, SesaZlebelia


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Tu ara SevcvaloT, gavaRrmavoT, gardavqmnaT TviT „mxiarulebis“ idea. yvelasaTvis xom, vinc gaigebs Sa-baTis mwuxris msaxurebis arss, vinc mas aqcevs Tavisi cxovrebis nawilad, maSin es msaxureba gaxdeba – da es yvelaze mniSvnelovania! – uRrmesi azriT „mxiaruli“, an Tu gamoviyenebT sityvas, romelic aRniSnavs ganwmendas, mxiarulebis „gamosyidvas“, es msaxureba iqceva sixaru-lad. magram gza am sixarulisken „iwro gzaa“. igi iwyeba maSin, roca aRiarebulia dasabamieri „SeuTavsebloba“ „ama soflis“ gzebisa qristianuli cxovrebis mcnebebTan da aRTqmasTan, roca aRiarebulia msxverplis, an am gze-bis uaryofis aucilebloba da bolos, roca miRebulia – morCilebiTa da simdabliT – eklesiis gza. es gza ara-sodes gaxdeba „koleqtiuri“, radgan am gzis mTavari el-ementebi da niSnulebi – „gaTavisufleba“, „dapirispire-buloba“, „uaryofa“, „msxverpli“, „brZola“ da saboloo gamarjveba – sulieri realobaa, romelic ver daiyvane-ba koleqtiur da garegan qmedebebamde.

es mxolod erTi magaliTia, magram igive modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas yvelafris mimarT: qor-winebisa da seqsis, profesiuli eTikisa da garTobis mimarT. erTi sityviT, mTeli cxovrebisa da imis mimarT, rac Seadgens „cxovrebis wess“.

6) marTlmadidebluri anTropologia da sekular-izmi (protopresviteri ioane meiendorfi)

„iyo mowodebuli TavisuflebisaTvis, wminda moci-quli pavles mixedviT, qristianTa udidesi privilegiaa (galat. 5. 3). amasTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi miiReba is, rom adamians winamZRvrobs suli (galat. 3. 18). idea imis Sesaxeb, rom suliwmidis moqmedebac da adamianis Tavi-suflebac aucilebelia eklesiis cxovrebaSi, dakavSire-bulia – gansakuTrebiT berZen wminda mamaTa SromebSi – SexedulebasTan, romlis mixedviT, adamiani monaw-ileobs uflis cxovrebaSi. ...adamiani Seqmnilia, raTa Tanamonawileobdes RmrTis cxovrebaSi. ai, ra ganasx-vavebs mas cxovelebisagan da rac gamoxatulebas pou-


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lobs bibliur TxrobaSi RmrTis xatad adamis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. adamianis ganRmrTobis Sesaxeb berZeni wminda mamebis swavleba... aseve gulisxmobs, rom arc RmrTae-brivi buneba da arc adamianuri buneba ar aris Tavis TavSi Caketili. Tu RmerTi yovelTvis miCneulia, ro-gorc absoluturad transcedentuli, xolo misi buneba absoluturad gansxvavebulia ise, rom yofierebisa da arsebobis kategoriebi mas ver miemarTeba imdagvarad, rogorc es miemarTeba qmnilebas. amave dros RmerTi moiazreba imad, vinc Tavisuflad aziarebs adamians imas, rac sakuTriv ufals ekuTvnis: Tavis sakuTar sococxles. da adamiani Seiqmna swored rogorc damtevi am RmrTae-brivi sicocxlisa, romlis gareSe is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc WeSmariti adamiani. swored maSin, roca adami-ani imkvidrebs Tavs, rogorc avtonomiuri arseba, da iz-Rudeba sekularuli, an saero cxovrebiT, is kargavs ara mxolod mis gareT arsebul madls, an garedan Tavsmox-veul religias, aramed Tavis sakuTar adamianurobas. pirvelqmnili codvis Sedegi iyo ara mxolod adamianis garegani dasja – zebunebrivi madlis dakargva mis mier, aramed misi xrwnadobac, romelic, rogorc adamiani, uars ambobs Tavis sakuTar xvedrsa da daniSnulebaze...

wminda grigol noseli da wminda maqsime aRmsare-beli gansazRvraven Tavisuflebas, rogorc adamianis RmrTismsgavsobis yvelaze arsebiT elements. Tavisu-fleba yvelaze ZiriTadia RmrTaebriv Tvisebebs Soris, magram mas (Tavisuflebas) iRebs adamianic RmrTaebriv cxovrebaSi Tavisi monawileobiT. uflis winaaRmdeg amxedrebam mas waarTva Tavisufleba, gaxada mona xor-cisa, e.i. qmnilebis yofierebis determinizmisa. adamiani gaxda nawili am samyarosi, romelic daqvemdebarebulia kosmiur kanonebze da, gansakuTrebiT, xrwnis, sikvdili-sa da codvis kanonebze.

amgvarad, macxovris ganxorcielebis mizania, ada-miani aRadginos Tavis Tavdapirvel RirsebaSi da, Sesa-bamisad, kvlav gaxados igi Tavisufali. WeSmariti gan-


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sxvaveba qristeSi myof adamiansa da Zvel adams Soris swored isaa, rom ufalSi myofi adamiani Tavisufalia. da es Tavisufleba mas eZleva ara rogorc dakanonebuli emansipacia, romelic adamians aRWuravs avtonomiuri arsebobiT, aramed rogorc ziareba Semoqmedis Rirse-basTan, rogorc axali cxovreba, romelSic Tavisufle-ba bunebrivad mefobs, rogorc Sedegi sruli codnisa, sruli xedvisa, RmrTaebrivi siyvarulis, WeSmaritebisa da mSvenierebis sruli da dadebiTi gamocdilebisa. „da scnaT WeSmariti da WeSmaritebaman gangaTavisuflnes Tquen“ (in. 8. 32).

WeSmariti adamianuri cxovreba gulisxmobs ara sekularul „erTobas kacobriobisa“, aramed RmerT-Tan ziarebas. es mtkiceba efuZneba adamianSi „RmrTis xatebis“ Sesaxeb swavlebas, agreTve qristologias. ieso qriste sruli kacia ara imis sapirispirod, rom igi amave dros sruli RmerTicaa, aramed ieso qriste sruli kacia swored imitom, rom igi agreTve aris RmerTi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istoriulad dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris erT-erTi xangrZlivi gaugebroba dakavSirebuli iyo anTropologiasTan. dasavluri RvTismetyvelebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom igi gansazRvravs ada-mians, rogorc avtonomiur arsebas. swored am avtonomi-urobis safuZvelze cxaddeba adamiani codvis CadenaSi „braleulad“, „gamarTlebulad“ Tu „gamoxsnilad“. es dasavluri tendencia aSkarad enaTesaveba nestori-anelobaze dafuZnebul qristologias, romelic amt-kicebs, rom qristeSi arsebobs RmrTaebrivi bunebaca da adamianuri bunebac, magram isini mxolod daedeba erTma-neTs da es ori buneba arsebobs ganyofilad da SeuerTe-blad. [dasavluri] Tanamedrove saRvTismetyvelo mec-niereba berZnul cnebas: „ziarebasa“ da „ganRmrTobas“ ganixilavs rogorc neoplatonur gadaxras. RvTisme-tyvelebaSi es Tanamedrove „sekularizmi“ aris ukidure-si xarisxi mTavari tendenciisa, romelic viTardeba da romelic mxolod zogjer wonaswordeba Tanamedrove


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dasavluri azris sxva mimdinareobebiT (magaliTad, karl raneris „Teocentruli anTropologiiT“).

amgvarad, Cveni, rogorc marTlmadideblebis, valia, vebrZoloT adamianis „sekularul“ gagebas. amgvari gagebis praqtikuli Sedegebi aSkaraa, gansa-kuTrebiT zneobriobis sferoSi. qristianebi, ra Tqma unda, ver iqnebian qristianebi, Tu isini ar izruneben mSierTa Wmevisa da CagrulTa gaTavisuflebisaTvis. magram mSiernica da Cagrulnic, Tundac dapurebulni da gaTavisuflebulni, mainc SeiZleba daSorebulni iyvnen maradiuli cxovrebis ziarebisagan. keTilmowyo-bili da maZRari sazogadoeba xSirad ufro garyvnilia. qristianoba mTlianad koncentrirebulia maradiul cxovrebaze, rogorc adamianis WeSmarit xvedrze qris-teSi. masTan SedarebiT socialuri progresi, marTa-lia, namdvili, magram mainc SefardebiTi Rirebulebaa, romelsac xSirad ukeT emsaxurebian araqristianebi. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia miviRoT es progresi da mas vu-wodoT imave logosis gamoxatuleba, magram qristes ga-reSe mas arasodes eqneba sisavse.

qristianuli rwmena moiTxovs adamianis Tavi-sufal moqcevasa da kurTxevas. qristianuli rwmena ar aris ideologiuri iaraRi „dacemuli“ soflis gasaum-jobeseblad. „ziareba“ da „ganRmrToba“ – es yovelTvis „pirovnebaTaSorisi“ procesia, urTierTobaa cocxal RmerTsa da adamians Soris. mxolod adamiani SeiZleba moinaTlos da ara organizacia, socialuri Teoria, an folosofiuri ideologia. mxolod is SeiZleba „cx-ondes“ da „gamoxsnil iqnas“; xsna ki yovelTvis gulisx-mobs urTierTqmedebas RmrTaebriv, madlis yovlad-Zlier ZRvensa da adamianis Tavisufal pasuxs Soris. es arasodes SeiZleba iyos nivTis, an ideis magiuri kurTx-eva. materia namdvilad ikurTxeba evqaristiaSi, magram ikurTxeba, rogorc „zeciuri puri“, romelic eZleva ada-mians, raTa man SeZlos masTan ziareba. mxolod cocxali adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen WeSmaritad madlierni, e. i.


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WeSmaritad eziarnon evqaristiaSi (madlierebaSi). aseve eklesiac aris qristeSi erToba cocxali da Tavisufali adamianebisa, romlebic erTad suliwmidis ZaliT arian Sekrebilni. eklesia ar aris upirovnebo dawesebuleba, dadgenili, rogorc pirovnebaTa zemdgomi instituti.

protestant „fundamentalistebs“ esmiT es dasabam-ieri da ZiriTadi personalizmi qristianuli rwmenisa da, Sesabamisad, eklesiologiisa da soteriologiisa; da mainc, isini ukiduresad calmxrivni arian maSin, roca maT qristianoba dahyavT pirad emociur gancdamde. ase, magaliTad, isini xSirad qadageben, rom qristianebi unda iyvnen „politikis“ miRma imgvarad, rac, arsebi-Tad, gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi da politikuri status kvos ukritiko miRebas. aseve marTlmadidebel aRmosav-leTSic „suliersa“ da „materialurs“ Soris xelovnur dayofas imave praqtikul Sedegebamde mivyavarT. magram ganxorcielebuli RmerTi-sityvisadmi marTlmadide-bluri qristianuli rwmena aRiarebs RmerT-sityvaSi ara mxolod subieqtur WeSmaritebas, an emociuri gancdis obieqts, aramed kosmiur WeSmaritebasac, yvela sagnis sazrissa da mizezs jer kidev RmerTi-sityvis ganxor-cielebamde. es rwmena aris swored is RvTismetyveleba, romelic gadmocemulia kolaselTa mimarT epistole-Si. wminda mamaTa tradiciaSi ki mwvervalad wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli gvevlineba. qristianuli rwmena univer-saluria, kaTolikea (sayovelTaoa, yovlismomcvelia). igi gamoricxavs yovelgvar maniqeizms, an gulgrilobas. RmrTis qmnilebaTagan araferia boroti TavisTavad, da qristiani Tavisi zrunvis sferoSi CarTavs mTel qm-nilebas. qristians, romelmac Seimecna RmrTaebrivi WeSmaritebis sisavse qristeSi, Tavisi rwmena warmouCens, ramdenad gansxvavdeba dacemuli qveyniereba im gangeb-ulebisagan, rac RmerTs am qveynierebis mimarT hqonda, ramdenad mZlavria damangreveli Zala borotebisa, ramdenad erTaderTi da Seucvlelia suliwmidis da-faruli saidumlo yoveli qmnilebis sazrisis sisavsis


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Sesacnobad. icis ra gza qmnilebis WeSmariti sazrisis erTaderTi wyarosken, qristiani uwinaresad ecdeba, rac SeiZleba metad miuaxlovdes am wyaros da, ra Tqma unda, ecdeba ar ahyves cTunebas, ukritikod miiRos sxva wyaroebisagan momdinare Sefasebebi. qristiani iqneba, rac gnebavT is, magram ara „sekularisti“.

nebismieri WeSmaritad qristianuli erTobis for-mas namdvilobas aniWebs mxolod qriste suliwmidaSi. es mtkiceba ...iRebs sruliad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas imaTTvis, vinc icavs marTlmadidebluri qristologiis principebs. Tu mkvdreTiT aRmdgari uflis realuri ax-ali cxovreba marTlac xelmisawvdomia adamianisaTvis, maSin savsebiT SeuZlebelia misi Secvla sxva raimeTi. am TvalsazrisiT dava barlaam kalabrielsa da wm. grigol palamas Soris me-14 saukuneSi did interess iwvevs dRe-sac. saqme exeboda kiTxvas, aris Tu ara RmrTis Semecneba da masTan ziareba mocemuloba, Tu es mxolod filoso-fiuri varaudebia. amis msgavsad saeklesio erTobac SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas an rogorc ukve arsebuli mo-cemuloba, an rogorc mizani, romelic dasaxulia adami-anebisaTvis da risi sisavsiT miRwevac SeuZlebelia. cxa-dia, rom marTlmadidebeli qristologia gulisxmobs pirvel alternativas. amasTanave eklesia aRiarebs daZabulobas ukve mocemulsa da jerarmocemuls Soris. swored am dapirispirebas vxedavT Cven pavle mociqul-Tan, roca igi saubrobs „Zvel“ da „axal“ adamze. amgvari dapirispireba myofobs TiToeul adamianSi, SiSsa da codvasTan TiToeuli CvenTaganis brZolaSi. SeuZlia Tu ara eklesias iyos WeSmaritad erTiani „Zvel“ adamSi? SeiZleba Tu ara iyos codva am erTobaSi? gardauvali xom ar aris ganyofani, davebi da konfliqtebi yovel-gan, sadac eSmaks jer kidev aqvs Zalaufleba? xom ar aqvs erTobis, siyvarulis, Sewynarebis cnebebs mxolod Se-fardebiTi mniSvneloba Cvens samyaroSi? – magram ara qristeSi.


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...

mxolod qristocentruli midgomiT SeiZleba Ta-vidan iqnas acilebuli calmxrivoba, orazrovneba da is aSkara TvalTmaqcoba, rac, samwuxarod, axasi-aTebs „SeTanxmebas konsensusze“ politikur samyaroSi. yvelafris qristesTan Sefardebis/mimarTebis gareSe politikaSi monawileobas ganyofani Semoaqvs imitom, rom qristes gareSe samyaro Tavisi arsiT uimedod day-ofilia. Tanamedrove demokratiebi zogjer pouloben saSualebebs, Seamsubuqon es ganyofani „xelisuflebis danawilebis“ meSveobiTa da sxva „Sekavebisa da gawonas-worebis“ meTodebiT. magram Cveni erToba, – iseve ro-gorc qristes ontologiuri erToba, – qristeSia da ara politikur „wonasworobaSi“. ganyofili qristianobis namdvili tragedia isaa, rom qristianoba jer kidev ver mivida SeTanxmebamde imis Sesaxeb, ras niSnavs „erToba qristeSi“.

...gageba imisa, ra aris adamiani, metad mniSvnelova-nia imisaTvis, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ...ra kavSiri aqvs eklesiis mowyobas konkretul adamianebTan.

kargadaa cnobili, rom aRmosavleTis wminda mamaTa swavlebiT, adamiani aris ara avtonomiuri, aramed iseTi arseba, romelic Tavis Tavs srulad avlens RmerTTan urTierTobaSi. adamianis buneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom adamiani aris RmrTis xati. ...yvela maTgani ase Tu ise aviTarebda RmrTis xatis, rogorc cocxali urT-ierTobis RvTismetyvelebas da yovelTvis TavisTavad cxad faqtad Tvlida, rom adamianis buneba da misi umaR-lesi, saboloo daniSnuleba aris cxovreba „RmerTSi“, anu „ganRmrToba“.

adamianis amgvari gageba, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs, rom RmerTs SeiZleba „eurTierTo“, „rom Seqmna ra ada-miani, man daamyara Tavis qmnilebasaTan piradi kavSiri, romlis erTgulic ufali maradiulad rCeba, rom adami-anis, rogorc RmrTis xatis xilviT yovelTvis SeiZleba


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dainaxo TviT RmerTi, rom garkveuli azriT, is adamia-nis meSveobiT ixilveba.

xateba, ra Tqma unda, damaxinjda im idumali tragedi-iT, romelic Seqmnisas moxda da romelzedac dabadebis wigni gviyveba, magram es xateba aseve aRdga ieso qristes sikvdiliTa da aRdgomiT. qristeSi RmrTeebis sisavse „sxeulebrivad“ myofobs da SesaZlebelia misi xilva, aRqma da masTan urTierToba. swored amgvarad da mx-olod qristeSi SeiZleba gavigoT, ra aris adamiani, radgan qriste aris sruli RmerTi da sruli kaci, „erT hipostasad“ SeerTebuli.

ra aris koinonia (urTierToba) da erToba ekle-siisa amgvari anTropologiis TvalsazrisiT? savse-biT cxadia, rom, uwinaresad, es aris erToba adamianisa RmerTTan da mxolod Semdegaa adamianebis erToba erTmaneTTan.

Tu adamiani aris „Teocentruli“ arseba, maSin yovelgvari erToba am „centris“ gareT arasrulyofil-ia, SesaZloa, demonuric ki. ...vladimer loski eklesi-ologiis Sesaxeb Tavis statiaSi, romelic misi sikvdi-lis Semdeg gamoqveynda, aseve dabejiTebiT uTiTebs am anTropologiur ganzomilebaze. igi Tvlis, rom SeuZlebelia raimenairi qristianuli eklesiologia sekularizebuli anTropologiiis safuZvelze, rasac gardauvlad dahyavs eklesia adamianuri organizaciis doneze.

amgvari azriT gagebuli koinonia aseve aucile-blad aris piradi gamocdilebac. ...koinonia, rogorc „pirovnebaTa“ urTierToba RmerTTan, gulisxmobs su-liwmidis RvTismetyvelebas, romelic miemarTeba qris-tianuli rwmenis TviT bunebas.

sulTmofenobisas iSva eklesia, rogorc koinonia, romelic TandaTanobiT iZens struqturas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs memkvidreobiTobasa da avto-ritets. sulTmofenoba aseve iyo madlis movlineba, romelic aTavisuflebs adamians monobisagan, romelic


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adamians uZRvnis pirad Tavisuflebasa da RmerTTan urTierTobis pirad gamocdilebas...

koinoniis cneba, dafuZnebuli Teocentrul anTro-pologiaze, gulisxmobs Semdegs:

urTierTobis (koinoniis) sisavse arsebobs mx-olod qristeSi da gveZleva evqaristiaSi. adamiani mas „iRebs“ „ama sofelSi“ im zomiT, ramdenadac aris „Ria“ am ZRvenisadmi da amitom es mimRebloba yovelTvis Sez-Rudulia. eklesiis arc erT wevrs ar SeuZlia miiCnios, rom TavisTavad myofobs koinoniaSi. sinamdvileSi igi mudmivadaa an koinoniaSi, an mis gareT – Tavis codvaTa gamo urTierTobidan gasuli, an sinanulis Sedegad kv-lav miRebuli urTierTobaSi. magram msaxureba, struq-turebi – mTeli „saeklesio wyoba“ aris arsebuli re-aloba, radgan igi saWiroa evqaristiis aRsasruleblad. madli, romelic suliwmidisagan gveZleva eklesiis aRSenebisaTvis da rac aucilebelia evqaristiis aRsas-ruleblad, ar SeiZleba SezRuduli iyos (zomiT gveZle-odes). Tumca Tu „saeklesio wyoba“ xdeba TviTmiznuri (TviTkmari), maSin TviT es wyoba xdeba dabrkoleba WeS-mariti urTierTobisaTvis. aseTi uwesoba SeiZleba in-stitucionizebuli gaxdes, Tu struqturebi (episkopati, pirvelmRvdelmTavroba da a. S.) gamoiyeneba raRac sxva mizniT da ara Tavisi daniSnulebiT – warmarTos, daic-vas da xeli Seuwyos adamianis RmerTTan urTierTobasa da RmerTSi moyvasTan urTierTobas.

...

koinoniis evqaristiuli gageba sruli sicxadiT gu-lisxmobs, rom igi mTeli sisavsiT aResruleba adgilo-briv sakramentul TemSi. qristeSi RmerTTan erToba ar moiTxovs koinoniis geografiul universalobas.

...erTobis es RvTismetyveleba, dafuZnebuli adamia-nis gansakuTrebul gagebasa da evqaristiis gansazRvrul mniSvnelobaze, niSnavs, rom adgilobrivi Temi, Tavis


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empiriul arsebobaSi iZleva namdvil gamocdilebiT codnas imisa, rac unda iyos es Temi. am TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxva mizeziT da sxvadasxva adgilze mdgomareoba WeSmaritad tragikulia. zogierTi CvenganisaTvis evqa-ristiuli RvTismsaxureba xSirad daiyvaneba gaqvavebul ceremonialamde. sxva SemTxvevebSi ki bolo wlebis us-wrafesi reformebi saerTod ar yofila dafuZnebuli RvTismetyvelebaze, an daefuZna „sekularul“ RvTism-etyvelebas, romelic faqtobrivad gamoricxavs evqa-ristiis sapasqalio, ganmaTavisuflebel xasiaTs, e. i. im ideas, rom evqaristiiT Seqmnil koinonias Cven gavya-varT amsoflidan im mizniT, rom Semdeg kvlav davbrun-deT amsofelSi, ukve rogorc axali qmnileba.

...arcerTi qristiani RvTismetyveli, ra Tqma unda, arasodes uaryofda, rom qristes movlinebas aqvs uni-versaluri da kosmiuri mniSvneloba. universalur qristologias yvelaze nakleb winaaRmdegobas gauwevs marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyveli, radgan Tavisive gardamocema maqsime aRmsareblis piriT mas aswavlis, rom adamiani aris mikrokosmosi da rom qristem, ax-alma adamma, moavlina axali da namdvili kacobrioba, romelSic daZleulia da gardaqmnilia dacemuli sa-myaros ganyofani da winaaRmdegobani. marTlmadide-bluri evqaristiuli RvTismetyveleba gamoxatavs ima ve universalizms. evqaristiuli msxverpli Seiwireba „yov-elTa da yovlisaTvis..“. evqaristia udavod Seiwireba ara mxolod qristianebisaTvis (Tumca evqaristia aRes-ruleba sworedac eklesiis marTal wevrTa mier: „Senni SenTagan Senda Semwirvelni yovelTa da yovlisaTvis“).

magram Tanamedrove universaluri qristologiebi, iseve rogorc eklesiis is gageba, rac am qristologiebs efuZneba, ver amCnevs or gadamwyvet faqtors, iseTive fuZemdeblurs, rogoric TviT universalizmia: Tavisu-flebis da borotebis realuroba.

1) adamianis xvedri damokidebulia „ama soflis stiqiebze“, Tu igi ar irCevs im Rirsebas, romliTac surs


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RmerTs misi aRvseba. aseTia pavle mociqulis sityvebis azri galatelTa mimarT epistoleSi: „aramed maSin ara icodeT RmerTi da hmonebdeT maT, romelni-igi ara iyvnes bunebiT RmerT. xolo aw icanT RmerTi, ufroisRa gicnna Tquen RmerTman, viTar miiqceviT kualad uZlu-risa mis da glaxakisa wesisa, romelTai kualad ze-moiTve gnebavs monebad? dReTa izmniT da TueTa, JamTa da welTa. meSinis me TquenTჳs, nuukue cudad davSuer Tquenda mimarT“ (galat. 4. 8-11). vfiqrob, albaT, aravin daeWvdeba imaSi, rom cneba „sofeli“ (CvenTvis ki dRes es termini niSnavs „gaamsoflurebul kacobriobas“) axal aRTqmaSi dakavSirebulia monobasa da daqvemdebarebas-Tan. amitom Tuki eklesia unda emsaxuros amsoflis xs-nasa da kacobriobis erTobas – igi ki swored amisTvis arsebobs – eklesias am miznis miRweva SeuZlia mxolod maSin, roca Tavisufldeba amsofluri stiqiebisagan, e. i. roca igi xdeba damoukidebeli amsofluri kategoriebi-sa da kanonebisagan, rogoric unda iyos am ukanasknelTa SefardebiTi Rirebuleba. „ama soflis datovebisaken“ saxarebiseuli mowodeba, uwinaresad, aRniSnavs „sur-vilebis“ mitovebas, qmnili arsebebis damokidebulebi-sagan gaTavisuflebas. es ar aris dagmoba amsoflisa, rogorc borotebisa da ar aris gaqceva sinamdvilisa-gan. magram SeuZlebelia raime zemoqmedeba am sofelze da am sofelSi amsoflisagan winaswari gaTavisuflebis gareSe.

magram qristianuli Tavisufleba ar aris ubralo „gaTavisufleba amsoflisagan“; amasTanave, igi aris ga-mocdileba da pozitiuri saTnoeba. es aris ara mxolod arCevanis Tavisufleba, aramed adamianis RmrTisadmi msgavsebac, rac sxvagvarad ver miiRweva, Tu ara RmerT-Tan urTierTobiT. sofels ar ZaluZs RmerTTan ukve mocemuli urTierTobis warTmeva. am TvalsazrisiT, qristianuli Tavisufleba aris sixaruli da Rirseba monaTa, devnilTa, glaxakTa, damcirebulTa da Seura-cxyofilTa, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT – amsoflis yve-


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la msxverplisa, misi Zalauflebisa da determinizmisa, romlisganac gaaTavisufla adamiani qristem Tavisi jvarcmiT. es Tavisufleba amitomac esmiT yvelaze ukeT imaT, vinc ama qveynis ZlierTagan itanjebian.

magram qristianebma unda aRiaron „sekularizebu-li“ adamianis Tavisuflebac. imitom rom, galatelTa mimarT epistolis Tanaxmad, „sekularul“ adamians, ro-melic jer kidev damonebulia ama soflis stiqiebisa-gan, ueWvelad aqvs Tavisufleba, uaryos qriste da uari Tqvas mis saxarebaze. Cveni drois kosmiuri qristolo-giebi da sekularuli eklesiologiebi riskaven, gaanaw-yenon sekularuli adamiani TavianTi de faqto trium-falizmiT, romelic sTavazobs sityvebisa da qmedebebis qristianuli SinaarsiT avsebas imaT, visac ar surs raime urTierToba hqondes qristianobasTan. swored seku-laruli adamianisadmi pativiscemis gamo qristianma ar unda moaxvios mas Tavze adamianis xvedris Sesaxeb saku-Tari gageba.

meore faqtori, romelsac ar aqceven yuradRebas, aris borotebis realuroba. me vamtkiceb, rom SeuZlebe-lia adamianisa da samyaros Sesaxeb qristianuli rwmenis gageba, SeuZlebelia jvris sazrisisadmi erTgulebis SenarCuneba, Tu ar aRiareb pirovnuli borotebis ar-sebobas, romelsac aqvs Tavisi strategia da zraxva RmrTis gangebulebis sawinaaRmdegod. borotebis mTa-vari iaraRi ganyofa da TvalTmaqcobaa. ...piradad me vfiqrob, rom satanis arsebobisadmi racionaluri urwmunoeba aris erTi yvelaze samwuxaro da yvelaze arasaWiro Sedegi axali aRTqmiseuli Txrobis demi-Tologizaciisa, agreTve erT-erTi yvelaze burJuazi-uli produqti Cveni Tanamedrove sekularizebuli az-rovnebisa, romelic memkvidreobiT miviReT mecxramete saukunis pozitivizmisagan. mwerlebi da mxatvrebi, gansa-kuTrebiT dostoevskis Semdeg, RvTismetyvelebze ukeT grZnobdnen im tragikul kosmiur brZolas, romelsac eweva adamiani. CvenTvis es brZola praqtikaSi niSnavs,


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rom erToba, imisaTvis, rom iyos WeSmariti da namdvi-li, unda daeqvemdebaros egzorcizms, da es egzorcizmi aris winapiroba qristeSi WeSmariti cxovrebisa, iseve, rogorc naTlobis tradiciul wesebSi. parusiis dad-gomamde istoria aris brZolis veli, sadac erTmaneTs ejaxeba keTili da boroti. es Zalebi aRreulia da br-Zolis garegani Sedegebi saeWvo. am konteqstSi Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom sekularul doneze (arada, garda evqaristiisa, Cven yovelTvis sekularul samyaroSi vcxovrobT) Cven virCevT absolutur sikeTesa da abso-lutur borotebas Soris. Cven yovelTvis gvixdeba arCe-va „ukeTes“ da „naklebad cud“ gadawyvetilebas Soris. zneobrivi absoluti SeuZlebelia sekularul doneze, da is, vinc mas eZebs, sinamdvileSi eZebs RmrTis sasufe-vels. aseTni namdvilad kurTxeulni arian, magram Cveni valia, Tavidan avaciloT maT utopizmi da davexmaroT, sasufeveli ipovon iq, sadac is namdvilad aris.

absoluturi warmateba, absoluturi gamarjveba, aseve absoluturi marcxi mxolod sulier doneze arse-bobs. da arc gamarjvebas, arc am marcxs gardauvlad ar aRiarebs „es sofeli“. saxareba ar aris warmatebis isto-ria da qriste ar hpirdeba warmatebebs Tavis mowafee-bs. misi Rvawli iyo is, rom man „ganZarcuna mTavrobani igi da xelmwifebani..“. (kolas. 2. 15), da ara samyaros revoluciur gadatrialebaSi, ara mis gaumjobesebaSi winandel mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT. Cveni amocana ueWvelad aris is, rom monawileoba miviRoT amqveyn-iur cxovrebaSi da masTan erTad veZioT „ukeTesi“ gadawyvetileba, an „naklebi boroteba“, magram, amasTan erTad, Cven unda vixelmZRvaneloT ara mxolod kargad cnobili bibliuri teqstebiT sayovelTao xsnis Sesaxeb, aramed eklesiastes brZnuli sityvebiTac: „ra umetes ars kacisa, yovelsa Sina Sromasa missa, romelsa Surebis mz-esa amas queSe“? (ekles. 1. 3).

...rogorc qristianebi, pirvelad Cven ar dav-fiqrebulvarT „kacobriobis erTianobaze“ „eklesiis


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erTianobasT an“ dakavSirebiT. konstantinedan dawyebu-li da mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli eklesia rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi ekle-siis adreuli periodis esqatologizmze uaris TqmiT Tvlida, rom RmrTis sasufevels ara mxolod unda „velodoT“, aramed unda „vaSenoT“ kidec. „wmindasa“ da „profanuls“ Soris ar arsebobda raime gansxvaveba. gamoxsna xom mTel kacobriobas ergo da amitom kaco-brioba ara mxolod unda gaerTiandes sakramentul er-TobaSi, aramed unda Seadginos erTiani sazogadoebac, romlis cxovrebis saxelmZRvaneloc iqneba saxareba. es Suasakuneebis qristianuli ideebi Taviseburad marTa-li iyo da zogierTi maTgani dResac marTalia. magram dRes, roca konstantines periodi warsuls Cabarda, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, raSi iyo igi saRvTismetyvelo TvalazrisiT araswori, kerZod, 1) imis rwmenaSi, rom qristes Zalaufleba SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnas sax-elmwifos politikur ZalauflebasTan, da 2) imaSi, rom saxarebis universaluroba SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnas politikur terminebSi. dRes Cven mzad varT, davmarxoT qristianuli imperiebi da saxelmwifoebi, magram sru-lad ganvTavisufldiT Tu ara maTi RvTismetyvelebis mcdari aspeqtebisagan? am kiTxvis dasma niSnavs, miuTiTo imaze, rom bevri Cveni „sekularistis“ RvTismetyveleba sinamdvileSi aris konstantines, iustinianesa da hil-debrandis RvTismetyveleba, Tumca isini sul sxva saSu-alebebiT sargebloben da maTgan SemoTavazebuli meTo-debic, cxadia, sxvaa. magram ZiriTadi azri igivea. maT surT, qristianoba ise gansazRvron, rom qristianobam gadawyvitos amqveynis problemebi, rom is gaxdes „aq-tualuri“, gasagebi Tanamedrove „sekularuli adamian-isaTvis“, maT surT, gamoiyenon „sekularuli“ meTodebi im miznis misaRwevad, romelic dasaxulia sxvaTa mier. magram maSin rogorRa gavigoT ieso qristes pasuxi pi-latesadmi: „meufebai Cemi ara amis soflisagani ars. uku-eTumca amis soflisagani iyo meufebai Cemi, msaxurnimca


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Cemni iRuwides CemTvis...“. (in. 18. 36). ra damokidebule-ba unda gvqondes maSin demonuri Zalebisadmi, romle-bic mudmivad gvacTuneben (mdidarni varT Tu Raribni, mdevnelebi Tu devnilebi) ZalauflebiT, puriTa da ad-vili, „saocari“, e. i. utopiuri gadawyvetilebebiT?

qristianoba ukve sakmaod dazianda imisagan, rom igi Tavis Tavs aigivebda ZalasTan, fulTan, „istebliS-mentTan“. bevr Cvengans samarTlianad surs, gaaTavisu-flos eklesia am saeWvo mokavSireebisagan. imisaTvis, rom eklesiam moipovos WeSmariti Tavisufleba, is kv-lav unda gaxdes is, radac dafuZnebulia eklesia da ara ubralod gadavides erTi banakidan meoreSi.



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აფხაზეთში არსებული საეკლესიო მდგომარეობის სამართლებრივი ანალიზი

mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili

1. eparqiaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba

1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumis dacemis Semdeg oTxasi aTasze meti eTnikuri qarTveli da maTTan er-Tad samRvdeloebac gandevnes mSobliuri mxaridan. afxazeTSi darCa mxolod oTxi eTnikurad araqarTveli sasuliero piri: mRvdeli besarion aplia (eTnikuri af-xazi), mRvdeli pavle xarCenko (ukraineli), dekanozi pe-tre samsonovi (rusi) da mRvdeli vitali golubi (aseve rusi). aseT pirobebSi religiuri mdgo mareoba saqarT-velos am mxareSi Zalze garTulda, xolo kanonikuri marTva-gamgeobis mxriv, SeiZleba iTqvas, srulma qaosma daisadgura. de iured afxazeTis eparqia dRemde rCeba saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis qveS, xolo de faqtod – mas nawilobriv SenarCunebuli aqvs TviTm-

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marTveloba, nawilobriv ki ruseTis sapatriarqos mai-kopisa da adiReis eparqiis mier imarTeba1.

1993 wlis bolos xsenebulma oTxma sasuliero pir-ma airCia mRvdeli besarion aplia soxumis sakaTedro taZris winamZRvrad da cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis war-momadgenlad de faqto xelisuflebasTan da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan urTierTobebSi. 1998 wels amave pirebma Seqmnes e.w. `cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis sabWo~, miiRes eparqiis wesdeba da mmarTvelad airCies igive mRvdeli besarioni aplia2.

2008 wlis omisa da ruseTis federaciis mier afxa-zeTis, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, cnobis Sem-deg iq moRvawe samRvdeloeba gaaqtiurda, raTa cxum-af-xazeTis eparqiisTvis avtokefalia moepovebinaT, magram sasuliero pirebSi gaCnda ganxeTqileba damoukide-blobis gzebis mopovebis sakiTxis gamo. Zveli Tao-bis samRvdeloeba, romelsac mRvdeli besarion aplia xelmZRvanelobs, prorusuli orientaciisaa, xolo ax-algazrdebi, mRvdel-monazon doroTe dbaris meTau-robiT, proberZnuli, kerZod, konstantinepolTan da-axloebis momxreni arian. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es ori banaki specialuradaa Seqmnili afxazi sepa-ratistebis mier im mizniT, rom orive sapatriarqosTan molaparakebebiT gamoiyenon garkveuli daZabuloba, romelic arsebobs moskovsa da konstantinepols Soris da an erTisgan, an meorisgan miiRon nawilobrivi aRi-areba mainc. movlenaTa qronologia aseTia:

2011 wlis 15 maiss, afxazeTis eparqiis momavlis gansazRvris mizniT, axal aTonSi, svimon kananelis sax-elobis monasterSi, mRvdel-monazon doroTe dbarisa da mRvdel-monazon andrei amparis organizebiT moewyo e.w. `saeklesio-saxalxo kreba~, romelsac 1500-ze meti

1 Иеродиакон Давид Сарсания, Размышления о современном состоянии православой церкви в Абхазии, Май 2004 г. wyaro: www.apsny.ru2 Иеромонах Дорофей Дбар, Краткий очерк истории Абхазской Православой Церкви, Новый Афон, 2005 г. wyaro: www.abkhazia.ru

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adamiani eswreboda. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, rogorc Tavad afxazuri mxare iuwyeba, Sekrebis monawile 1500 adamianidan naxevari saerTod mounaTlavi iyo! Sekrebis monawileebma gadawyvites, rom ̀ saeklesio-saxalxo kre-bas mieniWos afxazeTis eklesiis umaRlesi mmarTveli organos statusi~3. `moyolebuli 2011 wlis 15 maisidan, yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas, romelic dakav-Sirebuli iqneba àfxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesi-is~ taZrebSi, monastrebsa da samomlocvelo adgilebSi msaxurebebTan, ganixilavs mxolod saeklesio-saxalxo kreba~4. Seiqmna axali saeklesio instituti – àfxazeTis wminda samitropolito~. krebis monawileebma Camoaya-libes àfxazeTis wminda samitropolitos~ mmarTveli sabWo 12 adamianis SemadgenlobiT, aqedan 4 sasuliero piria, 6 saero piri da 2 adgili dauTmes mRvdel besari-on aplias momxre sasuliero pirebs. krebis monawilee-bma aseve airCies sabWos Tavmjdomare da saepiskoposo kandidati, mRvdel-monazoni (arqimandriti) doroTe dbari5.

2011 wlis 26 maiss `saeklesio-saxalxo krebis~ mowvevis gamo ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis maikopisa da adiReis mitropolitma tixonma, romlis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebian mRvdel-monazoni dor-oTe dbari da mRvdel-monazoni andrei ampari, xsenebul or sasuliero pirs erTi wlis vadiT SeuCera mRvdel-moqmedebis ufleba. Tavis dadgenilebaSi meufe tixonma kreba `brboTa Tavyrilobad~ moixsenia6.

afxazuri mxaris informaciiT, msoflio sapatriar-qos miwveviT 2012 wlis 9 ianvars stambulSi, sapatriar-qos SenobaSi, gaimarTa Sexvedra msoflio patriarqis, barTlomeosis, e.w. àfxazeTis wminda samitropoli-

3 wyaro: АПСНЫПРЕСС4 wyaro: afxazeTis wminda samitropolitos oficialuri werili msof-lio patriarq barTlomes saxelze, # 8, ivlisi 14. 20115 wyaro: АПСНЫПРЕСС6 wyaro: afxazeTis wminda samitropolitos oficialuri werili msof-lio patriarq barTlomes saxelze, # 8, ivlisi 14. 2011

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tos~ wevrebTan, romelTa Soris iyvnen mRvdel-monazo-ni doroTe dbari, mRvdel-monazoni andrei ampari, ber-diakoni daviT sarsania da saero pirebi: Temur ZiZaria da germane marSania. Sexvedrisas mRvdel-monazonma doroTem aRniSna, rom afxazeTis saeklesio problemis mogvareba SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos marTlmadideb-el eklesiasTan ormxrivi dialogis meSveobiT da aucilebelia am saqmeSi msoflio sapatriarqos Care-va. konstantinepolis patriarqma barTlomem dasZina, rom msoflio sapatriarqo, rogorc deda eklesia, yvelafers gaakeTebs, rom afxazeTis saeklesio mdgo-mareoba mogvardes kanonieri gziT7.

2012 wlis 3 Tebervals soxumis erT-erT centralur moedanze Sedga e.w. `saxalxo kreba~, romlis mizanic iyo afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefali-is aRdgenis mxardaWera. krebis monawileebma miiRes mimarTva msoflios yvela adgilobrivi marTlmadide-beli eklesiebis meTaurebisadmi. mimarTvaSi naTqvamia, rom kreba mxars uWers afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamoyofas saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisgan. krebam aseve dadebiTad Seafasa afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis procesi misi deda eklesiis _ konstantinepolis sapa-triarqos SuamavlobiT8.

2. afxazi separatist-avtokefalistebis mier ga-dadgmuli nabijebis kanonikuri Sefaseba

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom afxazi separatist-avtoke-falistebis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili qmedeba aris arakanonikuri da arRvevs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis yvela ZiriTad princips:

a) didi sjulis kanonis, mociqulTa 34-e, 39-e; antio-qiis me-9, me-20; IV msoflio krebis me-8, me-19; VI msoflio krebis me-8; laodikiis 57-e da sxva kanonebis Sesabam-

7 wyaro: www.anyha.org8 wyaro: АПСНЫПРЕСС


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isad, mmarTveli episkoposis gareSe raime saeparqio krebis organizeba da Catareba arakanonikuria da aseTi krebis mier miRebuli nebismieri gadawyvetileba baTi-lad iTvleba;

b) mociqulTa me-15; I msoflio krebis me-15, me-16; IV msoflio krebis me-5, me-13, me-20, 23-e; antioqiis me-9, VI msoflio krebis me-17, VII msoflio krebis me-10 da sxva kanonebis Sesabamisad, sasuliero pirs ekrZale-ba, monawileoba miiRos ucxo adgilobrivi eklesiisa Tu eparqiis marTva-gamgeobaSi: mRvdel-monazoni do-reTe dbari da mRvdel-monazoni andrei ampari arian ruseTis sapatriarqos, adigenisa da maikopis eparqiis mRvdelmsaxurni, xolo ber-diakoni daviT sarsania saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiis msaxurebidan dayenebuli sasuliero piri. Sesabamisad, afxazeTSi maT mier Sesrulebuli nebismieri saeklesio saqmianoba arakanonikuria da moklebulia Zalas;

g) marTlmadidebluri kanonikuri praqtika saero dasis warmomadgenlebs aZlevs uflebas, monawileoba miiRon eklesiis marTvis sxvadasxva organoebSi, maT Soris, krebebSic. magaliTad, praqtikulad yvela adgi-lobriv eklesiaSi arsebobs gafarToebuli saeklesio krebis instituti, sadac saTaTbiro xmis, an saarCevno xmis uflebiT monawileobas iReben saero pirebic. ma-gram maTi monawileoba SesaZlebelia ramdenime pi-robis dacviT: krebaze monawile saero piri unda iyos monaTluli da aqtiuri marTlmadidebeli, romelic gamoirCeva samagaliTo zneobiTa da saRvTismetyvelo codniT. aseve, krebaze dasaswrebad, mas aucileblad unda hqondes mmarTveli mRvdelmTavris locva-kurTx-eva.

rac Seexeba axal aTonSi Sekrebil ̀ saxalxo-saekle-sio krebis~ monawileebs, Tavad krebis organizatorebi aRiareben, rom maTgan naxevari saerTod mounaTlavi iyo. monaTlulebidan ki sakiTxavia, ramdeni iqneboda aqtiuri mrevli, maRali zneobisa da saRvTismetyvelo


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ganaTlebis mqone piri. erTia cxadi, eparqiis mmarTve-li mRvdelmTavris locva-kurTxeva arc erTs ar hqon-da.

d) rogorc ukve iTqva, marTlmadidebluri kanoni-kuri praqtika saero dasis warmomadgenlebs uflebas aZlevs, monawileoba miiRon saeklesio krebebSi, magram marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis ierarqi-uli principidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, dacul iq-nas sasuliero pirebsa da saero dasis warmomadgenlebs Soris garkveuli proporcia. radgan RvTis mier dawe-sebuli samsafexuriani samRvdelo ierarqia eklesiis makurTxeveli da swavla-moZRvrebiTi madlis matare-belia da, Sesabamisad, eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis RerZs warmoadgens, nebismier gafarToebul saeklesio kre-baze raodenobrivad sasuliero pirebi gacilebiT metni unda iyvnen, vidre saeroebi9.

e.w. `saxalxo-saeklesio krebaze~ 1500 monawilidan aTi sasuliero piric ki ar iyo da, rogorc ukve iTqva, maTgan – arcerTi mRvdelmTavari. es kidev erTi mize-zia, ris gamoc axal aTonSi Sekrebil krebas, maqsimum, saxalxod Tu aRiareb, magram arcerT SemTxvevaSi – saeklesiod.

3. afxazi avtokefalistebis istoriul-kanonikuri argumentebi da maTi Sefaseba

2011 wlis 15 maiss e.w. `saxalxo-saeklesio krebis~ mier miRebul dokumentSi, 2011 wlis 14 ivliss e.w. `af-xazeTis wminda samitropolitos~ mier konstantinopo-lis patriarqis barTlomeosis saxelze gagzavnil # 8 werilSi, 2012 wlis 3 Tebervals soxumSi organizebul `saxalxo krebis~ mier miRebul mimarTvasa da sxva do-kumentebsa Tu statiebSi Camoyalibebulia is ̀ istoriul-kanonikuri argumentebi~, romelTa safuZvelzec afxazi

9 Floca, I. N., Arhidiacon Prof. Dr., Drept Canonic Ortodox, Legisle şi Administraţie Bisericească, Vol. I, Editura Institutului Biblic şi de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, Bucureşti, 1990, p. 195


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separatistebi iTxoven msoflio sapatriarqos Carevas cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis statusis gansazRvraSi, konkre-tulad ki – avtokefaliis aRiarebas:

a) separatistebis TqmiT, VI-VII saukuneebSi afxaze-Tis eparqia Sedioda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS, aqedan gamomdinare, msoflio sapatriarqo afxaze-TisTvis `deda eklesias~ warmoadgens da amitom mas aqvs kanonikuri ufleba, monawileoba miiRos afxazeTis ep-arqiis awmyosi da momavlis gansazRvraSi10.

saeklesio samarTlis mixedviT, romelic gansaz-Rvravs avtokefaluri eklesiebis statussa da uflebebs (mociqulTa 34, 35; I msof. 6; II msof. 2; III msof. 8; IV msof. 28; VI msof. 20; antioqia 9, 13, 22; sardika 3.), is faqti, rom romelime eparqia an adgilobrivi eklesia istoriis garkveul monakveTze eqvemdebareboda sxva adgilobriv eklesias, ar niSnavs, rom e.w. `deda eklesia~ inarCuneb-des raRac iurisdiqcionalur, kanonikur, an, Tundac, moralur uflebebs, ereodes amJamad ukve avtokefal-uri eklesiis, an misi nawilis Sida saqmeebSi.

magaliTad, daarsebidan 1219 wlamde serbeTis eklesia jer romis, Semdeg ki konstantinopolis eklesi-is iurisdiqciis qveS iyo. bulgareTis eklesiam 927 wels aseve konstantinopolisgan miiRo avtokefalia, Semdeg man saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme dakarga da isev aRadgina Tavisi damoukidebloba. ruseTis marTl-madidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia 1589 wels iqna aRi-arebuli konstantinopolis mier. rumineTis eklesiis – kidev ufro gvian, mxolod 1885 wels da manac aseve msoflio sapatriarqosgan miiRo avtokefalia11; magram amJamad oTxive CamoTvlili adgilobrivi eklesia sru-liad damoukidebelia da gamoricxulia, rom konstanti-nopoli, an sxva romelime adgilobrivi eklesia Caeri-os mis Sida marTva-gamgeobaSi.

10 wyaro: АПСНЫПРЕСС; www.anyha.org11 К. Е. Скуат, История Поместных Православных Церквей, Skurati, T. 1, Москва, 1994, ст. 101-102, 197, 249, 251, 268


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iseTi uZvelesi eklesiac, rogoric ierusalimis sa-patriarqoa, IV msoflio krebamde, anu 451 wlamde, ar iyo avtokefaliuri, is eqvemdebareboda kesaria-palestinis mitropolias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, antioqiis eklesias emorCileboda12. am istoriuli faqtidan gamomdinare, gana SeiZleba viRacam dauSvas, rom dRes antioqiis sa-patriarqo ierusalims TviTneburad ùgvarebdes~ Sida problemebs?!

Tavad konstantinopolis eklesiamac avtokefalia moipova mxolod II msoflio krebaze, anu 381 wels, ma-namde am qalaqis episkoposebi herakliis mitropo-litebisgan iRebdnen xeldasxmas13. es mitropolia Tavis droze moicavda dRevandeli saberZneTis CrdiloeT nawils, bulgareTisa da serbeTis teritoriebs. afxazi àvtokefalistebis~ logikiT, serbeTis, bulgareTi-sa da eladis eklesiebi konstantinepolisTvis `deda eklesias~ unda warmoadgendnen da Sesabamisad, unda hqondeT ufleba, marTon msoflio sapatriarqo.

maSasadame, imis Zieba, romeli adgilobrivi ekle-sia romlisTvis warmoadgens `deda eklesias~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, raRaca iurisdiqcionaluri Tu moraluri uflebebis (pretenziebis) wamoyeneba, uxeSad arRvevs kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTad principebs, msoflio marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi ori aTasi wlis ganmav-lobaSi Camoyalibebul wesrigs da SeiZleba didi qaosi, dapirispireba da ganxeTqileba moitanos.

b) afxazebi eTnikurad qarTvelebisgan gansxvavebu-li eria, afxazeTi odiTganve maT miwa-wyals warmoad-genda da, Sesabamisad, cxum-afxazeTis eparqia saqarT-velos sapatriarqosagan gamoyofili avtokefaluri eklesia unda iyos14.

12 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonebi episkopos nikodimis (milaSi) ganmartebebiT, tomi I, gam. àlilo~, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 18013 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonebi episkopos nikodimis (milaSi) ganmartebebiT, tomi I, gam. àlilo~, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 22514 wyaro: afxazeTis wminda samitropolitos oficialuri werili msoflio patriarq barTlomes saxelze, # 8, ivlisi 14. 2011


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separatistebis am argumentis gabaTilebisas Seg-nebulad unda moveridoT iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa dRevandeli afsuebis (afxazebis) warmomav-loba da am miwa-wyalze maTi dasaxleba. problemis aseT WrilSi ganxilva erTgvari sofisturi maxea, radgan ka-maTi imis Taobaze, vin arian afxazebi da afxazeTi realu-rad visi samSobloa, SeiZleba dausrulebel da arafris momcem kinklaobaSi gadaizardos. yvelaze mTavari faq-ti aris is, rom zogadad kanonikisTvisa da konkretulad saeklesio avtokefaliis gansazRvrisaTvis am sakiTxebs absoluturad aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

Cven romc SevTanxmdeT im garemoebaze, rom afsuebi Zveli abazgebis STamomavlebi da, Sesabamisad, istori-ulad am kuTxis Svilebi arian, amgvari mosazrebisgan gansxvavebiT jer kidev antikuri xanis romaeli isto-rikosebi, straboni da klaudius ptolomeosi, aseve VII saukunis dokumenti – somxeTis geografia, dRevandeli afxazeTis mkvidr mosaxleobaSi umTavresad qarTul tomebs asaxeleben15. Cven Segnebulad ar SeviWrebiT is-torikosebis kompetenciaSi da ar daviwyebT sxva mrav-alricxovani werilobiTi Tu arqeologiuri wyaroebis CamoTvlas, saidanac mtkicdeba, rom afxazeTi yovelT-vis eTnikurad, kulturulad da politikuradac qar-Tuli samyaros Semadgeneli nawili iyo. cxadi erTia: romc davuSvaT, rom afsuebi odiTganve afxazeTSi cxov-robdnen, es kuTxe arasdros yofila eqskluziurad mx-olod afsuebis samSoblo, is yovelTvis umTavresad qa-rTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

isic rom davuSvaT, TiTqos cxum-afxazeTis eparqia yovelTvis monoeTnikuri iyo da Sedgeboda eqskluzi-urad mxolod afsuebisgan, arc es iqneboda kanonikurad sakmarisi argumenti avtokefaliis mosaTxovad. mar-Talia, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis erT-erT ZiriTad kanonikur principi e.w. erovnul-

15 mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, afxazeTi (qarTvelTa `gaafxazeba~), saqarTvelos sapatriarqos manglis-walkis eparqia, 2001, gv. 14, 15


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nacionaluri principia, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom saeklesio administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebs (samrevloebs, eparqiebs, mitropoliebs), rogorc wesi, gaaCnia garkveuli erovnul-nacionaluri niSan-Tvise-ba – liturgikuli ena, arqiteqturis forma, xatweris stili, galobis kilo, kanonikuri tradiciebi da a.S., miuxedavad yvelafer amisa es principi ar gulisxmobs aucileblad avtokefaliis qonas. msoflio marTl-madidebel eklesiaSi sul TxuTmeti avtokefaliuri eklesiaa, aqedan arcerTi aris monoeTnikuri. yvela ad-gilobrivi eklesia moicavs mravaleTnikur mrevls, ro-melic xSirad organizebulia samrevloebSi, eparqiebSi, mitropoliebSi, saegzarqosoebsa da xan avtonomiebSic ki. maT hyavT Sesabamisi erovnebis ierarqia da msaxuro-ben Sesabamis mSobliur liturgikul enaze.

ruseTis sapatriarqoSi arsebobs ukrainuli, be-lorusuli, moldavuri, estonuri mitropoliebi da ia-poniis avtonomia. rumineTis eklesiaSi funqcionirebs ukrainuli, bulgaruli, berZnuli da serbuli samrev-loebi. aleqsandriis eklesiis mrevlSi arian berZne-bi, arabebi, eTiopelebi, kenielebi da a.S. adgilobriv eklesiebSi Semavali erovnebebis CamonaTvali Sors wagviyvans, amitom konkretulad saqarTvelos sapatri-arqos magaliTze vityviT, rom qarTulenovan samrev-loebTan erTad aq funqcionirebs rusuli, berZnuli, asuruli samrevloebi, sakiTxi dgas somxurenovani mar-Tlmadidebeli samrevloebis gaxsnisac da a.S.

daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonikis mixedviT, garkveul teritoriaze kompaqturad dasaxlebuli romelime eTnosis arseboba, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom iq aucileblad avtokefali-uri eklesia unda daarsdes. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazebi dResdReobiT realurad calke eTnoss warmoadgenen, es ar niSnavs, rom cxum-afxazeTis eparqia aucileblad avtokefaliur eklesiad unda Camoyalib-des.


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kidev erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba: afxazi eri afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleobis umciresobas, maqsimum erT mexuTeds Tu warmoadgens, danarCeni eTnikuri qa-rTvelebi arian (samwuxarod, maTi umravlesoba – oTxa-si aTasi – devnilia). amitom, Tu cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze vilaparakebT, is gacilebiT ufro metad qarTulia, vidre afxazuri.

g) afxazi separatistebis avtokefaliis moTxov-nis erT-erT mizezad dasaxelebulia is, rom TiTqosda saqarTvelos eklesia yovelTvis aviwroebda afxazebs, eweoda maT denacionalizacias, anu `gaqarTvelebas~, ar akurTxebda afxazi erovnebis sasuliero pirebs da a.S16.

es `braldebac~ imdenadve absurdulia, ramdena-dac mas ar gaaCnia aranairi realuri safuZveli. Tavad mRvdel-monazoni doroTe dbari 2005 wels gamoqvey-nebul erT-erT statiaSi aRniSnavs, rom komunisturi re-Jimis damyarebis Semdeg, mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, `sasuliero pirebis raodenoba afxazeTSi ar aRematebo-da aT kacs. aqedan umravlesoba rusi erovnebisa iyo. mx-olod mitropolit daviT Wkaduas dros, 80-iani wlebis bolos, qarTveli erovnebis sasuliero pirebis raode-noba gaizarda. nikita xruSovis dros, marTlmadidebe-li eklesiis devnisas, afxazeTis mTebi ifaravda mTeli ssrk-is sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan Camosul berebs. (...) 90-iani wlebis bolos gaCndnen pirveli afxazi erovnebis sasuliero pirebi: mRvdeli zaqaria Saqaia (...) da mRvde-li besarion aplia~17.

moyvanili citatidan naTlad Cans, rom afxazi sep-aratistebi TviTonve amxelen sakuTar Tavs sicrueSi. rogor SeiZleboda, adgili hqonoda `afxazebis gaqa-rTvelebis~ politikas, Tu adgilobrivi an Camosuli devnili sasuliero pirebis absoluturi umravlesoba

16 Иеродиакон Давид Сарсания, Размышления о современном состоянии православой церкви в Абхазии, Май 2004 г. wyaro: www.apsny.ru17 Иеромонах Дорофей Дбар, Краткий очерк истории Абхазской Православой Церкви, Новый Афон, 2005 г. wyaro: www.abkhazia.ru


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iyo ara qarTveli, aramed rusi erovnebis; Sesabamisad, saRvTismsaxuro ena iqneboda ZiriTadad ara qarTuli, aramed slavuri. aqedan Cans, rom afxazeTSi ara af-xazebis gaqarTvelebis, aramed mTeli mosaxleobis ga-rusebis procesi mimdinareobda. Tavad doroTe dbari aRniSnavs, rom mxolod 80-iani wlebis bolos qarTveli sasuliero pirebis raodenoba SedarebiT gaizarda, sa-magierod aseve ikurTxa afxazi erovnebis mRvdelmsax-urebic.

afxazi erovnebis ber-diakoni daviT sarsania 2004 wels gamoqveynebul erT-erT statiaSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis Sovinisturi suliskveTebis dasamtkiceblad, wers, rom `1943 wels ruseTis marTlmadidebelma ekle-siam aRiara saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia saqa-rTvelos ssr-s mTel teritoriaze. am dros afxazebi gacivdnen eklesiis mimarT, radgan maTTvis miuRebeli iyo qarTuli zegavlena. taZrebSi ZiriTadad rusebi da berZnebi rCebodnen, romlebmac gadaitanes 50-iani wlebis mZime represiebi. XX saukuneSi zustad am mor-wmuneebis wyalobiT marTlmadidebloba SenarCunda afzazeTSi~18.

ber-diakoni daviT sarsania mocemul citataSi cdi-lobs xalxis SecdomaSi Seyvanas. is TviTonve wers, rom taZrebSi ZiriTadad rCebodnen rusebi da berZnebi. saqa-rTvelos eklesia rom Sovinisturi an eTnofilisturi yofiliyo, is iqneboda aseTi yvela erovnebis mimarT da ara mxolod afxazebisadmi. radgan saqarTvelos sapatriarqosa da qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebis iuris-diqciis qveS rusebma da berZnebma SeinarCunes rwmena da eklesiuroba, es imis dasturia, rom eklesiis mier ara-nair Sovinistur politikas adgili ar hqonia.

ufro metic, moyvanili citatidan isic Cans, rom komunistur periodSi afxazeTis taZrebSi ar dadiod-nen ara mxolod afxazebi, aramed arc qarTvelebi: `taZ-

18 Давид Сарсания, Размышления о современном состоянии православой церкви в Абхазии, Май 2004 г. wyaro: www.apsny.ru


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rebSi, ZiriTadad, rusebi da berZnebi rCebodneno~. mama daviTis logikas rom vendoT, saqarTvelos eklesia So-vinistur politikas eweoda ara mxolod afxazebis, ar-amed qarTvelebis mimarTac.

d) saqarTvelos eklesiis SovinizmSi dadana-Saulebisas afxazuri mxare miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom maT ar hyavT afxazi erovnebis episkoposi. 2011 wlis 15 maiss axal aTonSi Catarebulma egreTwodebulma `saeklesio-saxalxo krebam~ airCia kidevac episkoposo-bis kandidati mRvdel-monazoni doroTe dbari albaT imis imediT, rom konstantinopolis, an sxva romelime adgilobrivi eklesia aRiarebs maT avtokefalias da ukurTxebs mRvdelmTavars19.

separatistebis es pretenzia da braldeba iseTive usafuZvloa, rogorc yvela manamdeli. upirveles yovlisa, 1995 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba mRvdelmTavrobis kandi-datebze ar moiTxovs aucilebel pirobad erovnebiT qarTvelobas20. Sesabamisad, ar aris gamoricxuli Teo-riuli SesaZlebloba imisa, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis sinodSi arsebobdnen araqarTveli erovnebis episkop-osebi. ufro metic, amisi precedenti arsebobs: 1956-1985 wlebSi TbilisSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda ukrainaSi dabadebuli da gazrdili, erovnebiT ukraineli, saqa-rTveloSi sasuliero pirad nakurTxi TeTri wyaros mitropoliti zinobi maJuga.

mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom dReisTvis saqarT-velos eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebidan sami warmoSobiT soxumelia: mitropoliti abraam garmelia, mitropoli-ti serafime jojua da mitropoliti andria gvazava, rom-lebic, marTalia, eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian, magram af-xazeTis mkvidrni da afxazuri kulturis, tradiciebisa

19 Давид Сарсания, Размышления о современном состоянии православой церкви в Абхазии, Май 2004 г. wyaro: www.apsny.ru;20 saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, Tavi VII, $ 4. gamocemulia wignSi: saqarTvelos sa-mociqulo eklesiis kalendari 2011


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da cnobierebis matareblebi. yvela es faqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar aris tendenciurad ganwyobili saqarTvelos romelime konkretuli kuTxis warmomadgenlebisa Tu sxva erovne-bebis mimarT.

rogorc ukve iTqva, saqarTvelos marTlmadide-beli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba iZleva imis Teoriul da praqtikul saSualebas, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis sinodSi iyvnen afxazi erovnebis mRvdelm-Tavrebi, magram saeklesio samarTlis erT-erT um-Tavresi kanonikuri principia ierarqiuli morCileba, romelic ar gulisxmobs mxolod pirovnebebs Soris morCilebas, aramed morCilebas Sida saeklesio erTeu-lebs, institutebsa da dawesebulebebs Soris. mociqulTa 34-e, antioqiis adgilobrivi krebis me-9 da didisjulis-kanonis sxva mravalricxovani kanonebis mixedviT, yve-la mRvdelmTavars moeTxoveba morCileba saeklesio centraluri xelisuflebisadmi – wminda sinodisa da patriarqisadmi. amitom arc erTi adgilobrivi marTl-madidebeli eklesia da maT Soris, saqarTvelos ekle-siac, ar dauSvebs mRvdelmTavrad iseTi piris kurTx-evas, ganurCevlad misi erovnebisa, romelic Tavidanve separatistuli miznebiTa da meamboxuri sulikveTebiTaa ganmsWvaluli.

e) afxazi avtokefalistebis kidev erTi argumenti aris is garemoeba, rom amJamad afxazeTi damoukideli respublikaa da Sesabamisad, damoukidebel saxelmwifo-Si avtokefaliuri eklesia unda arsebobdes21.

es argumenti imdenad ususuria, rom sadRac uxerxu-licaa masze pasuxis gacema. Tanamedrove marTlmadide-blur samyaroSi iSviaTia iseTi adgilobrivi eklesia, romlis iurisdiqciac vrceldebodes mxolod erT saxelmwifoze. magaliTad, antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia vrceldeba Svid qveyanaze, ierusalimis

21 afxazeTis wminda samitropolitos oficialuri werili msoflio pa-triarq barTlomes saxelze, # 8, ivlisi 14. 2011


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eklesiisa _ oTx qveyanaze, ruseTis sapatriarqosi _ Tx-uTmet qveyanaze, aleqsandriis avtokefaliuri eklesii-sa _ mTel afrikul kontinentze, anu ormocdaaTze met qveyanaze da a.S. msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis kanonikuri principebi ar gulisxmobs, rom Tu arsebobs romelime damoukidebeli qveyana, mis sazRvrebSi aucileblad unda arsebobdes adgilobrivi avtokefaliuri eklesiac. amitom romc warmovidginoT, rogorc absurdi, rom afxazeTi odesRac gaxdeba mTeli msofliosa da maT Soris, TviT saqarTvelos mier aRi-arebuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, Tavad es faqtic kanonikurad ar igulisxmebs afxazeTis avtokefaliuri an Tundac, avtonomiuri eklesiis daarsebas.

v) konstantinepolis patriarq barTlomeosi-sadmi miweril werilSi e.w. `afxazeTis wmida samit-ropolitos~ wevrebi, mRvdel-monazoni doreTe dbari, mRvdel-monazoni andrei ampari da ber-diakoni daviT sarsania afxazeTis eparqiisTvis avtokefaliis misani-Weblad bolo argumentad asaxeleben Semdeg garemoe-bas: `dReisTvis im siZulvilisa da SuRlis gamo, ro-melic dasadgurebulia qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, SeuZlebelia viyolioT qarTveli episkoposi~22.

ucnauria aseTi argumentis mosmena sasuliero pirebisgan, radgan kacobriobis istoriaSi, samwuxarod, omi Zalze xSiri movlenaa, rac, cxadia, adamianebis cod-vili bunebis Sedegia. oms, ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis SuR-li, mtroba da adamianebs Soris urTierTdaprispireba moaqvs. zustad amitom macxovar ieso qristes mier ekle-siis daarsebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani iyo is, rom si-yvarulze dafuZnebuli saerTo rwmenis meSveobiT ada-mianebma daamarcxon yvelanairi mtroba da siZulvili. imis magivrad, rom eklesia ganixilebodes Semrigebel saSualebad, romelic aRadgens saukunovan Zmur urTier-Tobebs qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, zemoxsenebuli

22 afxazeTis wminda samitropolitos oficialuri werili msoflio pa-triarq barTlomes saxelze, # 8, ivlisi 14. 2011


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sasuliero pirebi laparakoben mtrobaze, rogorc erT-gvar monapovarze, romelsac Senaxva da gafrTxileba sWirdeba maTi separatistuli miznebis ganxorcielebi-sTvis.

mRvdel-monazoni doroTe dbari erT-erT intervi-uSi acxadebs: SeuZlebelia ZaliT gvaiZulon, gviyvardes qarTvelebi23. im dros, rodesac macxovari ieso qriste qadagebda da marTlmadidebeli eklesia dRemde aswav-lis sayovelTao siyvaruls mtrebisadmic ki, sawyenia, rom dRes afxazeTis eparqiis bedis gadawyvetas cdilo-ben sasuliero pirebi, romlebisTvisac siyvaruli Seu-Zlebeli grZnobaa.

23 Дорофей Дбар, « Мы сделали свой выбор », интервю брал Владимир Григорян. wyaro: http://www.rusvera.mrezha.ru/510/5.htm



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ფილოსოფიური შეხედულებები თავისუფალი ნების შესახებ

თეიმურაზ buaZe

ა damianis Tavisuflebis, kerZod, Tavisufali nebis sakiTxi ori aspeqtiT SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli.

filosofiis istoriaSi Tavisuflebis or moduss ga-nasxvaveben. pirvelia, arCevanis Tavisufleba. igi gu-lisxmobs ramdenime alternativis arsebobis SemTx-vevaSi erT-erTis nebayoflebiT arCevis unars da am arCevanis gakeTebis realur SesaZleblobas. arCevanis Tavisufleba aseve indifenenciis Tavisuflebis sax-eliTaa cnobili (liberty of indifference). Tavisuflebis meore modusi ki egreTwodebuli spontanuri Tavisuflebaa (liberty of spontaneity), rac spontanuri survilis an intencio-naluri, mizanmimarTuli nebis Tavisufal midevnebasa, an misgan TavSekavebaSi gamoixateba. nebis Tavisufle-baSi moiazreba aseve Tavad konkretuli nebis arCevis unari, anu egreTwodebuli „meore rigis nebeloba“. es ukanaskneli, magaliTad, netari avgustines da lokis

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refleqsiis sagani iyo. rogorc mosalodnelia, am ter-minebs xangrZlivi filosofiuri istoria aqvT. magal-iTad, luis de molina indiferenciis Tavisuflebaze dayrdnobiT cdilobda „Tavisufali agentis“ (free agent), anu Tavisufali piris cnebis ganmartebas. samagierod, sxva filosofosebi saerTod uaryofdnen indiferen-ciis Tavisuflebis realurobas. cxadia, amas isini gan-sxvavebuli argumentaciis gamoyenebiT da mosazrebebis gamo cdilobdnen. magaliTad, stoelebTan da spinoza-sTan es uaryofa panTeistur msoflmxedvelobaze iyo dafuZnebuli; logikurad Tanamimdevruli panTeizmi Sinaganad gulisxmobs absolutur determinizms, rac ubralod gamoricxavs alternativebis arsebobas, anu arCevanis gakeTebis realur SesaZleblobas; hobsi arCevanis realur Tavisuflebas materialisturi mo-sazrebebiT uaryofda. misi azriT, fsiqikuri da mental-uri fenomenebi adamianis sxeulSi mimdinare material-uri procesebis, ufro sworad moZraobebis, Sedegi iyo. es ukanasknelni ki materialuri kanonebiT iyo deter-minirebuli; hiumis azriT, empiriuli gamocdileba spon-tanuri Tavisuflebis sasargeblod miuTiTebda, magram arasakmarisi iyo indiferenciis Tavisuflebis arsebo-bis dasasabuTeblad; dekarte pirwmindad ar uaryofda arCevanis Tavisuflebas, magram spontanur Tavisufle-basTan SedarebiT mas gacilebiT ufro dabla ayenebda. misi azriT, naTel da gamokveTil percepciaze, anu aRq-maze damyarebuli codna adamians saukeTeso arCevanis danaxvis saSualebas aZlevda, riTac azrs ukargavda sxva alternativas. aqedan gamomdinare, dekartes az-riT, codna yovelTvis Tavsebadi iyo spontanur Tavi-suflebasTan, maSin, rodesac igi adgils aRar tovebda indiferenciis Tavisuflebis aqtualizaciisTvis. dek-artes msgavsad, netar avgustinesTanac vxvdebiT Tavisu-fali nebis modusebis ierarqiul gradacias. netari av-gustine fiqrobda, rom pirvelyofilma codvam adamis STamomavlebs maRali rangis, anu sulieri Tavisufleba

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daakargvina, Tumca isini determinirebul arsebebad ar uqcevia, raki maT Tavisuflebis gamoxatulebis dabali formebi SeinarCunes. aq igi gulisxmobda, rom adamian-ebma dakarges meore rigis Tavisufleba, maT mkveTrad dauuZlurdaT spontanuri Tavisufleba, magram yofiT saqmeebSi SeunarCundaT Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis unari. netari avgustines predestinaciuri tendencie-bi, RvTaebrivi madlisa da Tavisuflebis antinomiuri mimarTeba Tavisuflebis umaRlesi formis, anu meore rigis Tavisuflebis dakargvas efuZneba. lokic uaryof-da meore rigis Tavisuflebas. igi Tvlida, rom Cveni ne-beloba Cvengan damoukidebeli iracionaluri faqtore-biT (uneasiness) ganisazRvreba. netari avgustine ciceronis sawinaaRmdegod amtkicebda, rom adamianis nebis Tavi-sufleba Tavsebadi iyo RmerTis yovlismcodneobasTan. boeciusidan moyolebuli, mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmav-lobaSi da Semdgomac es problema bevri Teologisa da filosofosisaTvis gaxda refleqsiisa da artikula-ciis sagani. Cems statiaSi zemoxsenebul sakiTxebs minda Sevexo.

rogor ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, Zvel sa-berZneTSi ucnobi iyo nebis cneba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisufali nebis sakiTxi arc ki gvxvdeba berZnul an-tikurobaSi. Zvel berZens Tavisufali adamianis cneba Tavisufali nebis konceptis gamoyenebis gareSe unda ganemarta. misi azriT, adamiani Tavisufali iyo, Tu misi cxovreba gonebis karnaxs emorCileboda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi sakuTari vnebebis monad rCeboda. mar-Tlac, platonis mixedviT, adamiani Tavisufali iyo, Tu misi sulis umaRlesi nawili, anu goneba, batonobda ufro dabal temperamentul da apetitur nawilebze. nebis cnebis ararseboba aristoteles xels ar uSlida, nebay-oflobiTi aqti aranebayoflobilisagan ganesxvavebi-na. misi azriT, aqti nebayoflobiTia, Tu igi iZulebis, an manipulaciis Sedegi ar aris. adamianuri qcevis dasaxas-iaTeblad aristotele iyenebs aseve prohairesis-s, anu mizan-

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dasaxuli arCevanis cnebas. aseTi arCevanis saSualebiT adamiani yovlismomcveli cxovrebiseuli gegmis aR-srulebas eswrafvis. specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom ne-bayoflobiTobis cneba Zalian farTo iyo, prohairesis-is ki Zalian viwro, raTa sityva „nebis“ Tanamedrove Sinaarsi gadmoeca. aristoteles terminologiaSi ar gvxvdeba si-tyva, romelic zustad Seesabameba intencionalur aqtebs, anu iseT Sualedur qmedebebs, romlebsac yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevisaTvis vakeTebT. aris-totelesTvis prohairesisi ufro cxovrebiseul ideal-Tan miaxlebis saSualebaa, mas ar SeuZlia Cveni aqtebis emociuri, apetituri aspeqti adekvaturad gamoxatos.

elinisturi periodis filosofiuri azric daka-vebuli iyo adamianis Tavisuflebis problemiT, Tumca misTvisac ucnobi aRmoCnda nebis koncepti. epikurelebi-saTvis sicocxlis mizani bedniereba iyo, romelsac autar-chia-sa da apatheia-Si, anu TviTkmar da uSfoTvel cxovreba-Si xedavdnen. maTi azriT, aseT cxovrebas win eRobeboda politikuri ambiciebi da sikvdilis SiSi. amis wyaro ki politikuri sazogadoeba da RmerTebi iyvnen. aqedan gamomdinare, epikures azriT, Tavisuflebisa da bed-nierebis misaRwevad saWiro iyo aqtiuri samoqalaqo yofis mitoveba da axlo megobrebTan erTad mSvid, gan-calkavebul garemoSi cxovreba; adamianisTvis aucile-beli iyo aseve crurwmenebisagan ganTavisufleba da imis gacnobiereba, rom srulyofil netarebaSi myofi RmerTebi gulgrilni iyvnen kacTa modgmisa da maTi saq-meebisadmi.

epikurelebis msgavsad stoelebic bednierebas es-wrafvodnen, magram maTsaviT ar cdilobdnen sazogadoe-bisagan izolacias da arc mokvdavTa cxovrebaSi Rmer-Tebis CarTvas uaryofdnen. stoelisaTvis bedniereba mTeli samyaros ganmgebel RvTaebriv logosTan gaer-TianebiT miiRweoda; amis gakeTeba mxolod srulyofil brZens SeeZlo, romelic kataleptikur, anu naTel da cxad SgrZnebebze dafuZnebul WeSmaritebasTan iyo nazi-

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arebi. Cveulebrivi adamianebi brmad emorCilebodnen maTTvis auxsnel bedisweras, anu isini bedisweris monebi iyvnen. marTalia, stoeli brZenic maTsaviT emorCile-boda kosmiur wesrigs, magram RvTaebriv logosTan ne-bayoflobiTi, gaazrebuli erToba mas gareSe iZulebi-sagan Tavisufal Sinagan samyaros unarCunebda. advili dasanaxia, rom Tavisuflebisa da bednierebis ideali, romelic spinozam RmerTis inteleqtualuri siyvaru-lis koncepciaze dayrdnobiT gamoimuSava, Zalian hgavs stoelebis Sexedulebebs am sakiTxebze.

stoelebisagan gansxvavebiT, skeptikosebi bedniere-bas RvTaebriv logosTan warmosaxviT erTobaSi ki ar xedavdnen, aramed iluziebisagan ganTavisuflebaSi. erT-erTi aseTi iluzia stoelebisTvis gaxldaT apo-diqturi, anu ueWveli codnis flobis pretenzia. skep-tikosebis azriT, adamianebs mxolod savaraudo alba-Turi (pithanon) codnis SeZena SeeZloT, aseve fiqrobdnen, rom samyaroSi yvelaferi aucileblobiT ar iyo deter-minirebuli, anu zogi ram Tavisufali arCevanis realur arsebobas gulisxmobda, an misi uSualo Sedegi iyo.

Tavisuflebis, ufro sworad, Tavisufali moZrao-bis konteqstSi pirvelad termini „neba“ lukrecius-ma gamoiyena. man sityva `voluntas~ ixmara atomebis TiTqosda Tandayolili unaris aRsaniSnavad, romliT-ac isini wrfivi pirdapiri moZraobidan gverdze „gadax-vevas“ axerxeben. man mogvianebiT igive termini adamian-ebis moZraobis aRsawerad gamoiyena. lukreciusi nebas Tavidan TviTmoZraobis unars ukavSirebda, Semdeg igi gonebasac daukavSira. ase iqceoda ciceronic. „tusku-lanur saubrebSi“ igi nebas gaazrebul survils uwodebs, iracionalur aRZvrebs ki sityva libidoTi aRniSnavs. senekam nebis koncepcias stoelebis intonacia SesZina. igi ambobda, rom neba SeiZleba libiduri gaxdes, anu iracionalurad moqmedebdes, roca goneba vnebebis ty-veobaSi imyofebao. msgavs mosazrebas, romelic adami-ans antikuri filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT naklebad

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racionalurad warmoadgens, xSirad vxvdebiT netari avgustines, asketi mamebisa da zogadad qristiani av-torebis nawerebSi.

adamianis Tavisufalma nebam gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba SeiZina qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi, radgan metafizikur axsnas moiTxovda is, Tu saidan gaCnda boroteba keTili da yovlisSemZle qristianuli Rmer-Tis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi. qristianebi borotebis wyaros cudad gamoyenebul avtonomiur adamianur ne-baSi xedavdnen. adamianuri nebis avtonomiurobis xa-zgasmam bunebrivad wamowia win sxva sakiTxi RmerTis yovlismcodneobisa da adamianuri nebis Tavisuflebis urTierTTavsebadobis Sesaxeb. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am sakiTxma uaRresad formalizirebuli da ni-uansirebuli artikulacia Sua saukunebiis sqolastikaSi SeiZina. Toma aqvineli imeorebs ra boeciusis mosaz-rebas, amtkicebs, rom RmerTma winaswar icis Cveni mo-qmedebebi, raki misTvis dro ar arsebobs da samyaros mTel istorias erTdroulad xedavs maradisobis yov-lismomcveli rakursiT. igi winaswar ki ar „gamoTvlis“ Cvens momaval aqtebs, aramed erTdroulad xedavs war-suls, awmyosa da momavals. raki Cveni aqtebi winaswar ar „gamoiTvleba“, adamianuri neba realurad Tavisu-falia. RmerTi winaswar xedavs Cvens Tavisufal arCev-ans da ara raRaciT, mxolod misTvis cnobili mizeziT ganpirobebuls. rasac RmerTi winaswar xedavs, aucile-blad moxdeba, magram moxdeba ara pirdapiri, logikuri aucileblobiT, aramed pirobiTi aucileblobiT. duns skoti ar daeTanxma Toma aqvinelis mosazrebas, radgan igi, misi azriT, impliciturad drois fundamentur ara-realurobas amtkicebda. duns skotis Tanaxmad, RmerTma yvelaferi winaswar uwyoda, raki man samyaro maradiso-baSi winaswargamocxadebul principebs dauqvemdebara. okamis azriT, am SemTxvevaSi adamianis nebac am mara-diuli principebiT gansazRvruli, anu araTavisufali gamodioda. is Tvlida, rom Cven erTdroulad unda

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gvewama RmerTis yovlismcodneoba, rogorc religiuri dogma, da adamianis nebis Tavisufleba, rogorc Cveni moraluri pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli.

am problemis gadaWris originaluri mcdeloba warmoadgina XV saukuneSi luvanis universitetis pro-fesorma piter de rivom (Peter de Rivo). 1465 wels mas erT-erTma studentma hkiTxa, SeeZlo Tu ara petre mociquls ar uareyo qriste mas Semdeg, rac ufalma mas amis Ses-axeb uwinaswarmetyvela? rivos mixedviT, uaryofiTi da dadebiTi pasuxebi erTnairad miuRebeli iqneboda; pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mociquli moralurad pasuxismge-beli ar gamodioda mis mier Cadenili uaryofis gamo; meore SemTxveva ki RmerTis winaswarmetyvelebis aRus-ruleblobis SesaZleblobas amtkicebda. amis sapasuxod rivom ganacxada, rom warmoTqmis momentSi winaswarm-etyveleba arc mcdari iyo da arc WeSmariti. Tavisi sammniSvnelobiani logikuri sistemis dasabuTebas rivo aristoteles De Iterpretatione-s mecxre Tavze dayrdnobiT cdilobda; misi azriT, aq aristotele imave mosazrebas asabuTebda momaval droSi gamoTqmuli konkretuli Sinaarsis mqone mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb. kaTolikurma eklesiam rivos mosazreba oficialur TeologiasTan Seufereblad miiCnia.

am sakiTxis gadaWris meore, aseve originaluri varianti iezuitma luis molinam me-16 saukunis bolos SemogvTavaza. mas ar akmayofilebda boeciusis da Toma aqvinelis pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, RmerTma adamia-nis saqmeebis Sesaxeb yvelaferi uwyis, radgan misTvis dro-Jami ar arsebobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianuri nebis avtonomia SenarCunebuli iyo, magram RvTaebri-vi neba da gangebuleba pasiuri gamodioda. molinas ar akmayofilebda aseve duns skotis varianti, radgan adamianuri neba RmerTis mier maradisobaSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT iyo gansazRvruli. am problemis gada-saWrelad man „RmerTis Sualeduri codnis“ axali kon-cefcia SemogvTavaza. molinas azriT, RmerTs samgvari

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codna gaaCnia: „bunebrivi codniT“ RmerTi sakuTar Tavs Seimecnebs; „Tavisufali codniT“man winaswar uwyis, ras moimoqmedeben mis mier garkveul konkretul pirobebSi Cayenebuli Tavisufali nebis mqone adamianebi; „Suale-duri codniT“ RmerTma icis yvela SesaZlo hipotetur samyarosa Tu garemoebaSi, rogor moiqceva yvela Sesa-Zlo hipoteturi Tavisufali piri; am codnis safuZvel-ze igi qmnis, anu irCevs realur samyaros, garemoebebsa da Tavisufal pirebs. molinas mixedviT, am SemTxvevaSi RmerTis gadawyvetileba ar zRudavs adamianis Tavi-suflebas, ar gansazRvravs mis nebas. molinas pozicias didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda dominikanelebis mxridan.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, aRniSnul problemaze refleqsia axali drois filosofiaSic gaagrZeles. Tavis dualistur filosofiaze dayrdnobiT, dekarte darwmunebuli iyo adamianuri nebis TavisuflebaSi; mas-Tan Tavisufleba gonis substanciis arsebiTi Tvisebaa. dekartes sjeroda, rom RvTaebrivi yovlismcodneoba ar ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis nebis Tavisuflebas, radgan es ukanaskneli ar izRudeboda pirveliT. am mo-sazrebis ilustracias dekarte princesa elisabedis-admi miweril werilSi Semdegi, arcTu mTlad saxarbie-lo magaliTiT axdens. vTqvaT, romelime hipoteturi qveynis mefem dueli akrZala; amave dros man icis, rom misi samefos gansxvavebul qalaqebSi cxovrobs ori qve-Sevrdomi, romelsac ise sZuls erTmaneTi, rom Sexve-dris SemTxvevaSi Tavs ver Seikavebs urTierTis duelSi gamowvevisagan. davuSvaT, mefem orive moqalaqes ubrZa-na erTsa da imave dros erTsa da imave adgilze misvla. arc erTma maTganma ar icis, rom meorem igive brZaneba miiRo mefisagan; viTomda SemTxveviT Sexvedrisas, isi-ni aucileblad gamoiwveven erTmaneTs duelSi, kanons daarRveven da mefis sasjels daimsaxureben. miuxedavad imisa, rom mefis brZanebiT moxda maTi Sexvedra, isini aravin aiZula erTmaneTi duelSi gamoewviaT da mefis kanoni daerRviaT. aq mefe winaswar Wvrets Tavisi moqa-

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laqeebis moqmedebas ise, rom ar zemoqmedebs maT Tavisu-fal nebaze. udavod, msgavs „mizanscenebs“ gulisxmobda molina „RmerTis Sualedur codnaze“ saubrisas.

dekartesagan gansxvavebiT, hobs ar swamda wminda gonieri, aramaterialuri substanciis arseboba. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar iziarebda dekartes Sexedulebebs adamianis nebis Tavisuflebaze da adamiansa da cxovels Soris radikalur sxvaobaze. operaciebs, romlebsac dekarte mentalur sferos miakuTvnebs, hobsi warmodge-nis funqciebad miiCnevs, rasac adamianTan erTad cxove-lebsac miawers. yvela mentaluri operacia raRac mate-rialuri procesebis moZraobebis Sedegia. materialuri movlenebi ki aucileblobas eqvemdebareba, anu mkacrad deterministul xasiaTs atarebs. hobsi ar fiqrobs, rom Tavisufleba da aucilebloba erTmaneTTan araT-avsebadni arian. misi azriT, Tu adamiani nebayoflobiT moqmedebs, maSin igi Tavisufalia, radgan sakuTar nebas emorCileba; amave dros misi neba garkveuli mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli; es ukanaskneli kidev raRac sxva mizeziT; aseTi ukusvliT aucileblad mivalT RmerTamde. raki RmerTi yvelafris mizezia, amitom yvelaferi aucile-blobiT xdeba, askvnis igi. aseTi msjelobis gamo hobsi kompatibilizmis mamamTavrad iTvleba, romelic Tavi-suflebisa da determinizmis Tavsebadobas aRiarebs.

loki ar eTanxmeba hobsis Sexedulebebs. misi az-riT, aucilebloba Tavsebadia nebelobasTan da ara Ta-visuflebasTan. lokis mixedviT, Tavisufleba or ra-mes gulisxmobs: pirveli – raRacis gakeTebis nebas da meore – am nebaze miyolis, an misgan TavSekavebis unars. vTqvaT, adamiani misTvis metismetad sasurvel adgil-zea mijaWvuli, ganTavisuflebis survilis arqonis Sem-TxvevaSic ki igi Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba. saerTod, loki adamianis nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kiTxvis das-mas arasworad miiCnevda. misi azriT, nebeloba unaria, Tavisufleba ki mxolod agents, anu moqmed pirs miesad-ageba. termin „Tavisufali nebis“ gamoyeneba araswori

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iyo im azriTac, rom Cven ar SegviZlia Tavisuflad avir-CioT raime konkretuli neba. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, lokis azriT, Cvens nebelobas Cvengan damoukidebeli fsiqikuri, iracionaluri faqtorebi gansazRvravs. am faqtorebs igi farTo semantikis mqone terminiT – uneasi-nesses-iT aRniSnavs, rac SiSs, SfoTs, diskomforts da a. S niSnavs. is, rom adamianuri neba racionalur arCevans ar eqvemdebareba, bevr moazrovnes aRuniSnavs, magram aman erT-erTi yvelaze adrindeli, Rrma da dramatuli ar-tikulacia netar avgustinesTan SeiZina.

avgustine aristoteles, zogadad, antikuri da elin-isturi filosofosebis darad, adamianis cxovrebis umTavres mizans bednierebaSi xedavs. adamianebi ganu-wyvetliv iswrafvian bednierebisaken, am mizniT iReben isini konkretul gadawyvetilebebs, Tumca sxvadasxva-nairad esmiT bednierebis arsi. avgustine zogjer ne-bas, aristoteles msgavsad, praqtikul gonebasTan, anu brZanebebis gamomcem instanciasTan aigivebs. orives erTnairad ainteresebs, ratom ar emorCileba adami-ani zogjer am brZanebebs. aristotelesTan es TavSeuka-veblobis, araTanmimdevrulobis Sedegia; avgustine ki amas adamianuri bunebis dacemulobiT xsnis. adamianuri bunebis dacemuloba ki yvelaze cxadad, egreTwodebul, meore rigis nebelobaSi mJRavndeba. avgustine gakvirve-biT SeniSnavs: sakmarisia, gonebam sxeuls raime ubrZa-nos, igi maSinve emorCileba mas, magram rodesac goneba adamians raRacis survils, raRacisadmi nebas ubrZanebs, igi upasuxod rCeba. avgustine „aRsarebebSi“ dramatulad aRwers aseTi tipis avtobiografiul momentebs. magali-Tad, mas surda umanko cxovrebis gulwrfeli wadili hqonoda, magram realurad ar hqonda aseTi neba; igi RmerTs sTxovda wminda cxovreba miemadlebina misTvis, magram ar undoda aseTi cxovreba umalve daewyo.

adamianuri bunebis dacemulobis Rrma gancda av-gustinem yvelaze naTlad pelagiusTan kamaTis dros gamoxata. naSromSi – De dono perseverantiae avgustine pela-

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giusis sam umTavres Secdomas gamohyofs: TiTqos Rmer-Ti madls raime damsaxurebis gamo gvaniWebdes; TiTqos zogierT adamians yovelgvari codvebisagan Tavsufali cxovrebis gavla SeeZlo da TiTqos yoveli adamiani dabadebisas adamis pirvelyofil, dacemamdel umankoe-bas flobda. amis sapasuxod avgustine amtkicebs, rom adamis uklebliv yvela STamomavali pirvelyofili codvis Sedegebs eqvemdebareba, romelic codvisadmi vnebian midrekilebaSi gamoixateba. es midrekileba im-denad Zlieria, rom adamians sakuTari ZalebiT ar Seu-Zlia maTgan ganTavisufleba. es mxolod RvTaebrivi madlis daxmarebiT aris SesaZlebeli. roca adamiani RvTaebrivi madlis moqmedebis qveS aris, misi neba Tavi-sufldeba codvisken midrekilebisagan da siyvaruliT emorCileba RvTaebriv nebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi codvis, anu sakuTari vnebebis monaa; avgustine darwmune-bulia, rom RvTaebrivi madlis winaswari moqmedebis ga-reSe adamians ar SeuZlia Tavisi neba Tavisuflad mim-arTos RmerTisaken. yovel keTil qmedebas win madlis moqmedeba uswrebs. madli keTili saqmeebiT ki ar aris momuSakebuli, aramed piriqiT, igi iZleva keTili saq-meebisa da, saerTod, Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. Tu vis unda mieces daumsaxurebeli madli, RmerTi predestinaciiT gansazRvravs. Tavis naS-romSi – De praedestinatione sactorum (10.19) avgustine madlsa da predestinaciaze Semdegnairad msjelobs: „predestina-ciasa da madls Soris mxolod es gansxvavebaa: predes-tinacia momzadebaa madlis misaRebad, madli ki RmerTis saCuqaria (donatio)“. avgustines aseTma swavlebam ukmay-ofileba gamoiwvia afrikasa da safrangeTis samxreTiT mcxovreb zogierT berSi. isini fiqrobdnen, rom pre-destinaciis moZRvreba faqtiurad adamianuri nebis re-aluri Tavisuflebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis moraluri pasuxismgeblobis uaryofas gulisxmobda. 426 wels maT sapasuxod daweril werilSi (Ep. 194) avgustine berebs usabuTebs, Tu rogor unda swamdeT erTdroulad

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TiTqosda erTmaneTis gamomricxavi debulebebi adamia-nis nebis Tavisuflebisa da madlis zemoqmedebis gareSe sikeTis Tavisufali arCevanis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. amiT avgustinec kompatibilizmis garkveul formas as-abuTebs, sadac Tavisuflebasa da determinizms Soris Tavsebadobis nacvlad adamianis nebis Tavisuflebasa da RmerTis predestinaciazea saubari. mcirericxovani ar aris im marTlmadidebel avtorTa raodenoba, rom-lebsac miaCniaT, rom netari avgustines swavleba pre-destinaciis Sesaxeb mTlianad misaRebi ar aris eklesi-saTvis.

aqve minda aRvniSno, rom kantic emxroboda kom-patibilizms. is fenomenalur samyaroSi determiniz-mis princips aRiarebs. kanti amave dros Tvlis, rom es determinizmi Tavsebadia adamianis TavisuflebasTan. is amtkicebs, rom adamianis neba grZnobebis zemoqmede-bas eqvemdebareba, magram maTgan aucileblobiT ar gan-isazRvreba. vnebebismieri afeqtaciebis, grZnobadi im-pulsebis miuxedavad, adamiani mainc inarCunebs Sinagan Tavisuflebas. kantis azriT, adamianis TviTdetermi-nacias ori aspeqti gaaCnia – empiriuli da inteligibe-luri. pirveli gveZleva gamocdilebiT, meoris wvdoma ki mxolod inteleqtiT SeiZleba. Cveni Tavisufali neba grZnobebiT aRqmadi movlenebis inteligibelur mizezad gvevlineba. grZnobebiT aRqmadi fenomenaluri samyaro ki mkacr determinizms eqvemdebareba. raTa adamianuri Tavisuflebis Tavsebadoba axsnas bunebis determinizm-Tan, kanti acxadebs, rom buneba droSi moqmedebs, maSin, rodesac adamianuri neba arafenomenalur samyaros ganekuTvneba da drois miRmuria. aq saintereso feno-menTan gvaqvs saqme. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, Sua sauku-neebis ganmavlobaSi Teologebi adamianuri nebis Tavi-suflebis RmerTis yovlismcodneobasTan Tavsebadobis asaxsnelad acxadebdnen, rom ufali drois miRmuri ar-seba iyo. kanti ki adamianur nebas drois miRmurad war-mosaxavs, raTa misi fenomenaluri samyaros determin-


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izmTan Tavsebadoba daasabuTos.Cveni statiis dasasruls minda, Tavisufali nebis

wminda maqsime aRmsarebiseul koncefciaze visaubro, romelic garkveulwilad Seajamebs zemonaxseneb Se-xedulebebs. wminda maqsimes Tanaxmad, RmerTma adamiani da, saerTod, mTeli samyaro misi Semdgomi ganRmrTo-bis mizniT Seqmna. aqedan gamomdinare, misi kosmolo-gia Semdegi triadiT aRiwereba: genesis, kinesis da statis. am triadidan pirveli Sesaqmes aRniSnavs, meore – gan-RmrTobisaken moZraobas, mesame ki – statikur mdgo-mareobas ganRmrTobis Semdeg. am miznis Sesabamisad, RmerTma yvelaferi mis gonebaSi maradiulad arsebu-li logosebis mixedviT Seqmna. magaliTad, adamianis logosi misi cxovrebis umaRlesi azris – Semoqmedi-saken miswrafebas, ganRmrTobas gulisxmobs. am logo-sis aqtualizaciisaTvis RmerTma adamianSi bunebrivi neba (thelima phisis) Cado. amasTan, raki adamiani gonieri arsebaa, mas damoukideblad SeuZlia gadawyvetilebis miReba, sakuTari miznebis dasaxva da arCevanis gakeTe-ba. amave dros codviT dacemiT igi RmerTs ganeSora da Semoqmedis magivrad qmnilebisaken miidrika. amis gamo adamianSi bunebrivi nebisagan gansxvavebuli pirovnuli, arCeviTi neba gaCnda. wminda maqsime mas thelima gnomi-T aRniSnavs. am gnomur nebaze midevneba konkretuli adami-anis kerZo cxovrebis formas, ase vTqvaT, cxovrebiseul gzas warmoSobs, romelis aRsaniSnavad wmindani sityva tropos-s iyenebs (wminda maqsime aRmsarebelis Tanaxmad, qristes gnomuri neba ar gaaCnia, radgan srulyofili codnis mqones arCevanis gakeTebis aucilebloba ar aqvs da ucodvelobis gamo misi adamianuri neba yovelT-vis RvTaebriv nebas emorCileba). maSasadame, wminda maqsimes mixedviT, adamianSi bunebrivi nebisagan gansx-vavebuli gnomuri nebis arseboba sulieri Tavisuflebis dakargvis, anu vnebebisadmi morCilebis, codvisadmi da-monebis gamoxatulebaa. samoTxeSi adami mTeli sisavsiT flobda nebis Tavisuflebas: mas srulyofilad gaaCnda


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spontanuri Tavisufleba, radgan xels araferi uSlida, daubrkoleblad aResrulebina RmerTis mier samoTxeSi dadgenili mcnebebi (raki spontanuri Tavisufleba ada-mianSi arsebuli erTi romelime nebis daubrkoleblad aRsrulebis unars gulisxmobs). igi aseve srulyofilad flobda meore rigis Tavisuflebasac, radgan Seury-vneli goneba da ucodveli buneba masSi codvismier al-ternativebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivi nebisagan gansxvavebul gnomur nebas ar warmoSobda (adamSi ar arsebobda is codvismieri „gaoreba“, rac meore rigis Tavisuflebis dakargvis mizezia). adami mTeli sisavsiT flobda indiferenciis Tavisuflebis potenciasac, radgan vnebebisagan Tavisufleba miukerZoebeli, swo-ri arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevda. rogorc bibiliuri Txrobidan vuwyiT, codviT dacema RmerTis nebis sawinaaRmdego arCevanis gakeTebis anu indiferen-ciis Tavisuflebis araswori gamoyenebis Sedegi iyo.



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არსენ იყალთოელის „დოგმატიკონი“ მართლმადიდებლობისა და ეროვნული თვითმყოფადობის კონტექსტში

maia rafava

ს aqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianebis safuZvel-ze Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoebriv-kulturul

cxovrebaSi XI saukune iTvleba axali kulturuli orien-taciebis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis saukuned. qristianul bizantiaze politikuri kursis gaRrmavebam sarwmunoe-briv-ideologiur siaxlovesTan erTad safuZveli Ca-uyara elinofiluri mimarTulebis ganviTarebas kul-turis farTo sferoSi, rac saboloo jamSi qarTuli erovnuli TviTmyofadobis gamokveTisa da saazrovno cnobierebis gaRrmavebis mastimulirebeli Zala Seiqna.

qarTuli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv reformebs gaerTianebisa da religiur-kulturuli identobis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi win uZRoda aTonis qarTuli samonastro-mwignobruli keris saqmianoba.


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aq TvalnaTliv gacxadda `gasvlisa da dabrunebis~ paradigmis simbolika. sakuTari qveynidan gaxiznulma da ucxoeTSi moRvawe qarTvelma aTonelebma, gansa-kuTrebiT ki, am skolis usaCinoesma warmomadgenelma, efTvime mTawmidelma, udidesi saganmanaTleblo mis-ia ganaxorcieles: qarTul enaze Targmnes bizantiuri literaturis pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebi. TavianTi moRvaweobiT aTonelma mamebma sagrZnobi gardatexa Seitanes qarTuli kulturisa da mwerlobis ganviTa-rebis saqmeSi ara mxolod maT mier Targmnili Zeglebis raodenobriobiT, aramed kulturuli orientaciis Se-cvliTac: ierusalimuridan _ konstantinopolurze. aTonelebis SemoqmedebiT-mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom saqarTvelos kulturul-saazrovno done im droisTvis mowinaved miRebuli ber-Znul-bizantiuri kulturisTvis gaeTanabrebinaT. bizan-tiuri kulturul-ideologiuri, msoflmxedvelobrivi procesebi gaxda aToneli qarTveli moRvaweebis mxriv mibaZvis, aRqmisa da qarTul sinamdvileSi maTi gadmo-nergvis, `gadmotჳfrvis~ obieqti, rasac saboloo jamSi bizantiuri kulturis qarTul niadagze adaptaciis ganx-orcieleba mohyva. aTonis samonastro-samwignobro keris farTo ganmanaTleblurma saqmianobam Seamzada religiur-kulturuli identobis myari safuZvlebi.

qarTuli saazrovno sinamdvilis, mwerlobis gan-viTarebis Semdgomi periodi (XI-XII ss.) am identobaTa ufro maRal doneze warmoCeniT xasiaTdeba. kulturul orientaciebSi mkveTrad vlindeba elinofiluri mimdi-nareoba. elinofilur mimdinareobas safuZveli eyreba da viTardeba antioqiis, Savi mTis cnobil samonastro-saganmanaTleblo centrSi misi udidesi moRvawis, efrem mciris, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT.

am periodis Targmanebi tipologiurad gansxvavde-ba adreuli Targmanebisagan, isini gamiznuli arian ufro ganaTlebuli, inteleqtualurad momzadebuli mkiTxvelisTvis. efrem mcire qarTuli identobis aSka-


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ra xazgasmas axdens, roca paralels avlebs sakuTar Targmanebsa da efTvime mTawmidelis Targmanebs Soris. mTavari, rasac efrem mcire ara erTgzis SeniSnavs, aris is, rom adrindeli Targmanebi, anu efTvime mTawmidel-is Targmanebi, gamiznuli iyo im naklis Sesavsebad, ra-sac qarTul sinamdvileSi hqonda adgili. es iyo iseTi sinamdvile, roca `qarTlisa queyanaჲ friad naklule-van ars wignTagan~. am naklis Sevsebas Tavdauzogavad cdilobda efTvime mTawmideli, Tanac cdilobda qa-rTveli mkiTxvelisTvis, romelic jer kidev `Cvili~ iyo da `rZiTa da mxliT~ zrda sWirdeboda, eTargmna martivad, lakonurad, gasagebad.

sruliad gansxvavebul meTodologias mimarTavda efrem mcire. misi saqmianobis mTavari RerZi mimarTu-li iyo `barbaroswodebuli~ qarTvelebis berZnebTan gaTanabrebisa da kulturuli identobis damkvidrebi-saken. Targmanis berZnulTan gaTanabreba, teqstis ko-mentireba, Tavdapirveli teqstis dadgena, kritikuli aparatis Seqmna, xelnaweri wignis gansruleba berZnuli xelnaweruli tradiciisTvis niSandoblivi teqnikuri niSnebiT da farTo xasiaTis metateqstebiT (winabWe, an-derZ-minawerebi, sxvadasxva Sinaarsis marginaliebi da sxva). efrem mciris msgavsi xasiaTis moRvaweobam myar argumentebze dayrdnobiT moaxdina qarTuli Targmanis legitimacia.

am periodSi wminda saeklesio-saRvTismetyvelo TxzulebebTan erTad iTargmneba `gareSeTa~ (araqris-tian mweralTa) filosofiur-samecniero Sromebi. qa-rTul mwerlobaSi TvalnaTliv iCina Tavi `gareSeTa~ sibrZnis miRebis problemam, rac niSnavda antikur-elinisturi kulturologiuri monapovrebis Serwymas qristianul-saeklesio literaturasTan, rac ormagi si-brZnis aRiarebaSi gamoixata.

ucxoeTSi `gasvlisa da dabrunebis~ koncepti Tval-naTliv aisaxa im faqtSi, rom ganxorcielda aTonisa da Savi mTis samonastro-samwignobro kerebSi moR-


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vawe qarTveli mwignobrebis saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur-sazogadoebriv da religiur-kulturul cxovrebaSi Cabma da samSobloSi darCenil politikur da kulturul moRvaweebTan konsolidacia. fexze damd-gari qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da marTlmadide-bluri qarTuli eklesiis mxriv sarwmunoebrivi moZ-Rvrebis codna-ganaTlebasTan Serwymis gziT sakuTari poziciebis gaZlierebisken ideologiurma swrafvam Se-qmna gansakuTrebuli pirobebi qarTveli eris konsoli-daciisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis aqtiuri gamov-lenisTvis.

qarTul mwerlobaSi efrem mciris momdevno epoqis TvalsaCino mwerali da mTargmnelia arsen iyalToeli (XI_XII ss). igi agrZelebas efrem mciris mier danergil orientacias elinofiluri tendenciebis gaRrmavebisa da gafarToebis TvalsazrisiT.

arsen iyalToeli aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli Tavisi drois anu gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos sulier-sarwmu-noebriv Tu politikur-sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. sxva-nairad arc SeiZleba yofiliyo: igi daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvaria da Tavis suzerenTan erTad iziarebs qvey-nis sulier-zneobrivi da socialur-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis keTildReobaze zrunvas. arsen iyalToelis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis ZiriTadi mizani erTiani saqarTvelos SigniT qristianuli rwmenis WeSmaritebis Cveneba da marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebis, liturgiis, wes-gangebaTa eklesiurad dasabuTebis, kanonizaciis is-toriis gacnobaa. amas emsaxureba mis mier Targmnili `didi rjuliskanoni~. qristianobis marTlmadideblu-ri arsis qarTulad `gadmotჳfrvis~ problemas meore kuTxe gaaCnia: es aris marTlmadideblobis dacva ucxo religiebisa da eretikuli swavlebebis ideologiuri Semotevisgan. am mizans emsaxureba arsenis unikaluri, dogmatikur-polemikur TxzulebaTa krebuli `dogma-tikoni~.

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da zogad-kulturolo-


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giuri procesebis ganviTarebis istoria SeuZlebelia srulad warmovidginoT, Tu saTanadod ar iqna Seswav-lili Sua saukuneebis dogmatikuri da polemikuri xasi-aTis Zeglebi, radgan isini myarad qmnian im Teoriul-ideologiur bazas, romelsac eyrdnoboda rogorc qarTuli eklesiis sarwmunoebriv-aRmsareblobiTi mo-ZRvreba, ise qarTuli saxelmwifos sagareo politika Tu sazogadoebrivi pozicia. yovel epoqaSi erisTvis niSandoblivia im drois istoriul arenaze gamoCenili ucxo religiebisa Tu qristianuli sarwmunoebis SigniT saxecvlili eretikuli swavlebebis mimarT Tavisi re-ligiuri da kulturuli identobis dacvis aucilebloba.

`dogmatikonis~ ganuzomeli mniSvneloba oden sar-wmunoebrivi da literaturuli interesebiT ar aris ga-pirobebuli. am krebulis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xde-ba SuasaukuneTa epoqis saazrovno procesebze Tvalis midevneba, rac `dogmatikonis~ konkretul-specifikur mniSvnelobasTan erTad ganuzomlad zrdis mis zogad-kulturologiur mniSvnelobas. `dogmatikonis~, ro-gorc krebulis, specifikuri xasiaTi, romelic Janro-brivad erTgvarovan, dogmatikisa da polemikis Sesaxeb Tematurad dajgufebul Txzulebebs Seicavs, ueWvelad gapirobebulia arsen iyalToelis droindeli saqa-rTvelos kulturuli cxovrebis moTxovnebiT da rac mTavaria, qarTuli eklesiis aRmsareblobiTi pozi-ciiT. garda imisa, rom `dogmatikonSi~ warmodgenilia qristianul-orTodoqsaluri moZRvrebis Semcveli Tx-zulebebi, arsen iyalToelis mier Targmnilia iseTi Txzulebebic, romelTa polemikuri Sinaarsi aqtualuri iyo misi drois qarTuli saeklesio cxovrebisaTvis.

msgavsi dogmatikur-polemikuri Sinaarsis krebu-lis qarTul enaze arsebobis aucilebloba, eWvs gareSea, saqarTvelos Sida viTarebiT, misi geopolitikuri mde-bareobiT iyo gamowveuli: saqarTvelo ucxo religiis (islami), aseve qristianobis SigniT sxva mimdinareobis matarebeli xalxis (somxuri monofizitoba) uSualo


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mezoblobaSi imyofeboda. qveynis SigniTac kompaq-turad saxlobdnen ucxo religiisa Tu gansxvavebuli qristianuli rwmenis mimdevrebi (ebraelebi, somxebi, musulmanebi da a. S.). saqarTvelos saxelmwifos re-alur-istoriul cxovrebaSi mimdinare Zvrebma ganapi-roba saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erToblivi kursi, qar-Tuli saxelmwifoebrivi da sarwmunoebrivi identobis dasacavad Seqmniliyo myari programa qristianuli moZRvrebis zogadi, berZnul-bizantiur samyaroSi apro-birebuli literaturis safuZvelze. zogad-qristianul moZRvrebaze dayrdnobis gziT erovnuli TviTmyofado-bis dacvisa da legitimaciis mizans emsaxureba is faqti, rom istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT arsenis mier `dogmatikonSi~ yvelaze xSirad Setanilia anti-monofizituri, antiislamuri da antiiudaisturi Sinaar-sis Txzulebebi.

`dogmatikoni~ moculobiT Zalze soliduri krebu-lia. xelnawerTa aRwerilobebis mixedviT, masSi gaer-Tianebulia 72 Txzuleba. magram rogorc ukanasknel wlebSi gairkva, krebuli kidev Seicavs damatebiT Tx-zulebebs. krebulis moculobis Sesaxeb sruli warmod-genis Sesaqmnelad sakmarisia iTqvas, rom 72 Txzule-bidan bevri maTgani, calke aRebuli (anastasi sinelis `winamZRuari~, ioane damaskelis `gardamocema~, misive `gamokrebani wamebaTani~ da sxva) Zalze solidur wigns warmoadgens.

`dogmatikonis~ zogi Tzuleba, an erTi avtoris ram-denime Txzuleba calkea gadawerili da mimofantulia uamrav xelnawerSi. nusxaTa sixSire metyvelebs imis Ses-axeb, Tu Suasaukuneebis qarTul sinamdvileSi hetero-genuli konfesiebis moZalebisgan rwmenis dacvis mizniT rogori moTxovnebi da saWiroeba arsebobda msgavsi Sinaarsis teqstebze, rac erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ga-darCenis miznebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.

krebulis saxelwodeba `dogmatikoni~ cnobilia xelnawerebSi daculi erTi anderZ-minaweridan: `ar-


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senissa misruli mRჳmes ityჳs daviT mefe: me maSindeli kaci var, odes arseni darojidi Wama, marjuenesa guerdsa zeda wva, noselsa ikiTxvida da doRmatikonsa awamebda~ (S 1463). anderZ-minaweris cnobiT, Sio-mRvimeSi misuli daviT mefe (aRmaSenebeli) xvdeba Tavis moZRvars, ar-sen iyalToels, romelic im dros grigol nosels kiTxulobda da redaqcias ukeTebda `dogmatikons~. eWvs gareSea, rom `dogmatikonis~ qveS swored es krebuli moiazreba. saxelwodeba an TviTon arsen iyalToels ekuTvnis, an mis axlo TanamoRvawes, nusxis gadamwers. krebulis es kolofoni kidev erTxel mianiSnebs qveya-naSi arsebul politikur Tu religiur suliskveTebas daviT aRmaSeneblis dros. saero umaRlesi xelisufli-sa da sarwmunoebrivi moRvaweebis erTianoba qveynis su-lieri amaRlebisa da politikuri gaZlierebis aucile-beli winapiroba iyo.

krebulis Semcvel xelnawerebSi dadasturebuli kolofonebi miuTiTeben krebulis Sedgenis drozec. krebulis pirvel Txzulebas (anastasi sinelis ̀ winamZR-uars~) win uZRvis Sesavali, romelSic mraval, uaRresad sayuradRebo informacias Soris gacxadebulia, Tu sad Targmna arsenma anastasi sinelis aRniSnuli Txzuleba. Targmna mas dauwyia `konstantinopols monastersa Sina wmidisa giorgisasa manganas~ (1463, 39 v) konstantine-polSi, manganas wm. giorgis eklesiaSi misi moRvaweobis dro _ es aris miaxloebiT XI saukunis Sua wlebi, radgan 80-iani wlebidan, sxvadasxva anderZ-minawerebis cno-biT, arsen iyalToeli ukve Sav mTaze imyofeba efrem mc-iresTan erTad. rogorc Cans, dogmatikur-polemikuri krebulis Seqmna arsen iyalToelis erTgzisi mTargm-nelobiTi procesis Sedegi ar iyo. es krebuli asaxavs qristianul-marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebis da mis opoziciur swavlebebTan polemikis qarTul saazrovno sinamdvileSi gadmonergvis farTo saganmanaTleblo programas. am programis ganxorcielebas, rogorc xel-nawerTa kolofonebidan Cans, arsen iyalToeli mra-


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vali wlis manZilze eweoda: krebulis Sedgena daiwyo konstantinopolSi, manganas monasterSi da daasrula saqarTveloSi, Sio-mRvimis monasterSi.

`dogmatikonSi~ arsenis mier Tavmoyrilia cnobili bizantieli avtorebis TxzulebaTa Targmanebi, iseTebis, rogoricaa: anastasi sineli (VII s.), ioane damaskeli (VIII s.), kirile aleqsandrieli (V s.), leon papi (V s.), Teo-dore abukura (VIII s.), leonti bizantieli (VI s.), nikita stiTati (XI s.), miqael fselosi (XI s.), evstrati nikieli (XI-XII ss.). dasaxelebulTa garda krebuli Seicavs anoni-mi avtorebis Txzulebebsac.

vecdebi, Zalze zogadad warmovaCino `dogmatiko-nis~ mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba qarTuli kulturuli da religiuri identobis TvalsazrisiT.

`dogmatikoni~ Tavisi TematikiT, SedgenilobiT, gam-oyenebul wyaroebTan mimarTebis mixedviT, Targmanis principebiT da rac mTavaria, Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT uaRresad sainteresoa ara mxolod qarTuli kulturi-saTvis, aramed berZnul-bizantiuri literaturisaTvis. `dogmatikonSi~ Tavs iyris imdenad mniSvnelovani prob-lematika, rogorc Teoriul-literaturuli, ise ide-ologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi xasiaTisa, romelTa SerCeva da Targmna-komentireba qarTveli mTargmnelis mier scildeba oden qarTul saazrovno sinmdviles da bizantiuri mwerlobisa da kulturis interesebs swvde-ba. `dogmatikonis~ krebulis legitimacia da bizantiur kodeqsebTan mimarTebiT misi Rirebulebrivi upirate-soba ramdenime monacemis mixedviT vlindeba:

1) krebulSi zogjer daculia iseTi Txzulebebis Targmanebi, romelTa berZnuli dedani dakargulad iTvleba (nikita stiTatis IX epistole). 2) arc Tu iSvia-Tad arsenis Targmanis mixedviT daculia iseTi redaq-cia teqstisa, romelic berZnuli xelnawerebiT ucnobia (ioane damaskelis `dialeqtika~, nikita stitatis xuTi antimonofizituri sityva). 3) arsenis Targmanebi zusti Targmanis wyalobiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania


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berZnuli originalis teqstis istoriisaTvis. arsenis qarTuli Targmanis meoxebiT xerxdeba berZnul xel-nawerebSi daSvebuli zogi uzustobis Sesworeba, la-kunebis aRdgena, zogi adgilis gansxvavebuli wakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi misi marTebuli gaazreba.

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da Rirebulebas `dog-matikonis~ krebuls aniWebs misi Sinaarsobrivi mxare. krebulSi asaxuli sagnobrivi koncefcia gapirobebuli Cans arsenis droindeli qarTuli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roliT, rac gamoixateboda centralizebuli qveynis Sida da gare problemebis mowesrigebasa da qveynis aRmavlobaze aqtiur zrunvaSi, yovelgvari, fizikuri Tu sulieri safrTxisagan marTl-madideblobis dacvasa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebaSi. anastasi sinelis ̀ winamZ-Ruris~, ioane damaskelis `dialeqtikisa~ da `gardamo-cemis~, miqael fselosis `pirmSoჲsaTჳs~, ioane damaske-lis saxeliT warmodgenili `gamokrebani wamebaTanis~ da sxva ramdenime mcire moculobis Zeglebis Targmane-bi warmoadgenen berZnul-bizantiur marTlmadideblur samyaroSi saxelmZRvanelod miCneuli moZRvrebis qa-rTul sinamdvileSi adaptacias. qarTveli mkiTxveli maTi saSualebiT gaecno qristianul-marTlmadideblu-ri moZRvrebis uZiriTades dogmatebs, Caswvda maT rao-basa da WeSmaritebas. `dogmatikonma~, qristianobis am werilobiTma burjma, qarTvel mkiTxvels masStaburad gaacno axali saazrovno-saRvTismetyvelo koncefcia: wminda werilisa da eklesiis did mamaTa swavlebaTa (maTi TavisTavadi WeSmaritebis aRiarebis garda) anti-kur-elinisturi Rirebulebebidan aRebuli logikur-filosofiuri cnebebiTa da terminebiT dasabuTebisa da Semagrebis aucilebloba. pirveli nabijebi rwmenisa da codnis sinkretizmisaken efrem mcirem gadadga (`diale-qtikisa~ da `gardamocemis~ Targmanebi, areopagitikis Targmna), magram farTo saganmanaTleblo programis saxiT igi `dogmatikonSi~ Camoyalibda.


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meore aspeqti `dogmatikonis~ sagnobrivi koncef-ciisa mdgomareobs ucxo konfesiebisa da qristianobis wiaRSi gaCenili eretikuli swavlebebis winaaRmdeg war-moebul polemikaSi. polemikis TvalsazrisiT, `dog-matikoni~, marTlac rom, mravlismomcveli da unikal-uri Zeglia. imis mixedviT, Tu ra polemikur Zeglebs mouyara Tavi krebulSi arsen iyalToelma, SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis winaaRmdeg polemikas miiCnevda igi aqtualurad, rwmenis ra sakiTxebze iyo aucilebeli qarTveli mkiTxvelis mxriv yuradRebis aq-centireba. zogadqristianul sakiTxebTan erTad gamo-sayofi iyo polemika qarTvelTaTvis lokaluri Si-naarsis da erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garSemo. umTavresi maT Soris mahmadianobi-sa da monofizitobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis (somxuri monofizitoba, nestorianoba, iakobitoba) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli polemikaa. krebulSi gansakuTrebiT farTo repertuariT aris warmodgenili monofizitebis winaaR-mdeg mimarTuli polemika. antimonofizituri polemika marTlmadidebluri religiuri identobis dacvas em-saxureboda, mahmadianobasTan polemika _ qarTuli sax-elmwifos religiur-politikuri damoukideblobisა.

`dogmatikoni~ qristianobisa da erovnuli TviT-myofadobis propagandis uaRresad didi stimulatori rom iyo, im faqtidanac Cans, rom krebuli uamravi xel-naweris saxiT gavrcelda arsenis droindel saqarT-veloSi da misi gadawera, gadanusxva ar SeCerebula mom-devno saukuneebSic.

vfiqrob, rom `dogmatikonis~ Semdgomi Seswavla kidev ufro gamoavlens mis damsaxurebul adgilsa da mniSvnelobas qarTuli kulturuli da religiuri cno-bierebis, ufro farTod ki, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrio-bisa da erovnuli TavisTavadobis konkretul istori-ul konteqstSi.


Jurnali gamodis weliwadSi samjeryvela ufleba daculia. © faseulobaTa kvlevis sazogadoeba. 2013

ISSN 1512 – 3650UDC (uak) 34 (051.2)g – 942

გამომცემელი: ფასეულობათა კვლევის საზოგადოებამისამართი: თავისუფლების მოედანი 4e-mail: [email protected]

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