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FIBER AND PAPERMAKING

CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO

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~r Jeehnical Bulletin No 1361 iIIl ~

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Cl ) Agricultural Research Service

UNITED SlATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

bull

Acknowledgment

The fiber and chemical studies described in this bulletin were pershyformed by the Herty Foundation Savannah Ga through research contracts with the US Department of Agriculture under the provishysions of the Research and Marketing Act of 1946 This bulletin reshyports the final results of these studies

Washington DC Issued August 1966

Contents

Paue

Summary ________________________________ 1

Introduction ______________________________ 2

Bamboo species studied ____________________ 3 Gross physical characteristics _____________ 3 Determination of fiber dimensions _________ 4

Maceration of specimen ________________ 4 Preparation of slides __________________ 5 Measurement of fiber __________________ 5 Evaluation of fiber measurements _______ 5 Fiber dimension data __________________ 6

Chemical properties of bamboo ____________ 7

Preparation and evaluation of bamboo pulp____ 8 Exploratory techniques ________________ 8 Raitt two-stage and kraft single-stage cookshy

ingprocesses _______________________ 8 PHot plant processing ___________________ 10

Papermaking _____________________________ 12 Bleaching ______________________________ 12 Refining _______________________________ 13 Machine operation _______________________ 13 Physical Properties ________ --------______ 13

Literature cited ___________________________ 16

Appendix ________________________________ 16

Preliminary experiments for maceratingculms ______________________________ 16

Exploratory pulping studies ______________ 18

1

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FIBER AND PAPERMAKING CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO

FmER AND P APERMAKING


By J R HAUN formerly horticulturist Crops Research Division T F CLARK chemical engineer Northern Utilization and Development Division and GEORGE A WHITE agronomist Crops Research Division Agrirultural Research Service

SUMMARY

Chipped bamboo culms of Phylshylostachys meyeri and P bambusoshyides compare favorably in density to hardwood and softwood logs not debarked Stacked whole culms are more bulky than logs because of the airspace in bamboo culms

As a rule bamboo fibers are about the same length as those of hardwoods but are shorter than those of most coniferous woods Length-to-width ratios are higher than those of wood fibers The fibers of the tropical bamboo Bambusa vulgaris are longer than those of other bam boo species It was the only bamboo studied whose fiber approximated the length of southern pine fiber

High length-to-width ratios inshydicate that bamboo fibers are flexible and strong rather than stiff and brittle Slender pliable fibers are better for most paper because they give softness and smoothness rather than hardness and coarseness to the product These characteristics i n d i cat e that bamboo may have a possible use in the manufacture of highshyquality material for facial tissue and for book bond and stationery

paper products The various cookshyingprocedures had no appreciable effect on bamboo average fiber length or fiber width

Bamboo raw material and pulp were analyzed for ash pentosan and lignin content A suitable method was developed for the deshytermination of lignin because the methods used on wood were not entirely satisfactory for bamboo The chemical composition of bamshyboo culms is not widely different from that of other material used in paper making However conshysiderable chemical variation was evident among the species of bamshyboo Pulping procedures affected the chemical composition of bamshyboo about the same way they affect other papermaking mashyterials

Of the several pulping methods used the most promising were the kraft single-stage and the Raitt two-stage processes For pulp of the same yield the latter process gave better delignificashytion there10re better bleachabilshyity with less removal of strengthshygiving pentosans than did the kraft process The net consumpshytion of chemicals was less in the

2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1361 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Raitt process than in the kraft process For equivalent yield and brightness the chlorine required to bleach pulp cooked by the Raitt process was less than that reshyquired to bleach pulp cooked by the kraft process Bleachable bamboo pulp made by either method did not need refining beshyfore it was screened Bamboo can be pulped readily with less power and chemicals than wood

Considering the unbleached pulp yields bleaching by use of Btandshyald procedures produced satisfacshytory brightness without undue loss of yield or strength The bleaching of bamboo pulp conshysumes less chlorine as a rule than the bleaching of wood pulp

Any of the bamboo species studied could be used for papershymaking because there were only minor pUlping diffelences among them The choice of species to grow therefore depends largely on agronomic characteristics and a v ail ability of propagating mashyterial Of the tropical bamboos Ba1nbusa vulgaris had somewhat superior papermaking charactershyistics

Bamboo pulps are especially suHed to papers that require softshyness and absorptivity The qualishyties of bamboo pulp that favor its use fer these types of papers are attributed in part to the slendershyness and pliability of the fibers Bamboo appears to be suitable for the following products

a Unbleached p u 1 p for the manufacture of cable insulation and fruit wrapper pattern inshydustrial saturating and toweling papers and very light dry-formed board

b Bleached pulp for the manushyfacture of absorbent molding Bible bread wrapper (waxed) and cigarette papers cellulosic fiber media sanitary papers r~_ quiring softness and blends for high-quality writing and airmail stationery

Other research on bamboo has shown the apparent suitability of Phyllostachys ba1nbusoides for dissolving pulp (8)1 and strucshytural board (6) This species may also be suitable for making newsshyprint-type papers but this possishybility requires additional investishygation (7)

INTRODUCTION

Bamboo has been grown in the United States on a limited basis for more than 50 years It has been utilized mainly for ornamenshytal purposes and to a limited exshytent for fishing poles The Chinese have used it for centuries as a papermaking material and in India it is one of the main raw materials used in the manufacshyture of paper

Because of bamboos potentialshyity as a new crop for the United States fiber and chemical studies

were carried out by the Herty Foundation to determine the suitshyability of domestic bamboo for paper pulp The first study by the Herty Foundation was started in 1953 to determine the comparashytive fiber dimensions and pUlping characteristics middotof 21 species of bamboo The second study startshyed in 1954 was designed to obtain additional comprehensive data on the pulping bleaching and papershy

1 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited p 16

3 FIBER AND PAPERMAKING CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO

making characteristics of six boo were also studied Prelimishyspecies of bamboo selected from nary reports on some phases of among those studied in 1953 The this work have been published gross physical properties of bam- (1218 H)

BAMBOO SPECIES STUDIED

Since 19J 9 the US Depaltshyment of Agriculture has introshyduced and grown bamboo at its Plant Introduction Station Sashyvannah Ga This station has one of the most extensive collections of hardy bamboos in the world Many species have been widely distributed by the station to varishyous parts of the United States and are now available in the nursery trade

The e0jnomically important species of bamboo include both the tropiual (generally clump types) ancl the tempelate (genshyerlly running types) species The US Department of ATicultures collection in Savannah consists mainly of temperate species Mashyterial for the study of several tropical species was obtained from the Federal Experiment Station at Mayaguez P R in order that the pulping characshyteristics of the tropical bamboos could be compared with those of the temperate bamboos The tabushylation that follows shows the speshycies of bamboo studied by the Heriy Foundation in 1953-54

Temperate species from Savanshynah Ga and Plant Introduction No Phyllostachys arcana

McClure _____________ 77007 P aurea A amp CRiv____ 75153 P aUreosulc(~ta McClure_ 55713 P bambusoides Siebamp Zucc _____________ 40842 P congesta Rendle ______ 80149 P dulcis McClure 1 ______ 73452

P fiexuosa A amp C Riv__ 52686 P meyeri McClure 1 _____116768 P nidularia Munro _____ 63696 P nigra Henltn (Lodd)

Munro 1 _____________ 24761 P pubescens Mazel ex II

de Leh ______________ 80034 P purpumta Solidstem

McClure _____________ 77006 P pU7pumta Straightshy

stem McClure ________ 77001 P robromarginata

McClure _____________ 67398 P 1Jiridis (Young)

McClure1 ____________ 77257 P vivax McClure 1 ______ 82047

Tropical species from Mayashyguez PR and Plant Introduction No Bmnbusa longispiculata

Gamble ______________178809 B tulda Roxb _________ 21002 B tuldoides Munro _____ 80875 B vulg(L7is Schrad __________ _ Guadua nngustifolia

]unth _______________132895

1 Studied by the Herty Foundation in 1954

Gross Physical Characteristics

The diameter volume and density of samples of three bamshyboo species and for hardwoods and softwoods are shown in table 1 According to the table Phylr losiachys meyeri has smaller culms than P bnmbusoides Howshyever the culms of any bamboo are

--

-----------------


varible depending on the age of three species of bamboo also studshyplant and on soil climate and ied by the Herty Foundation in other factors Consequently culm 1954 wereshysizes shown in table 1 are not Culm Culm necessarily representative for a height -dia1nJt-fJT

feet inchesparticular species The approxishy P meyeri ~______ _ 33 1mate maximum sizes of culms P nigra Henon _ 50 3measured Ly McClure (5) for P bambusoides ___ 75 5

TABLE I-Volume and drnsity of bamboo culms and of softwood and hardwood logs 1

- r Units Oven-dry weigbtPiled volume

Species of a cord Number Average occupied by DenBityof

Kind per cord diameter culms or logs Bulk density lid portion

lnchu Cubic1 Poundctgtrd Poundscubic foalPIvUolach1l8 yeri______ Culm 3988 097 100 1772 409 p niura middotHf nOfl~______ _ Culm 2223 130 83 1143 340P bombu3id______ bullbull __ bull CUllllB 8HO 202 79 1200 348Softwood (pinel_________ Logs 45-100 7-10 83 1575-2 575 1 19-alHardwoodbullbull _________ bull __ Log 45-100 7-10 83 1 745-3 405 21-(1

1 Datu Cor bamboo culmB obtained from Stevena (13) and o~ loga from Forest ProdutII Laboratory Technicnl Note No 191 (15)

Value determined by displacement using ~hipped culmbull I Based on an nvernglt volume of 60 llereent wood and 85 percent bark and airspace in A

fresbly slacked pile Solid voiume content for a cord of bark-free Joga is about 115 to 12 tim that for logs with bark

Basis green volume

Bamboo culms have been asshy Maceration 01 Specimen sumed to require considerably

Maceration proced ure consistedmore space than pine logs on a of cooking internodal strips ofweight basis and thus would be about 2 mm by 2 mm by 25 mm impractical to handle and store for 20 minutes at 15 psi steamData in table 1 indicate that pressure with a 10-percent N aOH whole culms may be more bulky solution (Le 100 grams perthan pine logs but that chipped liter) soaking 3 days in distilledculms compare more favorably on water with three changes of washya density basis ter and then dispersing for 45 seconds in an Osterizer2 Later the Osterizer was replaced bya

Determination of Hamilton-Beach Blendor A 15-Fiber Dimensions second period with the blend~r

running at low speed was found best for dispersalPreliminary experiments were

performed to determine an apshy2 Trade names are used in this pubshy propriate method for macerating lication solely to provide specific inshy

culms that would minimize damshy formation Mentiol1 of a trade name age to the fibers These experishy does not constitute ~ ~uarantee or warshy

ranty and does not signify that thements are described in the apshy product is approved to the exc1usion ofpendix other comparable prodUcts

5 FmER AND PAPERMAKING CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO

Nieschlag et al (9) determined bamboo fiber dimensions by modishyfying the maceration techniques of Spearin and Isenberg (11) and of Jarman and Pickering (4) This modification involved boiling samples for 1 hour in I-percent NaOH draining washL2g with hot 5-percent acetic acid and then digesting the material in an acidic (acotic ac5d) solution of sodium chlorite until cellular bundles were fairly well separated Macshyeration was usually completed in 6 to 8 hours

Preparation of Slidea

Ten-gram samples of the macshyerated raw material were disshypersed in distilled water in a 500shyml Erlenmeyer flask By proshygressive decantation and dilution with distilled water the fiber disshypersions were reduced to a conshysistency that weighed about 01 gram per liter The actual fiber concentration was varied someshywhat according to average fiber length

Four test tubes 6 inches long and 075 of an inch in diameter were filled with the fiber suspenshysion taking care to shake the Erlenmeyer flask vigorously beshyfore filling each test tube Next three drops of a I-percent solushytion of Congo Red or of Methyshylene Blue were added to the conshytents in each of the test tubes and let stand 1 hour Methylene Blue was best for use on bleached fibers

After standing 1 hour each tube was shaken well and a little of the fiber suspension removed with a 5 mm-diameter pipette A drop of fiber suspension was placed on one end of each of two slides Eight slides were prepared from fiber suspensions in the four test tubes Careful manipulation

made it possible to deposit apshyproximately 25 fibers on each slide The slides were placed on a Temco hot plate adjusted to 50deg C and the water was evaporated slowly

Measurement of Fiber

Slides with fiber suspensions were placed on the stage of an ACM Projeh-tina that enlarged the image 10 times and projected it on a ground-glass screen Fishybers in the suspension were aligned parallel with the major axis of the slide by use of a microshyscope needle taking care to straighten each fiber in order to f a c iIi tat e measurement The length of each fiber was then deshytermined to the nearest 01 of a millimeter by use of the calibrated grid on the Projektina

The slides were then transshyferred to the mechanical stage of a binocular microscope where fishyber widths were measured by use of a 43-power objective lens a 10-power ocular lens and a micrometer scale The resulting 430-power magnification made possible the measurement of fiber widths to the nearest 0001 of a millimeter A minimum of 200 measurements was made for each average dimension reported

Evaluation oj Fiber Measurements

Fiber measurements (for each a v era g e dimension reported) were evaluated by the following procedure 1 The total range of fiber lengths was divided into intervals of 01 of a mil1imeter The number of fibers in each length-interval was recorded and the percentage of fibers a in the interval was calcushylated 2 The mean length b of the fibers in each interval was calculated


The mean fiber length Of of the enshytire lot was determined by multi shyplying the interval a vel age lengths by the interval percentshyages adding the interval prodshyuct-c and dividing the sum by 100 as follows Mean fiber length

~ (ab) b=---shy

100 3 The mean fiber width c was obshytained by substituting the intershyval mean fiber width c in the preshyceding formula thus Mean fiber

~ (ae) width c = --- shy

100 4 The mean weighted fiber area was calculated from the sum of the products of the lengths X widths X percentages of freshyquency as follows Mean weightshy

~ (abc) ed fiber area = --- shy

100 5 Finally the frequency distribushytion of fibers by weight per length interval WftS c~lculated by dividshying the interval fiber area (freshy

quencya X length b X width c) by the mean weighted fiber area ~ (aberaquo)( 100 Thus the frequency

distribution by weight abc

----X 100 ~ (abc)

Fiber Dimension Data

In most cases measurements of fiber length and fiber width were made on raw material obtained from several places on each culm Fiber lengths and widths of the lower one-third (base) and the upper two-thirds of the culms were averaged (table 2) The length-to-width ratios are means of ratios of the upper and lower portions of culms and therefore differ slightly from ratios that would be obtained by using avershyage length and width means shown in table 2 Analyses of variance were performed and Duncans MUltiple Range test apshyplied to each set of data

TABLE 2-Mean fiber dimensions of bamboo raw material

Mean fiber I Mean fiber Length-toshySpeci length J width J width ratio J

bulllm I[m BamblUltu vulgarobullbull__ bullbullbull _ __ __ bullbull 228 a 00096 bcde 240 a PhyloalachY8 rubromargnala bull______ bullbull ___ bull 177 b 0093 cde 190 bP purpurala middotStraightstem ~ ~ ______ ______ 172 be 0096 bede 176 bed

170 be 0097 bcde 176 bed~ ~df~ 169 be 0114 ab 146 cdeP meyerL bull _bullbullbull _bullbull _bullbullbull __ ___ ___ _ bullbull 162 be 0092 ede 156 bede p~ aurea _ w_ __ __ ___ ~ _ _ ~ ___ ______ _ 161 bc 0108 abed 149 bederGuu(ua angusifolia bull __ bull ____ _ ____ __ 160 be 0111 abc 148 ederB lul(a__ ___ bullbull _____________ bull 156 be 0096 bed 161 bede

15middotl be 0096 bed 160 bede~ ~~~~~~= ~ 152 bc 0117 a 130 e 148 be 0082 c 182 bc~ ~i~1u7~c~~~= 140 be 0090 de 166 bede

p ~ prpuula tS~1ic~tem~__ _ _ ____ ____ ______ _ 148 be 0091 de 162 bodeP ntga HenQn bull __ _______ bull _________ bull _____ _ 143 be 0089 de 145 cdcP rirax -gt_~_ _ ____ __ ____ _____ ______ 138 be 0102 abed 134 e[P ball~btUOide8__ ___ bull __ _____ ____ bull 137 be 0104 abed 132 e P pubescens__ _ bullbull bull __ ______ 130 hc 0093 cde 140 deP aftrea8uicaia ___ _______ ___ ___________ _ 126 be 0082 e 156 bedeP dulciJJ ___ bullbullbull _bullbullbull_ ___ _ __ __ _ 120 e 0096 bcde 124 r

1 For a given measurement two means followed by the same letter or letters are not significantly different at the 5-DerCpnt level according to Duncans Multiple Range test The same degree of significance applies to ratios of length-tomiddotwidth

__


Chemical Properties of Bamboo

Bamboo for analyais was cut from whole culms by use of a power saw and identified as to poshysition on the culm and number of nodes per section Samples were then split lengthwise with an ax into pieces about of an inch wide and 6 inches long and then fiberized in the 015 Jackson amp Church refiner mill

rfhe fiberized raw material was taken from the refiner mill and further reduced in size in an Abbe mill that had 6-inch perforashytions It was then screened on a set of Syntron sieves to obtain material that passed through a 50-mesh sieve but was retained on a 100-mesh sieve

TABLE 3-Composition of bamboo raw

Species

BumbuBa tuldu_____________ -____________________ Ph1lloslachUB bamblUlOidu ___ -___________________P Pirar________________________________________ P purpurutu middotSolidslemmiddot_ _____________________ P uureogUkula_______ ___________________________Bluldaides _____________ __ ___________________ P ftexuaHa __ __________________________________

~ ritiii_ ~ ~~tIH~~~~Pine chips bull ____ _ ____________ _ bull ___=_

Bamboo fiberized raw material was analyzed for ash lignin and pentosan by TAPPI3 standard methods as follows

a Ash con ten t by use of TAPPI method T 15 m-48

b Lignin content by use of TAPPI method T 13 m-45 The time o~ digestion in 72-percent H 2SO was extended to 20 hours

c Pentosan content by use of TAPPI method T 18 m-20 Krobshyers table (2) was used for conshyverting weights of furfural glucoshyside to pentosan

The results of analyses of vari shyance for duplicate determinations of ash pentosan and lignin in samples of bamboo raw material from the lower one-third of culms are given in table 3

material from lower one-third of culms

Ash l Pentosnn Lignin

Percenta Percent Percent62 185 e 197 g2_1 b 223 a 322 b18 be 223 a 246 0

18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd

194 de 196 g14 ed 201 cd 244 e 210 nbc 230 elU ~~ 184 e 216 Ig 222 a 368 aU ~ 182 e 293 c

8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d

1 For a given metulurement two means followed by the srune Idler or letters are not ssnificantly different at the 5-11ercent level lIccording to Duncllns Muitillie Range test

In contrast to the procedure deshyscribed in the foregoing parashygraphs a fairly simple and rapid method for the determination of lignin has beell developed by the Agricultural Hesearch Services Northern Utilization Research and Development Division chis method which 15 a moc1ific~ttion of the procedure dtscribed by Aroshynovsky et al (1) involves 2 hours digestion in 80-percent sulfuric acid at 5deg C dilution to 3 pershy

cent and boiling for 1 hour The residue is then recovered and weighed with correction for ash content determined by ignition of the dried residue

3 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Also the name of the official pUblication of this Associashytion All publications of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Inshydustry may be obtained from the offices at 360 Lexington Avenue New York N Y 10017


PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF BAMBOO PULP

Exploratory Techniques Studies were conducted with

small amounts of raw material to determine the chemical-to-bamboo ratio required to neutralize orshyganic acids and solubilize the ceshymenting sub s tan c e (lignin) enough to separate fibers for the determination of pulp yields For this purpose small digesters havshying a capacity of 900 ml were made from 8-inch lengths of 3shyinch pipe closed at one end by a welded plate and at the other end by a threaded cap having a thershymometer well The digesters were heated in an oil bath over a gasflame

Bamboo for these digesters was prepared by cutting culms into sections with a power saw and splitting the sections into splintshyers Both nodal and internodal sections were included Splinter dimensions ranged from 1 to 10 mm tangential 1 to 6 mm radial and 74 to 202 mm longitudinal Mean dimensions were 5 by 3 by 150 mm respectively Splinters from each culm section were disshytributed equally among digesters

The exploratory pulping studies and their results are described in the appendix

Raitt Two-Stage and Kraft Single-Stage Cooking

Processes Comparative cooking studies

using the Raitt and kraft procshyesses were conducted with conshystant chemical-to-bamboo ratios on larger samples of material from various spedes of bamboo than described under Explorashy

tory Techniques In these studshyies the material was cooked in a 5-gallon or larger digester and the results allowed an adequate evaluation of the pulp

Bamboo for these two processes was prepared from basal sections (lower one-third) of culms by chipping in a Carthage 4-knife chipper This machine made good chips but it also made a lot of splinters Splinters were sepashyrated by hand and chopped into suitable size with a hatchet

Treatments given the bamboo chips and splinters follow

1 Raitt two-stage cooking (10) Using 20 grams per liter active a 1k a I i (calculated as NaOH) at a liquor volume of 8 to 1 bamboo was cooked for 1 hour at 100 0 to 110 0 C followed by cooking 1 hour at 150 0 C Then using the same liquor volume conshytaining 50 grams per liter active alkali (calculated as NaOH) the material was cooked 2 hours at 130 0 to 140 0 C

2 Kraft single-stage cooking Using 15-percent active N3O (calculated on moisture-free bamshyboo) and an 8 to 1 liquor volume bamboo was cooked 2 hours at 160 0 to 170 0 C

Fiber dimensions of the pulp prepared by the kraft process were determined according to the techniques described in the secshytion Determination of Fiber Dimensions Results of these determinations are shown in table 4

Kraft-cooked pulps were preshypared for chemical analysis by oven drying followed by pulverizshying in an Abbe mill The content

__ __________________ _

9 FmER AND PAPERMAKlNG CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO

of ash lignin and pentosans is shown in table 5 Methods used for the various constit ent analshyyses were

a Ash content TAPPI method T 211 m-44

b Lignin content TAPPI methshy

od T 22 m-50 Digestion time was extended to 20 hours

c Pentosan content TAPPI method T 19 m-20 Krobers table (2) was used for converting weights of furfural glucoside to pentosan

TABLE 4-Fiber dimensions of bamboo pulp prepared from the basal sections of culms in 5-gallon digesters by the kraft process

Specles pulped

Bama Igaria __ _____________________________ l ~~~~a_~======================Phlllota~hY8 ru~romarginala

P~ fertw8af~rdid~~~~~================__ ___________________________________Guadua anguliolia___ __________________________P purpuraa Straightstem____________________ _

~ ~r~-~==========P aurea ______________________________________ _P nidularia_______ _____________________________P congula_____________________________________ P rrirCl_______________________________________ _P aurulcala______ ____________________________

Length

Mm 209 a 180 ab 17amp be 166 be 165 be 164 be 163 be 162 be 154 bed 150 bcd 148 bed 144 cd 144 cd 143 cd 143 cd 123 d

Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e

192 lib 204 a 160 defgh182 be 184 be 170 eder 174 bcd 144 hi 177 bed 153 efghl142 hi 165 cdefg169 cder 170 cder 140 1 146 ghl

For a given measurement two means followed by the same letter or lettera are not significantlydlfferent at the 5-percent level according to Duncans Multiple Range test

TABLE 5-Composition of bamboo pulp prepared from the basal sections of culms in 5-gallon digesters by the kraft process

[Results are duplicate determinations]

Spccies pulped

BambiUla Igaria_________ _______________________PhllllolruhIl8 gula_________ ___________________ P aurea _____________ _______________ ____

~I~~~~===========P bambuoidea_______ ___________________________P riCl____________ ___________________________ _

Ash I Pentosan I Lignin I

Percent Percent Percen 285 a 201 b 76 d 225 ab 266 a 97 c 185 ab 149 c 66 d 150 ab 90 d 213 a 125 ab 207 b 50 e 115 Ilb 205 b 173 b 090 b 198 b 180 b

For a given measurement two nleans followed by the same letter or letters are not significantly different at the 5-percent level according to Duncans Multiple Range test

Representative data for some properties of the pulps produced by the Raitt two-stage and the kraft single-stage processes are shown in table 6 TAPPI method T 200 m-45 was used to evaluate the strength and other physical characteristics of the bam boo

pulps Refining by beating was performed in a llh-po1nd Valley beater and pulp was sampled at intervals to determine freeness and sheet making A Rice-Barton Dynapulper was used in lieu of the British disintegrator for clearing the pulps before sheet


making Based on a test from one cook the dynapulper appeared to have no appreciable effect on the freeness of the stock The beater bedplate clearance chamber did not have water inlets but by exshyercising care it was possible to keep the pockets free of accumushylated fiber Instead of the standshyard 5500 grams on the bedplate lever arm a total of 6440 grams was used Because the experishymental results were subjected only to comparative interpretashy

tion these departures were justishyfied Freeness was determined by use of TAPPI method T 227 m-50

Handsheet forming was done by use of Noble and Wood equipshyment and procedure except that sheets were dried on an electric hot plate instead of on a drum dryer Six handsheets were made for each freeness determination One of these sheets was preserved for reference the other sheets were measured tested and the results averaged

TABLE 6-Some physical properties of bamboo pulps prepared by Raitt two-stage and kraft single-stage processes and refined to JOO ml Canadian Standard (CS) freeness

PulpPulping method and species tested yield

Percent Raitt tWltHtage

Bambu8a lonUiBpiculala ____ ______________ 41B tuldoide-8______ ______________________ 45 41

B ulgari8_______ ______________________ Guadua an(Juallolis _______ ______________ 44Phyllo8tcuhY8 bambu8oidea _______________ 44P nigra I-lenon ____________________ __ 46P purpuTala Solldsttmiddotmmiddot ________________ 44

Kraft iille-stageP Vlndta____ __________________________ 49P jlexuosa__ __________________________ 50 55

P meyeri _____________________________ P nidularia____ _______________________

54P purpuTala lttraightatcm ______________ 53P rubromaroinata__________ ____________ 54P uivax______ _________________________

53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57

After conditioning (TAPPI method T 402 m-49) the sheets were trimmed 71 6 inches square so that the weight in grams dishyvided by the thickness in mils (1 mil = 0001 of an inch) gave the apparent density ie grams per cubic centimeter of sheet volshyume Each sheet was weighed to the nearest 005 of a gram and calipereci in four -places to the nearest 00005 of an inch From these data the weight per ream of 500 sheets (24 by 36) and the apparent density were calculated

Bursting stlength of handshysheets was determined with two pops on the Mullen tester (Model C) one from each side of the

Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor

Minulea G8Q cmu8Q m GU8Q m

62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106

sheet The results were averaged and divided by the ream weight to obtain the burst factor

Tearing strength of handsheets was determined with 6 pieces cut 25 inches square and torn accordshying to TAPPI method T 414 mshy49 The instrument reading was multiplied by 266 to obtain the grams of force that would be reshyquired to tear the 1t1 sheets stipushylated in tne method This result was divided by the ream weight in pounds to give the tear factor

Pilot Plant Processing Bamboo chips were cooked in a

60-cubic-foot Blaw-Knox stationshy

---------------------------------------

TABLE 7-Conditio1s used f01 the pulping of bamboo in pilot-plant studies

First-sInge conditions Second-sInge conditions Totul alkashylinity

Active NaO Active NaO of both stages Perman- Bright-

Type of cook and number Liquld- Liquid- (nctive Pulp gannte Chlorine ncss bamboo species puiped I On Time to- On Time Sulfidily to- NaO yield number blench 1hotoshy iCon- busis of on tern- solids Con- basis of on tem- of solids on basis voila

centra- mois- pemture ratio centra- mois- perature liquor ratio of moisshylion ture-free tlon ture-free lure-free

bamboo bamboo bamboo) ~ GI Percent lIoar GI Percent Hour Percent Percent Percent Percenl Percent

R 1 PhylloBtachys viridiB _________ 156 56 20 859 484 370 80 0 853 426 34 9 82 73 ~ R 2 P bamblsoides _____________ 10 416 519 845 05 0 666 410 37 19 139 84156 65R 8 P bambusoicJes _____________ 187 78 10 416 519 216 05 0 417 294 36 21 145 - ~ R 4 P bambu8oicJes _____________ 118 44 10 378 868 140 80 34 830 184 42 21 90 - iR 5 P bambusoides _____________ 818 877 188 80 84 367 180 41 23 107 -R 6 P bamblsoides _____________ 146 45 20 808 408 128 20 34 314 173 44 19 - shy132 42 10 gt R 7 P bambuBoides _____________ 115 42 10 365 870 137 20 23 37l 179 43 - 109 - ElR 8 P vivax___________________ 87 23 70 R 9 70 percent P bambl8oides 136 40 20 294 388 148 20 11 ~ 136 68 20 500 376 142 80 19 373 210 shy

438 188 46 18 99 75 and 80 percent P nigra Henon

RIO 70 percent P bambltBoides 119 51 10 429 400 164 20 4 410 215 48 25 92 - a and 30 percent P nigra ~

R 11 70 percent P bambuBoides 146 58 125 898 851 140 175 0 400 198 42 17 92 69 and 80 percent P meyeri

R 12 70 percent P bambuBoides 146 58 125 898 851 140 175 0 400 198 41 15 92 69 ~ and 30 percent P meyeri

R 13 67 percent P bambll80ides 124 59 10 476 822 158 20 0 475 212 46 - 111 shyand 83 percent P llivax

R 14 70 percent P bambll80ides 151 58 10 884 868 140 20 0 886 - ~ 198 49 138 64 and 30 percent P vivax UlR 15 P bambu8oides ____________ 150 67 125 444 374 167 225 0 447 234 49 - 52 -

R 16 P bambusoieles ____________ 147 70 125 476 367 176 225 0 480 246 42 - 100 77 ~ K 17 P bambuBOides ____________ 405 181 300 447 - - - 0 - 181 41 - 60 - o R 18 P bambllsoides____________ 153 70 125 458 841 157 225 0 460 227 42 - 100 77 Ul R 19 P ba7l1buBOidC8 ____________ 187 62 125 458 862 159 225 0 489 221 5t - 122 -K 20 P bambusoidelt____________ 420 192 80 457 - - - 0 - 192 40 - 96 ~9 ~ R 21 P bambuoideL ___________ 147 61 125 415 389 151 225 0 388 212 87 - 74 -shy bjR 22 P bambusoides____________ 147 60 125 408 888 151 225 25 389 211 43 - 46 7t R 23 P bambusoides ____________ 155 64 125 418 895 154 225 25 390 218 36 18 95 75 gt R 24 P bnbusoirfes____________ 388 214 43 16 117 65 R 25 P bambusoides ____________ 154 61 10 896 884 151 15 21 393 212 41 20 78 66 ~ R 26 P bambusoides ____________ 154 61 10 896 384 151 20 21 393 212 43 20 78 70 o K 27 P bambu8oides ____________ 400 180 20 450 - - - 23 - 180 45 27 82 57 o R 28 P bambll8oides ____________ 143 91 10 636 354 157 25 22 443 248 40 22 94 67 K 27 P bambu8oides____________ 322 181 30 562 - - - 29 - 181 40 19 83 69

150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25

K llO P dulcis__________________ 181 43 15 771 66828 181 25 552 - - - 30 shy1 The types of cook Rand K refer to the Raitt two-stage and the kraft slngle-stage treatments respectively Numerals that follow these letters are for

-ltIlerimental identification

12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1361 U S DEPT OF AGRICULURE

ary vertical digester to provide an inside distributing pipe near enough pulp for the subsequent the top production of paper on the pilotshy Bamboo was prepared for theplant fourdrinier The pilot-plant pilot-plant digester in the samedigester was made of stainless manner as is described in the secshysteel and had a conventional deshy tion Raitt Two-Stage and Kraftsign for either direct or indirect Single-Stage Cooking Processes heating Pulping liquor used in

The conditions under which pulps the cooking of bamboo fas heated were prepared for making intoindirectly by means of a heat exshy

changer Pulping liquor was withshy paper are shown in table 7 These drawn from the midsection of the pilot-plant studies showed that digester pumped through the bamboo pulps require less chemishyheat exchanger and reintroduced cal and less power for refining into the digester at the bottom than pulps made from southern near the blow valve and through pine and southern hardwood

PA1ERMAKING

The experimental bamboo pulps Hooker rubber-lined chlorinator made in the pilot-plant digester that had a diameter of2 feet and were used singly or in combinashy a height of 14 feet and was tion with conventional pulps to equipped with a rubber-lined side prepare furnishes for a variety of tube 8 inches in diameter paper and pulp products Convenshy Circulation of pulp in thetional pulps used in the furnishes chlorinator and side tube was acshywere commercial southern pine complished with a centrifugalbleached kraft commercial hardshy pump having a 4-inch inlet (sucshywood bleached soda an oalr tion) and 3-inch vertical disshygroundwood a flax pulp and a charge The pump was driven rag pulp Additives fillers dyes 1750 rpm by a direct-connected pig men t s and sizing agents 10 hp motor The permanganate(starch clay and alum rosin) number (TAPPI method T 214 mshywere also included in the furshy 50) was used to calculate thenishes according to the characshy amount of chlorine required teristics needed in the final prodshyuct Chlorine was injected from a

cylinder mounted on a platform scale directly into the stream ofBleaching slush pulp as it was pumped

Bleaching was accomplished by through the rubber-lined side ) use of a three-stage procedure tubeAfter 30 minutes an NaOH

that involved chlorination caustic solution was added at the top of extraction and hypochlorite oxishy the chlorinator to neutralize the dation A 75-pound Niagara-type acids that had formed and to adshytile-lined Valley beater was used just the pH to the range of 10 to to prepare slush stock of 3-percent 11 Circulation was continued consistency from the pulps deshy another 5 minutes The stock was scribed in table 7 Chlorination then pumped out to a 300-pound was performed in a 150-pound hollander-type tile-lined Valley


beater equipped with an octagonal drum washer

Caustic extraction was accomshyplished by adding NaOH to the pulp in the beater and then heatshying the pulp with direct steam The amount of Nl~OH added was equal to 5 percent uf the weight of oven-dry pulp After heating for 1 hour at 50deg C the pulp was washed

In the final stage a calcium hypochlorite (HTH) solution was added and the pH of the stock adshyjush~d to a range of 9 to 10 by adding N aOH The stock was cirshyculated in the beater with hyshypochlorite for 1 hour after which the pulp was washed If a handshysheet of the pulp lacked the reshyquired brightness at least one more hypochlorite stage was carried out Pulp was stabilized by the use of sulfurous acid formed in situ by injecting S02 from a cylinder of the liquefied gas The final bleached pulp was pumped from the beater to a stock chest run over the fourdrinier and taken off as roll pulp or wet laps after the second press

Brightness of the pulp was deshytermined by a Photovolt instrushyment which measured the reflectshyance in comparison with a standshyard white Data on bleaching are shown in table 7

Refining In preparing the stock for the

paper machine runs a 300-pound hollander-type tile-lined Valley beater was used to break up laps

or other forms of pulp to mix the ingredients or furnish and to waterlog or hydrate the fibers Refining of pulp was accomplished with either a Valley pony jordan or a Hermann claflin

The prepared stock was pumped into agitated stock chests then through a Valley 6-plate diashyphragm screen to remove shives and coarse dirt and finally through a Bird Dirtec centrifugal cleaner to remove fine dirt before being pumped into the regulating feedbox of the paper machine

Machine Operation Sheet forming and drying were

carried out by using a PuseyshyJones fourdrinier with 31-inch wire and 28-inch trim This mashychine was complete with shake three 6-inch flat boxes a 12-inchshydiameter brass couch roll and a jacketed top roll rubber bottom and granite top first press rubber bottom and stonite top reversed second press Mount Hope exshypander roll nine 24-inch-diameter dryers 7 -roll calender and a Pusey-Jones winder

Physical Properties Basis weight caliper burst facshy

tor tear factor breaking length folding endurance (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) porosshyity and smoothness of machine papers were determined in acshycOlmiddotdance with TAPPI Standard Methods Composition of the varishyous furnishes and properties of the products as shown in table 8

------


TABLE 8-Composition and physical characteristics of papers made on pilotfourdrinier

Type of cook number and Additives Type of percentage of bamboo pulp Basis

paper made perceIltage of other pulp I weight

Size Alum Clay Starch Dye

Pd Pel Pel Pet Gq mBond ________ R I 88 percent bleached 2 a 12 - Pafer blue and 814 kraIt 17 percent percent TiOBond _________ Paper blue______R 2 80 percent bleached 1 2 10 5 789 kraft 20 percent Bond ______ bull __ Pllper blue ______R 8 SO percent bleached 1 2 10 4 851 kraIt 20 percent

Saturating_____ R 4 90 percent bleached - - - - - 166S kraft 10 percentTlssue________ R 5 90 percent bleached - - - - - 878 kraIt 10 percent

Wet strenght___ R 6 100percenL____________ 2-percent ulormite and36-percent alum adjust 932 pH to 40

Book______ bull __ R 7 66 percent soda 84 per 15 30 250 - - 727 centMagazine______ R 8 66 percent bleached 15 20 260 - 8 percent TiO 867 kraft 12 percent and soda and Brilliant 82 percent blue2R

Saturating ___ R 9 and RIO no other pulp ___ - - - - - 926 Saturating_____ R lland R 12 no other pulp__ - - - - - 2148 Saturating____ R 18 and R 14 no other pulp__ - - - 1552Bond _____ bull__ R 16 and R IS no other pulp__

-2 2 15

-4 Paper blue____ 25S1Book_________ R 15 and R 20 50 percent 11 15 250 - Paper blue__bull__ S12

aoda 26 percen t and bleached kraft 25 percent Book ________ R 15 and R 21 no other pulp_ 10 20 800 - Paper blue______ 960

Bond____ bull __ R 22 50 percent rag pulp 50 20 20 150 40 - 662 percentTissue ________ R 23 100 percent___________ - - - - - 882

Food container 19 - - - 227R 15 100 percenL________ 19 boardBond_________ R 28 and R 24 50 percent 8 2 80 - - 954

flax pulp 60 percent Bible _______ R 28 and R 24 50 percent 8 2 50 - - 446 flax pulp 50 percent

CorruKUting K 27 100 percent __________ 2 1 - - - 124 medium

Congo red ____ wrapper percent

Colored K 2769 percent and K29 31 25 81 - - 455

Magazine____ K 30 22 percent and R 26 46 - - 10 2 1 percent TiO__ 695 percent oak groundwood 16 percent and soda 16 pershycent

Stationery_____ R 25 63 percent and R 2S 87 2 3 11 2 - 791 percent

-----------------------------


TABLE S-Composition and physical characteristics of papers made on pilot fourdrinier

Mallllllch usetts Breakinc Institute of

Tear factor bull strength Teehnology Porosity Smooth- BrightnessCaliper Burst double fold ness Photoshy

factor section volta 8 ply

MD- CD MD CD MD CD WS FS

G8qem Giu GOMilB oq m sq nt sq tn M 11ltf Pet

52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73

Letter Rand K refer to the Raltt two-stage and the kraft single-stage treatment respectively The first numeral following these letters can be used to identify the species of bamboo in the cook and the conditions under which the pulp was made by referring to table 7 Where the percentage oC bamboo pulp is not shown the final composition of the pulp did not differ significantlyfrom that shown in table 7

bull Burst factor-unit oC measure is grams per square centimeter per grams per square meter J Tear factor-unit of measure is grams per gram per square meter 4 MD means machine direction OD across machine direction bull WS meana wire ide upFS felt side uP bull Bleached kraft means this type of pulp made from southern pine and commercially available T Soda means this type of bleached pulp made from hardwood and commercially available


LITERATURE CITED

(1) ARONOVSKY S 1 NELSON G H (7) 472-475 and LATHROP E C (8) MATUSZEWSKI R S

1943 AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE CLARK T F and WOLFF I A PULP8--BLEACHING STUDshy 1960 DISSOLVING PULPS FROM IES ON STRAW PULPS DOMESTIC TIMBER BAMshyPaper Trade Jour 117- BOO-PHYLLOSTACHYS (25) 38-48 illus BAMBUSOIDES TAPPI43shy

(2) Association of Official Agriculturshy (6) 591-596 al Chemists (9) NIESCHLAG H J NELSON G H

1950 OFFICIAL METHODS Ed WOLFF I A and PERDUE R E 7 833-835 Washington 1960 A SEARCH FOR NEW FIBER DC cRoPsTAPPI 43(3)

(3) Food and Agriculture Organizashy 193-201 illus tion (10) RAITT W

1953 RAW MATERIALS FOR 1925 BAMBOO AND GRASSES FOR MORE PAPER Tech Rpt PAPER PULP Worlds 6 128 Rome Italy Paper Trade Rev 84

(4) JARMAN C G and PICKERING 56~568 618-620 G B (11) SPEARIN W E and ISENBERG

1954 AN IMPROVED METHOD I H FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1947 THE MACERATION OF ULTIMATE FIBRE Colon WOODY TISSUE WITH Plant and Animal Prod ACETIC ACID AND SODIUM 4 350-351 [Great CHLORITE Science 105 Britain] 214

(5) MCCLURE F A (12) SPROULL R C 1951 BAMBOO OF THE GENUS 1955 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGAshy

PHYLLOSTACHYS UNDER TIONS ON ALKALINE PULPshyCULTIVATION IN THE ING OF BAMBOO TAPPI UNITED STATES US 38 (10) 593-596 Dept Agr Agr Handb (13) STEVENS R H 114 69 pp illus 1958 BAMBOO THE FACTS AND

(6) NAFFZIGER T R CLARK T F THE PROBLEM Chemurg and WOLFF 1 A Digest 17 (1) 8-12

1961 STRUCTURAL BOARD FROM (14) DOMESTIC TIMBER BAMBOO 1958 BAMBOO OR WOOD Southshy-PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMshy ern Pulp and Paper Mfr BUSOIDES T APPI 44- 21(3) 93 94 130 illus (2) 108-112 (15) US Department of Agriculture

(7) CLAltK T F and WOLFF 1953 DENSITY FIBER LENGTH I A AND YIELDS OF PULP FOR 1961 NEWSPRINT FROM DOMESshy VARIOUS SPECIES OF WOOD

TIC TIMBER BAMBOOshy Forest Prod Lab Tech PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMshy Note 191 Madison Wis BUSOIDES TAPPI 44- (Revised)

APPENDIX

Preliminary Experiments for Macerating Culms

The following methods were tried for preparing fiber macershyates from bamboo culms 1 Culms were cut into pieces yens by 18 by 1 inch and macerated

mechanically in a 015 Jaclmon amp Church refiner This method caused excessive breakage of fibers 2 Culm pieces of similar size were boiled at atmospheric plesshysure in a 10-percent NaOH solushytion (TAPPI method T 10 m-47)

17 FIBER AND PAPER1vIAKING CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO

This treatment designed for pulp and paper manufacture was too mild to macerate the culm mateshyria1 It did not affect the outer layer of the pieces 3 Strips of culms were cut 3 to 9 mm tangentially 1 to 6 mm radially and 135 to 165 mm longitudinally (average dimenshysions were about 5 by 25 by 150 mm) The strips were cooked under the following conditions in small digesters (3 inches in diamshyeter by 8 inches in length) imshymersed in an oil bath

a In water at 150 0 to 165 0 C for 3 hours In this tre~tment the strips were softened enough to pull apart with the fingers but the resultant slivers were too raw for separation into inshydividual fibers without damage to the fibers b Ip a 078-percent Na2C03

solutIOn (approximatelyequivashylent to 445-percent NaO) at 150 0 to 165 0 C for 2 -hours This treatment did not soften the strips The carbonate may have suppressed hydrolysis of carbohydrates (hemicelluloses) that ould normallv have ocshyCUlTed by unbuffered organic acids present or formed in the woody material Hydrolysis could have caused fiber embritshytlement and some fiber breakshyage This would alter dimenshysions of fiber fragments but not of compJete fibers Some swellshy ing mig-ht occur under alkaline conditions c In a l4-percent NaOH solushytion (approximately equivalent to 10-percent Na~O) at 150 0

to 165 0 C for 15 hours This treatment softened the strips more than when they were boiled in water alone for 3 hours yet not enough to permit separation middotof the fibers without damage to them

d in 20- and 25-percent NaOH solutions at 150 0 to 165 0

C for 15 hours Strips cooked in this manner were softened more than they were when cooked in the l4-percent solushytion but still were not soft enough for damage-free separashytion of fibers

4 About 5 grams of matchstickshysize pieces of culm were boiled for 20 minutes in water to expel air immersed in a hypochlorite solushytion (Chlorox 1 1) for 2 hours washed in distilled water imshymersed in a 3-percent Na2SOa solution at 70 0 C for 15 minutes washed in distilled water im~ mersed in Chlorox again for 2 hours washed immersed in a 3-percent Na2SOa solution at 70 0

C for 15 minutes washed in disshytilled water placed in a 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask with 125 ml of distilled water shaken vigorously decanted and diluted until there were only about 25 fibers in one drop This treatment produced bleached fibers that would not stain readily but they were too fragile for reliable measurement 5 About 5 grams of matchstickshysize pieces of culm were boiled in water 30 minutes to expel air boiled 30 minutes in a 10-percent NaOH solution washed placed in a 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask with 125 m of distilled water shaken vigorously decanted and diluted until there were only about 25 fibers in one drop This method gave incomplete separation of the outer wall (05 mm thick) although the inner wall was fairly well macerated The method was repeated extending the period of boiling in water to 4 hours but there was no improvement in reshysults 6 About 5 grams of matchstickshysize pieces of culm were boiled in water 30 minutes to expel air


heated to 70deg C in a 4-percent HN03 solution for 1 hour and washed in a I-percent NaOH solushytion No maceration occurred 7 Strips of culm 2 by 2 by 25 mm (approximately) were imshymersed in a mixture consisting of equal volumes of glacial acetic acid and 10-percent Na~O (subshystituted for H 20) for 48 hours at 60deg C (3) This treatment gave incomplete fiber separation S About 1 gram of small strips of culm were soaked 3 days at room temperature in a 1 1 mixture of a -i-percent nitric acid plus 5-pershycent chromic acid then heated to 60 C for 3 hours This treatshyment produced mtle change in the culm strips 9 About 5 grams of internodal strips 2 by 2 by 25 mm (approxishymately) were covered with a 10shypercent NaOH solution in a Mason jar and heated at 15 psj in a pressure cooker for 18 minshyutes then allowed to cool slowly for 30 minutes The NaOH solushytion was poured off the strips vere washed and then dispersed in a Waring Blendor for about 3 minutes This method gave a fairly complete maceration of strips without excessive fiber breakage 10 Nodal strips were subjected to the same treatment as the inshyternodal strips described in the foregoing method but the boiling at 15 psi was extended to 30 minutes This was followed by 2 days of soaking in distilled water (three water changes) and finally by dispersing in an Osterizer for 30 seconds The nodal splinters proved more resistant than the internodal ones 11 Strips were cut from a single node covered with 10-percent NaOH heated at 15 psi for 30 minutes soaked in distilled water 5 days with three changes of

water and then dispersed in the Osterizer for 30 seconds This gave fairly good separation of the fibers Variations of this method that were tried consisted of using pressures ranging from 5 to 15 ps1 soaking for 3 to 4 days dispersing in the Osterizer for up to 45 seconds

Exploratory Pulping Studies Cooking conditions and results

of exploratory treatments were as follows 1 Cooking in water only at temshyperatures of 160 0 to 170 0 C for 1 2 and 3 hours softened the bamboo slightly but did not pulp it Yields (cooked bamboo) of the 2- and 3-hour cooks were 79 and 74 percent respectively The hyshydrolyzate was slightly acid 2 Cooking with a 075-percent solution of Na~C03 (equivalent to 2 percent of N a 20 on basis of moisture-free bamboo material) at a temperature of 150 0 to 165 0

C for 15 hours did not soften the bamboo and resulted in a 98-pershycent yield of cooked bamboo 3 Cooking with various concenshytrations of NaOH for 15 hours at temperatures of 150 0 to 160 0 C failed to pulp the bamboo Results are shown in table 9

TABLE 9-Result of cooking bamboo at 150 0 to 160 0 C in ~tated cOllct)ntl(lshy

tions of NaOH

NnO on Concen- basis of Yield oC pH oC trdtion moisture- cooked hydrolyzate

oCNaOH Cree bamboo bamboo

Perctml Percent

136_bullbullbullbullbull -- 36 92 56 1 90 _____ _j 53 90 65240________ 66 90 78 250___ bull _bullbull 68 85 90

4 Cooking in two stages-The treatment was similar to that deshyscribed by Raitt (10) First


stage Bamboo was cooked at temshyperatures of 100 0 to 110 0 C for 20 hours with 19-percent NaOH using the hydrolyzate from preshyvious cooks fortified with addishytional N aOH until the final liquor contained 61 percent Na20 (on the basis of moisture-free mateshyrial) The final pH was 92 Second stage Bamboo was cooked with kraft white liquor composed of 50 grams per liter of active

u S

alkali as N~O (equivalent to 187 percent N~O on moisture-free material) at temperatures of 145 0

to 150 0 C for 15 hours The final pH was 119 These procedures produced a Pulp yield of 49 pershycent and the bamboo was well pulped This two-stage cook was applied to several species of bamboo with similar results in which yields ranged from 40 to 50 percent

GOVERNMENT IRINTING OFFICE 1966-gtl9-Z31

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FIBER AND PAPERMAKING


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~r Jeehnical Bulletin No 1361 iIIl ~

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Cl ) Agricultural Research Service

UNITED SlATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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Acknowledgment



Contents

Paue

Summary ________________________________ 1

Introduction ______________________________ 2








Appendix ________________________________ 16



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SUMMARY















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Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

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0104 abc

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53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





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Appendix ________________________________ 16



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Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




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Basis green volume






















~ (ab) b=---shy








----X 100 ~ (abc)










__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

1

r





SUMMARY















INTRODUCTION





















]unth _______________132895




--

-----------------












Basis green volume






















~ (ab) b=---shy








----X 100 ~ (abc)










__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f









INTRODUCTION





















]unth _______________132895




--

-----------------












Basis green volume






















~ (ab) b=---shy








----X 100 ~ (abc)










__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

















]unth _______________132895




--

-----------------












Basis green volume






















~ (ab) b=---shy








----X 100 ~ (abc)










__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

--

-----------------












Basis green volume






















~ (ab) b=---shy








----X 100 ~ (abc)










__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f















~ (ab) b=---shy








----X 100 ~ (abc)










__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

__






Species











18 be 216 ab 269 d18 be 206 bcd 212 Ig1( cd


8--=e_---_------=_144 I 270 d





















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

















__ __________________ _








Specles pulped




Length


Fiber dlmensions I

Width

Mm 00109 ab

0088 de

0108 ab

0091 cde

0090 cde

0097 abede

0094 bcde

0112 a

0087 de

0098 abcde

0104 abc

0088 de

0085 e

0084 e

0101 abcd

0084 e





Spccies pulped




















53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f













53Pine cblp9 _____________________________ 57



Beating time

Burst factor

Tear factor


62 220 132 53 225 103 45 302 154 60 186 135 40 203 854 41 178 927 48 311 151

47 222 110 28 811 933 27 225 816 48 225 774 43 415 108 48 854 110 89 311 798 55 486 106





---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

---------------------------------------















150 63 125 420 389 151 225 25







PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f





PA1ERMAKING


















------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f














------











-2 2 15











-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

-----------------------------








52 85 455 540 2050 980 1 1 62 60 912 68

49 81 444 583 2700 1180 1 1 84S 843 652 70

45 281 600 776 5870 9820 15 11 2110 2114 708 68

112 253 120 126 5680 3160 189 160 105 110 - shy25 226 480 510 5000 1970 1 1 308 342 776 70

62 204 788 837 4580 2360 50 47 27 27 4S4 shy

45 126 481 578 2940 1100 1 1 98 93 11S4 76

56 188 508 588 3690 1850 4 2 364 8S4 1172 68

71 160 767 788 4250 15RO 3 1 77 78 240 shy135 187 821 844 4670 2J50 35 11 112 112 376 shy98 213 792 837 5280 2750 13 9 1S 21S 268 -49 112 248 279 1700 720 1 5 1549 1550 1048 7444 199 72S 726 8690 1720 5 8 245 277 1684 70

40 190 479 479 4510 2150 10 8 4107 4108 2868 shy36 276 104 113 6340 2620 69 58 803 802 8S4 shy20 lSS 410 420 3840 1920 1 1 92 92 1844 -148 180 862 924 4570 2730 66 49 115 115 640 shy49 162 670 755 4S10 1960 7 5 155 155 1048 74

23 110 471 471 3440 1050 1 1 680 681 1432 shy113 170 626 666 4440 2410 10 8 33 82 472 Not

bleached 81 155 771 815 4700 1620 1 1 29 29 740 Too red

for readshying

40 223 619 734 5470 2400 1 1 624 624 10S8 68

89 281 S32 696 5800 2280 15 9 658 658 900 73




LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f


LITERATURE CITED















APPENDIX




















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

















tions of NaOH



Perctml Percent





u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f



u S




----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

----

I

lt~

-~gt

f

e I

- ~

1

1

I I

ibull ~

eel

j

~

F f

f

fiber and papermaking characteristics of bamboo · 2018-12-12 · these characteristics i n d i cat...

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