fiber optic interconnection technology

© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 1

FIBER OPTICINTERCONNECTIO

NTECHNOLOGY

© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 2

History of DIAMOND SA16.05.58 Foundation of DIAMOND SA in Locarno. Processing of

diamonds and sapphires for sound systems, industrial jewels, jewels for the watch industry.

1975 Crisis in the watch-making industry …

1978 … diversification began

1980 Beginning of production of a series of high precision optical connectors. Applications: telecom, data, video, avionics, submarine etc. In order to keep up with the demand for this new product and to guarantee excellent customer service, the establishment of further subsidiaries was decided.

1985 DIAMOND has representatives in 20 countries all over the world. Losone: 200 employees

1987 Further approvals of DIAMOND connectors world-wide.

1993 Development of the new E-2000™ connector

1994 Intensive work in the field of telecommunications, CATV, LAN, sensor applications and measuring technique

1997 Introduction of the new company logo

TODAY DIAMOND SA has 10 subsidiaries and 46 representatives organisations in 40 countries with a total of 1000 employees world-wide. A new expantion is under construction.

DIAMOND is at the forefront of fiber optics: "DIAMOND, THE FIBER MEETING”.

© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 3

tomorrow:beginning in 2001

200’000 connectors manufactured weekly

of which;

120’000 terminated in our manufacturing facility in Losone!

today:140.000 connectors manufactured weekly

of which;

70.000 terminated in our manufacturing facility in Losone!

Our production

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FIBER OPTICS BASICS

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(an example of telecommunication connections)

Copper cable Fiber optic cable(coaxial tube)

Number of telephone conversation 7'680 33'900per conductor pair

Number of conductor pairs per cable 12 144

Cable diameter (mm) 75 22

Cable weight (kg/km) 8'000 250

Maximum distance between 2 100repeaters (km)

Fiber Optic Cable Comparison with Copper Cable

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Properties

Long distance transmission

Increased data transfer thanks to very large bandwidth

No electromagnetic influence

No grounding problems

Small, light and handy cables

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1 x

1 =

3

Basics

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Water tank

Light source

Expected way of the light

Effective way of the light

Total reflection at the boundary water-air

Light propagation

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Speed of light in vacuum: C0 = 299’793 km/sec.

Speed of light in glass: Cglass = 200’000 km/sec.

Milan Zurich

1 Millisecond

Milan Zurich1,5 Millisecond

Glas

Vacuum

Speed of light

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Wavelength (nm)

covered distance of a wave during one period (oscillation)

Frequency (Hz)

Number of oscillations (period per second)

Wavelength

Frequencyf

t

1 Sek.

Wavelength / Frequency

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analogphone

AMradio

mobilephone

microwave oven

X-rays

Wavelength

Frequency [Hz]102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018

3000km 30km 300m 3m 3cm 0.3mm 3 mm 30nm 0.3nm

NFrange

HFrange

Microwavesrange

Opticalrange

X / gammarange

TV & FMradio

Wavelength range of electromagnetic transmission

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Frequency Hz

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

2x1014 3x1014

5x1014

1x1015

Infraredrange

Ultravioletrange

wavelength nm

Visible range

single mode Laser

multi mode Laser

1. Optical window 850 nm2. Optical window 1300 nm3. Optical window 1550 nm

Laserrange

Radarrange

Wavelength range of optical transmission

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Reflection

Total reflection

Perpendicularto division line

Division line Light path

Perpendicularto division line

Division lineLight path

Light reflection

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Total reflection

Border ray

Light refraction

Light source

Optical denser Medium (n1)

Optical thinnerMedium (n2)

Light propagation in glass fiber

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Coupling the ray of light

The light rays which are outside of the defined angle will be absorbed or propagated within the fiber coating.

Each fiber has its own acceptance respectively reflected beam angle.

NA = Sin = n12-n2

2

Numerical aperture

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Fiber types

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Fiber types

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Signal at the fiber input Signal at the fiber output

Propagation of several modes Light conduction by refraction Fiber cores (50 µm and 62,5 µm)

Graded Index Fiber

Graded index profile - Multimode Fiber

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Propagation of a single mode Fiber core (9µm)

Single mode fiber

Signal at the fiber outputSignal at the fiber input

Step Index profile - Single mode Fiber

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Spectrums

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Fiber attenuationTransmission windows

Dispersion 1st window 2nd window 3rd window

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a = 10 log P out [W]

P in [W]= [dB]

The attenuation is given by the logarithmic relationship between the Input and the Output power.

-3dB = 1/2 P-10dB = 1/10 P-20dB = 1/100 P-30dB = 1/1000 P

Attenuation

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If a light pulse is coupled within a fiber, then a spreader pulse is to be observed at the fiber end. This impulse spreading increases proportionally with the length.

Transmission impulse Receipt impulse

Dispersion

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THE CABLE

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coating

core

cladding

9 m250 m

250 m

125 m

125 mS

ingl

e m

ode

Mul

ti m

ode 50/62,5 m

Fiber construction

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tensile forces

lateral pressure

humidity

expansion

overbending

The cable serves to protect the fiber against:

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Primary coating

Core

Cladding

250 m

125 m

9/50/62,5 m

900 m(0.9 mm)

3000 m(3 mm)

Secondarycoating

KevlarthreadJacket

Fiber optic cable construction

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Primary coating

Core

Cladding

250 m

125 m

9/50/62,5 m

3000 m / 3 mmSecondary coating(fiber bundle)

Kevlar thread

Jacket

Outdoor cable construction

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Secondary protection techniques

Gel filling

Inner loose tube layer, Polyamide

Primary coated fiber, 250 m

Gel filling

Loose tube fiber

Tight buffered fiber

Secondary coating

Primary coating, 250 m

Fiber, 125 m

Loose tube fiber bundle



Outer loose tube layer, PTBF, Polyester


ca.

3 m

mca

. 1.

8 m

m0.

9 -

1 m

m

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Secondary protection techniques

Loose tube fiber bundle



Primary coated ribbon fiber, 250 m

Micro loose tube fiber



Gel filling

ca.

6-10

m

mca

. 0.

9 m

m

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1 Transmitter2 Receiver3 Fiber Optics Cable4 Repeater5 Connector6 Splice Connection7 Splitter8 Measuring and Service Point

Detachable connecting elements to connection for active equipment interconnection points / interface of several networks measuring, service and switching points in the network

Fiber

1

2

3 4

55 56

6

3

5

6

6

5

57

8

2

Fiber

Block Diagram of an Optical Link

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Measurement for connection cables (patchcords)

Attenuation for both connections and fiber optics fiber

Insertion Loss MeasurementAccording to IEC 1300-3-4 (method 6); CECC 86000

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Measurement for pigtails

Attenuation per fiber optic connections measured value

Insertion Loss MeasurementAccording to IEC 1300-3-4 (method 7); CECC 86000

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1) According to IEC1300-3-6; CECC 86000

Measurement according to procedure 1) up to max. 55 dB measurement structure for discrete components or equipment configuration for series measuring measured value influenced by the quality of

single components Measurement according to procedure 2) up to

max. 90 dB

measured value only refers to the measured object

2) Precision reflectometer

1300

1550

WDM

CouplerDUT

Detector Display

Return Loss Measurement

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Sleeve-ferrule-principle

Sleeve-pin-principle with physical contact of the convex or angle convex polished connector front faces

Consists of a high precision split ceramic sleeve

Does not utilize phosphor bronze or metal to reduce possibility of endface contamination

Ferrule and split sleeve maintain precise tolerances

The antirotation nut prevents rotational movement of the front face:

- preventing fiber damage- allowing improved repeatability- enabling precise alignment of fiber and ferrule

frontfaces

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High precision ferrule

The ferrule incorporates the fiber and guides itconcentrically into the sleeve

The ferrule’s coating is made of corrosion-resistent and non-abrasive material (tungsten carbide or ceramic)

A titanium insert for precise fiber alignment

The ferrule’s diameter of 2,5 mm is defined by international standards

The inner diameter of 128 µm allows for diameter variations of the outer diameter of the 125 µm fiber

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Crimping technique

The titanium insert is the base for Diamond’s precision termination

process including active core alignment techniques

The axial fiber fixation is done with epoxy: The effective gluing zone of only 5 mm length results in reduced pressure from the adhesive on the fiber due to temperature changes

Ensures a constantly low insertion loss for all transmission wavelengths (1310 - 1550 nm)

Titanium-Insert

Fiber Epoxy

Zr O2

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The Circular V-edge of the crimping piston gently deforms the titanium insert and reduces the hole diameter to the diameter of the fiber

The ferrule hole conforms to the actual fiber diameter including fiber tolerances

The fiber is guided into the center of the hole and ensures uniform distribution of the epoxy

At this point the eccentricity is approx. 1 µm

1st crimping

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The second crimp actively aligns the fiber core on the ferrule’s axis

The 120° v-edge of the piston “moves” the fiber in 1/10 µm steps

Light is injected into the fiber in order to illuminate the core. The ferrule is inserted into a high precision Tungsten Carbide sleeve and rotated, in order to detect if there is still any eccentricity between the fiber and ferrule axis

After this operation the eccentricity is reduced to 0.25 µm max

The perfectly aligned fiber core results in consistently low Insertion Loss values for Diamond connectors

Active core alignment(2nd crimping)

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The core eccentricity of fibers mounted in monoblock ferrules are optimized by rotating the ferrule on the connector body or the antirotation key on the connector body

The accuracy achieved with this method is a position of the core in a area within ± 50° in relation to the antirotation key

For a reference

50° 50°

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Reflection to the front face

Reflections occur on fiber surfaces at the exit as well as entry connector endfaces

Defects on the endface and poor polishing quality, as well as air gaps between the fibers are responsible for reflections

Reflections reduce performance in: broadband systems optical fiber repeaters CATV systems WDM networks

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Convex polishing of the fiber surface guarantees fiber contact for reduction of the reflections

Advantages of the titanium-insert Repeatable polishing Minimal fiber undercut or protrusion Less sensitive to fiber undercut or protrusion Low Reflectance

PC polishing (Convex)Reduction of the reflections

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Angled polished connectors (APC) virtually eliminate reflection by

reflecting the light into the fiber cladding to be dissipated

The return loss of an angle polished connector is > 70 dB when unmated

APC polishing of a DIAMOND connector is done with the same effort as a PC polish, no price premium, or performance sacrifice as with other manufacturers

APC polishing for low reflectance

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Fiber optics connectors standards

Standardisation is a condition for the compatibility between products of several manufacturers

Comparable optical values such as handling, security and flexibility are decision criteria for the choice of the standards

© DIAMOND SA / 08-08 / 47

Fiber optics connectors standardsStandard Ferrule Polishing Fixation Application Fiber type Picture 2.5 mm Ferrule LSA (DIN) LSA-HRL (DIN-APC)

2.5 mm Spring Loaded

Convex PC Convex APC (8°)

Threaded Telecommunication Test equipment

MM & SM

ST™ 2.5 mm

Spring Loaded

Convex PC Nut with bajonet

LAN MM (SM)

FC 2.5 mm

Spring Loaded


Threaded Telecommunication Test equipment

MM & SM

SC-PC SC-APC



Push-Pull Telecommunication Test equipment LAN

MM & SM

E-2000™ 2.5 mm

Spring Loaded



MM & SM

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Fiber optics connectors standards 1.25 mm Ferrule F-3000™ & MU




MM & SM

Standard Ferrule Polishing Fixation Application Fiber type Picture Square Mini MT Ferrule MT-RJ Mini-MT

Duplex Convex PC RJ 45 LAN MM

(SM)

Square MT Ferrule MFS/MPO MT-Ferrule

4/8/12 fibers Convex PC Convex APC (8°)


MM & SM

fiber optic interconnection technology

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