fibers & textiles
DESCRIPTION
Fibers & Textiles. Fibers & Textiles. Fiber - the smallest indivisible unit of a textile. Textile - flexible, flat material made by interlacing yarns or threads. Fabric Production. Fabrics are composed of individual threads or yarns that have been woven or knitted together. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fibers & Textiles
Fibers & TextilesFiber - the
smallest indivisible unit of a textile.
Textile - flexible, flat material made by interlacing yarns or threads.
Fabric ProductionFabrics are composed of individual threads or yarns that have been woven or knitted together.
The degree of stretch, absorbency, water repellence, softness and durability are all individual qualities of the different fabrics.
Weave Terminology Yarn - a continuous strand of fibers
or filaments that have been spun together
Warp - lengthwise yarn Weft - crosswise yarn Blend - a fabric made up of two or
more different types of fiber.
Plain Weave The simplest and most common weave pattern
The warp and weft yarns pass under each other alternately
Design resembles a checkerboard
Weave Patterns
Basket weave Alternating pattern of two warp & two weft threads
Open & porous weave
Not very durable
Weave Patterns
Twill Weave The warp yarn is passed over one to three weft yarns before going under one
Makes a diagonal weave pattern
Denim is one of the most common examples
Weave Patterns
Satin Weave The yarn interlacing is not uniform
Creates long floats Interlacing weave
passes over four or more yarns
Weave Patterns
Fibers
Natural or Synthetic?
Fiber Classification
Natural Fibers – come from animals, plants & minerals that are mined from the ground.
Natural FibersAnimal Fibers –
provide fibers from 3 sources: hair, fur & webbing.
All animal fibers are made of proteins. Silk is made from the
cocoon part of the silk moth.
Plant Fibers – grouped according to the part of the plant they come from.
All plant fibers are made of cellulose.
Include: seed fibers, fruit fibers, stem fibers & leaf fibers.
Natural Fibers
Flax is the fiber used to make linen.
Seed Fibers – come from the seed of a plant
Cotton - from seed hairs, looks like a flattened, twisted ribbon. A cotton fiber
Plant Fibers
Stem Fibers – come from the stem of a plant.
Grow as bundles.Common examples
include: jute, flax & hemp (seen at right).
Plant Fibers
Mineral Fibers – neither proteins nor cellulose.
Fiberglass – a fiber form of glass.
Asbestos – naturally occurring mineral.
Natural Fibers
Asbestos as seen with a scanning electron microscope.
Fiber ClassificationSynthetic Fibers (man-made)
regenerated fibers or polymer fibers
A scanning electron micrograph of fibers of a dacron polyester material used in sleeping bags. The core of each fiber has up to seven air cavities that increase its insulating ability.
Synthetic FibersProduced by joining many monomers
together to form polymersPolymer – substance composed of long
chains of repeating unitsMonomers – small molecule that may
bond to other monomers to form a polymer
Regenerated fibers (or modified natural fibers) derived from cellulose, mostly plant in origin
Imitate natural fibers, generally smooth & silky in appearance
Rayon – most common example
Synthetic Fibers
Polymer fibers – originate with petroleum products & are non-cellulose based fibers
Shape determined by manufacturing process
Synthetic Fibers
Filament Cross-Sections
Synthetic fibers are forced out of a nozzle when they are hot, and then they are woven. The holes of the nozzle are not necessarily round; therefore, the fiber filament may have a unique shape in cross-section.
Polyester - made of ester monomers, added to many natural fibers to provide additional strength
Nylon - first introduced as artificial silk
AcrylicSpandex
Polymer Fibers
Microscopic observationBurning - observation of how a fiber
burns, the odor, color of flame, smoke and the appearance of the residue
Thermal decomposition - gently heating to break down the fiber to the basic monomers
Chemical tests - solubility and decomposition
Testing for Identification