fibre in details

8/7/2019 Fibre in Details

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Apparel productApparel product

developmentdevelopmentTopic : Unit 1Topic : Unit 1

Material , specification , properties &Material , specification , properties &

constituent of fibersconstituent of fibers

prepared byprepared by

KCTKCT--cbecbe((s.valarmathis.valarmathi(10mat12))(10mat12))


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DefinitionDefinition

FibreFibre A unit of matter characterized byA unit of matter characterized by

flexibility , fineness and a high length toflexibility , fineness and a high length to

width ratio .width ratio .

Fibre stapleFibre staple A fiber of definite lengthA fiber of definite length

(usually 10(usually 10--500 millimeters )500 millimeters )

FilamentFilament A fiber of indefinite lengthA fiber of indefinite length


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HISTORYHISTORY

1.1. The history ofThe history of fibers is as old as human civilization. Traces offibers is as old as human civilization. Traces ofnatural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all overnatural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all overthe globe. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber wasthe globe. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber waslimited by natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plantlimited by natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant

fibers for different applications.fibers for different applications.

2.2. Fibers can be divided into natural fibers and manFibers can be divided into natural fibers and man--made ormade orchemical fibers. Flax is considered to be the oldest andchemical fibers. Flax is considered to be the oldest andthe most used natural fiber since ancient timesthe most used natural fiber since ancient times


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Classification of fibers can be done by:Classification of fibers can be done by:TypeType (Natural and manufactured)(Natural and manufactured)

LengthLength (Short staple, long staple,(Short staple, long staple,continuous filament)continuous filament)

SizeSize (Ultra fine, fine, regular, course)(Ultra fine, fine, regular, course)

Classification


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NATURAL FIBRENATURAL FIBRE processprocess

Any hair like raw material directly obtainableAny hair like raw material directly obtainablefrom an animal, vegetable or mineral sourcefrom an animal, vegetable or mineral source

that can be convertible after spinning intothat can be convertible after spinning into

yarns and then into fabric.yarns and then into fabric.

Under them there are variousUnder them there are various

categories:categories:

PLANTPLANT

ANIMALANIMAL

MineralsMinerals


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Vegetable fibers they can be further onVegetable fibers they can be further onclassified as:classified as:

(a) fiber occurring on the seed( raw cotton , java cotton)(a) fiber occurring on the seed( raw cotton , java cotton)

(b) phloem fiber (flax, ramie ,hemp, jute)(b) phloem fiber (flax, ramie ,hemp, jute)

(c) tendon(c) tendon fiberfiber from stem or leaves (manila hemp, sisalfrom stem or leaves (manila hemp, sisalhemp etc)hemp etc)

(d) fiber occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)(d) fiber occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)

(e) fiber of fruit/ nut shells (coconut fiber(e) fiber of fruit/ nut shells (coconut fiber Coir)Coir)

cotton and linen are the most important among themcotton and linen are the most important among them


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Vegetable fibersVegetable fibers

Bast fibersBast fibers

Low Lignin contentLow Lignin content Linen orFlax (rawLinen orFlax (raw

and bleached) and Ramieand bleached) and Ramie

High Lignin contentHigh Lignin content Jute, HemJute, Hem


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Man made fiber processMan made fiber process

ManMan--made fibers are typically extruded into continuous filaments. The continuousmade fibers are typically extruded into continuous filaments. The continuousfilaments can then be:filaments can then be:

used directly (in general, following further shaping or texturing)used directly (in general, following further shaping or texturing)

cut into staple length and then spun in a process resembling the one used for woolcut into staple length and then spun in a process resembling the one used for woolor cottonor cotton

Three main methods are used to produce the continuous filaments (primaryThree main methods are used to produce the continuous filaments (primaryspinning):spinning):

melt spinningmelt spinning

dry spinningdry spinning

wet spinning.wet spinning.


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Melt spinningMelt spinning:: The polymer is melted in a meltThe polymer is melted in a melt--extruder. The liquid is forcedextruder. The liquid is forcedthrough the spinner opening under pressure and cooled by a jet of air to form thethrough the spinner opening under pressure and cooled by a jet of air to form thefilament.filament.

A spinning preparation (spin finish) is generally applied at the bottom of the spinningA spinning preparation (spin finish) is generally applied at the bottom of the spinningduct.duct.

The melting process is suitable for thermoplastic fibers such as polyester, polyamide,The melting process is suitable for thermoplastic fibers such as polyester, polyamide,polyolefin's (e.g. polypropylene) and glass fiber.polyolefin's (e.g. polypropylene) and glass fiber.

DryspinningDryspinning:: The polymer is dissolved in a solvent. The dissolved polymer isThe polymer is dissolved in a solvent. The dissolved polymer isextruded through a spinneret into a chamber of heated air or gas where the solventsextruded through a spinneret into a chamber of heated air or gas where the solventsevaporates and the filament forms.evaporates and the filament forms.

This filament is further afterThis filament is further after--treated with a spin finish. The dry spinning process istreated with a spin finish. The dry spinning process isprincipally used for acetate, triacetate and polyacrylonitrileprincipally used for acetate, triacetate and polyacrylonitrile

Wet spinningWet spinning:: The polymer is dissolved in solution. The solution is forced underThe polymer is dissolved in solution. The solution is forced underpressure through an opening into a liquid bath in which the polymer is insoluble. Aspressure through an opening into a liquid bath in which the polymer is insoluble. Asthe solvent is dissipated the fiber forms.the solvent is dissipated the fiber forms.

The solvent can be dissipated through extraction or by means of a chemical reactionThe solvent can be dissipated through extraction or by means of a chemical reaction

between the polymer solution and a reagent in the spinning bath (reactive spinning).between the polymer solution and a reagent in the spinning bath (reactive spinning). The residual solvent can be extracted by simple washing. After the thread is formedThe residual solvent can be extracted by simple washing. After the thread is formed

and the solvent is washed out, a spin finish can be applied. Wet spinning producesand the solvent is washed out, a spin finish can be applied. Wet spinning producesviscose, acrylic fibers.viscose, acrylic fibers.


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Following primary spinning, the applied treatments vary, depending on the finalFollowing primary spinning, the applied treatments vary, depending on the final

product and the processed fibre. Two simplified process sequences can be identifiedproduct and the processed fibre. Two simplified process sequences can be identified

for this stage:for this stage: 1. process for the manufacturing of continuous filament in flat or texturised form1. process for the manufacturing of continuous filament in flat or texturised form

2. process for the manufacturing of staple fibres2. process for the manufacturing of staple fibres


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Important fiber propertiesImportant fiber properties FibermorphologyFibermorphology--

Morphology is the science of form and so fiber morphology relates to the shapeMorphology is the science of form and so fiber morphology relates to the shape

and appearance of fibersand appearance of fibers

The ideas are applied to both man made and natural , staple fibers andThe ideas are applied to both man made and natural , staple fibers and

continuous filamentscontinuous filaments

FiberfinenessFiberfineness

fiber diameter which is measured in micrometers , can only really apply to fibersfiber diameter which is measured in micrometers , can only really apply to fibers

which are circular or nearly circular ,such as some man made fibers and woolwhich are circular or nearly circular ,such as some man made fibers and wool

Mass perMass per unit length (linear density) can easily be applied to irregular crossunit length (linear density) can easily be applied to irregular cross

sections , which make up the majority offibers . Effectively ,this quantity is asections , which make up the majority offibers . Effectively ,this quantity is a

measure ofcross sectional area sincemeasure ofcross sectional area since

CrossCross-- section area X length Xfiber density = masssection area X length Xfiber density = mass

Mass = cross section area Xfiber densityMass = cross section area Xfiber density

If the fiber density is a constantfor a given fiber then the massIf the fiber density is a constantfor a given fiber then the mass per unit length isper unit length is

just a constant multiple of the cross section areajust a constant multiple of the cross section area


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ContiConti AirFlow Measurement. Neither of the above measurements may be veryAirFlow Measurement. Neither of the above measurements may be very

accurate if there is variation along the length of fibre or large variationaccurate if there is variation along the length of fibre or large variation

between fibres.between fibres. With cotton in particular, the micronaire test value, or similar, is used toWith cotton in particular, the micronaire test value, or similar, is used to

assess fineness.assess fineness.

The basic principle is that the air flow through a fixed mass of fibre in aThe basic principle is that the air flow through a fixed mass of fibre in a

standard chamber will be determined by the average fineness(and length)standard chamber will be determined by the average fineness(and length)

of the fibres.of the fibres.

LinearDensityLinearDensity--TEXTEX -- The linear density, in tex, is the mass in grams ofThe linear density, in tex, is the mass in grams of

1000 metres of the material.1000 metres of the material.

Fibre Tensile PropertiesFibre Tensile Properties Tensile stress is the pull along the direction ofTensile stress is the pull along the direction of

the major axis of the fibre.the major axis of the fibre.

Stress = Load/ Area of cross sectionStress = Load/ Area of cross section


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Elastic RecoveryElastic Recovery

Elastic Recovery= recovered extension total extensionElastic Recovery= recovered extension total extension

=(extended length=(extended length recovered length) (extended lengthrecovered length) (extended length--original length)original length)

Regain and Moisture ContentRegain and Moisture Content

Moisture Content(%)=(mass of moisture in the sample mass of the undried sample)*100Moisture Content(%)=(mass of moisture in the sample mass of the undried sample)*100

Moisture Regain(%)=(mass of moisture in the sample mass of the dry sample)*100Moisture Regain(%)=(mass of moisture in the sample mass of the dry sample)*100

Fiber lusterFiber luster looking at an object it is the reflected lightfrom it that can be seen on alooking at an object it is the reflected lightfrom it that can be seen on a

mirror surface , we gat a specular reflection in which the reflected rays of light are parallelmirror surface , we gat a specular reflection in which the reflected rays of light are parallelto each other .to each other .

Other surface may give a diffuse reflection where the incident light rays are reflected inOther surface may give a diffuse reflection where the incident light rays are reflected in

different directiondifferent direction


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FibersFibers--yarnyarn fabrics end usesfabrics end uses

Molecular Properties Fibre structure

Yarn structure Non woven

structure

Fabric structure

Fibre

properties

Yarn

properties

Fabric properties

End use behavior


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Identification of the fiberIdentification of the fiber

Identification ofFibersIdentification ofFibers

BURNING TESTBURNING TEST

This test helps to identify fibers. Once fibers are identified it will help theThis test helps to identify fibers. Once fibers are identified it will help thebuyer to choose as per requirement, and not be cheated by salesmen.buyer to choose as per requirement, and not be cheated by salesmen.

Procedure:Procedure:-- For the burning test:For the burning test:-- Take out a yarn from the fabric.Take out a yarn from the fabric.

Burn one end of the yarn either with a match stick or burning candle.Burn one end of the yarn either with a match stick or burning candle.

Check the following.Check the following.

1. How the fiber catches fire.1. How the fiber catches fire.

2. Type of flame.2. Type of flame.

3. Smell after burning.3. Smell after burning.

4. Ash left behind.4. Ash left behind.

Answers to all these points will to help to identify the fibers.Answers to all these points will to help to identify the fibers.

FIBRE INFLAME TYPE OFFLAME SMELL ASHFIBRE INFLAME TYPE OFFLAME SMELL ASH


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FIBRE FINENESS:FIBRE FINENESS:

Fibre fineness is another important quality characteristic which plays aFibre fineness is another important quality characteristic which plays a

prominent part in determining the spinning value of cottons.prominent part in determining the spinning value of cottons.

If the same count of yarn is spun from two varieties of cotton, the yarn spunIf the same count of yarn is spun from two varieties of cotton, the yarn spun

from the variety having finer fibres will have a larger number of fibres in itsfrom the variety having finer fibres will have a larger number of fibres in itscrosscross--section and hence it will be more even and strong than that spun from thesection and hence it will be more even and strong than that spun from the

sample with coarser fibres.sample with coarser fibres.

Fineness denotes the size of the crossFineness denotes the size of the cross--section dimensions of the fibre.section dimensions of the fibre.

AS the crossAS the cross--sectional features of cotton fibres are irregular, directsectional features of cotton fibres are irregular, direct

determination of the area of croodetermination of the area of croo--section is difficult and laborious.section is difficult and laborious.

The Index of fineness which is more commonly used is the linear density orThe Index of fineness which is more commonly used is the linear density or

weight per unit length of the fibre. The unit in which this quantity is expressedweight per unit length of the fibre. The unit in which this quantity is expressed

varies in different parts of the world.varies in different parts of the world.

The common unit used by many countries for cotton is microgrammes per inchThe common unit used by many countries for cotton is microgrammes per inch

and the various airand the various air--flow instruments developed for measuring fibre fineness areflow instruments developed for measuring fibre fineness are

calibrated in this unit.calibrated in this unit. Following are some methods of determining fibre fineness.Following are some methods of determining fibre fineness.


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gravimetric or dimensional measurementsgravimetric or dimensional measurements

airair--flow methodflow method

vibrating string methodvibrating string method

Some of the above methods are applicable to single fibers while the majority ofSome of the above methods are applicable to single fibers while the majority of

them deal with a mass of fibers.them deal with a mass of fibers.

As there is considerable variation in the linear density from fiber to fiber, evenAs there is considerable variation in the linear density from fiber to fiber, even

amongst fibers of the same seed, single fiber methods are timeamongst fibers of the same seed, single fiber methods are time--consuming andconsuming andlaborious as a large number of fibers have to be tested to get a fairly reliablelaborious as a large number of fibers have to be tested to get a fairly reliable

average value.average value.

It should be pointed out here that most of the fineness determinations are likely toIt should be pointed out here that most of the fineness determinations are likely to

be affected by fiber maturity, which is an another important characteristic of cottonbe affected by fiber maturity, which is an another important characteristic of cotton

fibers.fibers.


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FIBROGRAPH:FIBROGRAPH:

Fibro graphFibro graph measurements provide a relatively fast methodmeasurements provide a relatively fast methodforfordetermining the length uniformitydetermining the length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cottonof the fibers in a sample of cotton

in a reproducible manner.in a reproducible manner.

Results of fibro graph length test do not necessarily agree with thoseResults of fibro graph length test do not necessarily agree with those

obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers becauseobtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because

of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.

Fibro graph tests are more objective than commercial staple lengthFibro graph tests are more objective than commercial staple length

classifications and also provide additional informationclassifications and also provide additional information on fiber lengthon fiber length

uniformity of cotoon fibres.uniformity of cotoon fibres.

The cotton quality information provided by these results is used inThe cotton quality information provided by these results is used in

research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial stapleresearch studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple

length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, andlength classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, andfor other purposes.for other purposes.

Fibro graph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber isFibro graph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is

caught on the comb in proportion to its length as compared to toal lengthcaught on the comb in proportion to its length as compared to toal length

of all fibres in the sample and that the point of catch for a fibre is atof all fibres in the sample and that the point of catch for a fibre is at

random along its lengthrandom along its length


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DIFFERENT METHODS OF TESTING MATURITY:DIFFERENT METHODS OF TESTING MATURITY:

MATURITY RATIO:MATURITY RATIO:

The fibres after being swollen with 18% caustic soda are examined under the microscopeThe fibres after being swollen with 18% caustic soda are examined under the microscope

with suitable magnification. The fibres are classified into different maturity groups dependingwith suitable magnification. The fibres are classified into different maturity groups dependingupon the relative dimensions of wallupon the relative dimensions of wall--thickness and lumen.thickness and lumen.

However the procedures followed in different countries for sampling and classification differHowever the procedures followed in different countries for sampling and classification differ

in certain respects. The swollen fibres are classed into three groups as followsin certain respects. The swollen fibres are classed into three groups as follows

Normal : rod like fibres with no convolution and no continuous lumen are classed as "normal"Normal : rod like fibres with no convolution and no continuous lumen are classed as "normal"

Dead : convoluted fibres with wall thickness oneDead : convoluted fibres with wall thickness one--fifth or less of the maximum ribbon width arefifth or less of the maximum ribbon width are

classed as "Dead"classed as "Dead" ThinThin--walled: The intermediate ones are classed as "thinwalled: The intermediate ones are classed as "thin--walled"walled"

A combined index known as maturity ratio is used to express the results.A combined index known as maturity ratio is used to express the results.

Maturity ratio = ((NormalMaturity ratio = ((Normal -- Dead)/200) + 0.70Dead)/200) + 0.70

where,where,

NN -- %ge of Normal fibres%ge of Normal fibresDD -- %ge of Dead fibres%ge of Dead fibres


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MATURITY COMATURITY CO--EFFICIENT:EFFICIENT:Around 100 fibres from Baer sorter combs are spread across the glass slide(maturity slide) and the overlapping fibresAround 100 fibres from Baer sorter combs are spread across the glass slide(maturity slide) and the overlapping fibresare again separated with the help of a teasing needle.are again separated with the help of a teasing needle.

The free ends of the fibres are then held in the clamp on the second strip of the maturity slide which is adjustable toThe free ends of the fibres are then held in the clamp on the second strip of the maturity slide which is adjustable tokeep the fibres stretched to the desired extent.keep the fibres stretched to the desired extent.

The fibres are then irrigated with 18% caustic soda solution and covered with a suitable slip.The fibres are then irrigated with 18% caustic soda solution and covered with a suitable slip.

The slide is then placed on the microscope and examined. Fibres are classed into the following three categoriesThe slide is then placed on the microscope and examined. Fibres are classed into the following three categories Mature : (Lumen width "L")/(wall thickness"W") is less than 1Mature : (Lumen width "L")/(wall thickness"W") is less than 1

Halfmature : (Lumen width "L")/(wall thickness "W") is less than 2 and more than 1Halfmature : (Lumen width "L")/(wall thickness "W") is less than 2 and more than 1

Immature : (Lumen width "L")/(wall thickness "W") is more than 2Immature : (Lumen width "L")/(wall thickness "W") is more than 2

About four to eight slides are prepared from each sample and examined.About four to eight slides are prepared from each sample and examined. The results are presented as percentage of mature, halfThe results are presented as percentage of mature, half--mature and immature fibres in a sample. The results are alsomature and immature fibres in a sample. The results are also

expressed in terms of "Maturity Coefficient"expressed in terms of "Maturity Coefficient" Maturity Coefficient = (M + 0.6H + 0.4 I)/100 Where,Maturity Coefficient = (M + 0.6H + 0.4 I)/100 Where,

M is percentage of Mature fibresM is percentage of Mature fibres

H is percentage of Half mature fibresH is percentage of Half mature fibres

I is percentage ofImmature fibresI is percentage ofImmature fibres

If maturity coefficient isIf maturity coefficient is

less than 0.7, it is called as immature cottonless than 0.7, it is called as immature cotton

between 0.7 to 0.9, it is called as medium mature cottonbetween 0.7 to 0.9, it is called as medium mature cotton

above 0.9, it is called as mature cottonabove 0.9, it is called as mature cotton


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FIBRE LENGTH:FIBRE LENGTH:The "length" of cotton fibres is a property of commercial value as the price is generally basedThe "length" of cotton fibres is a property of commercial value as the price is generally basedon this character.on this character.

To some extent it is true, as other factors being equal, longer cottons give better spinningTo some extent it is true, as other factors being equal, longer cottons give better spinning

performance than shorter ones.performance than shorter ones. But the length of a cotton is an indefinite quantity, as the fibres, even in a small randomBut the length of a cotton is an indefinite quantity, as the fibres, even in a small random

bunch of a cotton, vary enormously in length.bunch of a cotton, vary enormously in length.

Following are the various measures of length in use in different countriesFollowing are the various measures of length in use in different countries

mean lengthmean length

upper quartileupper quartile

effective lengtheffective length

Modal lengthModal length 2.5% span length2.5% span length

50% span length50% span length

Mean length:Mean length:It is the estimated quantity which theoretically signifies the arithmetic mean of the length of allIt is the estimated quantity which theoretically signifies the arithmetic mean of the length of allthe fibres present in a small but representative sample of the cotton. This quantity can be anthe fibres present in a small but representative sample of the cotton. This quantity can be anaverage according to either number or weight.average according to either number or weight.

Upperquartile length:Upperquartile length:

It is that value of length for which 75% of all the observed values are lower, and 25% higher.It is that value of length for which 75% of all the observed values are lower, and 25% higher. Effective length:Effective length:

It is difficult to give a clear scientific definition. It may be defined as the upper quartile of aIt is difficult to give a clear scientific definition. It may be defined as the upper quartile of anumerical length distributionnumerical length distributioneliminated by an arbitrary construction. The fibres eliminated are shorter than half theeliminated by an arbitrary construction. The fibres eliminated are shorter than half theeffective lengtheffective length


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Modal length:Modal length:It is the most frequently occurring length of the fibres in the sampleIt is the most frequently occurring length of the fibres in the sampleand it is related to mean and median for skew distributions, asand it is related to mean and median for skew distributions, as

exhibited by fibre length, in the follwing way.exhibited by fibre length, in the follwing way.

(Mode(Mode--Mean) = 3(MedianMean) = 3(Median--Mean)Mean)

where,where,Median is the particular value of length above and below which exactlyMedian is the particular value of length above and below which exactly50% of the fibres lie.50% of the fibres lie.

2.5% Span length:2.5% Span length:It is defined as the distance spanned by 2.5% of fibres in the specimenIt is defined as the distance spanned by 2.5% of fibres in the specimenbeing tested when the fibres are parallelized and randomly distributedbeing tested when the fibres are parallelized and randomly distributedand where the initial starting point of the scanning in the test isand where the initial starting point of the scanning in the test isconsidered 100%. This length is measured using "DIGITALconsidered 100%. This length is measured using "DIGITALFIBROGRAPH".FIBROGRAPH".

50% Span length:50% Span length:

It is defined as the distance spanned by 50% of fibres in the specimenIt is defined as the distance spanned by 50% of fibres in the specimenbeing tested when the fibres are parallelized and randomly distributedbeing tested when the fibres are parallelized and randomly distributedand where the initial starting point of the scanning in the test isand where the initial starting point of the scanning in the test isconsidered 100%. This length is measured using "DIGITALconsidered 100%. This length is measured using "DIGITALFIBROGRAPHFIBROGRAPH


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The South India Textile Research Association (SITRA) gives the followingThe South India Textile Research Association (SITRA) gives the followingempirical relationships to estimate the Effective Length and Mean Length from theempirical relationships to estimate the Effective Length and Mean Length from theSpan Lengths.Span Lengths.

Effective length = 1.013 x 2.5% Span length + 4.39Effective length = 1.013 x 2.5% Span length + 4.39Mean length = 1.242 x 50% Span length + 9.78Mean length = 1.242 x 50% Span length + 9.78

FIBRE LENGTH VARIATION:FIBRE LENGTH VARIATION:Eventhough, the long and short fibres both contribute towards the length irregularity ofEventhough, the long and short fibres both contribute towards the length irregularity ofcotton, the short fibres are particularly responsible for increasing the waste losses, andcotton, the short fibres are particularly responsible for increasing the waste losses, andcause unevenness and reduction in strength in the yarn spun. The relative proportions ofcause unevenness and reduction in strength in the yarn spun. The relative proportions ofshort fibres are usually different in cottons having different mean lengths; they may evenshort fibres are usually different in cottons having different mean lengths; they may evendiffer in two cottons having nearly the same mean fibre length, rendering one cotton morediffer in two cottons having nearly the same mean fibre length, rendering one cotton moreirregular than the other.It is therefore important that in addition to the fibre length of a cotton,irregular than the other.It is therefore important that in addition to the fibre length of a cotton,the degree of irregularity of its length should also be known. Variability is denoted by anythe degree of irregularity of its length should also be known. Variability is denoted by anyone of the following attributesone of the following attributes

CoCo--efficient of variation of length (by weight or number)efficient of variation of length (by weight or number)

irregularity percentageirregularity percentage

Dispersion percentage and percentage of short fibresDispersion percentage and percentage of short fibres

Uniformity ratioUniformity ratio

Uniformity ratio is defined as the ratio of 50% span length to 2.5% span length expressed asUniformity ratio is defined as the ratio of 50% span length to 2.5% span length expressed asa percentage. Several instruments and methods are available for determination of length.a percentage. Several instruments and methods are available for determination of length.Following are someFollowing are some

shirley comb sortershirley comb sorter Baer sorterBaer sorter

A.N. Stapling apparatusA.N. Stapling apparatus

FibrographFibrograph

uniformity ration = (50% span length / 2.5% span length) x 100uniformity ration = (50% span length / 2.5% span length) x 100uniformity index = (mean length / upper half mean length) x 100uniformity index = (mean length / upper half mean length) x 100


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Some important testingSome important testing

imagesimages

Mega sitar ele trash


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Multi strength tester


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Nep tester


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Ana moisture tester


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ANY QUESTIONSANY QUESTIONS ??

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??????????????


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THANK YOU

fibre in details

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