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FIELD MONITORING STATIONS NETWORK FOR SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Satyanto. K. Saptomo , Budi. I. Setiawan, Chusnul Arif, Sutoyo, Liyantono, I Wayan Budiasa, Hisaki Kato , Takao Nakagiri , and Junpei Kubota
the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 2014 v. 37 Bandung, January 20-24, 2014
FIELD MONITORING STATIONS NETWORK FOR SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Satyanto. K. Saptomo 1*), Budi. I. Setiawan1), Chusnul Arif1), Sutoyo1), Liyantono2), I
Wayan Budiasa3), Hisaki Kato5) , Takao Nakagiri4) , and Junpei Kubota5)
1)Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
2)Dept. of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia 3)Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia 3)Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
5)Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
E-mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +62-251-8627225
Abstract
¨ Field monitoring systems had been installed in six locations of interest for field weather and environment monitoring for the support the development of Integrated Water Resources Management in two watersheds, namely Saba in Bali province and Jeneberang in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The stations are situated in down, mid and upstream of the watershed with intentions to obtain information of variation of the weather and soil that represent the variations of the parameters in the respective watershed. The system includes automatic weather station, soil monitoring system and Field Router remote monitoring system which deliver data on daily basis through internet by using. The fields soil physical condition were also collected, so that by using the acquired data can be used almost directly to figure the water status of the field regarding to the agricultural practice in the locations. Data handling procedures had been developed to process the data and calculate the water balance of each field. The result had given the description of the current condition of each field which can be basis of local field water management assessment. This real time monitoring networks can support the water management in the watersheds which are facing water related risks due to land use change and climate change.
¨ Keywords: water resources, remote monitoring, climate change, agriculture water management
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
¨ Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is a comprehensive, participatory planning and implementation tool for managing and developing water resources in a way that balances social and economic needs, and that ensures the protection of ecosystems for future generations.
¨ The information from water monitoring system is important for the evaluation of present water management in the correlation to the effort of adaptation to increasing water scarcity and increasing water use efficiency.
¨ Field level monitoring system supplies real time condition of weather and soil at the location.
¨ This work aims to develop a field monitoring stations network to support the development of local integrated water resources management framework.
Available water
Water Utilization
Irrigation
Non-Irrigation
Activities
Industry
Domestic
Recreation
Agriculture Rainfall
Evapotranspiration
Percolation and seepage Quantity
Quality
Reprocess
Reused
Recycled
Run Off/Drain
Product
Water Productivity
Environmental Impact
Quantity
Quality
Environment Bypassed Water
Flow of the Water
Water Utilization
Irrigation
Non-Irrigation
Rainfall
Evapotranspiration
Percolation and seepage
Run Off/Drain
Bypassed Water
Quantity
Quantity
Focus Research : Efficiency at Field Level
To clarify at the current irrigation regime :
- Quantity of supplied irrigation - Quantity of crop water requirement
(evapotranspiration) - Quantity of losses (percolation, run off) - Possible safe able water
IRRIGATION WATER EFFICIENCY
LOCATION AND NETWORK
the Sites
Bogor Agricultural University
Saba (Bali) Stations
Jeneberang (Sulawesi) Stations
• Two sites with contrasting socio-economic background but have been facing similar problem of water availability in recent years that might be caused by the occurrences of climate and land use changes. • Saba Watershed has a long historical water management background which involved many aspects of nature and human life which is widely known as Subak system • Jeneberang Watershed applies a modern approach based water management with the establishment a newly established Bili-bili Dam.
SABA WATERSHED – BALI ISLAND
JENEBERANG WATERSHED – SULAWESI ISLAND
Field Monitoring Network
Field Monitoring Stations
Watershed Location Elevation (m) Coordinate
Saba
Downstream Lokapaksa
20-40 S 8°12'42.44", E 114°55'45.19"
Midstream Titab 200 S 8°16'16.43", E
114°58'2.87"
Upstream Umejero 680-700 S 8°17'1.43", E 115°
2'13.00"
Jeneberang
Downstream Kampili 0-20 S 5°22'56.40", E
119°26'21.60"
Midstream Bisua 20-40 S 5°18'10.20”, E
119°30'51.00"
Upstream Malino 860 S 5°16'31.20", E
119°51'6.00"
Saba Basin (Bali)
Jeneberang Basin (Sulawesi)
Kampili
INSTRUMENTATION
Sensors and Parameters
¨ Solar radiaton ¨ Air temperature and
humidity ¨ Wind Speed and
direction ¨ Soil temperature ¨ Soil EC ¨ Soil Moisture ¨ Soil Potential
Field Stations
• Weather Station
• Soil Sensors
• Field Router (Remote monitoring system)
• Monitoring bridge
• Measured every 30 min
• Daily data upload to server via Wireless Internet
• Data storage and management (dropbox)
DATA MANAGEMENT
Data Flow
Measurement on site
Measurement on site
Measurement on site
Measurement on site
Measurement on site
Measurement on site
Web Server Stored Data
Cloud Storage
Stored Data
Lab. Data Processing
Clients
Online Data Acquisition
Data Processing
Data Summary
No Parameter Daily Data Methods 1 Rainfall Total daily (mm) Summation 2 Radiation Total daily (MJ) Numerical integration (trapezoid
method)
3 Temperature Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 4 Relative Humidity Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 5 Wind speed Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 6 Barometric pressure Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 7 Evapotranspiration
(ETo) Total daily (mm) Summation
8 Soil moistures Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 9 Soil Temperatures Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 10 Soil EC’s Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 11 Soil water potential Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 12 Soil water table Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max
Data Sharing
RESULTS
Saba Upstream
Saba Mid Stream
Saba Downstream
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
11/1/2012 12/1/2012 12/31/2012 1/30/2013
pF
VW
C (
m3/
m3)
Lokapaksa
0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
pF
VW
C (
m3/
m3)
Titab
0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1-Jan-13 16-Jan-13 31-Jan-13 15-Feb-13
pF
VW
C (
m3/
m3)
Umejero
0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³ 10-15 MPS-1 Water Potential
Soil Moisture and Saturation Regimes of Saba Fields
Soil moistures at all depth were always above field capacity , and soil water potential was below pF 2 during growing period
Soil moistures at all depth were always above field capacity , and soil water potential was below pF 2 during growing period
Soil moisture was above field capacity
Water was sufficient during recorded period
Jeneberang Upstream
Jeneberang Mid Stream
Jeneberang Downstream
-0.800
0.200
1.200
2.200
3.200
4.200
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
20-Dec-12 4-Jan-13 19-Jan-13 3-Feb-13 18-Feb-13
pF
VW
C (
m3/
m3)
Bissua
0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
1-Jul-12 16-Jul-12 31-Jul-12 15-Aug-12 30-Aug-12
pF
VW
C (
m3/
m3)
Kampili
0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
25-Jan-13 9-Feb-13 24-Feb-13
pF
VW
C (
m3/
m3)
Malino
0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3
15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³
10-15 MPS-1 Water Potential pF
Soil Moisture and Saturation Regimes of Jeneberang Fields
Soil moistures at the surface layers sometimes fell below permanent wilting point (PWP). But At lower layers were above PWP and soil water potential was below pF 2 during growing period
Soil moistures at all depth were almost always below PWP, and soil water potential was betwen pF 2 and 4 during growing period. Corn planted partially groundwater irrigated land.
Early growing rice field, ponded with standing water
Water was sufficient and partially sufficient during recorded period
Problems
¨ Less solar energy in rainy season as the only energy source for battery recharge.
¨ Poor gsm connectivity as the key of remote monitoring in some sites
¨ Sites natural condition and human activity that lead the stations to malfunction
¨ Less human resources for trouble shooting
Concluding remarks
¨ Field monitoring systems that had been installed in six locations of interest for field water balance monitoring.
¨ Data is regularly delivered, downloaded, processed and distributed by using remote monitoring networks, data processing spreadsheet and cloud storage.
¨ The system is adequate for the project and can improve research efficiency by increasing efficiency data acquisition and reduce travels for data download.
¨ Some results suggest both water sufficiency for some fields and insufficiency for others.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
¨ This presentation is based on the work carried out
under the Project C-09-Init “Designing Local Frameworks for Integrated Water Resources Management” which is supported by Research Institute for Humanity and Nature.