field operations guide -...
TRANSCRIPT
Field Operations GuideUSAR Technician
US2-fg
2
Status of this documentThis document is issued by the New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) pursuant to:
• Fire Service Act 1975 s27A – Operational Instructions • Gazette Notice 84/2004 – Operational Instructions.
What this means:
This document has the status of an Operational Instruction.
It is written to comply with:
• other Operational Instructions
• other Training material
• New Zealand Fire Service policies• Fire Service Act 1975• Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 and other
relevant legislation• New Zealand Qualifications Authority requirements
The document, its content and specified processes are not to be altered except through Training processes.
Recommendations for change:
Training encourages and welcomes feedback on all its products and
processes to ensure currency and continuous improvement.
Recommendations for changes to this material should be sent to Training.
Please use the Feedback/Suggestions form on FireNet.
Document title: USAR Cat 2 Field Operations Guide Version 2: January 2014
© New Zealand Fire Service – Training
If you wish to copy or reproduce any of the material in this document,
please contact:
New Zealand Fire Service
Director Training
PO Box 2133
Wellington 6140
3
ContentsPersonal preparedness checklist 6
Personal protective equipment 7
USAR Initial action strategies 8
USAR signals (INSARAG) 8
CIMS structure 9
Phases of a collapse rescue plan 9
Command briefing (SMEACQ) 10
Rescue worksite 11
Collapse hazard zone 11
Geographical ID 12
Sectoring ID - sides 12
Sectoring ID – quadrants 13
Building identification of floors 13
INSARAG search assessment marking 14
INSARAG victim identification marking 15
Shoring 16Wedges 16
Brace details 17
Dimensions and nailing 17
Gusset details 18
Dimensions and nailing 18
Laced post shores 20
Working loads and post sizes 20
Minimum and maximum dimensions 21
Heights and bracing 22
Construction details 23
T-Shores (spot shores) 24
Maximum Dimensions 24
Double-T shores 26
Maximum dimensions and loading 26
Construction details 27
4
Vertical shores 28
Construction details 28
Window/door shores 30
Built-in-place method 30
Pre-built method 31
Raker shores 32
Detail 32
Marking and cutting raker angles 33
Raker angle cuts 35
Calculating shoring lengths of posts and raker posts 35
Raker lengths for 30, 45, 60 shores 36
Raker lengths (point to point) 37
Bottom plate cleat positions 38
Cleat lengths for 30O, 60O, 90O raker shores 39
Raker bracing and anchoring 40
Raker anchoring and soft ground foot 41
Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry 42
Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry 43
Raker anchoring and backing material for wood 44
Raker shore connections 45
Wall plate to bottom plate, wall plate to raker 45
Bottom plate to raker, brace connections 46
Raker splicing, and bracing 47
Bracing for multiple shores 48
Flying Raker 49
Construction detail 49
U-Channel Base 50
Construction detail 50
Raker Shores Detail – trough 51
Raker shore detail 52
Horizontal shores 53
Detail 53
5
Sloped floor shore 54
Bracing details (both types) 54
Sloped friction shore 55
Perpendicular to slope method (Anchor) 56
Perpendicular to slope method (solid foot) 56
Cutting station 57
Lifting and Moving 58Calculations for weight/area/thickness of concrete 58
Formula 59
Weights of common building materials 59
Cribbing 60
Load transfer points (100 x 100 timber) 61
Sloping crib construction 62
Cribbing terminology 63
Lifting words of command 64
Cribbing considerations 65
Oxy-petrol cutter 66
DVI TGB coding 67
Response personnel - code of ethics 68
Sensitive issues to consider: 69
6
Personal preparedness checklistAs soon as a taskforce member has received their activation order they should assemble the following personal items (recommended). This is in addition to the uniform worn at the time of deployment.
• sufficient prescription medication to last 2 weeks. Include over the counter allergy, cold/flu and vitamins
• sunscreen
• small bottle of Vicks
• spare pair of prescription glasses
• sunglasses
• 6 pairs of underwear
• 6 pairs of socks
• 4 T-shirts
• 2 pairs trousers
• jersey/sweatshirt
• baseball cap
• 2 pairs shorts
• 1 pair track pants or jeans
• 1 pair joggers or similar footwear
• toiletry kit including soap, toothpaste and hygiene items
• jandals for showering
• first aid kit (surgical gloves x 2, band aids, alcohol wipes, small bandage, wound dressing, splinter probe)
• ear plugs & eye masks for sleeping
• book and/or playing cards.
A strict limit on personal gear applies.
7
Personal protective equipmentA typical list of personal safety equipment to be used during a USAR incident:
• knife, fork, spoon
• plate & cup
• burner
• billy cup
• whistle
• adjustable crescent
• 8” multi-tool
• waterproof pad
• helmet
• safety glasses
• leather gloves x 2
• latex gloves x 2
• respirator
• elbow pads
• knee packs
• stretcher/sleeping bag
• beanies
• helmet torch
• pencil lights
• chino graph pencil & permanent marker
• wet weather gear
• thermals
• overalls
• earmuffs.
8
USAR Initial action strategies
• size up scene
• implement cims
• set up communications quickly
• send SITREP to base/dispatch
• request specialist assistance
• R-E-P-E-A-T
• constantly gather information
• limit supervisory staff in logistics
• use an inventory control system
• determine the length of the incident
• plan ahead - logistics, personnel and
• welfare
USAR signals (INSARAG)Evacuate
Resume Operations
Cease Operations - Quiet
1 long blast
3 short blasts
1 long blast + 1 short blast
9
CIMS structure
Incident Controller
Information
Liaison
Safety
Planning &Intelligence
LogisticsOperations
USAR Teams
Phases of a collapse rescue plan
EPE
AT
Elimination of utilities
Primary surface search
Exploration of voids
Access by selected debris removal
Terminate by general debris removal
ReconnaissanceR
10
Command briefing (SMEACQ)
S Situation (introduction, terrain & risk)M MissionE ExecutionA Administration & logisticsC Command & communicationsQ Questions
Note: This is not an internationally approved coding system, however it is in use by many specialist rescue teams in New Zealand.
Light stick colour codesGreen Personnel and general lightingRed Hazard/danger Blue Patient locationYellow Rope monitoring (or as needed)Green + Red Team Leader
Helmet Colour CodesTaskforce Leader/Operations Officer White
Squad Leaders Red
Technicians Yellow
Medical Green
Structural Engineers Blue
Logistics Orange
Medical Specialists Green and red cross
11
Rescue worksite
1. Identified by a single cordon, flagging or rope.(Example below)
DANGER - DO NOT CROSS
2. This is the control access point for the worksite
3. People allowed in this area:
4. team/task force members
a. military personnelb. police officersc. volunteersd. logistics personnel
Collapse hazard zone1. Identified by an “X” crossed cordon
flagging or rope (example below).
DANGER - DO NOT CROSSDANGER - DO NOT CROSS
2. The control access point to the immediate collapse site.
3. Could be affected by an after shock.
4. Only task force members directly involved in the rescue are permitted entry.
12
Sectoring ID - sides
SIDE THREE
SIDETWO
SIDE FOUR
SIDE ONETOP & BOTTOM
700 Block Alpha Street
Geographical ID
Sm
ith
Str
eet
Jam
es S
tree
t
900 902 904 906
901 903 905 907
Brown Street
NOTE: Primary geographical ID shall be the existing street name and building number. Attempt to re-establish existing numbering system. Front of structures to be clearly marked using international orange spray paint. The boundary frontage of individual structures should be indicated using barrier tape or spray paint.
13
Sectoring ID – quadrants
EQuadrant Quadrant
B C
A D
700 Block Alpha Street
Quadrant Quadrant
E
Building identification of floors
Establish a floor numbering system.
1. The street level is level one (L1), the next level up is level two (L2).
2. Below grade levels start at basement (B1 etc.). This is true whether floors are parking structures or occupancies.
Fourth level = Floor 3Third level = Floor 2Second level = Floor 1First level = Ground floor
1st Basement level = Basement 12nd Basement level = Basement 2
14
INSARAG search assessment marking
HAZARD INFORMATION
Go or No Go (G/N)
# LIVE VICTIMS
REMOVED
# DEAD REMOVED
TeamTime/Date of StartTime/Date of End
PERSONS UNACCOUNTED FOR LOCATION OF OTHER VICTIMS
NOTE: A circle is drawn around the above box then the building/structure has been completely searched.
Use international orange spray paint.
Mark 1 metre by 1 metre - at structure entrance. On some surfaces, e.g., grass, it will be necessary to record the information first, then draw the box around the information
15
INSARAG victim identification marking
V Potential Victim Location Number and status unknown
V Confirmed Victim(s) LocationL - 1 Arrow denotes confirmation
D - 2 L & D indicate live or dead victims
V Victims (All) Extricated Circle indicates all located victims extricated,
including dead.
V Only Dead Below A line through indicates only dead victims left below.
V Dead Victims Removed Circle around crossed out V indicates location only.
Dead & bodies have now been removed.
L - 2D - 3
16
ShoringWedges
Wedges must have:- full contact with post and an equivalent area directly under post- cut sides facing each other
300 mm
450 mm
50 mm
100 mm
100 x 50 mm
100 x 100 mm
Approx. 75 mm
Min.25 mm
100 x 50 mm wedges
Min.25 mm
Max. 150 mm
100 x 100 mm wedges
17
Brace detailsDimensions and nailing
100 x 50 mm brace 3 nails per
connection
150 x 50 mm brace 5 nails per
connection
5 nails 3 nails
300 mm
Try for as much overlap of braces and posts as possible
18
Triangular gusset for door and window shores
Gusset details Dimensions and nailing
All gussets are cut from 19 mm plywood
8 nails
300 x 300 mm
5 nails
Full-gusset
5 nails
8 nails
19
Half-gusset joining post to
top-plate – flush
Gusset detailsDimensions and nailing (continued)
5 nails
Nailing of full width gusset for double -T
shores
14 nails
Half-gusset joining post to top-plate
5 nails
5 nails
20
Laced Post (Safe Haven) Working Loads100 x 100 mm posts x 4.8 m high 14,500 kg150 x 150 mm posts x 6 m high 36,200 kg100 mm x 100 mm postsall braces 100 mm x 50 mm150 mm x 150 mm postsall braces 150 mm x 50 mm
Laced post shoresWorking loads and post sizes
21
Laced post shoresMinimum and maximum dimensions
Maximum height 100 X 100 mmMax 4.8 m
150 X 150 mmMax 6 m
Minimum width All900 mm
Maximum 4 x post-post widthMaximum width 100 X 100 mm
1200 mm150 X 150 mm1500 mm
Maximum slope All5% = 50 mm in 1m
22
Less than 1.8 m high
No horizontal brace
1.8 m to 3.6 m high
1 horizontal brace
3.6 m to 6 m high
2 horizontal braces required
Laced post shoresHeights and bracing
23
Laced post shores Construction details
50 mmMAX
1 m
Slope details
150 X 50 mm bracing
5 nails at each connection
100 X 50 mm bracing
3 nails at each connection
Either half-gussets on each side
or one gusset
and one brace
24
T-Shores (spot shores)Maximum Dimensions
Caution Temporary shore only!
The capacity is determined mostly by stability - loads must be balanced around the post.
Maximum load 1,350 kg
Maximum height100 X 100 mm
MAX 3.3 m
Maximum top/bottom plate width
900 mm
25
T-Shores (spot shores)
Maximum dimensions
Half-gussetseach side
Full-gussetseach side
150 X 300 mmwedges
(preferably)
26
Double-T shoresMaximum dimensions and loading
Maximum loading 100 X 100 mm postsHeight Load2.1 m 7,250 kg3 m 4,500 kg
3.6 m 3,150 kg
Max. 900 mm
Max. 3.6 m
Max. 600 mm
Min. 450 mm
Same as Top plate - or slightly wider
Mid-heightbrace
when over 1.8 m high
27
Double-T shoresConstruction details
300 mm 8 nails
19 mm plywood
14 nails into
top-plate
Wedges100 X 50 mm (preferably)
Half-gussets5 nails into
post and bottom plate
5 nails into post
28
Vertical shores Construction details
Vertical shores can have multiple posts – design depends on requirements.
PostsHorizontal braces
when posts higher than 100 X 100 mm 2.4 m150 X 150 mm 3.6 m
Connections secured on both sides, using half-gussets
and/or diagonal braces.
29
Vertical shoresConstruction details
Horizontal braces 19 mm plywood 150 mm+ wide
under diagonal braces or 150 x 50 mm placed over
the diagonal braces
100 X 50 mmcleats to fill space
between posts and 150 X 50 mm horizontal braces
30
Window/door shoresBuilt-in-place method
X-bracesused
when they won’t block
access
100 X 50 mm wedges to lock top-plate
in place triangular gussets or
100 x 50 mm cleats
100 X 50 mmwedges to lock
bottom-platein place
short cleats hold wedges
in place
100 X 50 mmwedges
under posts
31
Window/door shores
Pre-built method
Triangular gussets on one side of all
corners
Shims and wedges lock
the shore in place
Built to ‘square’ to fit within
racked openings and secure with shims
and wedges
32
Cleats to resist force applied through raker
Braces when the diagonal is longer than 3 m
Wedges tighten shore against wall
once installed
Raker shoresDetail
Horizontal load - single 45o raker
1,100 kg
Maximum dimensions
Practical maximumdetermined by diagonal needing bracing to keep any section from being longer than 3 m
33
Marking and cutting raker angles1. Select a piece of timber long enough
for the point to point raker.
2. Draw a line across one end of the timber to the degree that you are using, e.g. 45°.
3. On the long point side, using an offcut of cleat timber (e.g. 100 x 50), place the edge face (50 mm) side on the raker and next to the line you have drawn.
4. Slide the cleat offcut towards the long point until the other side (outside) is even with the long point side of the raker.
5. Mark across the end of the cleat offcut from the 45o mark to the outside of the raker - this should now be square off the 45o and approximately 50 mm long.
6. Measure from the long point side of the raker square into where the two lines intersect.
30° = 25 mm square off long point side45° = 35 mm square off long point side60° = 45 mm square off long point side
7. ........ remember this measurement!!
8. Cut these two lines to form one end of the raker.
100 x 50 mm offcut
35 mm
45º
2 cuttinglines
34
9. Measure from the long point that you have just cut to the other end, the point to point measurement determined earlier. Mark a square line across the raker at this point.
10. From the same long point side as the other end, mark in square the measurement that you remembered from the other end. Mark this on the square point to point line - this is the long point of your two cuts.
11. Now mark your 45o angle on the raker with it going through where the two lines meet
NB: Make sure angle is in the opposite direction to the other end, e.g., long points away from each other.
12. Now do step 3-5 with your cleat offcut at this end and cut.
100 x 100 mm RAKER
45º35mm
100 x 50 mm offcut
point to point measurement
Note: 45 Raker - Both ends are the same 30° + 60° Rakers - Both have 30° angle at one end and 60° angle at the other.
Marking and cutting raker angles (cont...)
35
Raker angle cuts
57 mm
173 mm
Raker cuts top end Raker cuts bottom end
100 mm Timber
45˚
100 mm
45˚
100 mm
30˚ 60˚
NOTE: for 150 mm timber:60 degrees = 86 mm45 degrees = 150 mm30 degrees = 260 mm
Calculating shoring lengths of posts and raker posts
This applies to all posts and horizontal struts.1. Measure vertical height to be shored.2. Subtract the depth of top plate.3. Subtract the depth of bottom plate.4. Subtract the gap needed for the
wedges you are using:
e.g., 100 x 50 mm subtract 50 mm
100 x 100 mm subtract 100 mm
5. Cut vertical post to this length.
Rule of thumb: if its 3 m or close, BRACE IT!
36
1. Measure from the ground to the point where you want the top side of the raker to meet the wall (the pressure point).
2. Go to the nearest 100 mm. This can be up to 600 mm below where you need the pressure.
3. Subtract the depth of the bottom plate you are using.
4. Using the raker lengths triangles multiply the new pressure point length by the raker length per metre for the degree shore you are using.
Raker lengths for 30, 45, 60 shores
Bottom plate
Wal
l pla
te
Raker 2.0 m1.0 m 1.0 m 1.155 m1.414 m 1.0 m
1.73 m 1.0 m 0.570 m
100
100
100
Point to point of cut raker
refer to raker lengthchart columns
A, B, C
Bottom plate2.394 m (C)
4.2
m (A
)4.
3 m
Wal
l Pla
te
RAKER
4.851M (B
)
30° 60°45°
37
Raker lengths (point to point)
• Measure the height in metres from the ground to where you want the raker to support the wall/pressure point – e.g., 4.4 m.
• Subtract the thickness of the bottom plate your using - e.g.,100 mm bottom plate 4.4 m – 0.1 m = 4.3 m.
• Go to the wall Plate Rise column and select the height of 4.3 m or the closest height below 4.3 m e.g., 4.2 m.
• From the 4.2 m wall plate rise row go across to the desired Degrees Raker column. This is the raker length, long point to long point: e.g., 60 degrees = 4.851 m.
Wall PlateRise
30 ºRaker
45 ºRaker
60 ºRaker
0.9 m 1.800 m 1.272 m 1.039 m
1.2 m 2.400 m 1.696 m 1.388 m
1.5 m 3.000 m 2.121 m 1.732 m
1.8 m 3.600 m 2.545 m 2.079 m
2.1 m 4.200 m 2.969 m 2.425 m
2.4 m 4.800 m 3.392 m 2.772 m
2.7 m 5.400 m 3.817 m 3.118 m
3.0 m 6.000 m 4.242 m 3.465 m
3.3 m 6.600 m 4.666 m 3.811 m
3.6 m 7.200 m 5.090 m 4.158 m
3.9 m 7.800 m 5.514 m 4.504 m
4.2 m 8.400 m 5.938 m 4.851 m
4.5 m 9.000 m 6.363 m 5.197 m
4.8 m 9.600 m 6.787 m 5.544 m
5.1 m 10.200 m 7.211 m 5.890 m
5.4 m 10.800 m 7.635 m 6.237 m
5.7 m 11.400 m 8.059 m 6.583 m
6.0 m 12.00 m 8.484 m 6.930 m
38
Bottom plate cleat positions
• Using the same Wall Plate Rise row of 4.2 m go across to the desired Degrees Bottom Cleat column: e.g., 60 degrees = 2.394 m.
• Add 100 mm (0.1 m) for 100 mm x 100 mm wedges: e.g., 2.394 + 0.1 = 2.494 m. This is the measurement from the end of the bottom plate to the cleat if the bottom plate is butted into the back of the wall plate.
• When measuring from over the wall plate, add on the thickness of the wall plate being used. E.g. 100 mm wall plate @ 2.494 m + 0.1 m = 2.594 m
NB: Cleat position on wall plate is the measurement selected on the Wall Plate Rise, plus the thickness of the bottom plate. E.g., 4.2 m + 0.1 = 4.3 m.
Wall PlateRise
30 ºBottom Cleat
45 ºBottom Cleat
60 ºBottom Cleat
0.9 m 1.557 m 0.9 m 0.513 m
1.2 m 2.076 m 1.2 m 0.684 m
1.5 m 2.595 m 1.5 m 0.855 m
1.8 m 3.114 m 1.8 m 1.026 m
2.1 m 3.633 m 2.1 m 1.197 m
2.4 m 4.152 m 2.4 m 1.368 m
2.7 m 4.571 m 2.7 m 1.539 m
3.0 m 5.190 m 3.0 m 1.710 m
3.3 m 5.709 m 3.3 m 1.881 m
3.6 m 6.228 m 3.6 m 2.052 m
3.9 m 6.747 m 3.9 m 2.223 m
4.2 m 7.266 m 4.2 m 2.394 m
4.5 m 7.785 m 4.5 m 2.565 m
4.8 m 8.304 m 4.8 m 2.738 m
5.1 m 8.823 m 5.1 m 2.907 m
5.4 m 9.342 m 5.4 m 3.078 m
5.7 m 9.851 m 5.7 m 3.249 m
6.0 m 10.360 m 6.0 m 3.420 m
39
600 mm
600 mm
45O
600 mm
750 mm
30O
600 mm
750 mm
60O
Cleat lengths for 30O, 60O, 90O raker shores
600 mm
14 nails
750 mm
20 nails
40
Raker bracing and anchoring
Max. raker lengthwithout bracing:
Rule of thumb: 3 metres
Add braces when the raker diagonal is longer than 3 m.
Mid-pointbrace
Anchors – bottom and wall plates:At least 2 anchors: 25 mm+ diameter rebar or concrete anchors embedded at least 100 mm into wall/ground.
41
Raker anchoring and soft ground foot
3 X 150 X 50 X 450 mmnailed to bottom
plate under raker tospread load
150 mm
450 mm
Wedges
Anchor pickets2 into paving
4 into soil
2 picketsthrough
bottom plateinto paving
Wedges
Pickets25 mm dia. rebar
1200 mm long
Foot under raker contact point
42
Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry
Fixed to concrete surface with 5 concrete nails each side –
nails 75 mm+
150 x 50 mm – or wider (300 X 50 mm)
under the bottom and wall plates as required.
43
Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry
Min. 2 pins12 mm+ dia.100 mm into
concrete/ masonry
Backing material spreads load and can be used to anchor wall plate
19 mm+ plywoodnailed to wall plate – spreads load – especially useful
on URM buildings.Usually full or half
sheets
Fixed to wall with 5 concrete nails
each side – nails 75 mm+
44
19 mm+ plywoodnailed to wall plate –
spreads load –
Fixed to wall with 8 nails into wall studs
nails 90 mm+ each side.
Raker anchoring and backing material for wood
Backing material can be used to anchor wall plate
Full or half sheets, usually centred on the
raker contact point.
45
Wall plate
Bottomplate
Full gusset
8 nails
5 nails
Wall plate
Raker
Full Gusset
8 nails5 nails
Raker shore connections
Wall plate to bottom plate, wall plate to raker
46
Bottomplate
Full gusset
8 nails
Raker shore connections
Bottom plate to raker, brace connections
Wedges
Nail gussets to the raker first, then nail to the bottom plate after tightening the wedges.
5 nails
150 mm x 50 mmbraces
Raker
5 nails
47
Raker shore connections
Raker splicing, and bracing
Splice
5 nails connecting each brace
to raker
Ideally, splices, horizontal braces and diagonal braces should meet close together.
Braces between rakers
150 X 50 mm
Diagonal braces
19 mm plywood or
100 X 50 mm,900 mm long
16 nails, 8 into each part of the raker
48
Raker shore connections
Bracing for multiple shores
X or V-brace at least every 12 m (on-centres) to provide resistance to racking.
Braces 150 X 50 mm.
12 m or less
Maximum2.4 m
Horizontal braces
Mid-point braces if rakers are longer than
3 m for100 X 100 mm
X-braces
V (or X) braces
49
Flying Raker Construction detail
All standard details are the same for this flying raker as for other raker shores.
Bottom braces150 X 50 mmone each side
U-Channel base
Backing material as for other rakers
50
U-Channel Base Construction detail
Wedges
100 X 50 X 450 mm
450 mm
3 X 150 X 50 mmX 450 mm
300 X 300 mm gussets
5 nails through gussets
into base
51
Raker Shores Detail – trough
3 X150 X 50
X 450 mm
Top view
100 X 50 X 450 mm5 nails into base
Wedges
150 X 50 X 900 mm
100 X 50 X 900 mm
7 nails through sides
into base
2 nails though
sides into cleat
Raker
52
Raker shore detail
Split brace150 X 50 mm on each side connecting wall
plate to raker
Details and components for these shores the same unless otherwise specified
Mid-point brace150 X 50 mmon each side
Split brace rakers can shore over obstacles at the base of a wall.
Anchoring to suit ground conditions
53
Horizontal shores Detail
Diagonal braces150 x 50 mm
Wedges100 x 50 mm
100 x 100 mm wedges used as cleats to
support wedges and horizontal
struts
100 x 50 mm cleats support
horizontal struts
5 nails at all connections
54
Sloped floor shore Bracing details (both types)
X-bracing2.4 m (centres)
Lacing-bracing1.5 m (centres)
55
Sloped friction shore
Tops of posts cut to match angle of top plate
Post connections secured with a
half-gusset on one side and a diagonal brace on the other
50 mm 1 mMax. slope50 mm in one metre
Top plate
Wedges under posts
X-bracing 150 x 50 mm
56
Perpendicular to slope method (Anchor)
Perpendicular to slope method (solid foot)
Gravity Load
Gravity Load
Slope needs to be resisted by rubble and ground
100 x 100mm PostsAT 1.2M maximum centres
150 x 150mm PostsAT 1.5M maximum centres
OR:
Wedges Cleat
Gravity Load
Gravity Load
Slope needs to be resisted by rubble and ground
100 x 100 shores
300 x 300 gusset
100 x 50 x 450mm cleat
Wedges
3 x 150 x 50 x 450mm
Detail of the U channelDetail of the U channel: Section View
100 x 100mm PostsAT 1.2M maximum centres
150 x 150mm PostsAT 1.5M maximum centres
POSTS
57
Area to secureand cut widerpieces of timber
150 mm 50 mm 100 mm 90 mm
100 x 50 mm guides
900 mmmark
750 mmmark
600 mmmark
450 mmmark
300 mmmark
Cut timber FromThis end
Feed timber into jig from this endLength guides
Cutting station
Cutting station made from 1/2 sheet of 19 mm plywood (1200 mm x 1200 mm)
58
Calculations for weight/area/thickness of concrete
75 mm
100 mm
150 mm
200 mm1 m
Thickness @ 1 m2 Weight75 mm 190 kg
100 mm 250 kg150 mm 375 kg200 mm 500 kg
1000 mm (1 m) 2500 kg
1 m
1 m
1 m3
Lifting and Moving
59
Formula
The formulae below are used to calculate the m3 of:
Solid objects = L x W x H
Pipe = 3 x diameter x L x thickness
Weights of common building materialsReinforced concrete = 2500 kg/m3 Masonry = 2000 kg/m3
Wood = 680 kg/m3 Steel = 8200 kg/m3
Concrete = 50 kg/m2 /25 mm or masonry rubble Earth = 1700 kg (1.7 tonne)/m3
• Concrete floors = 440-732 kg/m2
• Lightweight concrete is about 80%
• Steel systems with concrete fill slabs = 244-300 kg/m2
• Wood floor = 50-122 kg/m2
• Add 50-73 kg/m2 for wood/metal interior walls.
Each floor• Add 50 kg/m2 or more each floor or furniture etc, more for
storage.
• Add 50 kg/m2 or more for rescuers.
• Add 24 kg/m2 for light, ducts, ceiling, etc.
Capacity of Undamaged, Existing Construction• One undamaged wood or steel-framed floor will support one
damaged floor.
• It normally takes two undamaged concrete floors to support one damaged floor.
• The thickness of rubble/debris on damaged floor must also be taken into account.
60
Cribbing
2 x 2 box cribbing 3 x 3 box cribbing
Solid platform with 2 bearers
Solid platform with 3 bearers
Triangular Parallelogram
61
Load transfer points (100 x 100 timber)For 100 x 100 timber 2500 kg each contact point marked with an “X”
For 150 x 150 each load transfer point = 6000 kg
NB: Using 3 x 3 members/layer will double the capacity of the crib due to more than double the contact points.
3:1 Height Ratio
1.5:1 Height Ratio
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
1:1 Height Ratio
2500kg each contact
2500kg each contact
2500kg each contact
62
Sloping crib constructionCentre of loadshould be containedwithin cribbing
Force in cribbing will bevertical but there will besome horizontal force dueto slope and during aftershocksshould they occur.Some slipping of cribbing piecesmay occur
Gravity load Bearing ForceBearing Force
Cribbing may haveto be tightened upwith shims
63
Cribbing terminologyCribbing Construction of a stable platform
using wooden blocks
Wedges Two shims used together to tension a shore
Shim One half of a wedge used to fill in or change direction
Transfer Points The point, area or surface to which cribbing materials make contact with one another to support the object or material being shored
Box Crib Open type used where large surfaces are to be supported from a stable base and only limited amounts of timber are available
Cross Tie Crib Closed cribbing excellent for use in extensive shoring and cribbing operations due to its high load bearing capacity
Snug To tighten up wedges
Sheathing Ply sheeting used to tie cribbing
64
Lifting words of command
Take up the slack Make taut lines, chains, straps or pulleys about to be used
Prepare to lift Get ready to use human or mechanical lifting devices
Lift As stated, until objective wholly or partly achieved. May be followed by various commands
Still Issued by O.I.C. or safety officer in emergency to prevent an accident happening. All crew to stop work immediately, remain still and await further commands
Rest Issued by O.I.C. or safety officer to halt a process and draw attention to a mistake or other problem that needs rectifying
Enough Given when lifting, pulling, hauling objective has been met or apparatus needs resetting
Transfer the load Given when load is being transferred from one support mechanism to another
Set wedges Place wedges in position so as to support load of object to be shored or cribbed up
65
Cribbing considerations
• Always crib from a safe area, giving yourself a safe position to work from.
• Use another piece of timber or cribbing to slide the required piece of cribbing into place.
• Hands and feet are not to be placed under objects while being cribbed or lifted.
• The cribbing rule of thumb is “pack as you jack”.
• When raising and cribbing a heavy object, never raise one side of the object higher than half the height of the opposing cribbing block height.
• Mechanical equipment is not to be used for prolonged period, or as a permanent crib.
• When cutting timber, all safety precautions must be observed.
• Ensure direct transfer of weight is through the load transfer points.
• When using the open type method, do not pyramid the cribs.
• Do not stack the cribbing blocks more than two high in the same direction.
• 100 x 100 mm cribbing will support 2500 kg for each solid point of contact.
• Cribbing should not be higher than three times the base width, unless being sheathed in ply.
66
Oxy-petrol cutter
To light the torch
1. Purge oxygen line by depressing cutting lever for at least 5 seconds.
2. Open the pre-heat oxygen first.
3. Then open the petrol until you see a light mist. (You should never see dripping gasoline while operating the torch.)
4. Purge the oxygen line again.
5. The torch is now ready to be lit.
Flame adjustment
Adjust the flame by opening or closing the torch fuel valve. Watch the steel react to the flame as the mixture changes. When the steel reacts with the brightest orange and red colour, adjustment is optimum. The final flame should be 4-5 mm long.
Shutting down the torch
1. Close the torch petrol valve first.
2. Then close the torch pre-heat oxygen valve.
3. Ensure the petrol tank filler cap is closed.
4. Close the petrol tank shut-off valve.
5. Leave the tank, torch and hose connected for storage. If fuel lines must be disconnected, quick disconnects can be used so that the fuel line does not need to be bled each time the torch is used.
67
DVI TGB coding
Team#/ Grid location#/Body or Body part#
T - the team who found it
G - grid section location
B - body or body part
68
Response personnel - code of ethics
The conduct of deployed response team members is of high concern to the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG), the affected and assisting countries, and local officials affected by the disaster.
You will be perceived by all concerned as a representative of a well organised, highly trained professional group of specialists who have been assembled to provide help and support to communities who are in desperate need of assistance.
Any violation of principals or adverse acts by individuals will be looked upon as unprofessional and will reflect poorly on the entire Team’s performance and home country. All the good work you may have performed will soon be forgotten.
At no time during a mission, should a free lancer take advantage of any situation/opportunity that arises.
At the conclusion of the mission, you must ensure that your performance has been positive and you will be remembered for the outstanding way you conducted yourself both socially and in the work environment.
Team members will reinforce the Code of Ethics during all planning sessions, meetings and briefings and will be responsible for monitoring compliance.
Violations will be documented and appropriate follow-up taken.
69
Sensitive issues to consider:
• Cultural awareness (race, religion etc)• Local customs (food etc)• Language• Different local apparel• Different work values• Value of life• Local law enforcement practices• Use of different medications• Use of alcohol and illegal drugs• Local policy on weapons• Local living conditions • Handling of sensitive information• Use of canines• Care of handling patients and or / deceased• Respect for the dead and the grief being experienced
by family members• Gender restrictions• Dress codes or standards• Recreation restrictions• Local communication restrictions
and accepted use• Defacing of public structures
(applying a structural marking system to a religious or significant building)
• The taking of souvenirs (photographs and artifacts or building components)
• Local driving habits / customs• Straying into restricted areas• Obeying local moral / religious standards• Use of gratuities to promote co-operations (this should
be reviewed by the Senior Officer for appropriateness)• Consideration for other response teams
that are on site.
70
71