fig. 1-co, p. 1
DESCRIPTION
Fig. 1-CO, p. 1. Fig. 1-1, p. 3. Total Water. Salt water 97.5%. Fresh water 2.5%. Fresh Water. Surface and atmospheric water 0.4%. Permafrost 0.8%. Glaciers 68.7%. Surface and Atmospheric Water. Groundwater 30.1%. Freshwater lakes 67.4%. Biota 0.8%. Rivers1.6%. Wetlands 8.5%. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fig. 1-CO, p. 1
Fig. 1-1, p. 3
Fig. 1-1, p. 3
Total Water
Salt water 97.5%
Fresh water 2.5%
Fresh Water
Glaciers 68.7%
Permafrost 0.8%
Surface and atmospheric water 0.4%
Surface and Atmospheric WaterGroundwater
30.1%Freshwater lakes 67.4%
Biota 0.8%
Rivers1.6%
Wetlands 8.5%
Soil moisture 12.2%
Atmosphere 9.5%
Fig. 1-2a, p. 3
Fig. 1-2a, p. 3
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Ocean’s deepest spot
Earth’s highest mountain
Pacific Ocean Basin, Earth’s largest feature
Fig. 1-2a, p. 3
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Ocean’s deepest spot
Earth’s highest mountain
Pacific Ocean Basin, Earth’s largest feature
Stepped Art
Fig. 1-3, p. 4
Fig. 1-4a, p. 5
Fig. 1-4b, p. 5
Fig. 1-5, p. 6
Fig. 1-5, p. 6
Curiosity
A question arises about an event or situation: Why and how does this happen? Why are things this way?
Law Observations, measurements
Theories can evolve into larger constructs: laws. Laws explain events in nature that occur with unvarying uni-formity under identical conditions. Laws summarize experimental observations.
Our senses are brought to bear: What is happening? Under what circumstances? When? How does it operate? Does there appear to be a dependable cause-and-effect relationship at work?
Theory HypothesisPatterns emerge. If one or more of the relationships hold, the hypothesis becomes a theory, an explanation for the observations that is accepted by most researchers.
A tentative explanation is proposed. Controlled experiments are planned to prove or disprove potential cause-and-effect relationships. A good hypothesis can predict future occurrences under similar circumstances.
ExperimentsTests are undertaken in nature or in the laboratory. These tests permit manipulating and controlling the conditions under which observations are made.
Fig. 1-5, p. 6
Curiosity
A question arises about an event or situation: Why and how does this happen? Why are things this way?
Stepped Art
TheoryPatterns emerge. If one or more of the relationships hold, the hypothesis becomes a theory, an explanation for the observations that is accepted by most researchers.
ExperimentsTests are undertaken in nature or in the laboratory. These tests permit manipulating and controlling the conditions under which observations are made.
HypothesisA tentative explanation is proposed. Controlled experiments are planned to prove or disprove potential cause-and-effect relationships. A good hypothesis can predict future occurrences under similar circumstances.
Observations, measurements
Our senses are brought to bear: What is happening? Under what circumstances? When? How does it operate? Does there appear to be a dependable cause-and-effect relationship at work?
Law
Theories can evolve into larger constructs: laws. Laws explain events in nature that occur with unvarying uni-formity under identical conditions. Laws summarize experimental observations.
Fig. 1-6, p. 7
Fig. 1-7, p. 8
Fig. 1-7, p. 8
Parallel rays from sun
Shadow of pole
Vertical pole at Alexandria
1/50 circle
785
km
(491
mi)
Center of Earth
1/50 circle ~7°
Vertical well at Syene
~7°
Fig. 1-8a, p. 9
Fig. 1-8b, p. 9
Box 1-1a, p. 10
Box 1-1a, p. 10
Parallel Thule
NORTHERN OCEANEUROPE
Borysthenes
Byzantium
Rhodes
Alexandria ASIA Ganges
Tropic line Libya
MeroeIndia
ATLANTIC OCEANMer
idia
n o
f th
e P
illa
rs o
f H
ercu
les
Mer
idia
n
of
the
Ale
xan
dri
a
Mer
idia
n o
f th
e In
du
s
Mer
idia
n o
f th
e G
ang
es
Box 1-1b, p. 10
Box 1-1b, p. 10
North Pole
60°N
30°N
Latitude0°
Equator
30°S
South Pole
Box 1-1c, p. 10
Box 1-1c, p. 10
North Pole
Prime meridian
Longitude
60°W0°
South Pole
Box 1-1d, p. 10
Box 1-1d, p. 10
North Pole
60°N
30°N
0 \c2;
30°W 0° 30°S60°W
30°E
South Pole
Fig. 1-9, p. 11
Fig. 1-9, p. 11
PHILIPPINESM I C R O N E S I A
Marshall Is. Hawaiian Is.
Gilbert Is.M E L A N E S I A P O L Y N E S I A
INDONESIANEW
GUINEA
Solomon Is.
Ellice Is. Marquesas Is.Samoa
Is.Fiji Is. Cook Is.New Hebrides
Tonga Is.A U S T R A L I A
New Caledonia Tropic of
Capricorn
Easter Is.
NEW ZEALAND
Equator
Tropic of
Cancer
P A C I F I C
O C E A NM
aria
na
Is.
Society Is.
Caroline Is.
Fig. 1-10, p. 12
Fig. 1-11, p. 13
Fig. 1-12, p. 14
Fig. 1-13, p. 14
Fig. 1-14a, p. 15
Fig. 1-14b, p. 15
400 300 200 100 0 Feet
360 270 180 90 0 Meters
Fig. 1-14c, p. 15
Fig. 1-14d, p. 15
Fig. 1-15, p. 16
Fig. 1-16, p. 17
Fig. 1-17a, p. 18
Fig. 1-17b, p. 18
Fig. 1-17b, p. 18
Magellan killed 27 April 1521
Rio de Janeiro 15 December 1519Voyage began 20 September 1519
Voyage ended 6 September 1522 Straits of Magellan 15 October 1520
Fig. 1-18, p. 19
Fig. 1-19, p. 20
Fig. 1-20a, p. 21
Fig. 1-20b, p. 21
Fig. 1-21, p. 22
Fig. 1-22, p. 23
Fig. 1-23, p. 23
Fig. 1-24, p. 24
Fig. 1-25, p. 25
Fig. 1-26, p. 26
Fig. 1-27, p. 26
Fig. 1-28, p. 27
Fig. 1-29a, p. 29
Fig. 1-29b, p. 29
Fig. 1-29c, p. 29
Fig. 1-30, p. 30
Fig. 1-30, p. 30
Beam of sound waves travels to bottom and is reflected back to ship
Depth = V (T/2)
Fig. 1-31, p. 30
Fig. 1-32, p. 31
Fig. 1-33, p. 31
Fig. 1-34a, p. 32
Fig. 1-34b, p. 32
Fig. 1-35, p. 33
Table 1-1a, p. 34
Table 1-1b, p. 35