fig. 11.3-1 copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required for reproduction or...

Fig. 11.3-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© National Cancer Institute/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

SEM 2600x

(a)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Percentage bybody weight

Percentage byvolume

Plasma(percentage by weight) Albumins

58%

Globulins38%

Fibrinogen4%

Ions

Nutrients

Waste products

Gases

Regulatorysubstances

White blood cells

Neutrophils60%–70%

Lymphocytes20%–25%

Monocytes3%–8%

Eosinophils2%–4%

Basophils0.5%–1%

Red blood cells4.2–6.2million

Formedelements

45%

Buffycoat

Plasma55%

Proteins 7%

Water91%

Other solutes 2%

Formed elements(number per cubic mm)

Platelets250–400 thousand

White blood cells5–10 thousand

(left): © liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF

Fig. 11.1

Fig. 11.3Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a: © National Cancer Institute/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Red bloodcell

White bloodcell

Platelet

SEM 2600x

(a)

(b)Top view Side view

7.5 µm

2.0 µm

Red Blood Cell Biconcave disk; no nucleus; contains hemoglobin,which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 µm in diameter

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

TABLE 11.2 Formed Elements of the Blood

Cell Type Illustration Description Function

Table 11.2-1


Fig. 11.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Stem cell (hemocytoblast)

MegakaryoblastMonoblastProerythroblast Myeloblast Lymphoblast

Earlyerythroblast

Progranulocyte

Megakaryocyte

Intermediateerythroblast

Basophilicmyelocyte

Eosinophilicmyelocyte

Neutrophilicmyelocyte

Megakaryocyte breakup

Platelets

Nucleusextruded

Immature redblood cell

Basophilicband cell

Eosinophilicband cell

Neutrophilicband cell

MonocyteLymphocyteNeutrophilEosinophilBasophilRed blood cell

AgranulocytesGranulocytes

White blood cells

Lateerythroblast


Increasedblood

oxygen

Decreasedblood

oxygen

Kidney

Red blood cellsIncreased

red blood cellproduction

Red bonemarrow

Increasederythropoietin


6

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

34

5

Heme

Kidney

In macrophages, the globin part ofhemoglobin is broken down toindividual amino acids (red arrow)and metabolized or used to buildnew proteins.

The heme of hemoglobin releasesiron. The heme is converted intobilirubin.

Blood transports iron to the redbone marrow, where it is used toproduce new hemoglobin (greenarrows).

Blood transports bilirubin (bluearrows) to the liver.

Bilirubin is excreted as part of thebile into the small intestine. Somebilirubin derivatives contribute tothe color of feces.

Other bilirubin derivatives arereabsorbed from the intestine intothe blood and excreted from thekidneys in the urine.

Intestines

Bilirubinin bile

Liver

Red bloodcell production

Red blood cells

120 days ingeneral circulation

Aged, abnormal, ordamaged red blood cells

Macrophagein spleen or liver

Hemoglobin

Globin

Aminoacids

Bilirubin

IronBilirubin in blood

Bilirubinderivativesin blood

Iron

Fig. 11.6

Table 11.2-6Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Red Blood Cell Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

White Blood Cells Five types of white blood cells, each withspecific functions

Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thinfilaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a lightpink or reddish purple; 10–12 μm in diameter

Phagocytizes microorganisms and othersubstances

Nucleus with two indistinct lobes; cytoplasmicgranules stain blue-purple; 10–12 μm in diameter

Nucleus often bilobed; cytoplasmic granules stainorange-red or bright red; 11–14 μm in diameter

Participates in inflammatory response ofallergic reactions and asthma; attackscertain worm parasites

Lymphocyte

Nucleus round, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped;contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte;12–20 μm in diameter

Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the bloodand becomes a macrophage, whichphagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cellfragments, and other debris within tissues



Granulocytes

Basophil

Eosinophil

Agranulocytes

Monocyte

Spherical cells with a nucleus

Neutrophil

Biconcave disk; no nucleus; contains hemoglobin,which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 µm in diameter

Releases histamine, which promotesinflammation, and heparin, whichprevents clot formation

Produces antibodies and other chemicalsresponsible for destroying microorganisms;contributes to allergic reactions, graftrejection, tumor control, and regulationof immune system

Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ringaround the nucleus; 6–14 μm in diameter

Fig. 11.7


(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

LM 1200x

(a-e): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold Inc./Photolibrary.com

Fig. 11.6

Table 11.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Red Blood Cell Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

White Blood Cells Five types of white blood cells, each withspecific functions

Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thinfilaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a lightpink or reddish purple; 10–12 μm in diameter

Phagocytizes microorganisms and othersubstances

Nucleus with two indistinct lobes; cytoplasmicgranules stain blue-purple; 10–12 μm in diameter

Nucleus often bilobed; cytoplasmic granules stainorange-red or bright red; 11–14 μm in diameter

Participates in inflammatory response ofallergic reactions and asthma; attackscertain worm parasites

Lymphocyte

Nucleus round, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped;contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte;12–20 μm in diameter

Cell fragment surrounded by a plasma membraneand containing granules; 2–4 μm in diameter

Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ringaround the nucleus; 6–14 μm in diameter



Granulocytes

Basophil

Eosinophil

Agranulocytes

Monocyte

Platelet Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicalsnecessary for blood clotting

Spherical cells with a nucleus

Neutrophil

Biconcave disk; no nucleus; contains hemoglobin,which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 µm in diameter

Releases histamine, which promotesinflammation, and heparin, whichprevents clot formation

Produces antibodies and other chemicalsresponsible for destroying microorganisms;contributes to allergic reactions, graftrejection, tumor control, and regulationof immune system

Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the bloodand becomes a macrophage, whichphagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cellfragments, and other debris within tissues


Percentage bybody weight

Percentage byvolume

Plasma(percentage by weight) Albumins

58%

Globulins38%

Fibrinogen4%

Ions

Nutrients

Waste products

Gases

Regulatorysubstances

White blood cells

Neutrophils60%–70%

Lymphocytes20%–25%

Monocytes3%–8%

Eosinophils2%–4%

Basophils0.5%–1%

Red blood cells4.2–6.2million

Formedelements

45%

Buffycoat

Plasma55%

Proteins 7%

Water91%

Other solutes 2%

Formed elements(number per cubic mm)

Platelets250–400 thousand

White blood cells5–10 thousand

(left): © liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF

Fig. 11.1

Fig. 11.14Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

0

He

ma

toc

rit

sc

ale

Hematocrit tube

Plasma

White blood cellsand platelets formthe buffy coat.

Red blood cells

FemaleMale

Withdrawblood intohematocrittube.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Centrifuge blood inthe hematocrit tube

Fig. 11.8


Platelet adhesion occurs whenvon Willebrand factor connectscollagen and platelets.

During the platelet release reaction,ADP, thromboxanes, and otherchemicals are released and activateother platelets.

Platelet aggregation occurs whenfibrinogen receptors on activatedplatelets bind to fibrinogen, connectingthe platelets to one another. Theaccumulating mass of platelets forms aplatelet plug.

3

1

2

3

1

ADP

Thromboxane

Platelet

Granules

von Willebrand factor

Collagen

Plateletplug

Smoothmusclecell

Endothelialcell

Bloodvesselwall

Fibrinogen

Fibrinogenreceptor

2

Fig. 11.9-1


1

1 Inactive clotting factors inthe plasma are activatedby exposure to connectivetissue or by chemicalsreleased from tissues.Through a series ofreactions, the activatedclotting factors formprothrombinase.

Stage 1

Injuryto

vessel

Connectivetissue

exposed;chemicalsreleased

Inactiveclotting factors

Calciumand

plateletchemicals

ProthrombinaseActive

clotting factors

Fig. 11.9-2


1

1

2

2

Inactive clotting factors inthe plasma are activatedby exposure to connectivetissue or by chemicalsreleased from tissues.Through a series ofreactions, the activatedclotting factors formprothrombinase.

Prothrombinase convertsprothrombin to thrombin.

Stage 1

Stage 2

Injuryto

vessel

Connectivetissue



Calciumand

plateletchemicals


clotting factors

ThrombinProthrombin

Fig. 11.9


1

1

2

3

2

3

Inactive clotting factors inthe plasma are activatedby exposure to connectivetissue or by chemicalsreleased from tissues.Through a series ofreactions, the activatedclotting factors formprothrombinase.

Thrombin convertsfibrinogen to fibrin (theclot).

Prothrombinase convertsprothrombin to thrombin.

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Injuryto

vessel

Connectivetissue



Calciumand

plateletchemicals


clotting factors

ThrombinProthrombin

Fibrin(clot)

Fibrinogen


1

1

2

2

Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactiveplasminogen into plasmin.

Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot, resulting in clotfibrinolysis.

Thrombinand tissue

plasminogenactivator

PlasminPlasminogen

Fibrin breaks down(clot fibrinolysis).

Fibrin(clot)

Fig. 11.11


Red blood cells withtype A surface antigensand plasma with anti-Bantibodies

Red blood cells withtype B surface antigensand plasma with anti-Aantibodies

Red blood cells with neithertype A nor type B surfaceantigens but both anti-A andanti-B plasma antibodies

Red blood cells with bothtype A and type B surfaceantigens and neitheranti-A nor anti-B plasmaantibodies

Neither antigenA nor B

Antigens A and BAntigen BAntigen A

Red bloodcells

Plasma

Anti-B antibody Anti-A antibody Anti-A and anti-Bantibodies

Neither anti-A noranti-B antibodies

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Fig. 11.12


(a) No agglutinationreaction. Type A blooddonated to a type Arecipient does notcause an agglutinationreaction because theanti-B antibodies in therecipient do notcombine with the type Aantigens on the redblood cells in thedonated blood.

(b) Agglutinationreaction. Type A blooddonated to a type Brecipient causes anagglutination reactionbecause the anti-Aantibodies in therecipient combine withthe type A antigens onthe red blood cells in thedonated blood.

+

+

Type A blood of donorAnti-A antibodyin type B bloodof recipient

Agglutination

Antigen andantibodymatch.

No agglutination

Antigen andantibody donot match.

Anti-B antibodyin type A bloodof recipient

Type A blood of donor


Before or during delivery, Rh-positive red blood cells from thefetus enter the blood of an Rh=negative woman through a tear inthe placenta.

The mother is sensitized to the Rhantigen and produces anti-Rhantibodies. Because this usuallyhappens after delivery, the fetus isnot affected in the first pregnancy.

During a subsequent pregnancy with anRh-positive fetus, Rh-positive red bloodcells cross the placenta, enter thematernal circulation, and stimulate themother to produce antibodies against theRh antigen. Antibody production is rapidbecause the mother has been sensitizedto the Rh antigen.

The anti-Rh antibodies from the mothercross the placenta, causing agglutinationand hemolysis of fetal red blood cells,and hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN) develops.

1

1 2

3

4

2

3

4

Maternalcirculation

MaternalRh-negativered blood cell

Anti-Rhantibodies

Maternalcirculation

MaternalRh-negativered blood cell

Fetal Rh-positivered blood cell in thematernal circulation

Maternalcirculation

Maternal anti-Rhantibodies crossthe placenta.

Agglutination offetal Rh-positivered blood cellsleads to HDN.

FetalRh-positivered blood cell

fig. 11.3-1 copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required for reproduction or...

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