fig. 13.1. fig. 13.2 fig. 13.3 table 13-2. examples of neurotransmitters and the chemical groups to...
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Fig. 13.1
Fig. 13.2
Fig. 13.3
Table 13-2. Examples of Neurotransmitters and the Chemical Groups to which they belong
Chemical Group Neurotransmitter Function
Cholinergic Acetylcholine Excitatory or inhibitorydepending on the type of
receptorBiogenic amines Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Histamine
Amino acids Glutamate Excitatory
Aspartate
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) Inhibitory
Glycine
Fig. 13.4
Name of the Structure in thePeripheral Nervous System
Name of the Structure in theCentral Nervous System
Aggregation of cell bodies A ganglion, often associated
with a spinal or cranial nerve
or lying as a chain of ganglia
adjacent to the spinal cord
A nucleus within the gray
matter or a cortex within gray
matter in the roof of certain
brain regions (sometimes also
called a ganglion, a locus, an
area or other terms).
A bundle of myelinated axons A nerve A tract (or, rarely, a nerve, as
for the optic nerve).
Glial cells responsible for
myelination
Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes
Other types of glial cells Astrocytes
Microglia
Aggregation of cell bodies A ganglion, often associatedwith a spinal or cranial nerveor lying as a chain of gangliaadjacent to the spinal cord
A nucleus within the graymatter or a cortex within graymatter in the roof of certainbrain regions (sometimes alsocalled a ganglion, a locus, anarea or other terms).
Table 13-1. Comparison of Terms for Structures and Cells in the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
Fig. 13.5
Fig. 13.6
Table 13-3. Four Functional Groups of Neurons
Functional Group Subgroup Information carried Comments
Somatic sensory Special somatic
sensory
Sensory afferents
from ear, lateral lineand electroreceptiveorgans
Restricted to certain
cranial nerves
General somaticsensory
Sensory afferentsfrom pain,temperature and touchreceptors in skin
Found in spinal andcranial nerves
Visceral sensory Special visceralsensory
Sensory afferentsfrom taste buds
Restricted to certaincranial nerves
General visceral
sensory
Sensory afferents
from wall of visceraltube
Found in spinal and
cranial nerves
Visceral motor(= autonomic)
Motor to glands andmuscles of thevisceral tube
Found in spinal andcranial nerves
Somatic motor Motor to skeletalmuscles of the bodywall, includingbranchiomericmuscles
Found in spinal andcranial nerves
Fig. 13.7
Fig. 13.8
Fig. 13.9
Fig. 13.10
Fig. 13.11
Fig. 13.12
Fig. 13.13
Fig. 13.14
Fig. 13.15
Fig. 13.16
Fig. 13.17
Fig. 13.18
Table 13-4. Cranial Nerves and Their Major Functional Components
Chondrichthyans Condition in
amniotes
Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral
Motor
Somatic
motor
Nerves General
&
Proprio-
receptive
Special General Special
0 Terminal X No change
I Olfactory X Vomeronasal
component usually
added
II Optic X Less decussation of
fibers
III Oculomotor X X No change
IV Trochlear X No change
VI Abducens X No change
Table 13-4. Cranial Nerves and Their Major Functional ComponentsChondrichthyans Condition in
amniotes
Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral
Motor
Somatic
motor
Nerves General
&
Proprio-
receptive
Special General Special
ADLLN
Anterodorsal
Lateral Line
Nerve
X Lost
AVLLN
Anteroventral
Lateral Line
Nerve
X Lost
OLLN Otic
Lateral Line
Nerve
X Lost
MLLN Middle
Lateral Line
Nerve
X Lost
STLLN
Supratemporal
Lateral Line
Nerve
X Lost
PLLN
Posterior
Lateral Line
Nerve
X Lost
Table 13-4. Cranial Nerves and Their Major Functional Components
Chondrichthyans Condition in
amniotes
Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral
Motor
Somatic
motor
Nerves General
&
Proprio-
receptive
Special General Special
V Trigeminal X X No change
VII Facial X X X X Autonomic fibers to
lacrimal and rostral
salivary glands
added
VIII
Statoacoustic
or
Vestibulo-
cochlear
X No change
IX
Glossopharyn-
geal
X X X X Autonomic fibers to
parotid glands added
X Vagus X X X X X Reduction of
somatic motor
fibers; accessory
branch becomes
cranial nerve XI
Occipitals X X Becomes cranial
nerve XII
Fig. 13.19
Fig. 13.20
Table 13-5. Segmentation of Cranial Muscles and Nerves Head
Segment
Origin Visceral
Arch
Muscles Ventral
Nerves(Somatic
Motor)
Dorsal Nerves
(Somatic MotorGeneral Somatic
and Visceral
Sensory)
Octavo-
LateralisNerves
Chemosensory
Nerves
O Terminal
I Olfactory
1 Somito
mere
1
2
Most
extrinsic
ocular
muscles
III Oculo-
motor
Deep ophthalmic
branch of V?
(profundus)
2 3
4
1 Mandibular
arch and
Dorsal
oblique
IV
Trochlear
V Trigeminal
3 5
6
2 Hyoid arch
and Lateralrectus
VI
Abducens
VII Facial X X (Gustatory)
X
VII Stato-acoustic
4 7
Lost?
3 1st branchial
arch
IX Glosso-
pharyngeal
X X
(Gustatory)
5 Somites
1
4 2nd
branchial
arch
X Vagus X X
(Gustatory)
6 2 5 3rd branchial
arch and
Hypo-
branchialmuscles
Occipital X Vagus X X
(Gustatory)
Head
Segment
Origin Visceral
Arch
Muscles Ventral
Nerves
(Somatic
Motor)
Dorsal Nerves
(Somatic Motor
General Somatic
and Visceral
Sensory)
Octavo-
Lateralis
Nerves
Chemosensory
Nerves
Fig. 13.21
Fig. 13.22
Sensory ganglia Parasympathetic ganglia
Nerve Proximal Distal
0 Terminal
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor Ciliary ganglion
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal Semilunar ganglion
VI Abducens
VII Facial Geniculate ganglion(dual origin fromneural crest and anepibranchialplacode)
Submandibular ganglionSphenopalatine ganglionEthmoidal ganglion
VIII Statoacoustic orVestibulocochlear
Acoustic ganglion
IX
Glossopharyngeal
Superior ganglion Petrosal ganglion Otic
X Vagus Jugular ganglion Nodose ganglion
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
Table 13-6. Ganglia associated with cranial nerves of an amniote
Fig. 13.23
Fig. 13.24
Table 13-8. Comparison of Characteristics of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Location of cell body within CNS and outflowpoint for preganglionic neurons
Hindbrain and sacralregions of spinal cord
(= craniosacral)
Thoracic and lumbarregions of spinal cord
(= thoracolumbar)
Location of ganglia Close to target organ Close to spinal cord
Length of preganglionic axons Long Short
Length of postganglionic axons Short Long
Preganglionic neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Acetylcholine
Postganglionic neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Norepinephrine
Figure 13-7. Examples of the Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation in Mammals Organs Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation
Endocrine glands
Adrenal medulla Secretes *
Cardiovascular System
Heart rate
Force of ventricular contraction
Coronary arteries
Arteries in skeletal muscles
Increases
Increases
Dilate
Active ones dilate
Decreases
-
Constrict
-
Lungs
Muscles in bronchioles Relax Contract
Digestive organs
Salivary glands
Gastric glands
Pancreas
Liver
Visceral blood vessels
Intestinal muscles
Anal sphincter
Secretion of mucous
-
-
Releases sugar into blood
Constrict
Relax
Contracts
Secretion of enzymes
Secretion
Secretion
Bile flows
Dilate
Contract
Relaxes
Urogenital organs
Bladder sphincter
Arteries of external genitalia
Contracts
Constrict
Relaxes
Relax
Skin
Hair muscles
Sweat Glands
Cutaneous arteries
Contract
Secretion
Constrict
-
-
-
Eye
Iris sphincter
Iris dilator
Ciliary muscles
-
Contracts
Relax
Contracts
-
Contract* Innervation not present