fig. 19.1, p. 476
DESCRIPTION
No electronic rights for this image. Fig. 19.1, p. 476. Water Quality. Do (ppm) at 20˚C. Good. 8-9. Slightly polluted. 6.7-8. Moderately polluted. 4.5-6.7. Heavily polluted. Below 4.5. Gravely polluted. Below 4. Fig. 19.2, p. 478. Clean Zone. Decomposition Zone. Septic Zone. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Slide 1
Fig. 19.1, p. 476
No electronic rights for this image.
Slide 2
Fig. 19.2, p. 478
WaterQuality
Good 8-9
Do (ppm) at 20˚C
Slightlypolluted
Moderatelypolluted
Heavilypolluted
Gravelypolluted
6.7-8
4.5-6.7
Below 4.5
Below 4
Slide 3
Fig. 19.3, p. 479
Clean Zone DecompositionZone
Septic Zone Recovery Zone Clean Zone
Normal clean water organisms(Trout, perch, bass,
mayfly, stonefly)
Trash fish(carp, gar,Leeches)
Fish absent, fungi,Sludge worms,
bacteria(anaerobic)
Trash fish(carp, gar,Leeches)
Normal clean water organisms(Trout, perch, bass,
mayfly, stonefly)
8 ppm
Dissolved oxygen
Biological oxygendemand
Oxygen sag
2 ppm
8 ppm
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
Typ
es o
fo
rgan
ism
s
Time of distance downstream
Direction of flow
Point of waste orheat discharge
Slide 4
Fig. 19.4, p. 481Rainbow smelt1.04 ppm
Zooplankton0.123 ppm
Phytoplankton0.0025 ppm
Water0.000002 ppm
Herring gull124 ppm
Lake trout4.83 ppm
Herring gull eggs124 ppm
Slide 5
Fig. 19.5, p. 482
Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage
(nitrates and phosphates)
Nitrogen compoundsproduced by cars
and factories
Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage
(primary and secondarytreatment:
nitrates and phosphates)
Discharge of detergents
( phosphates)
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Manure runoffFrom feedlots(nitrates andPhosphates,
ammonia)
Dissolving of nitrogen oxides
(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)
Runoff and erosion(from from cultivation,mining, construction,
and poor land use)
Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction
lots (nitrates andphosphates)
Lake ecosystemnutrient overload
and breakdown of chemical cycling
Slide 6
Fig. 19.6, p. 483
Slide 7
Fig. 19.7, p. 484
Great Lakes drainage basin
Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board
“Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments
Eutrophic areas
CANADA
WISCONSIN
MINNESOTA
IOWA
ILLINOISINDIANA OHIO
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW YORK
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
Nipigon Bay
Thunder Bay
Silver Bay
St. Louis R.
Jackfish Bay
St. Mary’s R.
Spanish R.
Penetary Bay
Sturgeon Bay
SaginawBaySaginaw R.
SystemSt. Clair R.
Detroit R.Rouge R.Raisin R.
Maumee R.
Black R.Rocky R.
Cuyahoga R.Ashtabula R.
Thames R.
Grand R. Niagara Falls
Niagara R.Buffalo R.
St. Lawrence R.
Slide 8
Fig. 19.8a, p. 485
Industrialpollution
Beachesclosed
Suffocatedfish
Lowdissolvedoxygen
Mercury-tainted fish
Decreased fishpopulation
Dead algae
Sewagerunoff
Slide 9
Fig. 19.8b, p. 485
Suburbansprawl
Lowerwaterlevels
Clearwater
PCB’s insediment
Thriving fishpopulation
Highdissolvedoxygen
Slide 10
Fig. 19.9, p. 487
Waste lagoon,pond, or basin
Miningsite
Pumpingwell
Waterpumping
well
Sewer
Cesspoll,septictank
Hazardous wasteinjectionwell
Buried gasolineand solvent
tanksLandfill
Roadsalt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Confined aquifer Discharge
Leakagefrom faultycasingGroundwater
Groundwater flow
Slide 11
Fig. 19.10, p. 488
10 to 20 percent
Greater than 20 percent
Not tested
Contaminated Probability
Slide 12
Fig. 19.11, p. 489
IndustryNitrogen oxides from autosand smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavymetals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.
CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.
Urban sprawlBacteria andviruses from sewersand septic tankscontaminate shellfishbeds and closebeaches; runoffof fertilization fromlawns adds nitrogenand phosphorus.
Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.
FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tidesExcess nitrogen causes explosivegrowth of toxic microscopic algae,poisoning fish and marine mammals.
Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.
Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses,use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.
Closed shellfish bedsClosed
beach Oxygen-depletedzone
Slide 13
Fig. 19.12, p. 490
MississippiRiver Basin
MissouriRiver
OhioRiver
MississippiRiver
LOUISIANAMississippi
River
Depleted
Oxygen
Gulf of Mexico
Slide 14
Fig. 19.13, p. 490Drainagebasin
No oxygen Low concentrationsof oxygen
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW YORK
WESTVIRGINIA
MARYLAND
DELAWARE
NEWJERSEY
ATLANTICOCEAN
VIRGINIA
Cooperstown
Harrisburg
Baltimore
Washington
Richmond
Norfolk Chesapeake Bay
Slide 15
Fig. 19.14, p. 494
Householdwastewater
Perforatedpipe
Distributionbox
(optional)
Septic tank
Manhole (forcleanout)
Drainfield
Vent pipe
Nonperforatedpipe
Gravel orcrushedstone
Slide 16
Fig. 19.15, p. 494
Raw sewagefrom sewers
Bar screenGritchamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tank
Chlorinedisinfection tank
Sludge
Sludge digester
Activated sludge
Air pump
(kills bacteria)
To river, lake,or ocean
Sludge drying bed
Disposed of in landfill orocean or applied to cropland,pasture, or rangeland
Primary Secondary
Slide 17
Fig. 19.16, p. 495
Effluent fromSecondarytreatment
Alumflocculation
plus sedimentsActivated
carbon
Desalination(electrodialysis
or reverse osmosis)Nitrate
removal
Specializedcompound
removal(DDT, etc.)
98% ofsuspended solids
90% ofphosphates
98% ofdissolvedorganics
Most ofdissolved salts
Recycled to landfor irrigation
and fertilization
To rivers, lakes,streams, oceans,
reservoirs, or industries
Slide 18
Fig. 19.17, p. 497
(1) Raw sewage drains by gravity into the first pool and flows through a long perforated PVC pipe into a bed of limestone gravel.
(3) Wastewater flows through another perforated pipe into a second pool, where the same process is repeated.
(2) Microbes in the limestone gravel break down the sewage into chemicals, that can be absorbed by the plant roots, and the gravel absorbs phosphorus.
(4) Treated water flowing from the second pool is nearly free of bacteria and plant nutrients. Treated water can be recycled for irrigation and flushing toilets.
45 centimeterlayer of limestonegravel coated with
decomposing bacteriaFirst concrete pool Second concrete pool
Sewage
Wetland typeplants
Wetland typeplants
Treatedwater