Upload File

fig. 2-1. fig. 2-2a cedrela sapling duroia tree inside, unprotected devil’s garden inside,...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected
44
Fig. 2-1

Upload: sydney-gaines

Post on 14-Jan-2016

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

Tags:

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-1

Page 2: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-2a

Cedrelasapling

Duroiatree Inside,

unprotected

Devil’sgarden

Inside,protected

Insectbarrier

Outside,unprotected

Outside,protected

EXPERIMENT

Page 3: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-2b

Dea

d le

af t

issu

e (c

m2 )

afte

r o

ne

day

16

12

8

4

0Inside,

unprotectedInside,

protectedOutside,

unprotectedOutside,protected

Cedrela saplings, inside and outside devil’s gardens

RESULTS

Page 4: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-3

Sodium Chlorine Sodiumchloride

Page 5: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Essential Elements of Life

• About 25 of the 92 elements are essential to life

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter

• Most of the remaining 4% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur

• Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 6: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Table 2-1

Page 7: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-4a

(a) Nitrogen deficiency

Page 8: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-4b

(b) Iodine deficiency

Page 9: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus

• Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus

• Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical and are measured in daltons

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 10: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Cloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)

Fig. 2-5

Nucleus

Electrons

(b)(a)

Page 11: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Isotopes

• All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

• Isotopes are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

• Radioactive isotopes decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 12: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research are:

– Dating fossils

– Tracing atoms through metabolic processes

– Diagnosing medical disorders

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 13: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-6a

Compounds includingradioactive tracer(bright blue)

Human cells

Incubators1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 950ºC45ºC40ºC

25ºC 30ºC 35ºC

15ºC 20ºC10ºC

Humancells areincubatedwith compounds used tomake DNA. One compound islabeled with 3H.

1

2 The cells areplaced in testtubes; their DNA isisolated; andunused labeledcompounds areremoved.

DNA (old and new)

TECHNIQUE

Page 14: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-6b

TECHNIQUE

The test tubes are placed in a scintillation counter.3

Page 15: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-6c

RESULTSC

ou

nts

per

min

ute

( 1

,000

)

010 20 30 40 50

10

20

30

Temperature (ºC)

Optimumtemperaturefor DNAsynthesis

Page 16: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-7

Cancerousthroattissue

Page 17: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-8

(a) A ball bouncing down a flight of stairs provides an analogy for energy levels of electrons

Third shell (highest energylevel)

Second shell (higherenergy level)

Energyabsorbed

First shell (lowest energylevel)

Atomicnucleus

(b)

Energylost

Page 18: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-9

Hydrogen

1H

Lithium

3LiBeryllium

4BeBoron

5BCarbon

6CNitrogen

7NOxygen

8O

Fluorine

9FNeon

10Ne

Helium

2HeAtomic number

Element symbol

Electron-distributiondiagram

Atomic mass

2He

4.00Firstshell

Secondshell

Thirdshell

Sodium

11NaMagnesium

12Mg

Aluminum

13AlSilicon

14SiPhosphorus

15PSulfur

16S

Chlorine

17ClArgon

18Ar

Page 19: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or valence shell

• The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the valence electrons

• Elements with a full valence shell are chemically inert

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 20: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-10-1

Electron-distributiondiagram

(a)Neon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)

First shell Second shell

Page 21: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms

• Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms

• These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called chemical bonds

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 22: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected
Page 23: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Covalent Bonds

• A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

• In a covalent bond, the shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 24: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-11Hydrogen

atoms (2 H)

Hydrogenmolecule (H2)

Page 25: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• A molecule consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

• A single covalent bond, or single bond, is the sharing of one pair of valence electrons

• A double covalent bond, or double bond, is the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 26: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• The notation used to represent atoms and bonding is called a structural formula

– For example, H–H

• This can be abbreviated further with a molecular formula

– For example, H2

Animation: Covalent BondsAnimation: Covalent Bonds

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 27: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-12

Name andMolecularFormula

Electron-distribution

Diagram

Lewis DotStructure and

Structural Formula

Space-fillingModel

(a) Hydrogen (H2)

(b) Oxygen (O2)

(c) Water (H2O)

(d) Methane (CH4)

Page 28: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-12a

(a) Hydrogen (H2)

Name andMolecularFormula

Electron-distribution

Diagram

Lewis DotStructure and

StructuralFormula

Space-fillingModel

Page 29: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-12b

(b) Oxygen (O2)

Name andMolecularFormula

Electron-distribution

Diagram

Lewis DotStructure and

StructuralFormula

Space-fillingModel

Page 30: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-12c

(c) Water (H2O)

Name andMolecularFormula

Electron-distribution

Diagram

Lewis DotStructure and

StructuralFormula

Space-fillingModel

Page 31: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-12d

(d) Methane (CH4)

Name andMolecularFormula

Electron-distribution

Diagram

Lewis DotStructure and

StructuralFormula

Space-fillingModel

Page 32: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• Covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements

• A compound is a combination of two or more different elements

• Bonding capacity is called the atom’s valence

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 33: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• Electronegativity is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

• The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 34: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• In a nonpolar covalent bond, the atoms share the electron equally

• In a polar covalent bond, one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

• Unequal sharing of electrons causes a partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 35: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-13

–

+ +H H

O

H2O

Page 36: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Ionic Bonds

• Atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners

• An example is the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine

• After the transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges

• A charged atom (or molecule) is called an ion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 37: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-14-1

Na Cl

NaSodium atom Chlorine atom

Cl

Page 38: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-14-2

Na Cl Na Cl

NaSodium atom Chlorine atom

Cl Na+

Sodium ion(a cation)

Cl–Chloride ion

(an anion)

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Page 39: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• A cation is a positively charged ion

• An anion is a negatively charged ion

• An ionic bond is an attraction between an anion and a cation

Animation: Ionic BondsAnimation: Ionic Bonds

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 40: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

• Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ionic compounds, or salts

• Salts, such as sodium chloride (table salt), are often found in nature as crystals

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 41: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-15

Na+

Cl–

Page 42: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Weak Chemical Bonds

• Most of the strongest bonds in organisms are covalent bonds that form a cell’s molecules

• Weak chemical bonds, such as ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds, are also important

• Weak chemical bonds reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 43: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Hydrogen Bonds

• A hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

• In living cells, the electronegative partners are usually oxygen or nitrogen atoms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 44: Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside, unprotected Devil’s garden Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, unprotected Outside, protected

Fig. 2-16

+

+

+

+

+

Water (H2O)

Ammonia (NH3)

Hydrogen bond


Protected but unprotected, yet - Orangutan SSP · Protected but unprotected, yet Challenging on long term orang-utan conservation in Indonesia How We can Support Orangutan’s Future

D40141 Unprotected

L1 Unprotected

En 1442 Unprotected

FISIKA 2008 Unprotected

Dissertacao Miriellen Unprotected

LANDSCAPE AND TREE PRESERVATION REGULATIONS€¦ · 10.130 Urban Forest Conservation Tree Preservation, Removal, and Replacement. (cont.) 2. Modified the Protected and Unprotected

Report Unprotected

Natural Resource Conservation outside Protected Areas ... · Natural Resource Conservation outside Protected Areas 1. Situation Analysis India is endowed with a rich diversity of

Human Issues in Protected Areas: Case Studies outside ... · Not to be quoted Studies in Protected Areas Human Issues in Protected Areas: Case Studies outside Orissa on Conflict Management

Expanding options for habitat conservation outside protected areas

Interface processes between protected and unprotected

Instrumentation Unprotected

The Precautionary Principle inside and outside Marine Protected … · The Precautionary Principle inside and outside Marine Protected Areas Dr Becky Hitchin Offshore Industries Advice

Research Article Protected apes, unprotected forest ... · Protected apes, unprotected forest: composition, structure and diversity of riverine forest fragments and their conservation

Diet and habitat use by maned wolf outside protected areas in

Unprotected apostila português

FIRE RESISTANCE OF PROTECTED AND UNPROTECTED … version... · Final thesis presented to SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BRAGANÇA For the fulfilment

Samakande A Unprotected

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS · PDF fileProtected Area are being created to ... Study of wildlife conservation outside protected areas along ... sites of Olive Ridley

Fonetica Fonologia Unprotected

Main ideas of a NMR quantum computer Advantages of NMR Nucleus is naturally protected from outside interference.Nucleus is naturally protected

Interconectari Unprotected

Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii Toni Makani Gregg*, Nicole Hoku Cody, Shauna Kehaunani Tom, Misaki Takabayashi Marine

Unprotected Makalah Buruh

UNIT – II - mechanical · UNIT – II. CONTENT 1. Syllabus 2. Introduction 3. Shaft 4. Coupling – Rigid coupling • Flange coupling – Protected flange coupling – Unprotected

WELDERS FOR WELDERS for... · Robin Nicholas1, Ashish Mittal2, Tor Erik Danielsen3, Mahinda Seneviratne4, Inakshi Naik5 Informal, unprotected welder Formal, protected welder INTRODUCTION

Minerales Medicinales Unprotected

Offshore Marine Protected Area Project · unprotected. The offshore expansion of South Africa’s MPA network is a national priority. A collaborative five-year Offshore Marine Protected

Unprotected e152content

Protected Lifetime Income Index Study – Wave 2The Alliance for Lifetime Income’s Protected Income Index is an ongoing research program that tracks the level of protected/unprotected

Co-Existing in Harmony with Nature · birds, seabirds or migratory birds of prey. Seventy-one of the IBAs are protected while 63 are partially protected and 33 are unprotected (BirdLife

Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii

Fig. 2-1. Fig. 2-2b Dead leaf tissue (cm 2 ) after one day 16 12 8 4 0 Inside, unprotected Inside, protected Outside, unprotected Outside, protected Cedrela

Unprotected Deliberaciones