fig. 34-0. ecology from: biosphere to individual be able to describe and give examples of levels of...
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Fig. 34-0
Ecology
• From: Biosphere to individual
• Be able to describe and give examples of levels of study
Fig. 34-0a
Fig. 34-1a
Fig. 34-1b
Fig. 34-1c
Fig. 34-1d
Fig. 34-2b
• Rachel Carson
Fig. 34-3a
Global climate predicts Biomes
• Review some of the large scale affects of weather, ocean currents and geography
Fig. 34-5a
Low angle ofincoming sunlight
Sunlight strikesmost directly
Low angle ofincoming sunlight
Atmosphere60°SSouth Pole
Tropic ofCapricorn
30°S
0° (equator)
30°NTropic ofCancer
North Pole60°N
Fig. 34-5b
June solstice(Northern
Hemisphere tiltstoward sun)
March equinox(equator faces sun directly)
December solstice(Northern
Hemisphere tiltsaway from sun)
Constant tiltof 23.5°
Septemberequinox
Fig. 34-5c
Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture
Trade winds
Ascendingmoist airreleasesmoisture
Trade winds
Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture
Temperatezone
Temperatezone
Tropics
Doldrums0°
30° 23.5° 23.5° 30°
Fig. 34-5d
60°N
30°N
30°S
Fig. 34-5e
Greenland
NorthAmerica
Europe
Africa
Gulf Stream
PacificOcean
Atlantic Ocean
South America
Fig. 34-5f
EastWinddirection
PacificOcean
CoastRange
SierraNevada
Rain shadow Desert
Biomes, ecotones and Ecosystems
• Biomes are identified by:
• Ecotones are areas where:
• Ecosystems are:
Aquatic Biomes and Ecosystems
• Be able to describe the principle components of freshwater and marine biomes.
Fig. 34-6a
High waterLow water
Oarweed (to 2 m)
Brain coral(to 1.8 m)Intertidal
zone
Continental shelf
Benthic realm
Photiczone
Ap
ho
tic
zon
e
Pelagic realm
Sea pen(to 45 cm)
(seafloor)
Brittle star(to 60 cm)
Sponges (1 cm to 1 m)
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Octopus(to 10 m)
Sea spider(1 to 90 cm)
Glasssponge(to 1.8 m)
Sea cucumber(to 40 cm)
Rat-tail fish(to 80 cm)
Tripod fish(to 30 cm)
Man-of-war(to 50 m)
Blue shark(to 2 m)
Turtle(60 to 180 cm)
Sperm whale(10 to 20 m)
Hatchet fish(2 to 60 cm)
Gulper eel(to 180 cm)
Anglerfish(45 cm to 2 m)
200 m
“Twilight”
1,000 to4,000 m
No light
6,000 to10,000 m
Fig. 34-6b
Fig. 34-6d
Fig. 34-7a
A tour of the Biomes
• As you view these you should be able to discuss the major components of the Biome
Fig. 34-7b
Fig. 34-8
30°N
Tropic ofCancer
60°N
Arcticcircle
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
30°S
Tropical forestSavannaDesertChaparral
Temperate grasslandTemperate broadleaf forestConiferous forestTundra
High mountainsPolar ice
Fig. 34-9
Fig. 34-10
Fig. 34-11
Fig. 34-12
Fig. 34-13
Fig. 34-14
Fig. 34-15
Fig. 34-16
Cycles that affect Ecosystems
• List each cycle
• Describe the cycle and major implications when the cycle is disrupted
Fig. 34-17
Solarheat Net movement
of water vaporby windWater vapor
over the sea
Precipitationover the land
Water vaporover the land
Precipitationover the sea
Evaporationfrom the sea
Evaporationandtranspiration
Flow of waterfrom land to sea
Surfacewater andgroundwater
Oceans
Fig. 37-14
Energyflow
Lightenergy
Chemical energy
Chemicalelements
Heatenergy
Bacteriaand fungi
Chemical cycling
Fig. 37-20
Animals
1Plants
Detritus
Decomposersin soil
Decomposition
Phosphatesin rock
Weatheringof rock
Runoff
Assimilation
Phosphatesin solution
Phosphatesin soil
(inorganic)
Precipitated(solid) phosphatesRock
Upliftingof rock
6
3
2
4
5
Fig. 37-19
Photosynthesis
Decomposers(soil microbes)
Cellular respiration
Detritus4
1
2
35
Plants, algae,cyanobacteria
Primaryconsumers
Higher-levelconsumers
Burning
CO2 in atmosphere
Plant litter;death
Wastes; death
Dec
om
po
siti
onWood
and fossilfuels
Fig. 37-18
Consumers
Geologic processes
Producers
Decomposers
Nutrientsavailableto producers
Abioticreservoir
4
1
2
3
When Populations Change , ecosystems change
• Be able to discuss
• 1. Factors affecting population growth
• 2. Demography
• 3.Density and dispersion
• 4. r and K selected species
Fig. 37-2
Fig. 37-8-4
Plant
A terrestrial food chain
Producers Phytoplankton
An aquatic food chain
Primaryconsumers
Grasshopper Zooplankton
Secondaryconsumers
Mouse Herring
Snake TunaTertiaryconsumers
Fig. 37-9
Producers(plants)
Primaryconsumers
Secondaryandprimaryconsumers
Tertiaryandsecondaryconsumers
Quaternary,tertiary,and secondaryconsumers
Fig. 37-16
1,000,000 kcal of sunlight
10 kcal
100 kcal
1,000 kcal
10,000 kcalProducers
Primaryconsumers
Secondaryconsumers
Tertiaryconsumers
Patterns of population growth
• Exponential growth: G=rN
• G= population growth rate
• r= per capita rate of increase (#births-#deaths)
• N= population size
logistic growth curves
• Environmental factors will limit growth
• This model is idealized population growth
• G=rN (K-N)\ K K=carrying capacity
Fig. 36-4bb
Year
1915 1925 1935 1945
Bre
edin
g m
ale
fur
seal
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Fig. 36-4c
Time
Nu
mb
er o
f in
div
idu
als
(N)
0
K
G = rN
G = rN(K – N)
K
Fig. 36-4d
Fig. 36-6
Lynx
Snowshoe hare
Ly
nx
po
pu
lati
on
siz
e(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Ha
re p
op
ula
tio
n s
ize
(th
ou
san
ds)
Year1850 1875 1900 1925
0
40
80
120
160
0
3
6
9