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    Tables and Figures

    J.P. Kastelic

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    Why Use Tables or Figures?

    Data are too complex for the text

    Numbers with an interesting trend can gointo a figure; otherwise, use a table

    Use a column chart for discrete data;continuous data require a line chart

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    Tables

    Put common elements vertically (columns)

    Eliminate repetition

    Must be easy to interpret

    Explore and revise; may need > 1 version Usually 1 or 2 main ideas; if more, need

    another table(s)

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    Table Format

    Minimize horizontal lines; above and

    below column headings and at bottom oftable

    No vertical lines

    Avoid excessive width; put SD, SEM, CI,or range below means if necessary

    (unless doing vertical comparisons) Control or independent variable in first

    column

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    Table 1. Resynchronization of estrus

    in fixed-time-inseminated heifers._______________________________________________________________

    End point Control CIDR MGA

    _______________________________________________________________

    No. heifers 42 121 138

    Pregnant to 1st AI (%) 45.2 43.4 49.5

    Estrus rate (%) 88.5ab 94.3a 81.6b

    Conception rate (%) 62.2ab 65.1a 48.7b

    Pregnancy rate (%) 54.9ab 61.4a 39.7b_______________________________________________________________a,b Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P

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    Principles of Graphs

    Clear vision

    Clear understanding

    Appropriate scales

    Cleveland, 1985

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    Clear Vision

    Prominent elements to show data

    Avoid excessive tick marks

    May use reference line (should not

    interfere with data) Minimize labels, notes, legends, etc. within

    data area

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    Clear Understanding

    Make legends informative

    Explain error bars

    Appropriate, clear labels

    Proofread (and fix errors)

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    Scales (Range)

    Data should cover most of range

    Similar scales to compare >2 figures

    Zero is optional (use discretion)

    Log scales if vary by orders of magnitude If necessary, use scale breaks (indicate

    clearly)

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    Figure Format

    Ordinate=dependent,

    abcissa=independent Simple labels, consistent axes

    Maximum of 5 lines Insert a break in axis if needed

    P-values on graph or in legend Indicate significant differences

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    Figure Legends

    Four parts: brief title, description of

    experiment, definitions (symbols orabbreviations), and statistical information

    If definitions are complex, provide detailedinformation only once and refer back to

    this for subsequent figures

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    Figure Legends (continued)

    Sufficient for table/figure to stand-alone

    but not long and tedious Explain all abbreviations

    Exclude citing statistical methods May include P-values for main effects and

    interactions

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    Labels and Lines

    Sans serif typeface, e.g. Helvetica

    Use different lines or symbols (not both) Lines of similar thickness, standard

    symbol shape and size Lines thicker than axes, avoid grid lines

    Columns wider than inter-column spaces Shades of grey are better than stripes or

    dots

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    Bar Graphs

    Column graph (vertical bar graph)

    Bar graph (horizontal) Multiple comparison side-by-side bar

    Multiple comparison of parts within totalbar

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    5% CO i i 5% CO 5%O 90% N

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    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    Unexpanded

    blastocysts

    Expanded

    blastocysts

    Hatching and hatched

    blastocysts

    Blastocysttotalcelln

    umber

    5% CO2in air 5% CO

    2, 5%O

    2, 90% N

    2

    P

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    Multiple Graphs

    > 2 panels facilitates comparisons

    May use 1 or 2 vertical (ordinate, y-axis)lines

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    Line Graphs

    Use for continuous data

    Histogram (with connected tops of bars) Frequency polygon (same as histogram,

    connects midpoints of bars) Line graph connects individual or mean

    values of 2 or more variables

    Scattergram and curve fit show effect of

    one variable on another

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