fig_the social tenure domain model

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The Social Tenure Domain ModelA Pro-Poor Land Tool

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONOF SURVEYORS (FIG)

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTSPROGRAMME (UN-HABITAT)

GLOBAL LAND TOOL NETWORK(GLTN)

FIG PUBLICATION

NO 52

FIG REPORT


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INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG)

GLOBAL LAND TOOL NETWORK (GLTN)

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME (UN-HABITAT)

Christiaan Lemmen

The Social Tenure Domain ModelA Pro-Poor Land Tool


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Copyright International Federation o Surveyors, Global Land Tool Network and

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), March 2010

All rights reserved

International Federation o Surveyors (FIG)

Kalvebod Brygge 3133

DK-1780 Copenhagen V

DENMARK

Tel. + 45 38 86 10 81

Fax + 45 38 86 02 52

E-mail: [email protected]

www.fg.net

Published in English

Copenhagen, Denmark

ISBN 978-87-90907-83-9

Published by

International Federation o Surveyors (FIG)

Front cover: Ethiopia (let), Ghana (middle) Christiaan Lemmen;

Bolivia (right) Ximena Pereira

Back cover: The slum area named Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya covers about 250 ha andaccommodate more than 100 million people, Stig Enemark

DISCLAIMER

The designations employed and the presentation o material in this publication do not imply the expression

o any opinion whatsoever on the part o the secretariat o the United Nations concerning the legal status o

any county, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation o its rontiers or bounda-

ries regarding its economic system or degree o development. Excerpts may be reproduced without authori-

zation, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reect

those o the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations and its member states.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Without the support and contribution o Dr. Clarissa Augustinus, Pro. Dr. Peter van Oosterom, Dr. Solomon

Haile, Pro. Paul van der Molen, Pro. Dr. Jaap Zevenbergen and Pro. Stig Enemark the concept o the Social

Tenure Domain Model could not have been developed. Also the ISO 19152 Project Team, drating the Land

Administration Domain Model, were constructive in their support or the Social Tenure Domain Model. Thisis a big step orward in the development o Land Administration Systems. Martin Schouwenburg, Liliana

Alvarez, Jan van Bennekom-Minnema and Monica Lengoiboni prepared the frst STDM prototype sotware.

Remy Sietchiping and Hemayet Hossain provided valuable advice during the development. Thanks or all

your support.

Editors: Harry Uitermark and Christiaan Lemmen

Design: International Federation o Surveyors, FIG

Printer: Oriveden Kirjapaino, Finland


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FOREWORD

Most developing countries have less than 30 percent cadastral coverage. This means

that over 70 percent o the land in many countries is generally outside the land regis-

ter. This has caused enormous problems or example in cities, where over one billionpeople live in slums without proper water, sanitation, community acilities, security o

tenure or quality o lie. This has also caused problems or countries with regard to ood

security and rural land management issues.

The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN), acilitated by UN-HABITAT and unded by Nor-

way and Sweden, is a coalition o international partners, including FIG (the Interna-

tional Federation o Surveyors), ITC (University o Twente, Faculty o Geo-inormation

Science and Earth Observation, The Netherlands), and the World Bank (WB), has taken

up this challenge and is supporting the development o pro-poor land management

tools, to address the technical gaps associated with unregistered land, the upgrading

o slums, and urban and rural land management.

The security o tenure o people in these areas relies on orms o tenure dierent rom

individual ree hold. Most o register rights and claims are based on social tenures.

GLTN partners support a continuum o land rights, which include rights that are docu-

mented as well as undocumented, rom individuals and groups, rom pastoralist, and in

slums which are legal as well as illegal and inormal.

This range o rights generally cannot be described relative to a parcel, and thereore

new orms o spatial units are needed. A model has been developed to accommodate

these social tenures, termed the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM). A frst prototype

o STDM is available. This is a pro-poor land inormation management system that can

be used to support the land administration o the poor in urban and rural areas, which

can also be linked to the cadastral system in order that all inormation can be inte-

grated.

The chair o Working Group 7.1 o Commission 7 on Cadastre and Land Management,Christiaan Lemmen, took the lead rom 2002 onwards, in the development o the STDM

in close co-operation with UN-HABITAT. ITC, fnancially supported by the GLTN, devel-

oped a frst prototype o STDM, that is supported by WB.

This FIG Report presents the need or STDM, the properties o STDM as a tool, and the

beneft and use o STDM as a key means o meeting the Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs).

Prof. Stig Enemark Dr. Clarissa Augustinus

FIG President Chie, Land and Tenure Section

Global Division, UN-HABITAT

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People really understand what they see on the image. They can identiy the place where

they live, and where their neighbours live. See Figure 1.

Surveyors as land proessionals are needed in support and management o this type o

data acquisition o people land relationships. This is asking or widening the scope

in relation to land administration; apart rom traditional feld surveys related to ormaltenure there can be a context as described or inormal tenures. Surveyors understand

that there can be dierences in spatial accuracies resulting in dierent accuracy quality

labels. Surveyors can not only provide accurate maps but they also know how accurate

the map is or should be or the purpose. And surveyors have experience in land admin-

istration based on observations on site.

UN-HABITAT, with support o FIG and WB, developed STDM into a frst prototype, based

on an open source database with open GIS sotware, in close cooperation with ITC. FIG

and UN-HABITAT are involved in the development o an ISO-standard or a land ad-

ministration domain model (LADM), including the STDM1. As soon as this ISO-standard

is available it can be used by open source communities and by commercial sotware

integrators to develop Land Administration Systems. The ISO-standard can be adapted

and extended or local purposes and avoids reinventing the wheel.

1 The LADM is under development within the Technical Committee 211 (TC211) o the International Organ-

ization or Standardization (ISO) and identifed as ISO 19152. FIG took the initiative or this standardised

domain model or the Land Administration Domain. UN-HABITAT is involved in this development. This

International standard is expected to be available in 2011.

Customary tenure areas are normally outside the ormal land registration system. Malawi.

S

tig

Enemark

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2 THE NEED FOR STDM: IDENTIFYING THE GAP

There is a gap in conventional land administration systems: customary and inormal

tenure cannot be handled. There is a need or unconventional approaches in land

administration.

Where there is little land inormation, there is little or no land management. Conven-

tional Land Administration Systems are based on the parcel approach as applied in the

developed world and implemented in developing countries in colonial times. A more

exible system is needed or identiying the various kinds o land tenure in inormal

settlements or in customary areas.

Traditional land surveys are costly and time consuming. For this reason alternatives are

needed; e.g. boundary surveys based on handheld GPS observations, or by drawing

boundaries on satellite images. This means o course a dierent accuracy o co-ordi-

nates. Surveyors understand this and surveyors are needed to provide quality labels

and to improve the quality o co-ordinates at a later moment in time.

The need or a complete coverage o all land by LAS is urgent. Not only or the regis-tration o ormal rights and or the recordation o inormal and customary rights. Also

or managing the value, the use o land and land development plans. This relates to

Enemarks model on the global land management perspective; see Figure 2. Complete

coverage o all land in a Land Administration is only possible with an extendable and

exible model, that enables inclusion o all land and all people within the our land

administration unctions. So STDM will close part o the technical gap in developing

countries in terms o making Land Administration covering the total territory.

Impact o disasters, like the 2010 earth quake in Haiti, are dicult to manage because

it is not clear which lands are available or people to be temporally resettled in tents.

Ater the 2004 tsunami there was land grabbing where owners had passed away. It is

also known that children o parents having aids lost their living place ater parents had

passed away.It is astonishing that interventions in the daily lie o communities by mining industries,

by mega arming, or by deorestation are awarded by governments with land titles,

while the rights o local communities are not recognised. At the same time local com-

munities discriminate women, where access to land is concerned, in contradiction to

national land policies. Given todays problems related to urbanisation, environment,

access to land, and access to ood and water there is a need to get a complete overview

o who is living where, under which tenure conditions, and or which areas. Overlap-

ping claims to land need to be included as well as Illegal acquisition or occupation o

land. A complete map o people land relationships is needed.

Such a more exible extension o LAS should be based on a global standardand should

be manageable by local communities them sel rom the start. Standardisation allows

or integration o data collected by communities into ormal LAS at a later moment intime.

It should not be misunderstood that ormal land titling is important and necessary,

but it is not enough on its own to deliver security o tenure to the majority o citizens

in most developing counties. Customary tenure and inormal settlement tenure have

a very strong inuence. Individual land titling oten works against the needs and as-

pirations o poor people, also because o its cost. Rich landholders are oten against

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Figure 2: Land Administration Systems provide the inrastructure or implementation o

land polices and land management strategies in support o sustainable development.

Land administration comprises an extensive range o systems and processes to

manage:

Land tenure:the allocation and security o rights in lands; the legal or inor-

mal surveys to determine boundaries o spatial units; the transer o ormal

or inormal rights or use rom one party to another through sale or lease;

and the management and adjudication o doubts and disputes regarding

social tenure relationships and boundaries.

Land value:the assessment o the value o land and properties; the gather-

ing o revenues through taxation; and the management and adjudication

o land valuation and taxation disputes.

Land use: the control o land use through the adoption o planning policies

and land use regulations at national, regional and local levels; the enorce-

ment o land use regulations; and the management and adjudication o

land use conicts.

Land development:the building o new physical inrastructure; the imple-

mentation o construction planning and change o land use through plan-

ning permission and the granting o permits.

Inevitably, all our unctions are interrelated. The interrelations appear because

the conceptual, economic, and physical uses o land and properties serve as an in-

uence on land values. Land values are also inuenced by the possible uture use

o land determined through zoning, land-use planning regulations, and permit-

granting processes. And land-use planning and policies will, o course, determine

and regulate uture land development.

Land inormation should be organized to combine cadastral and topographic

data and to link the built environment (including legal and social land rights) withthe natural environment (including topographical, environmental, and natural

resource issues).

(Williamson, Enemark, Wallace, Rajabiard, 2010)

Titles, Mortgages & Easements

Secure legal rights

Assessment o land value

Collection o property tax

Cadastral and Topographic Data

Geospatial Data Inrastructures

Economic, Social &

Environmental

Sustainable Development

Land Inormation

Land Tenure Land Value Land Use Land Development

Efective Land Use ManagementEcient Land Market

Land

Policies

Institutional

Framework

Policies and Spatial planning

Control o land use

Construction planning and Permits

Regulation and Implementation

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land titling because it will visualise the areas which may be grabbed. Or they may be

interested in which areas are not in the ocial system, thereby knowing which areas

are available or land grabbing.

In many countries the land rights o people and legal entities are documented in a land

register and the parcels and their boundaries are recorded in a cadastre. Sometimesthose organisations are under one umbrella. Conveyancers and land surveyors are in

support o adjudication and maintenance processes. Mostly there is no one-stop-shop

service in transactions o land rights. Citizens have to compensate costs or transactions

which oten lead to corruption. This makes land administration not a popular activity

in many countries. People should have the confdence that land administration is their

land administration, in support otheir own development.

UN-HABITAT proposed the continuum o land rights approach in 2003 and this was

urther developed and adopted by the Global Land Tool Network partners. An example

o the continuum is given in Figure 3.

In conclusion there is an urgent need to have a land inormation system that works

dierently and in addition to the conventional land inormation system. Land tenuretypes, which are not based on ormal cadastral parcels and which are not registered,

require new orms o land administration systems.

Figure 3: GLTNs Continuum o Land Rights.

The continuum o tenure types is a range o possible orms o tenure which can

be considered as a continuum. Each continuum provides dierent sets o rights

and degrees o security and responsibility. Each enables dierent degrees o en-

orcement. Across a continuum, dierent tenure systems may operate, and plots

or dwellings within a settlement may change in status, or instance i inormal

settlers are granted titles or leases. Inormal and customary tenure systems may

retain a sense o legitimacy ater being replaced ocially by statutory systems,

particularly where new systems and laws prove slow to respond to increasedor changing needs. Under these circumstances, and where ocial mechanisms

deny the poor legal access to land, people tend to opt or inormal and/or cus-

tomary arrangements to access land in areas that would otherwise be unaord-

able or not available (UN-HABITAT:2008).

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3 THE STDM TOOL: CLOSING THE GAP

The concept o STDM is closing the gap, a standard or fexible people land rela-

tionships.

The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) is basically about people. It is about all people

and all types o people land relationships. How can inormal settlements be illegal

settlings? People depend on land or living. Every human being needs a place a sae

place.

The STDM is an initiative o UN-HABITAT to support pro-poor land administration.

STDM is meant specifcally or developing countries, countries with very little cadastral

coverage in urban areas with slums, or in rural customary areas. It is also meant or post

conict areas. The ocus o STDM is on all relationships between people and land, inde-

pendently rom the level o ormalization, or legality o those relationships.

The STDM is under development as an ISO-standard as a so called specialisation o

the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The word specialisation means that

there are some dierences in terminology: what a real estate right is in a ormal sys-tem is considered as a social tenure relationship in STDM. Note that a ormal right is

also a social tenure relationship, but not all social tenure relationships are ormal land

rights.

People land relationships can be expressed in terms opersons (or parties) having

social tenure relationships to spatial units.

Parties are persons, or groups o persons, or non natural persons, that compose an iden-

tifable single entity. A non natural person may be a tribe, a amily, a village, a company,

a municipality, the state, a armers cooperation, or a church community. This list may

be extended, and it can be adapted to local situations, based on community needs.

Land rights may be ormal ownership, apartment right, usuruct, ree hold, lease hold,

or state land. It can also be social tenure relationships like occupation, tenancy, non-ormal and inormal rights, customary rights (which can be o many dierent types with

specifc names), indigenous rights, and possession. There may be overlapping claims,

disagreement and conict situations. There may be uncontrolled privatisation. Again,

this is an extensible list to be flled in with local tenancies. A restriction is a ormal or

inormal entitlement to rerain rom doing something; e.g. it is not allowed to have

ownership in indigenous areas. Or it may be a servitude or mortgage as a restriction

to the ownership right. There may be a temporal dimension, e.g. in case o nomadic

behaviour when pastoralist cross the land depending on the season. This temporal di-

mension has sometimes a uzzy nature, e.g. just ater the end o the rainy season.

Spatial units are the areas o land (or water) where the rights and social tenure rela-

tionships apply. According to the LADM/STDM ISO-standard those areas can be repre-

sented as a text (rom this tree to that river), as a single point, as a set o unstructured

lines, as a surace, or even as a 3D volume. This range o spatial unit representation can

cover community based land administration systems, or rural, or urban, or other types

o land administrations, like marine cadastres and 3D cadastres. Surveys may concern

the identifcation o spatial units on a photograph, an image or a topographic map.

There may be sketch maps drawn up locally. A sketch map may be drawn on a wall

where a photograph is taken rom.

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Figure 4: The core o the STDM: parties (tribes, people, villages, co-operations, organisa-

tions, governments), social tenure relations (people land relationships, which can be

ormal, inormal, customary or even conict), and spatial units (representations rom real-

ity where the social tenure occurs, can be represented as sketch based, point based,

line based, polygon based).

See Figure 4 or the core parties, social tenure relationships and spatial units o the

STDM.

In conclusion, the exibility o STDM is in the recognition that parties, spatial units and

social tenure relationships may appear in many ways, depending on local tradition,

culture, religion and behaviour. Recordation in STDM may not only be based on or-

mal registration o ormal land rights, but may also be based on observations in reality,

resulting in recordation o inormal land use rights. This is also one o the principles o

FIGs Cadastre 2014.

Social

TenureRelation-

ship

Party

Spatial

Unit

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4 THE BENEFIT OF STDM: SUPPORT IN SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

The provision o land inormation in all areas and or all citizens will support in pov-

erty eradication.

Hernando de Soto states that civilised living in market economies is not simply due to

greater prosperity but to the order that ormalised property rights bring. I the worlds

community is sincerely o the opinion that appropriate land administration systems are

required or the eradication o poverty, sustainable development and economic devel-

opment, then it will be evident that attention should be devoted primarily to the land

administration systems o developing countries.

Until today most countries (or states, or provinces) have developed their own LAS.

Some countries operate a deeds registration, while others operate a title registration.

Some systems are centralized, and others decentralized. Some systems are based on

a general boundaries approach, others on fxed boundaries. Some LAS have a fscal

background, others a legal one.

STDM can contribute to sustainable development by the provision o a exible, uncon-

ventional land administration. This can be seen as an extension to existing LAS. This

may have a start in community based mapping processes, supporting the mapping o

land and property rights. Oten local communities lack knowledge on land laws and ar-

eas where those communities are living are not administered. Many organisations have

attention to this issue and there are networks like the indigenous mapping network,

established by anthropologists. Also slum mapping in relation to tenure is an issue o

international attention.

Depending on the local situation, dierent registrations or recordings o land rights

are possible. In rural areas there can be spatial units covering customary areas. Those

spatial units can be recorded as text based spatial units, where boundaries are de-

scribed in words. Or as line based spatial units, drawn on low accurate satellite images;see Figure 5. The tribe may be represented by its chie. Formal property based spatial

units can concern ormally registered ownership with related owner and with identi-

fed boundaries by accurate feld surveys. Persons living in structures in slum areas

may be identifed by fngerprints; see Figure 6. The social tenure relationship to the

spatial units may be represented by points collected with hand-held GPS instruments

source documents may be printed rom websites providing spatial data. Spatial units

in urban business districts can be conventional parcels with high accurate boundaries.

Spatial units in residential areas can be derived rom aerial photographs. I all data are

collected in the same structure (Party Social Tenure Relationship Spatial Unit) then

the integration with a ormal LAS is possible.

The STDM approach will open up new markets to the land industry and it will also be

an opportunity to develop new skills and to improve management skills. STDM can

make it possible or all citizens to be covered by some orm o LAS, including the poor,

thereby improving the land management capacity o the land industry, as well as ad-

dressing upcoming challenges such as climate change. Also, STDM can contribute to

poverty reduction, as the land rights and claims o the poor are brought into the ormal

system over time. It will improve their security o tenure, increase conict resolution,

limit orced evictions, and help the poor to engage with the land industry in undertak-

ing land management such as city wide slum upgrading or rural land management.

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Figure 5: Collected data on top o a satellite image, drawn with pen. Paper with

sucient quality is needed or use in the feld: dust, sunshine and water

and: many hands holding the paper.

Figure 6. Screendump STDM prototype sotware. An example where a fngerprint

and a photo o a land user are represented in the user interace. This person can

be related to spatial units (e.g. a single point) via social tenure relations.

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5 THE USE: SIMPLE APPROACH, UNCONVENTIONALTRANSACTIONS

Mindset this is an invitation not to start saying why the STDM implementation is im-

possible because o existing legislation or because o existing institutional settings.No, it is an invitation to start thinking how STDM could be implemented to represent

all people land relationships, which can be observed in a community. Starting as

a community based land inormation system, that can be linked with, and eventually

incorporated into a ormal system in the uture.

The act has to be accepted, that more social tenure relationships exist than statutory

land rights, especially at the political and higher administrative levels. This is best ex-

pressed by inclusion in a land policy. The relevant land agencies and involved private

practitioners need to be willing to adapt their ways o working to allow or dealing with

the concepts o STDM as compared to the conventional land administration approach,

including recognition o a range o rights and mechanisms to gather the date o these

rights on a community based participatory approach.

Expertise is needed both in land administration and in ICT or each oce where the

STDM sotware is used. The dilemma between community access and the scale needed

or ICT support needs to be solved in an appropriate manner. Awareness and a culture

o updating that means (a) or the social tenure holders the awareness that they should

report changes in their social tenure relationships and (b) or the administrative system

supporting STDM, that they should process reported changes and (c) keep the require-

ments or reporting simple enough to remain accessible or all, including the poor.

First the data need to be acquired. Communities (villages, co-operations, slum dwellers

organisations, or non governmental organisations) can organise this. However, they are

in need o tools.

On-site tests have been perormed o the potential use o high resolution satellite im-

ages to establish parcel index maps in selected villages. Ater printing the images onpaper in a 1:2000 scale, the boundaries o spatial units were determined in the feld

using a pencil. The data collection in the feld was perormed in the presence o land

right holders and local ocials. Apart rom the boundaries, administrative data like vil-

lage names were collected. The understanding o the paper prints in a 1:2000 scale was

high, which makes the process very participatory.

Ater feld data acquisition the images, with drawn boundaries on it, were scanned and

brought back on top o the original image. The drawn boundaries were vectorised and

got identifers. During feld data collection preliminary identifers may be used. Ater

vectorising the spatial data can be linked to the person data using a spatial tenure re-

lationship. Then the data have to be brought to the local communities or public in-

spection, e.g. by the projection o images and boundaries on a screen (i electricity is

available). Local people can be invited to check the data.

Later on it should be possible to perorm unconventional transactions; e.g. to change

a social tenure relationship rom inormal to, or example, occupation and later to

ree hold.

Hand-held GPS based data capture is possible, however not understood by the local

people. In general it can be stated that imagery or tape based observations are well

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understood with regard to participatory approaches. In STDM evidence rom the feld

can be scanned and included as an authentic source document. See Figure 7. Dierent

types o source documents are possible: images, maps, photos, etc.

Capacity building is needed beore going to the feld. This is easy with images. The use

o digital pens seems very interesting or data collection purposes. With digital pens,the drawn lines on the paper images can be read by a computer and are geo-reerenced

immediately. This means that scanning is not needed.

The use o STDM is most relevant with regard to the maintenance o the data. How

to go rom an inormal social tenure relationship to a ormal one and rom a personal

right o use to a ormal one? The inventory o inormal rights could be seen as a what

to do list ater integrating the land data collected by the local community with data

rom a Land Administration Authority maybe in co-operation with other institutions.

Sometimes there are objections in recognising inormal rights; the inormal rights are

called illegal rights. This is in act neglecting what can be observed in reality. The o-

fcials know this. People need a shelter somewhere and in many cases the government

did observe inormal areas but did not interere or a long time.

How to move rom a conict situation (conicting claims) to a ormal one? Again a

what to do list or the government upgrade the rights or take other decisions based

on the recordation o rights.

Womens access to land this can be organised by registration o shares in rights. This

is supported in STDM.

Figure 7: Screendump STDM prototype sotware. An example case where drawn bounda-

ries are vectorised to closed polygons. Those polygons can be related to persons via social

tenure relationships.

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Data quality o spatial data may be improved in a later stage o development. Note that

there may be a serious need or accurate geo data in slum areas: the value o land in

slum areas near city centres can be very high.

In conclusion, the STDM concept is supportive in community based data acquisitions.

This gives people the eeling that the data are their own data. Later the data can beormalised and integrated in ormal systems. This is possible because o a standardised

approach.

Figure 8: Land rights o people living in slum areas are mostly not recognised or oten the

situation is considered to be illegal. In any case inclusion in ormal land administrations

is not possible. Extensions to ormal land administrations are urgently needed allowing

recordation o all people to land relationships.

C

hristiaanLe

mmen

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6 THE PROCESS: DEVELOPING THE STDM

The status and the way orward to completion.

The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN), a coalition o international partners, includingFIG and ITC, has taken up this challenge and is supporting the development o pro-

poor land management tools, to address the technical gaps associated with unregis-

tered land, the upgrading o slums and rural land management, among other things.


individual reehold. Most o register rights and claims are based on social tenures.

GLTN partners support a continuum o land rights, which includes rights that are docu-

mented, undocumented, rom individuals and groups, rom pastoralist, in slums, which

are legal, illegal and inormal.

The technical gap covered by STDM is on the critical path o the delivery o a number

o Millennium Development Goals namely, Goal 1 on ood security, Goal 3 on the pro-

motion o gender equality and the empowerment o women, and Goal 7 on ensuring

environmental sustainability, including improving the lives o slum dwellers.

A frst prototype o STDM1 has been developed at ITC or the purpose to test the con-

cept, the look and eel, and the way transactions are implemented. As soon as this is

evaluated a version will be available to support the input and maintenance o compre-

hensive data sets.

The specifcations have to be available or sotware development by open source com-

munities or by commercial sotware suppliers. Open Source means that developments

in sotware can be shared. Both Open Source sotware and commercial sotware will be

needed depending on the level o development o land administration. Relative small

amounts o data may be manageable with open source sotware. Huge amounts o

data, to be accessible 7 24 hours, will require inormation management by commer-

cial sotware, at least as long as there is insucient expertise on Open Source products

(database and GIS).In conclusion, STDM is a pro-poor tool and the development o the concept and a frst

prototype is unded by GLTN and supported by FIG the global community o land

administration proessionals. The role o FIG is thereore in the area o advocating this

model rom a proessional point o view and to provide the proessional environment

or its development and implementation.

1 The prototype is based on open source sotware: Postgres database, ILWIS GIS and Apache Tomcat to support a client

server architecture based on JAVA.

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FIG PUBLICATIONS

The FIG publications are divided into our categories. This should assist members and

other users to identiy the profle and purpose o the various publications.

FIG Policy Statements

FIG Policy Statements include political declarations and recommendations endorsed

by the FIG General Assembly. They are prepared to explain FIG policies on important

topics to politicians, government agencies and other decision makers, as well as sur-

veyors and other proessionals.

FIG Guides

FIG Guides are technical or managerial guidelines endorsed by the Council and record-

ed by the General Assembly. They are prepared to deal with topical proessional issues

and provide guidance or the surveying proession and relevant partners.

FIG Reports

FIG Reports are technical reports representing the outcomes rom scientifc meetings

and Commission working groups. The reports are approved by the Council and include

valuable inormation on specifc topics o relevance to the proession, members and

individual surveyors.

FIG Regulations

FIG Regulations include statutes, internal rules and work plans adopted by the FIG or-

ganisation.

List o FIG publications

For an up-to-date list o publications, please visit

www.fg.net/pub/fgpub

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FIG PUBLICATION 52

ISBN 978-87-90907-83-9

Most developing countries have less than 30 percent cadastral coverage. This means

that over 70 percent o the land in many countries is generally outside the land regis-

ter. This has caused enormous problems or example in cities, where over one billion

people live in slums without proper water, sanitation, community acilities, security otenure or quality o lie. This has also caused problems or countries with regard to ood

security and rural land management issues.

The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN), acilitated by UN-HABITAT has taken up this chal-

lenge and is supporting the development o pro-poor land management tools, to ad-

dress the technical gaps associated with unregistered land, the upgrading o slums, and

urban and rural land management.


individual ree hold. Most o register rights and claims are based on social tenures.

GLTN partners support a continuum o land rights, which include rights that are docu-

mented as well as undocumented, rom individuals and groups, rom pastoralist, and in

slums which are legal as well as illegal and inormal.

This range o rights generally cannot be described relative to a parcel, and thereore new

orms o spatial units are needed. A model has been developed to accommodate these

social tenures, termed the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM). A frst prototype o STDM

is available. This is a pro-poor land inormation management system that can be used to

support the land administration o the poor in urban and rural areas, which can also be

linked to the cadastral system in order that all inormation can be integrated.

fig_the social tenure domain model

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