figure 2.1 key operational parameters and design trade-off
DESCRIPTION
Figure 2.3 Radiated power relative to EIRP and ERPTRANSCRIPT
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Figure 2.1 Key Operational Parameters and Design Trade-off
Range Bandwidth
Data Rate
SemiconductorTechnology
BER
SNR
DigitalModulation
RX Sensitivity NF
NoiseTX Power &Frequency
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Figure 2.2 Worldwide regulatory allowances for UHF RFID operation
Similar Range to FCC
Similar Range to EuropeLowest Performance Regions
Rest of WorldAllocations
Pending
Start End Watts SharingFCC CFR 47 Part 15.247902-928 MHz, 4W, EIRP
EN 302-208865.6 – 867.6 MHz
2W ERP
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Figure 2.3 Radiated power relative to EIRP and ERP
Theoretical Half-Wave Dipole
Theoretical Isotropic Radiator
DipoleOrientation
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Figure 2.4 Effect of sensitivity on range
Pass
ive T
ag S
ensi
tivity
(mW
)
Operating Range (Meters)
EU: 869 MHzEU: 915 MHz
EU: 2.45 GHzEU: 13.56 MHz
50
0 1 2 3 4 50.01
0.1
1
10
100
1 103
1 104
1 105
1 106
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Figure 2.5 Comparison of FCC and EU spectral masks
-20 dBc200 kHz
EN 302-208
-36 dBm
-30 dBc
0 dBc
200 kHz 200 kHz
fcarrierFcarrier -200 kHz Fcarrier +200 kHz
FCC 15.247500 kHz
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Figure 2.6 EN 302-208 backscatter spectral mask
-15 dBm
-27 dBm
-36 dBm
-47 dBm
-54 dBm
fc + 300 kHz
fc + 600 kHz
870 MHz863 MHz
862 MHz
200 kHz
fc - 300 kHz
fc - 600 kHzfc
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Figure 2.7 Signal quality for non-coherent ASK demodulation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 161 10 8
1 10 7
1 10 6
1 10 5
1 10 4
1 10 3
0.01
0.1
1
Eb/No (dB)
Bit
Erro
r Pro
babi
lity
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Figure 2.8 EU channelization under EN 302-208
865.0MHz
865.6MHz
867.6MHz
868.0MHz
100 mW
2W
500 mW
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Figure 2.9 Interrogator Interference
CW InterfererCarrier
Backscatter Data IM Products
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Figure 2.10 Signal from tag interference
a) Carrier modulated signal received without interferer
Demodulated data signal
Demodulated data signal
b) Interfering carrier in another channel
c) Corrupted data signal
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Figure 2.12 Triangulation
Tag
RX1 RX2D
Tag
r
RegionOf
Uncertainty
rmsAngle error
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Figure 2.13 Trilateration
(x1, y1)
(x3, y3)
d3
(x2, y2)
d2
d1
(x, y)
rmsrange error
RegionOf
Uncertainty
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Figure 2.14 Multi-path interference
InterrogatorAntenna
Signal Null
Floor
Ceiling
SignalPeak
Obstruction
Tag
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Figure 2.15 Impact from Materials
Reflections &Diffractions
Far FieldNear Field
Metals
Water
Detuning
Absorption
ReducedPerformance
Near FullPerformance
Poor or NoFunctionality
SomeDetuning
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Figure 2.16 Packaged Active tag
Antenna
Battery
ASIC
Package
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Figure 2.17 Tag technology categories
No Batteries Batteries
Em
itted
Ene
rgy
ActiveEnergy Harvesting(Semi Active)
Asset Tamperand Seal Tags
Solar Vibration
Far-Field –E
M R
adiationN
ear-Field –M
agnetic Coupling
Ref
lect
ed E
nerg
y
Semi-PassivePassive
Toll CollectionSupply Chain Labels
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Figure 2.18 Performance and feature trade-off between
technology categoriesE
mitt
ed E
nerg
yR
efle
cted
Ene
rgy
Near-Field Far-Fielde.g. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), UHF RFID (ISO18000-7), UWBe.g. RuBee (IEEE P1902.1), NFC (ISO 18092)
e.g. UHF RFID (ISO18000-6 & EPC)e.g. HF RFID (ISO 14443), LF RFID (ISO 14223-1)
Benefits• Robust link around
dense RF media• Magnetic field zone
control• Simple narrow-band
protocols maximize battery life
Deficiencies• Range limited to
antenna loop diameter• Multi-tag arbitration
speed limited by data rate
Benefits• Long range due to RF
propagation and higher transmit power
• High multi-tag arbitration rates possible due to larger bandwidth & data-rate
Deficiencies• Some bands require
spread spectrum and complex multiple access protocols; leads to higher power consumption
• Poor zone control
Benefits• Excellent zone
control• Robust near-field
energy harvesting for passive HF/LF RFID
• Robust media penetration
Deficiencies• Backscatter reader
sensitivity and loop antenna diameter limits practical range to within one meter
• Multi-tag arbitration limited by bandwidth and data rate
Benefits• Tens of meters of
range for passive tags• Longer range for
semi-passive tags; limited primarily by reader sensitivity
• High multi-tag arbitration rate
• Longer battery life
Deficiencies• Poor zone control• Poor RF media
penetration• Highly orientation
sensitivity due to weaker backscatter and multi-path propagation
Internal Power Source (e.g. Batteries)
External Power Source (e.g. R
F, Vibration, Light)
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Figure 2.19 Application vs Technology
PersonnelTracking
HighLow
Long
Short
VehicleTracking
ShelvedItems
ConveyorBelts
Near-Field PassiveSemi-Active
Far-Field Passive& Semi-Passive
Throughput
Ran
ge
Far-Field Active
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Table 2.1 Common RTLS Techniques for Indoor Positioning
Number of
Antennas
Location
Method
Positional
Information
1Proximity (Near-Field)
Proximity (Far-Field)
In or out of a magnetic field zone
Radial proximity to antenna
2 Triangulation A 2D position between antennas