figure 3.1 periodic table
DESCRIPTION
Figure 3.1 Periodic Table. Equivalent Weight, EW. EW = MW/Z. Z = valence or charge. g/eq or mg/meq. Normality, N. N = (mass of material/L or solution)/ EW = number of equivalents/ L of solution. N = z X M. Chemical Reactions. Types of Reactions. Synthesis or combination reactions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Figure 3.1 Periodic Table.
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Equivalent Weight, EW
EW = MW/Z
Z = valence or charge
g/eq or mg/meq
Normality, N
N = (mass of material/L or solution)/ EW = number of equivalents/ L of solution
N = z X M
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Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions
1) Synthesis or combination reactions A + B → C2) Decomposition reactions AB → A + B3) Single-replacement reactions A + BC → AC + B4) Double-replacement reactions AB + CD → AD + BC5) Combustion reactions C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Consider the following reactions:
CaO(S) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)→←
→←2 CaO(s) + 3 H2) + 2 PO43-
(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 OH-(aq)
Yielded by, formed fromReactants, productsSubscripts s, l, aqBalancedreversible
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Generalized reaction:
aA + bB cC + dD←→
At equilibrium:
K = [C]c [D]d
[A]a [B]b
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Stoichiometry
Law of Conservation of Mass
Balancing Equations1)Insure all products and reactants have proper formula2)Identify most complicated compound. Asume there is only one of these in the equation. Balance the elementsw in this compound one at a time.3)Focus initial attention on atoms present in the fewest compounds4)Continue on a trial and error basis for the remaining compounds. Generally, balance the most prevelant atoms near the end.5)Remove fractions and simplify to the smallest whole numbers possible.
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Acid-Base Chemistry
pH = - log [H+]
pOH = - log[OH-]
pH + pOH = 14
Acid – a compound that donates a hydrogen ionBase – a substance that accepts a proton (hydrogen ion)
HA + B- → A- + HB←Acid Base Base Acid
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Figure 3.2 pH Estimates for common household items.
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Amphoteric compounds can react as either an acid or base
H2O + H2O ← HO- + H3O+
Acid Base Base Acid
H2O ← OH- + H+
→
→
K = [OH-] [H+]
[H2O]
Kw = [OH-] [H+] = 10-14
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Dissociation Constant
HA H+ + A-→←
Ka = [H+] [A-]
[HA]
BOH B+ + OH-
Kb =[B+] [OH-]
[BOH]
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
pKa = - log Ka
pKb = -log Kb
Ka X Kb = Kw = 10-14
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
Carbonates
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey
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Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First EditionRichard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey