Figure 35.0 The effect of submersion in water on leaf development in Cabomba

Figure 35.0x The effect of wind on plant form in fir trees

Figure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant: an overview

Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and dicots

Figure 35.3 Radish root hairs

Figure 35.4 Modified shoots: Stolons, strawberry (top left); rhizomes, iris (top right); tubers, potato (bottom left); bulb, onion (bottom right)

Figure 35.5 Simple versus compound leaves

Figure 35.6 Modified leaves: Tendrils, pea plant (top left); spines, cacti (top right); succulent (bottom left); brightly-colored leaves, poinsettia (bottom right)

Figure 35.6x Lithops, a stone-mimicking plant from South African deserts

Figure 35.7 The three tissue systems

Figure 35.8 Water-conducting cells of xylem

Figure 35.9 Food-conducting cells of the phloem

Figure 35.10 Review of general plant cell structure

Figure 35.11 The three major categories of plant cells

Figure 35.12 Locations of major meristems: an overview of plant growth

Figure 35.13 Morphology of a winter twig

Figure 36.18 Tapping phloem sap with the help of an aphid

Figure 35.14 Primary growth of a root

Figure 35.15 Organization of primary tissues in young roots

Figure 35.16 The formation of lateral roots

Figure 35.17 The terminal bud and primary growth of a shoot

Figure 35.18 Organization of primary tissues in young stems

Figure 35.19 Leaf anatomy

Figure 35.20 Production of secondary xylem and phloem by the vascular cambium

Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 1)

Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 2)

Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 3)

Figure 35.22 Anatomy of a three-year-old stem

Figure 35.22x Secondary growth of a stem

Figure 35.23 Anatomy of a tree trunk

Figure 35.24 A summary of primary and secondary growth in a woody stem

Figure 36.0 Eucalyptus trees

Figure 36.0x Trees

Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 1)

Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 2)

Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 3)

Figure 36.1 An overview of transport in whole plants (Layer 4)

Figure 36.2 A chemiosmotic model of solute transport in plant cells

Figure 36.3 Water potential and water movement: a mechanical model

Figure 36.4 Water relations of plant cells

Figure 36.5 A watered tomato plant regains its turgor

Figure 36.6 Compartments of plant cells and tissues and routes for lateral transport

Figure 36.7 Lateral transport of minerals and water in roots

Figure 36.8 Mycorrhizae, symbiotic associations of fungi and roots

Figure 36.9 Guttation

Figure 36.12x Stomata on the underside of a leaf

Figure 35.19 Leaf anatomy

Figure 36.10 The generation of transpirational pull in a leaf

Figure 36.11 Ascent of water in a tree

Figure 36.12 An open (left) and closed (right) stoma of a spider plant (Chlorophytum colosum) leaf

Figure 36.13a The mechanism of stomatal opening and closing

Figure 36.13b The mechanism of stomatal opening and closing

Figure 36.13b The mechanism of stomatal opening and closing

Figure 36.14 A patch-clamp study of guard cell membranes

Figure 36.15 Structural adaptations of a xerophyte leaf

Figure 36.15x Structural adaptations of a xerophyte leaf

Figure 36.16 Loading of sucrose into phloem

Figure 36.17 Pressure flow in a sieve tube

Figure 36.18 Tapping phloem sap with the help of an aphid

Figure 35.25 The proportion of Arabidopsis genes in different functional categories

Figure 37.0 Hyacinth

Figure 37.1 The uptake of nutrients by a plant: an overview

Figure 37.2 Using hydroponic culture to identify essential nutrients

Table 37.1 Essential Nutrients in Plants

Figure 37.3 Magnesium deficiency in a tomato plant

Figure 37.4 Hydroponic farming

Figure 37.5 Soil horizons

Figure 37.6 The availability of soil water and minerals

Figure 37.7 Poor soil conservation has contributed to ecological disasters such as the Dust Bowl

Figure 37.8 Contour tillage

Figure 37.9 The role of soil bacteria in the nitrogen nutrition of plants (Layer 1)

Figure 37.9 The role of soil bacteria in the nitrogen nutrition of plants (Layer 2)

Figure 37.9 The role of soil bacteria in the nitrogen nutrition of plants (Layer 3)

Figure 37.10 Root nodules on legumes

Figure 37.10x Nodules

Figure 37.11 Development of a soybean root nodule

Figure 37.12 Crop rotation and “green manure”

Figure 37.13 Molecular biology of root nodule formation

Figure 37.14 Mycorrhizae

Figure 37.15a Parasitic plants: Cross section of dodder

Figure 37.15b Parasitic plants: Indian pipe

Figure 37.16 Carnivorous plants: Venus fly trap (left), pitcher plant (right)

Figure 37.16x Sundew with fruit fly

Figure 35.25x Arabidopsis thaliana

Figure 35.26 The plane and symmetry of cell division influence development of form

Figure 35.27 The preprophase band and the plane of cell division

Figure 35.28 The orientation of plant cell expansion

Figure 35.29 A hypothetical mechanism for how microtubules orient cellulose microfibrils

Figure 35.30 The fass mutant of Arabidopsis confirms the importance of cortical microtubules to plant growth

Figure 35.31 Establishment of axial polarity

Figure 35.32 Too much “volume” from a homeotic gene

Figure 35.33 Example of cellular differentiation

Figure 35.34 Phase change in the shoot system of Eucalyptus

Figure 35.35 Organ identity genes and pattern formation in flower development

Figure 35.36 The ABC hypothesis for the functioning of organ identity genes in flower development