figure s1. zung's self-reported anxiety scale (sas)

Figure S1. Zung's Self-Reported Anxiety Scale (SAS).

2

Figure S2. Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale.

Table S1. Baseline demographic and occupational characteristics of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Characteristic N (%) Age in years, mean±SD 35.37 ± 10.10 Gender Male 5 (2.12%) Female 231 (97.88%) Educational level High school/technical secondary school/vocational school 9 (3.81%) College 66 (27.97%) Undergraduate 152 (64.41%) Master's degree 9 (3.81%) Marital status Unmarried 74 (31.36%) Married 156 (66.10%) Divorce 4 (1.69%) Widowed 2 (0.85%) Occupation Medical workers 234 (99.15%) Others 2 (0.85%) Department Frontline department 197 (83.47%) Administration 2 (0.85%) Logistics department 2 (0.85%) Others 35 (14.83%) Working years (years)

0–5 92 (38.98%)

6–10 32 (13.56%)

11–15 37 (15.68%)

16–20 12 (5.08%

21 and above 63 (26.69%)

Job title

None 44 (18.64%)

Primary 105 (44.49%)

Intermediate 40 (16.95%)

High or mid-high 47 (19.92%)

During the pandemic, are your main tasks related to fighting the epidemic?

Yes 159 (67.37%)

No 77 (32.63%)

Have you ever come into contact with people from Hubei epidemic area during your work?

Yes 16 (6.78%)

No 192 (81.36%)

Not clear 28 (11.86%)

Have you been exposed to suspected or confirmed cases or suspected/confirmed case specimens at work?

Yes 52 (22.03%)

No 159 (67.37%)

Not clear 25 (10.59%)

Have you received enough training for the new coronavirus protection?

Yes 215 (91.10%) No 11 (4.66%) Not clear 10 (4.24%) Are protective measures in place at work? In place 96 (40.68%) Basically in place 112 (47.46%) Not in place 28 (11.86%) Are you worried about the increased risk of coronavirus infection due to work?

Yes 75 (31.78%) No 59 (25%) A little 102 (43.22%) Are you working day shift or night shift? Day shift 118 (50%) Night shift 118 (50%) Working hours in the last two weeks compared to usual Increased 28 (11.86%) Decreased 75 (31.78%) No change 133 (56.36%) Living status in the last two weeks Living alone 56 (23.73%) Live with family 161 (68.22%) Live with friends and colleagues 16 (6.78%) Live with others 3 (1.27%) Did you take the initiative to isolate your family because of your work?

Yes 142 (60.17%) No 94 (39.83%) In the past two weeks, on average, how many hours did you receive and discuss the epidemic information in various ways every day? (hours)

Less than 1 62 (26.27%)

4

1–2 120 (50.85%) 3-4 33 (13.98%) 5 and above 21 (8.90%) During the epidemic, sleep time compared to usual sleep time

Better 7 (2.97%) No change 139 (58.90%) Worse 90 (38.13%) Sleep quality Better 3 (1.27%) No change 126 (53.39%) Worse 107 (45.34%) During the epidemic, your diet-appetite compared to usual Better 11 (4.66%) No change 163 (69.07%) Worse 62 (26.27%) Regularity of meals Better 9 (3.81%) No change 153 (64.83%) Worse 74 (31.36%) During the epidemic, exercise conditions/exercise time compared to usual

Longer 10 (4.24%) No change 92 (38.98%) Shorter 134 (56.78%) Exercise intensity Stronger 7 (2.97%) No change 96 (40.68%) Weaker 133 (56.36%) During the pandemic, your condition was? Good 138 (58.47%) Sub-health (worse than usual) 83 (35.17%) Have a history of chronic diseases 2 (0.85%) Have a history of mental illness 7 (2.97%) Not sure 6 (2.54%)

5 Table S2. Degrees of anxiety among healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19.

Variable Total (n=236)

No (n=179)

Mild (n=40)

Moderate (n=14)

Severe (n=3)

Statistics P

Gender

Male 5 (2.12) 5 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.25 (Fisher) 0.716

Female 231 (97.88) 174 (75.32) 40 (17.32) 14 (6.06) 3 (1.30)

Age in years, mean±SD 35.37 ± 10.10 35.33 ± 10.35 34.49 ± 9.01 40.36 ± 9.16 26.00 ± 0.00 2.13 (Fisher) 0.097

Education level

High school/technical secondary school/vocational school

9 (3.81) 8 (88.89) 0 (0.00) 1 (11.11) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.165

College 66 (27.97) 47 (71.21) 17 (25.76) 1 (1.52) 1 (1.52)

Undergraduate 152 (64.41) 118 (77.63) 21 (13.82) 11 (7.24) 2 (1.32)

Master's degree 9 (3.81) 6 (66.67) 2 (22.22) 1 (11.11) 0 (0.00)

Marital status

Unmarried 74 (31.36) 62 (83.78) 11 (14.86) 1 (1.35) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.127

Married 156 (66.10) 114 (73.08) 26 (16.67) 13 (8.33) 3 (1.92)

Divorced 4 (1.69) 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Widowed 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Remarried 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Occupation

Medical workers 234 (99.15) 178 (76.07) 39 (16.67) 14 (5.98) 3 (1.28) 0.26 (Fisher) 0.420

Administrative law enforcement personnel

0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Community workers 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Other 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Department

Frontline department 197 (83.47) 145 (73.60) 35 (17.77) 14 (7.11) 3 (1.52) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.685

Administration 2 (0.85) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Logistics department 2 (0.85) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Other 35 (14.83) 30 (85.71) 5 (14.29) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Working years (years)

0–5 92 (38.98) 74 (80.43) 14 (15.22) 1 (1.09) 3 (3.26) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.175

6–10 32 (13.56) 23 (71.88) 7 (21.88) 2 (6.25) 0 (0.00)

11–15 37 (15.68) 25 (67.57) 7 (18.92) 5 (13.51) 0 (0.00)

16–20 12 (5.08) 8 (66.67) 3 (25.00) 1 (8.33) 0 (0.00)

21 and above 63 (26.69) 49 (77.78) 9 (14.29) 5 (7.94) 0 (0.00)

Job title

None 44 (18.64) 33 (75.00) 9 (20.45) 0 (0.00) 2 (4.55) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.057

Primary 105 (44.49) 82 (78.10) 17 (16.19) 5 (4.76) 1 (0.95)

Intermediate 40 (16.95) 25 (62.50) 9 (22.50) 6 (15.00) 0 (0.00)

Vice senior or senior 47 (19.92) 39 (82.98) 5 (10.64) 3 (6.38) 0 (0.00)

During the epidemic, are your main tasks related to fighting the epidemic?

Yes 159 (67.37) 123 (77.36) 25 (15.72) 9 (5.66) 2 (1.26) 0.01 (Fisher) 0.870

No 77 (32.63) 56 (72.73) 15 (19.48) 5 (6.49) 1 (1.30)


Yes 16 (6.78) 12 (75.00) 2 (12.50) 2 (12.50) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

No 192 (81.36) 156 (81.25) 29 (15.10) 6 (3.13) 1 (0.52)

Not clear 28 (11.86) 11 (39.29) 9 (32.14) 6 (21.43) 2 (7.14)


Yes 52 (22.03) 38 (73.08) 10 (19.23) 3 (5.77) 1 (1.92) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.029

No 159 (67.37) 128 (80.50) 23 (14.47) 7 (4.40) 1 (0.63)

Not clear 25 (10.59) 13 (52.00) 7 (28.00) 4 (16.00) 1 (4.00)


Yes 215 (91.10) 164 (76.28) 36 (16.74) 13 (6.05) 2 (0.93) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.321

No 11 (4.66) 9 (81.82) 2 (18.18) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Not clear 10 (4.24) 6 (60.00) 2 (20.00) 1 (10.00) 1 (10.00)

Are protective measures in place at work?

In place 96 (40.68) 83 (86.46) 10 (10.42) 3 (3.13) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Basically in place 112 (47.46) 85 (75.89) 21 (18.75) 6 (5.36) 0 (0.00)

Not in place 28 (11.86) 11 (39.29) 9 (32.14) 5 (17.86) 3 (10.71)

Are you worried about the increased risk of coronavirus infection due to work?

Yes 75 (31.78) 47 (62.67) 20 (26.67) 7 (9.33) 1 (1.33) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.015

No 59 (25.00) 53 (89.83) 5 (8.47) 1 (1.69) 0 (0.00)

A little 102 (43.22) 79 (77.45) 15 (14.71) 6 (5.88) 2 (1.96)

Day shift or night shift

Day shift 118 (50.00) 94 (79.66) 19 (16.10) 5 (4.24) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.204

Night shift 118 (50.00) 85 (72.03) 21 (17.80) 9 (7.63) 3 (2.54)

Working hours in the last two weeks, compared to usual

6 Increased 28 (11.86) 18 (64.29) 7 (25.00) 2 (7.14) 1 (3.57) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.532

Decreased 75 (31.78) 59 (78.67) 12 (16.00) 3 (4.00) 1 (1.33)

Unchanged 133 (56.36) 102 (76.69) 21 (15.79) 9 (6.77) 1 (0.75)

Living status in the last two weeks

Alone 56 (23.73) 44 (78.57) 9 (16.07) 3 (5.36) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.983

Living with family 161 (68.22) 119 (73.91) 28 (17.39) 11 (6.83) 3 (1.86)

Living with friends and colleagues

16 (6.78) 13 (81.25) 3 (18.75) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Living with others 3 (1.27) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Did you take the initiative to isolate your family because of your work?

Yes 142 (60.17) 106 (74.65) 25 (17.61) 8 (5.63) 3 (2.11) 0.01 (Fisher) 0.639

No 94 (39.83) 73 (77.66) 15 (15.96) 6 (6.38) 0 (0.00)

In the past two weeks, on average, how many hours did you receive and discuss the epidemic information in various ways every day? (hours)

Less than 1 62 (26.27) 52 (83.87) 7 (11.29) 3 (4.84) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.078

1–2 120 (50.85) 83 (69.17) 28 (23.33) 7 (5.83) 2 (1.67)

3–4 33 (13.98) 25 (75.76) 5 (15.15) 3 (9.09) 0 (0.00)

5 and above 21 (8.90) 19 (90.48) 0 (0.00) 1 (4.76) 1 (4.76)

During the epidemic, sleep time compared to usual sleep time

Better 7 (2.97) 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Unchanged 139 (58.90) 122 (87.77) 16 (11.51) 1 (0.72) 0 (0.00)

Worse 90 (38.14) 52 (57.78) 22 (24.44) 13 (14.44) 3 (3.33)

Sleep quality

Better 3 (1.27) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Unchanged 126 (53.39) 112 (88.89) 13 (10.32) 1 (0.79) 0 (0.00)

Worse 107 (45.34) 64 (59.81) 27 (25.23) 13 (12.15) 3 (2.80)

During the epidemic, your diet-appetite compared to usual

Better 11 (4.66) 10 (90.91) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (9.09) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Unchanged 163 (69.07) 137 (84.05) 22 (13.50) 4 (2.45) 0 (0.00)

Worse 62 (26.27) 32 (51.61) 18 (29.03) 10 (16.13) 2 (3.23)

Diet regularity

Better 9 (3.81) 8 (88.89) 1 (11.11) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Unchanged 153 (64.83) 130 (84.97) 19 (12.42) 4 (2.61) 0 (0.00)

Worse 74 (31.36) 41 (55.41) 20 (27.03) 10 (13.51) 3 (4.05)

During the epidemic, exercise conditions-exercise time compared to usual

Longer 10 (4.24) 7 (70.00) 3 (30.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.001

Unchanged 92 (38.98) 83 (90.22) 8 (8.70) 1 (1.09) 0 (0.00)

Shorter 134 (56.78) 89 (66.42) 29 (21.64) 13 (9.70) 3 (2.24)

Exercise intensity

More intensive 7 (2.97) 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.007

Unchanged 96 (40.68) 84 (87.50) 11 (11.46) 1 (1.04) 0 (0.00)

Weaker 133 (56.36) 90 (67.67) 27 (20.30) 13 (9.77) 3 (2.26)

During the outbreak, your physical condition was

Good 138 (58.47) 125 (90.58) 12 (8.70) 1 (0.72) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Sub-health 83 (35.17) 47 (56.63) 25 (30.12) 10 (12.05) 1 (1.20)

History of chronic diseases 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

History of mental illness 7 (2.97) 2 (28.57) 2 (28.57) 2 (28.57) 1 (14.29)

Not clear 6 (2.54) 4 (66.67) 0 (0.00) 1 (16.67) 1 (16.67)

7 Table S3. Prevalence of anxiety and associated factors among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Variable Total (n=236) No (n=179) Yes (n=57) P

Gender

Male 5 (2.12) 5 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0.340

Female 231 (97.88) 174 (75.32) 57 (24.68)

Age in years, mean±SD 35.37 ± 10.10 35.33 ± 10.35 35.50 ± 9.36 0.915

Education level


9 (3.81) 8 (88.89) 1 (11.11) 0.517

College 66 (27.97) 47 (71.21) 19 (28.79)

Undergraduate 152 (64.41) 118 (77.63) 34 (22.37)

Master's degree 9 (3.81) 6 (66.67) 3 (33.33)

Marital Status

Unmarried 74 (31.36) 62 (83.78) 12 (16.22) 0.086

Married 156 (66.10) 114 (73.08) 42 (26.92)

Divorced 4 (1.69) 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00)

Widowed 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00)

Remarried 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Occupation

Medical workers 234 (99.15) 178 (76.07) 56 (23.93) 0.426

Administrative law enforcement personnel 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Community workers 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Other 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00)

Department

Frontline department 197 (83.47) 145 (73.60) 52 (26.40) 0.316

Administration 2 (0.85) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00)

Logistics department 2 (0.85) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00)

Other 35 (14.83) 30 (85.71) 5 (14.29)

Working years

0–5 92 (38.98) 74 (80.43) 18 (19.57) 0.494

6–10 32 (13.56) 23 (71.88) 9 (28.13)

11–15 37 (15.68) 25 (67.57) 12 (32.43)

16–20 12 (5.08) 8 (66.67) 4 (33.33)

21 and above 63 (26.69) 49 (77.78) 14 (22.22)

Job title

None 44 (18.64) 33 (75.00) 11 (25.00) 0.139

Primary 105 (44.49) 82 (78.10) 23 (21.90)

Intermediate 40 (16.95) 25 (62.50) 15 (37.50)

Mid-high or high 47 (19.92) 39 (82.98) 8 (17.02)


Yes 159 (67.37) 123 (77.36) 36 (22.64) 0.436

No 77 (32.63) 56 (72.73) 21 (27.27)


Yes 16 (6.78) 12 (75.00) 4 (25.00) <0.001

No 192 (81.36) 156 (81.25) 36 (18.75)

Not clear 28 (11.86) 11 (39.29) 17 (60.71)


Yes 52 (22.03) 38 (73.08) 14 (26.92) 0.007

No 159 (67.37) 128 (80.50) 31 (19.50)

Not clear 25 (10.59) 13 (52.00) 12 (48.00)


Yes 215 (91.10) 164 (76.28) 51 (23.72) 0.432

No 11 (4.66) 9 (81.82) 2 (18.18)

Not clear 10 (4.24) 6 (60.00) 4 (40.00)


In place 96 (40.68) 83 (86.46) 13 (13.54) <0.001

Basically in place 112 (47.46) 85 (75.89) 27 (24.11)

Not in place 28 (11.86) 11 (39.29) 17 (60.71)


Yes 75 (31.78) 47 (62.67) 28 (37.33) 0.001

No 59 (25.00) 53 (89.83) 6 (10.17)

A little 102 (43.22) 79 (77.45) 23 (22.55)

Are you working day shift or night shift?

Day shift 118 (50.00) 94 (79.66) 24 (20.34) 0.171

Night shift 118 (50.00) 85 (72.03) 33 (27.97)


Increased 28 (11.86) 18 (64.29) 10 (35.71) 0.298

Decreased 75 (31.78) 59 (78.67) 16 (21.33)

No change 133 (56.36) 102 (76.69) 31 (23.31)


Alone 56 (23.73) 44 (78.57) 12 (21.43) 0.800

Living with family 161 (68.22) 119 (73.91) 42 (26.09)

Living with friends and colleague 16 (6.78) 13 (81.25) 3 (18.75)

Living with others 3 (1.27) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.00)


8 Yes 142 (60.17) 106 (74.65) 36 (25.35) 0.597

No 73 (77.66) 21 (22.34)

In the past two weeks, on average, how many hours did you receive and discuss epidemic information in various ways every day? (hours)

Less than 1 62 (26.27) 52 (83.87) 10 (16.13) 0.056

1–2 120 (50.85) 83 (69.17) 37 (30.83)

3–4 33 (13.98) 25 (75.76) 8 (24.24)

5 and above 21 (8.90) 19 (90.48) 2 (9.52)


Better 7 (2.97) 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) <0.001

No change 139 (58.90) 122 (87.77) 17 (12.23)

Worse 90 (38.14) 52 (57.78) 38 (42.22)

Sleep quality

Better 3 (1.27) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.00) <0.001

No change 126 (53.39) 112 (88.89) 14 (11.11)

Worse 107 (45.34) 64 (59.81) 43 (40.19)


Better 11 (4.66) 10 (90.91) 1 (9.09) <0.001

No change 163 (69.07) 137 (84.05) 26 (15.95)

Worse 62 (26.27) 32 (51.61) 30 (48.39)

Regularity of meals

Better 9 (3.81) 8 (88.89) 1 (11.11) <0.001

No change 153 (64.83) 130 (84.97) 23 (15.03)

Worse 74 (31.36) 41 (55.41) 33 (44.59)

During the epidemic, exercise conditions/exercise time compared to usual

Longer 10 (4.24) 7 (70.00) 3 (30.00) <0.001

No change 92 (38.98) 83 (90.22) 9 (9.78)

Shorter 134 (56.78) 89 (66.42) 45 (33.58)

Exercise intensity

Stronger 7 (2.97) 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) 0.002

No change 96 (40.68) 84 (87.50) 12 (12.50)

Weaker 133 (56.36) 90 (67.67) 43 (32.33)

Your condition during the pandemic

Good 138 (58.47) 125 (90.58) 13 (9.42) <0.001

Sub-health (worse) 83 (35.17) 47 (56.63) 36 (43.37)

History of chronic diseases 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00)

History of mental illness 7 (2.97) 2 (28.57) 5 (71.43)

Not clear 6 (2.54) 4 (66.67) 2 (33.33)

*All data are reported as numbers (percentages), except for age which is reported as means±SD.

9 Table S4. Anxiety scores based on baseline characteristics among healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19.

Total Mean ± SD Statistics P

Gender

Male 5 38.50 ± 3.24 –3.32 (t) 0.017

Female 231 43.77 ± 9.79

Education level


9 43.89 ± 10.11 0.05 (F) 0.986

College 66 43.88 ± 9.39

Undergraduate 152 43.60 ± 9.89

Master's degree 9 42.64 ± 10.56

Marital Status

Unmarried 74 40.96 ± 8.45a 3.29 (F) 0.021

Married 156 44.71 ± 10.16a

Divorced 4 49.06 ± 4.49a

Widowed 2 50.00 ± 5.30a

Occupation

Medical workers 234 43.61 ± 9.75 0.55 (F) 0.458

Other 2 48.75 ± 3.54

Department

Frontline Department 197 44.01 ± 10.14 0.71 (F) 0.544

Administration 2 42.50 ± 8.84

Logistics department 2 36.88 ± 6.19

Other 35 42.11 ± 7.14


0–5 92 42.26 ± 10.19 1.11 (F) 0.351

6–10 32 42.89 ± 9.07

11–15 37 45.24 ± 9.98

16–20 12 45.73 ± 11.63

21 and above 63 44.76 ± 8.73

Job title

No 44 42.44 ± 10.55 1.92 (F) 0.127

Primary 105 43.23 ± 9.45

Intermediate 40 46.94 ± 9.95

Mid-high or high 47 42.95 ± 9.03


Yes 159 43.51 ± 10.08 -0.32 (t) 0.75

No 77 43.94 ± 9.00


Yes 16 44.38 ± 10.09b 15.09 (F) <0.001

No 192 42.30 ± 8.81b

Not clear 28 52.50 ± 11.12a


Yes 52 45.10 ± 9.61b 6.14 (F) 0.003

No 159 42.33 ± 9.23b

Not clear 25 49.05 ± 11.07a


Yes 215 43.51 ± 9.71 1.49 (F) 0.228

No 11 42.05 ± 7.21

Not clear 10 48.63 ± 11.70


In place 96 41.03 ± 8.91b 19.94 (F) <0.001

Basically in place 112 43.50 ± 8.50b

Did not do well 28 53.26 ± 11.23a


Yes 75 46.18 ± 10.13a 10.01 (F) <0.001

No 59 39.11 ± 8.78b

A little 102 44.42 ± 9.11a

Day shift of night shift

Day shift 118 43.24 ± 8.74 -0.65 (t) 0.515

Night shift 118 44.07 ± 10.64


Increased 28 46.74 ± 11.39 1.61 (F) 0.202

Decreased 75 43.17 ± 9.24

No change 133 43.28 ± 9.58


Living alone 56 42.63 ± 9.03 1.46 (F) 0.227

Living with family 161 44.43 ± 10.10

Living with friends and colleagues 16 40.39 ± 8.10

Living with others 3 38.33 ± 2.60


Yes 142 43.84 ± 10.12 0.36 (t) 0.723

10 No 94 43.38 ± 9.14


Less than 1 62 41.45 ± 8.41 1.50 (F) 0.216

1–2 120 44.38 ± 10.27

3–4 33 44.96 ± 9.28

5 and above 21 43.99 ± 10.45


Better 7 42.86 ± 7.06ba 17.60 (F) <0.001

No change 139 40.81 ± 7.52b

Worse 90 48.11 ± 11.22a

Sleep quality

Better 3 39.58 ± 6.29a 19.22 (F) <0.001

No change 126 40.35 ± 7.49a

Worse 107 47.66 ± 10.63a


Better 11 38.98 ± 13.14b 17.16 (F) <0.001

No change 163 41.79 ± 8.11b

Worse 62 49.40 ± 10.70a

Regularity

Better 9 38.75 ± 7.55b 13.96 (F) <0.001

No change 153 41.71 ± 8.24b

Worse 74 48.28 ± 11.15a


Longer 10 44.50 ± 8.11a 8.75 (F) <0.001

No change 92 40.46 ± 8.12a

Shorter 134 45.78 ± 10.29a

Exercise intensity

Stronger 7 44.64 ± 8.19a 7.49 (F) 0.001

No change 96 40.78 ± 8.27a

Weaker 133 45.68 ± 10.29a

During the pandemic, your physical condition

Good 138 39.46 ± 7.04b 22.72 (F) <0.001

Sub-health 83 48.89 ± 9.41ba

History of chronic diseases 2 46.25 ± 5.30ba

Have a history of mental illness 7 56.25 ± 11.95a

Not sure 6 52.29 ± 14.17a

Different letters indicate significant differences among the categories.

11 Table S5. Degrees of insomnia among healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19.

Variables Total (n=236)

No (n=142)

Mild (n=74)

Moderate (n=15)

Severe (n=5)

Statistics P

Gender

Male 5 (2.12) 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.21 (Fisher) 0.781

Female 231 (97.88) 138 (59.74) 73 (31.60) 15 (6.49) 5 (2.16)

Age in years, mean±SD 35.37 ± 10.10 34.04 ± 9.73 37.72 ± 10.22 35.07 ± 10.83 38.80 ± 12.64 2.37 (Fisher) 0.071

Education level


9 (3.81) 4 (44.44) 3 (33.33) 1 (11.11) 1 (11.11) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.743

College 66 (27.97) 41 (62.12) 21 (31.82) 3 (4.55) 1 (1.52)

Undergraduate 152 (64.41) 91 (59.87) 47 (30.92) 11 (7.24) 3 (1.97)

Master's degree 9 (3.81) 6 (66.67) 3 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Marital Status

Unmarried 74 (31.36) 52 (70.27) 19 (25.68) 3 (4.05) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.061

Married 156 (66.10) 89 (57.05) 51 (32.69) 11 (7.05) 5 (3.21)

Divorced 4 (1.69) 0 (0.00) 3 (75.00) 1 (25.00) 0 (0.00)

Widowed 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Remarried 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Occupation

Medical workers 234 (99.15) 140 (59.83) 74 (31.62) 15 (6.41) 5 (2.14) 0.36 (Fisher) 0.615


0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Community workers 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Other 2 (0.85) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Department

Frontline department 197 (83.47) 116 (58.88) 62 (31.47) 14 (7.11) 5 (2.54) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.515

Administration 2 (0.85) 0 (0.00) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Logistics department 2 (0.85) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Other 35 (14.83) 24 (68.57) 10 (28.57) 1 (2.86) 0 (0.00)


0–5 92 (38.98) 62 (67.39) 22 (23.91) 6 (6.52) 2 (2.17) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.381

6–10 32 (13.56) 22 (68.75) 8 (25.00) 2 (6.25) 0 (0.00)

11–15 37 (15.68) 21 (56.76) 13 (35.14) 3 (8.11) 0 (0.00)

16–20 12 (5.08) 5 (41.67) 6 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (8.33)

21 and above 63 (26.69) 32 (50.79) 25 (39.68) 4 (6.35) 2 (3.17)

Job title

None 44 (18.64) 32 (72.73) 8 (18.18) 2 (4.55) 2 (4.55) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.116

Primary 105 (44.49) 64 (60.95) 33 (31.43) 8 (7.62) 0 (0.00)

Intermediate 40 (16.95) 19 (47.50) 17 (42.50) 2 (5.00) 2 (5.00)

Vice senior or senior 47 (19.92) 27 (57.45) 16 (34.04) 3 (6.38) 1 (2.13)


Yes 159 (67.37) 96 (60.38) 49 (30.82) 11 (6.92) 3 (1.89) 0.01 (Fisher) 0.922

No 77 (32.63) 46 (59.74) 25 (32.47) 4 (5.19) 2 (2.60)


Yes 16 (6.78) 9 (56.25) 5 (31.25) 1 (6.25) 1 (6.25) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.002

No 192 (81.36) 125 (65.10) 56 (29.17) 9 (4.69) 2 (1.04)

Not clear 28 (11.86) 8 (28.57) 13 (46.43) 5 (17.86) 2 (7.14)


Yes 52 (22.03) 33 (63.46) 12 (23.08) 6 (11.54) 1 (1.92) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.134

No 159 (67.37) 95 (59.75) 53 (33.33) 9 (5.66) 2 (1.26)

Not clear 25 (10.59) 14 (56.00) 9 (36.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (8.00)


Yes 215 (91.10) 130 (60.47) 68 (31.63) 13 (6.05) 4 (1.86) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.307

No 11 (4.66) 8 (72.73) 2 (18.18) 1 (9.09) 0 (0.00)

Not clear 10 (4.24) 4 (40.00) 4 (40.00) 1 (10.00) 1 (10.00)


In place 96 (40.68) 68 (70.83) 23 (23.96) 3 (3.13) 2 (2.08) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Basically in place 112 (47.46) 64 (57.14) 42 (37.50) 6 (5.36) 0 (0.00)

Not in place 28 (11.86) 10 (35.71) 9 (32.14) 6 (21.43) 3 (10.71)


Yes 75 (31.78) 37 (49.33) 27 (36.00) 8 (10.67) 3 (4.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.008

No 59 (25.00) 46 (77.97) 13 (22.03) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

A little 102 (43.22) 59 (57.84) 34 (33.33) 7 (6.86) 2 (1.96)


Day shift 118 (50.00) 73 (61.86) 38 (32.20) 6 (5.08) 1 (0.85) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.473

Night shift 118 (50.00) 69 (58.47) 36 (30.51) 9 (7.63) 4 (3.39)


Increased 28 (11.86) 15 (53.57) 8 (28.57) 3 (10.71) 2 (7.14) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.371

12 Decreased 75 (31.78) 45 (60.00) 25 (33.33) 5 (6.67) 0 (0.00)

Unchanged 133 (56.36) 82 (61.65) 41 (30.83) 7 (5.26) 3 (2.26)


Alone 56 (23.73) 36 (64.29) 15 (26.79) 4 (7.14) 1 (1.79) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.909

Living with family 161 (68.22) 92 (57.14) 55 (34.16) 10 (6.21) 4 (2.48)

Living with friends and colleagues

16 (6.78) 12 (75.00) 3 (18.75) 1 (6.25) 0 (0.00)

Living with others 3 (1.27) 2 (66.67) 1 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)


Yes 142 (60.17) 85 (59.86) 45 (31.69) 8 (5.63) 4 (2.82) 0.01 (Fisher) 0.847

No 94 (39.83) 57 (60.64) 29 (30.85) 7 (7.45) 1 (1.06)


Less than 1 62 (26.27) 44 (70.97) 16 (25.81) 2 (3.23) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.505

1–2 120 (50.85) 66 (55.00) 41 (34.17) 10 (8.33) 3 (2.50)

3–4 33 (13.98) 19 (57.58) 10 (30.30) 2 (6.06) 2 (6.06)

5 and above 21 (8.90) 13 (61.90) 7 (33.33) 1 (4.76) 0 (0.00)


Better 7 (2.97) 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

No change 139 (58.90) 114 (82.01) 24 (17.27) 1 (0.72) 0 (0.00)

Worse 90 (38.14) 23 (25.56) 48 (53.33) 14 (15.56) 5 (5.56)

Sleep quality

Better 3 (1.27) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

No change 126 (53.39) 107 (84.92) 18 (14.29) 1 (0.79) 0 (0.00)

Worse 107 (45.34) 32 (29.91) 56 (52.34) 14 (13.08) 5 (4.67)


Got better 11 (4.66) 8 (72.73) 2 (18.18) 0 (0.00) 1 (9.09) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

No change 163 (69.07) 116 (71.17) 40 (24.54) 7 (4.29) 0 (0.00)

Got worse 62 (26.27) 18 (29.03) 32 (51.61) 8 (12.90) 4 (6.45)

Diet regularity

Better 9 (3.81) 8 (88.89) 1 (11.11) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

No change 153 (64.83) 109 (71.24) 38 (24.84) 6 (3.92) 0 (0.00)

Worse 74 (31.36) 25 (33.78) 35 (47.30) 9 (12.16) 5 (6.76)


Longer 10 (4.24) 6 (60.00) 4 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.013

No change 92 (38.98) 69 (75.00) 19 (20.65) 3 (3.26) 1 (1.09)

Shorter 134 (56.78) 67 (50.00) 51 (38.06) 12 (8.96) 4 (2.99)

Exercise intensity

More intense 7 (2.97) 4 (57.14) 3 (42.86) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0.00 (Fisher) 0.008

No change 96 (40.68) 72 (75.00) 20 (20.83) 3 (3.13) 1 (1.04)

Weaker 133 (56.36) 66 (49.62) 51 (38.35) 12 (9.02) 4 (3.01)

During the outbreak, your physical condition

Good 138 (58.47) 108 (78.26) 28 (20.29) 1 (0.72) 1 (0.72) 0.00 (Fisher) <0.001

Sub-health 83 (35.17) 28 (33.73) 43 (51.81) 9 (10.84) 3 (3.61)

History of chronic diseases 2 (0.85) 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

History of mental illness 7 (2.97) 2 (28.57) 1 (14.29) 3 (42.86) 1 (14.29)

Not clear 6 (2.54) 3 (50.00) 1 (16.67) 2 (33.33) 0 (0.00)

All data are reported as numbers (percentages), except for age which are reported as means±SD.

13 Table S6. Prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Variable No (n=142) Yes (n=94) P

Gender

Male 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0.651

Female 138 (59.74) 93 (40.26)

Age in years, mean±SD 34.04 ± 9.73 37.38 ± 10.36 0.013

Education level


4 (44.44) 5 (55.56) 0.801

College 41 (62.12) 25 (37.88)

Undergraduate 91 (59.87) 61 (40.13)

Master's degree 6 (66.67) 3 (33.33)

Marital status

Unmarried 52 (70.27) 22 (29.73) 0.007

Married 89 (57.05) 67 (42.95)

Divorced 0 (0.00) 4 (100.0)

Widowed 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00)

Remarried 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Occupation

Medical workers 140 (59.83) 94 (40.17) 0.519


0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Community workers 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)

Other 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00)

Department

Frontline department 116 (58.88) 81 (41.12) 0.147

Administration 0 (0.00) 2 (100.0)

Logistics department 2 (100.0) 0 (0.00)

Other 24 (68.57) 11 (31.43)

Working years

0–5 62 (67.39) 30 (32.61) 0.126

6–10 22 (68.75) 10 (31.25)

11–15 21 (56.76) 16 (43.24)

16–20 5 (41.67) 7 (58.33)

21 and above 32 (50.79) 31 (49.21)

Job title

None 32 (72.73) 12 (27.27) 0.125

Primary 64 (60.95) 41 (39.05)

Intermediate 19 (47.50) 21 (52.50)

Mid-high or high 27 (57.45) 20 (42.55)


Yes 96 (60.38) 63 (39.62) 0.925

No 46 (59.74) 31 (40.26)


Yes 9 (56.25) 7 (43.75) 0.001

No 125 (65.10) 67 (34.90)

Not clear 8 (28.57) 20 (71.43)


Yes 33 (63.46) 19 (36.54) 0.807

No 95 (59.75) 64 (40.25)

Not clear 14 (56.00) 11 (44.00)

Have you received enough training for coronavirus protection?

Yes 130 (60.47) 85 (39.53) 0.335

No 8 (72.73) 3 (27.27)

Not clear 4 (40.00) 6 (60.00)


In place 68 (70.83) 28 (29.17) 0.003

Basically in place 64 (57.14) 48 (42.86)

Not in place 10 (35.71) 18 (64.29)

Are you worried about the increased risk of coronavirus infection due to work

Yes 37 (49.33) 38 (50.67) 0.003

No 46 (77.97) 13 (22.03)

A little 59 (57.84) 43 (42.16)


Day shift 73 (61.86) 45 (38.14) 0.595

Night shift 69 (58.47) 49 (41.53)

Increased 15 (53.57) 13 (46.43) 0.729

Deceased 45 (60.00) 30 (40.00)

No change 82 (61.65) 51 (38.35)


Alone 36 (64.29) 20 (35.71) 0.467

Living with family 92 (57.14) 69 (42.86)

Living with friends and colleagues 12 (75.00) 4 (25.00)

Living with others 2 (66.67) 1 (33.33)


14 Yes 85 (59.86) 57 (40.14) 0.905

No 57 (60.64) 37 (39.36)

In the past two weeks, on average, how many hours did you receive and discuss epidemic information in various ways every day? (hours)

Less than 1 h 44 (70.97) 18 (29.03) 0.215

1–2 h 66 (55.00) 54 (45.00)

3–4 h 19 (57.58) 14 (42.42)

5 h and above 13 (61.90) 8 (38.10)


Better 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) <0.001

No change 114 (82.01) 25 (17.99)

Worse 23 (25.56) 67 (74.44)

Sleep quality

Better 3 (100.0) 0 (0.00) <0.001

No change 107 (84.92) 19 (15.08)

Worse 32 (29.91) 75 (70.09)


Better 8 (72.73) 3 (27.27) <0.001

No change 116 (71.17) 47 (28.83)

Worse 18 (29.03) 44 (70.97)

Regularity of meals

Better 8 (88.89) 1 (11.11) <0.001

No change 109 (71.24) 44 (28.76)

Worse 25 (33.78) 49 (66.22)

During the epidemic, exercise conditions/exercise time compared to usual

Longer 6 (60.00) 4 (40.00) 0.001

No change 69 (75.00) 23 (25.00)

Shorter 67 (50.00) 67 (50.00)

Exercise intensity

Stronger 4 (57.14) 3 (42.86) <0.001

No change 72 (75.00) 24 (25.00)

Weaker 66 (49.62) 67 (50.38)

Your condition during the pandemic

Good 108 (78.26) 30 (21.74) <0.001

Sub-health 28 (33.73) 55 (66.27)

History of chronic diseases 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00)

History of mental illness 2 (28.57) 5 (71.43)

Not clear 3 (50.00) 3 (50.00)

Data are reported as number (percentages) except for age which are reported as means±SD.

15 Table S7. Insomnia scores according to baseline characteristics among healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19. n Mean ± SD Statistic P

Gender

Male 5 2.40 ± 3.36 –1.85 (t) 0.066

Female 231 6.83 ± 5.34

Education level


9 9.00 ± 7.25 1.22 (F) 0.304

College 66 6.41 ± 5.14

Undergraduate 152 6.88 ± 5.30

Master's degree 9 4.44 ± 5.10

Marital status

Unmarried 74 5.03 ± 4.62a 5.07 (F) 0.002

Married 156 7.37 ± 5.49a

Divorced 4 12.00 ± 3.16a

Widowed 2 10.00 ± 4.24a

Occupation

Medical workers 234 6.77 ± 5.34 1.27 (F) 0.260

Other 2 2.50 ± 2.12

Department

Frontline Department 197 7.04 ± 5.48 1.76 (F) 0.155

Administration 2 9.50 ± 2.12

Logistics department 2 5.50 ± 2.12

Other 35 4.94 ± 4.37


0–5 92 5.88 ± 5.67 1.68 (F) 0.155

6–10 32 6.19 ± 4.88

11–15 37 6.89 ± 4.55

16–20 12 8.25 ± 5.56

21 and above 63 7.89 ± 5.32

Job title

No 44 5.39 ± 5.82 1.82 (F) 0.143

Primary 105 6.63 ± 4.95

Intermediate 40 8.00 ± 5.59

Mid-high or high 47 7.17 ± 5.34


Yes 159 6.74 ± 5.42 0.02 (t) 0.984

No 77 6.73 ± 5.18

Have you ever come into contact with people from Hubei Epidemic Area during your work?

Yes 16 7.25 ± 6.36b 9.12 (F) <0.001

No 192 6.14 ± 4.86b

Not clear 28 10.57 ± 6.34a


Yes 52 6.83 ± 6.24 0.65 (F) 0.521

No 159 6.53 ± 4.91

Not clear 25 7.84 ± 5.96


Yes 215 6.64 ± 5.33 2.01 (F) 0.137

No 11 5.73 ± 4.20

Not clear 10 9.90 ± 6.05


In place 96 5.13 ± 5.14c 15.33 (F) <0.001

Basically in place 112 7.04 ± 4.41b

Did not do well 28 11.04 ± 6.79a


Yes 75 8.23 ± 5.64a 14.08 (F) <0.001

No 59 3.78 ± 3.67b

A little 102 7.35 ± 5.29a


Day shift 118 6.56 ± 4.85 -0.51 (t) 0.609

Night shift 118 6.92 ± 5.79


Increased 28 7.68 ± 6.96 0.83 (F) 0.438

Decreased 75 7.01 ± 4.69

No change 133 6.38 ± 5.30


Living alone 56 5.93 ± 5.17 1.24 (F) 0.297

Living with family 161 7.18 ± 5.45

Living with friends and colleagues 16 5.25 ± 4.51

Living with others 3 6.00 ± 5.20

Did you take the initiative to isolate

16 your family because of your work?

Yes 142 6.78 ± 5.32 0.16 (t) 0.876

No 94 6.67 ± 5.38


Less than 1 62 5.26 ± 4.25 2.56 (F) 0.056

1–2 120 7.28 ± 5.49

3–4 33 7.82 ± 6.27

5 and above 21 6.29 ± 5.11


Better 7 3.71 ± 4.19b 68.18 (F) <0.001

No change 139 4.22 ± 3.58b

Worse 90 10.86 ± 5.14a

Sleep quality

Better 3 1.33 ± 2.31b 68.49 (F) <0.001

No change 126 3.86 ± 3.48b

Worse 107 10.28 ± 5.04a


Better 11 5.73 ± 6.10b 22.97 (F) <0.001

No change 163 5.43 ± 4.51b

Worse 62 10.35 ± 5.62a

Diet regularity

Better 9 3.22 ± 2.39b 23.28 (F) <0.001

No change 153 5.42 ± 4.41b

Worse 74 9.89 ± 5.93a


Longer 10 6.10 ± 4.63a 9.91 (F) <0.001

No change 92 4.93 ± 4.66a

Shorter 134 8.02 ± 5.48a

Exercise intensity

Stronger 7 6.71 ± 5.02a 10.28 (F) <0.001

No change 96 4.93 ± 4.66a

Weaker 133 8.05 ± 5.46a

During the outbreak, your physical condition

Good 138 4.64 ± 4.00b 16.84 (F) <0.001

Sub-health 83 9.51 ± 5.33ba

History of chronic diseases 2 7.50 ± 3.54ba

Have a history of mental illness 7 12.14 ± 7.47a

Not sure 6 10.00 ± 7.77ba

Data are reported as means±SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among the categories.

figure s1. zung's self-reported anxiety scale (sas)

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