file report no. 27. february 19»82. p.d. kingsbury, b.b...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES IN THEICEWATER CREEK WATERSHED:A PROGRESS REPORT FOR 1981.

File Report No. 27. February 19»82.

P.D. Kingsbury, B.B. McLeod andD.P. Kreutzweiser

Forest Pest Management InstituteCanadian Forestry ServiceSault Ste. Marie, Ontario

This report may not be copiedand/or distributed withoutexpress consent of:

DirectorForest Pest Management InstituteCanadian Forestry ServiceP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Mariej OntarioP6A 5M7

INTRODUCTION

In 1980, the Environmental Impact Section of the Forest PestManagement Institute, through the co-operation of the Sault Ste. MarieDistrict of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, initiated a long-term environmental impact research program in the Icewater Creek watershedabout 50 km north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

The overall objective of the Icewater Creek research program is toexamine in depth a number of aquatic and terrestrial habitats and micro-habitats and their resident animal populations to determine: (1) thenature and degree of inherent risk (2) the level of actual exposure and (3)actual response to forest pest management strategies involving aerialapplications of pest control agents.

The program will have three distinct phases designed to generateinformation on three aspects of the effects of forest pest control activities on the environment: (1) the potential risk (2) actual exposure and(3) actual response. In general, the actual impact on each part of theenvironment is primarily a factor of the susceptibility of that portion ofthe ecosystem to the particular pest control procedure and its level ofexposure to the pest control agent used i.e., Risk + Exposure = Response.To this extent, part of the objective of the first two portions of theprogram will be to help predict potential hazards of any suggested pestcontrol action. The third portion of the program will test actualresponses and elucidate the nature of and ecosystem responses to actualimpacts. This will involve relating impacts at lower trophic levels oramong specific groups of organisms to secondary impacts on higher trophiclevels and changes within the ecosystem e.g., altered food supply, changesin basic processes such as predation or pollination, etc.

Each phase of the program will involve looking at the specificaspect under consideration with respect to variable parameters in pest management strategies, specifically: (1) timing of pest control actions, (2)application procedures involved and (3) nature of the pest control agent(s)used. The result will be that assessments on the relative safety or hazardof a given pest management strategy can be partially predicted. This willapply to pest control actions contemplated for any time of the year andagainst different pest species or different life stages of a« given pestspecies. In order to try and make the findings of this program applicableto broad geographical areas with dissimilar climatic conditions, samplingactivities and results reported will be tied to other "time scales" besidesreal time, including phenological development of tree species, pollensources, potential target insect species and other biological groups, aswell as some measurement of accumulated heat units. This will allow theresults of the findings of this research program to be applied in both apredictive and dynamic sense to operational pest control programs, and will

allow for testing and verification of the research results by environmental impact experimentation and monitoring activities under operational conditions.

Phase 1 activities- 1980 and 1981

The potential hazard of a pest control action to a specificgroup of organisms will depend on the presence or absence of the organism in the environment at the time the action is carried out, and otherfactors determined by the biology of the organism. Some of the factorsto be considered in deciding on potential risk include: seasonal migrations in and out of areas; localized movements from habitat to habitat;life cycles and resultant changes in susceptibility to pest controlagents; population cycles and seasonal changes in the age classstructure within populations; reproductive cycles and accompanyingbehaviour; feeding activities and seasonal changes in food sourceutilization; and daily and seasonal activity patterns and the influenceof environmental parameters on them. Sampling activities in theresearch area initiated in 1980 and continued in 1981 were designed togather Information on these factors for different groups of organismsand to evaluate various methods for collecting this type of data.

The terrestrial studies carried out in 1980 and 1981 have beenconcentrated in the lower watershed of Icewater Creek (Fig. 1) where theCreek valley widens out at the confluence with the Goulais River.Aquatic studies have been spread over accessible portions of theIcewater Creek system with most of the intensive sampling concentratednear points of access on the upper and lower watershed (Fig. 1). Thework carried out in 1980 was summarized in an earlier progress report(Kingsbury et al. 1980). This report outlines briefly the studiescarried out in 1981, and presents some illustrative data indicative ofsome of the outputs from the program to date. A brief outline of plansfor 1982 in each study area is presented at the end of the report.

Fig.l

w

METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES

FPMI's meteorological section's on-site involvement with theIcewater Creek program continued throughout the 1981 season under thedirection of W.J. Beveridge. The weekly collection of weather measurements over 24 h periods initiated in 1980 was continued and expandedutilizing the computer-equipped met van. The met section also providedvery valuable maintenance service of the continuous recording meteorological equipment on the site.

A special meteorological research program on changes in windturbulence above a forest canopy was initiated at the Icewater Creeksite. Further pursuit of these studies will take the met van away fromthe site in 1982 and beyond, but co-operation by the met section withthe servicing of on-site met equipment will continue.

FLOWERING PLANT SURVEY

The flowering plant survey of the lower Icewater Creek watershedinitiated in 1980 was continued. Weekly surveys were carried out fromlate April to late September with a total of 99 flowering species beingrecorded in the '81 season.

The data collected during the '80-!81 seasons is combined inTable 1 to give composite flower dates for each species. The floweringplant survey will form the basis of our "ecological clock" upon whichall other ecological events will be timed.

Table 1Flowering plants and shrubsIcewater Creek Research Area

1980-1981

«*»• M« JIMi JULY MUOT SOTOM*

27-30 4-9 11-16 18-2) 25-10 1-* 8-11 15-20 22-30 1-4 6-11 13-18 20-25 27-31 1-7 10-15 17-22 24-31 1-5 7-|2 14-19 22-27

Hm" »ily X XXXX xttoodvlolel tt|)p xxxx xxxxxHntiterry x x x xlUrsti mti#>Id x x x xIrlllhuopp. x x x x x x xSpring bounties x x x xa.Tvla;lwrry (Sigkatoon) x x x xUwd aiunoiie x x x x xWld amnnt sp. x x x xStr;wbcny <ip. xxxxxxxxxQ«fcrl»?rry x x x xMwttoni fly hunrysickle x x x<bldtlirejtd xx xx(fenfrltcxi xx x x x xfcOiurrys,.. xx xxxx xxxJinwherry x xBnchbetry „ xxxx x xOluetariy „ xxxxOnrf glinct* xxxWild llly-of-tlicrvulky x xxxx x xtixncLeiry x „Cllntunla x xxxaartlowr * xxxfase-twlflted stale x x x x xOtukedierry x xxxR"H»i*r ***** xxxx x x x x xxxxWild Harwipiirllla xxxS»l<nm':i se.il xxxxfel:ie SiIobmi's »<j.il xxxWlldrwi|«uriy xxx k k ».«.- "*• XXXXX XLuhi.idur tea

Ox-u-ye clitsyH**^ brttera.,. xx« xxxxx xxxx xxxH-ad-w n* (tall) * xxxxMm<I<m rite (curly) xSmx)it»lsl> kukvt-udftktfi cl»|i«r..ll ,» xxxxx xxxx xxxxfolk p.n,.|e rofaioMw. xxx -xxxx xxxxxYclloJ gnciUtttirilItliJtlush cranU-rry Klit riw

iiklri<>n « • » * xxxxii i. • *«XKXXXXMilte clover

rU««rtNir,liLk»*ed ! ! xxxxx xxxx xII I •• xxxxllvu-iill

llixnrmr lHMkH»d * * « * x x xxxx xiwin n<M>ii' • .. xxxxx

i- . xxxxx

(jjniaMl grain.tit; 11XIlliSlpple MH-d ' ^j!

Taiwy rv>*>ri * xxxxx xxxx

(i)ilt lita.il

Cuu paraiilplltlry lutwystukleBtM'ti hoiKq-sucklelb Iay flcalaia:AIs Ike clover

Pale Sc. J»J»i's uirt

Qmnmi St. Jotm'ti mrt

tYagnuit beds t rawh*»Ji bed) Lraw

Hirtheni hmt> iMmeyeiKkleIW.trly ever LustingVirgin's btucr10ark r.fiplicrryrtit-leaved Miter hore-taund

Qajllal) plantainWl Id mint

Scrolling digtniteUlldhlMll

J-flu>*red Utkurnw

Hi try letriceHie vced

laitcx—leaved golden!?*!btjloeedCaikkti Thl title

Uilte oviHit clover

tfc.llfcW 6VXM»t

Early p>ldcnr<id&enlnv, prbsaricYelliw lnuiuatrlfc

9ilneleaf

Spoiled .kie-rVe wedHiruli skullcapBlikU.tnl

Q.maM)bkullcapbill thistle

R*t£i botilrowQiividrf lettuce

tooth lit.*'a tvord(ltd-dog okul leapQiltcuastai

&uill vtilte outer

tniwdu gibimrodUaaiy «cmxImintr"Lutlo|ip»-d Uilte alterSpotted Unclna'.-notQtia*/ everlastinga-m> ik-trlrllitry golAfirodlarge leafed aaterRmr>si>t

A1HIL

27-30

hay

Table 1 (concluded)

Flowering plants and shrubsIcewater Creek Research Area

1980-1981

JIME JULY

4-9 11-16 18-23 25-30 l-b «-!3 15-20 22-30 1-4 6-11 13-18 20-25 27-11

Auuirr

1-7 10-15 17-22 24-31 1-5 7-12 I4-I9 22-27

o\

TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE STUDIES

Honeybees

During the 1980 field season, a study was carried out to determineif honeybee colonies could be successfully managed under the rather austereconditions presented by a forest environment, as opposed to those encountered in agricultural areas. Two colonies of bees were placed on a platform raised about 3 m above ground level out of reach of most predators(Fig. 2), and monitored from mid-June 1980 through to early April 1981.The colonies were fed a syrup solution in mid-September and all honeystores were left intact. One colony succumbed to starvation during thewinter as snow blocked roads prevented early syrup feeding in March.

During the 1981 field season, an additional platform was erected ona second site and two fresh colonies of bees were placed on each (earlyApril). Again, each hive was equipped with a pollen trap, a dead bee trapat the hive entrance and an electronic counter to measure activity at thehive entrance. Pollen collection (Fig. 3), adult bee mortality and activity was.recorded weekly from mid-May to late September. The four colonieswere transferred to the laboratory apiary at the end of September foreasier maintenance.

Pollen collection and identification

The "pollen flow" of the lower Icewater Creek watershed as determined by weekly collections from four domestic honeybee colonies is presented in Fig. 4A. Three peaks are identified throughout the season (27May, 7 July and 5-26 August), the latter two being confirmed by limiteddata accumulated in 1980.

The contents of the pollen trap were collected from each hiveweekly and returned to the laboratory where they were cleaned, weighed anddried. The samples from each of the four colonies were then combined andthoroughly mixed resulting in a total pollen sample for each week. Thepollen collection was then sub-sampled for color content. Each sub-sampleconsisted of 100 pollen pellets with each pellet being color classifiedaccording to the color guide for pollens by Hodges (1952). Ten sub-sampleswere taken from each weekly pollen collection. Only the color numbers are

used, as plant species vary from region to region. After 1000 pellets werecolor classified, the percentage of each pollen color (number) was calculated for each weekly sample. The 1981 pollen identified by color classification is presented in Table 2.

A sample of each pollen color and its identifying number wassent to the University of Guelph for identification. The pollenidentifications will be compared to the flowering plant data collectedfrom the same area. Preliminary findings on the pollen collected fromvarious plants are presented in Table 3, with a number of identifications yet to be confirmed. A permanent "pollen slide" collection isbeing established to assist in future identification of pollens carriedby wild pollinators throughout the season.

Beehive activity

Adult bee activity of each colony was recorded weekly by meansof an electronic activity counter located at each hive entrance. Thebee counter consists of two units: a hive unit and a reader unit. Thehive unit utilizes eight photo-electric detectors which produce a pulseeach time a bee enters or leaves the hive. The pulses are fed to adivider circuit set to produce an output pulse after 128 input pulses.This output pulse is fed to a 14 bit binary counter, thus providing thecapacity for a maximum count of 128 x 16384 = 2,097,152. When the countis required, the reader unit is attached, the reset button is pressed,and then pressing the read button causes the count to be displayed on alight-emitting diode display.

Activity peaks during the season (Fig. 4B) correspond quite well,with the three major pollen flows of 27 May, 7 July and 5 August(Fig. 4A). The final activity of the season (September 2-9) is notrelated to a pollen source but is more likely related to the expulsionof drones from the hive, an exercise resulting in high activity at hiveentrances.

The high activity count of 22 July which corresponds to a relatively low pollen collection is likely related to a switch by foragingbees from pollen to nectar producing plants.

Adult bee mortality

The average (of the 4 colonies) adult bee mortality collectedfrom the dead bee traps over the 18 weekly collection periods was relatively light at 34.6 bees per hive per week. Higher than average mortality occurred during the initial 4 weeks (69.0 bees per hive). Thehigher spring mortality is most likely related to the cleaning out ofsome overwintering mortality as well as older bees dying as new broodappears. The last five weekly collections averaged 34.5 bees 'per hiveand were largely made up of drones, which are normally expelled from thehive late in the season prior to the onset of winter.

V±X, 2. Honeybee colonies on a raised platform in the

Icewater Creek research area.

Fig. 3. Honeybee carrying a pollen load foraging on an ox-

eyed daisy in the Icewater Creek research area.

10

500 i-A

400

O)

300

Z200

aOQ.

100

3000

2500

ui

O2000z<

ui 1500

Ul>

1000

g 500

B

'\

19801981

11

\.•• .,

I? tt 26

AUGUST

2 9 16

SEPT.

13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1 7 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 2 9 16

MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT.

Figure 4. Pollen flow (A) and adult bee activity (B) for 4 honeybeecolonies located at the Icewater Creek Research Station,

May-September 1981.

Table 2

Percent numbered color-coded pollen pellets inweekly pollen samples from honeybee colonieslocated in the Icewater Creek Research area, 1981

HAY JUNE JULY A!OCT SFTTOflOl

Pollen

No. 7-12 13-20 20-27 27-3 3-|0 10-17 17-24 24-1 1-7 8-15 15-22 22-29 29-5 5-12 12-19 19-26 26-2 2-9 10-16

36 C - 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.2 7.1 88.1 71.2 23.5 3.8 4.6 6.3 7.3 19.7 - 3,1 43 2.8•'.5 - - 2.7 11.1 21.5 --- ____ ____'_ __8? f - - 1.8 1.0 1.0 - - - - - - - - - -

1 A 27.7 |8.3 33.3 53.2 11.5 - - - -- - - -- - -- --50 R - - 14.8 12.8 - - - 53.2 --- _____ __

15 C - - - 18.4 _ • _ - - ____ _____ __

y»B-- -0.7- --- ____ _____ __

4 R 2R.9 - --49.7 - -- -- - - -- - -- --

SSA- - -- 3.2 - -- -- - - -- - -- --SB - 19.3 -- - ___ ____ _____ __

4? C • - i:.l 0.2- - ___ .-__ _____ __

82 B - 4.7 -- - - - - -- - - -- - -- --

19 B - 20.9 18.6 - - ___ ____ _____ __

7) A- 3.7-- - ___ ____ _____ __

28 A - 20.3 -- - ___ ____ _____ __

ISA- -42.7- - - -- -- - - -- - -- --

79 - - - - - 20.7 4.5 3.5 0.3 8.4 4.3 -10/ A - - - - - 66.1 -- ____ _____ __

20 A - -- -6.I-- -___ _____ __

V>C - - - - - 7.4 25.3 ---- _____ _ _

102 A 6.4- -- - ___ ____ _____ __

73 A 7.8- -- - -__ ____ _____ __

100 A 12.4 - -- - ___ ____ _____ __

18 B Hi.6 - -- - ___ ____ _____ _.

71 C - - -- - - -- 23.0 --- _____ __

50 C - - - - - - - - 26.9 Uh.f* - 6.2 -

IC-- -- - -__ _ 2.'.3 -- _____ __

34B-- -- - ___ _ <,f,.8 41.6 - _____ __

44 B - - - - - - 0.2 5.1 17.4 _____ _76 C - - -- - --- __M |0>B _____ _

78 B - - -- - _-- __0.7- 37.1 32.4 - - -

29 C - - -- - -._- __ _ 46.7 _____ _

III • - -- - - -- -- - 10.4 - -

99 B - - -- - _-- ____ 47.3 ,2.4 21.6 50 0.5 -27 B - - -- - ___ ____ 4.0 - - -* _ _.let Blark - - - - - --_ ____ -2.5 2.1 0.11 0.8 0.281 C - - -- - ___ ____ _ 3|.5 _ _

18 C - - -- - ___ ____ _|.s--_ __

14 C - - -- - --_ ____ __ 39.4 yjj 76 ^ 393 |u, „

78 A - -- - --_ _.__ __3o>7 22.7 ,7.4 s.210 A - -- - ___ ____ _____ 0#7i5 -- -- - _-_ ____ _--__,.7_

Table 3.

Percent of various flowering plant species found in honeybee pollencollections, Icewater Creek Research Area, 7 May-15 September 1981

13

Per cent

Date Pollen Source of sample

May 7-12 Maple spp.Trout lilyWillow spp.

Unknown

47.7

35.5

16.6

0.2

May 13-19 Maple spp.Willow spp.Elderberry

Trout lilyposs. Blueberry

32.3

20.9

18.3

24.0

4.7

May 20-26 Maple spp.Hawthorn

Willow spp.

Ash

poss. Blueberry

42.9

33.3

19.3

2.7

1.8

May 27-June 2 AppleHawthorn

ElderberryDogwood-WillowHawkweed

Cherry spp.

53.2

19.4

11.1

14.8

0.8

0.7

June 3-9 Cherry spp.

DogwoodRose

Elderberry

Trout lily-Willow

49.7

12.8

14.7

21.5

1.1

June 10-16 DogwoodTrout lilyHawkweed

Rose

66.1

20.7

7.1

6.1

June 17-23 Hawkweed

DogwoodTrout lily

88.1

7.4

4.5

June 24-30 Hawkweed

Plantain

Ox-eyed Daisy

71.2

25.3

3.5

14

Table 3.

Percent of various flowering plant species found in honeybee pollencollections, Icewater Creek Research Area, 7 May-15 September 1981

Date

July 1-7

July 8-14

July 15-21

July 22-28

July 29-Aug. 4

Aug. 5-11

Aug. 12-18

Aug. 19-25

Per cent

Pollen Source of sample

Meadow Rue-Queen Anne's Lace 53.2

Hawkweed 23.5

Pine-Meadow Rue 0.3

Unknown 23.0

Buttercup 46.8

Buttonbush 26.9

St. John's-wort 22.5

Rose 3.8

Queen Anne's Lace-Buttonbush 46.4

Rose 41.6

Fireweed-Rose 5.1

Primrose-St. John's-wort 4.6

Buttonbush-Joe Pye Weed 1.1

Buttonbush-Bur-Marigold 0.7

Alsike Clover 0.5

Queen Anne's Lace-Alsike Clover 46.7

Fireweed-Buttercup 17.4

Fireweed 10.8

Alsike Clover 10.4

Ox-eyed Daisy-Unknown 6.3

Fireweed-Goldenrod-Aster 47.3

Alsike Clover 8.3

Ox-eyed Daisy-Unknown 7.3

Tubiflorae spp. 37.1

Fireweed 43.9

Alsike Clover-Mustard 1.5

Tubilflorae spp. 52.1

Smut 2.5

Fireweed-Tubuliflorae spp. 21.6

Tubuliflorae spp. 76.3

Smut 2.1

Fireweed 5.0

Touch-me-not-Tubuliflorae 22.7

Tubuliflorae spp. 72.2

Fireweed-Smut 0.1

15

Table 3 (concluded)Percent of various flowering plant species found in honeybee pollencollections, Icewater Creek Research Area, 7 May-15 September 1981

Date

Per cent

Pollen Source of sample

Aug. 26-Sept. 2 Tubuliflorae spp. 81.3Touch-me-not 17.4Toadflax °-5Smut °-8

Sept. 3-8 Joe-Pye weed 89*3Touch-me-not 5.2Goldenrod-Aster 3.5Smut °-2Unknown 1•8

Sept. 9-15 Joe-Pye Weed 100.0

16

Native Wild Pollinators

In order to better understand the role of the various factorsinvolved in the "pollination ecology" of the area, several preliminarystudies initiated during the 1980 field season were continued andexpanded. The many varied pest management practices carried out inCanadian forests require the application of pesticides at various timesthroughout the year, thus exposing non-target organisms to risk atdifferent stages of their life cycles. Herbicide treatments during thelate summer obviously do not expose non-target organisms to the sametypes of risks as second instar budworm sprays do in the early spring.It is with these ever changing risk factors in mind that a series ofstudies were continued to determine activity patterns of pollinators inrelation to available plant forage and weather throughout the season.The present series of studies will have to be continued and expanded inorder to get a clearer overall picture of this aspect of the Icewaterecosystem.

Andrenid bees

During the early part of the spring when the first pollenproducing plants bloom, very few insects have emerged to carry out theimportant function of pollination. Only a few solitary bumblebee queens(mainly Bombua terricola) have survived the winter, and these are juststarting to forage. The role of the numerous Diptera active at thistime is as yet unknown. One group of insects, however, appears to haveneatly filled this niche. A small solitary hymenopterous pollinator ofthe Family Andrenidae loosely colonize suitable patches of firmly packedsandy soils which are relatively free of vegetation and are open to thesun (Figs. 5 and 6). Adult emergence commences when the colony area isfree of frost and snow and soil temperatures approach 15°C (snow patchesabound in the surrounding woods) and air temperatures are in the 10°Crange (Table 4).

This early spring emergence coincides with the first trout lilybloom and pollen production by willows and alder (Fig. 7). The Andrenidae take advantage of additional pollen sources such as dogwood, blueberry, raspberry, mountain ash and wild strawberry as they become available. Pollen is collected mainly from sources less than 3 m in heightand is stored in burrows in the soil to foster a new generation. Adultbees disappear from the scene about the time when blueberry bloom isnearly over and highbush cranberry comes into flower (about mid-June).Excavation of the colony area in mid-September revealed fully developedadult bees in cells constructed in the top 15 cm of soil. Some preda-tion of adult andrenid bees has been observed. Brown-headed cowbirdsand chipping sparrows readily feed on the bees on the ground while antsand ground beetles have also been observed removing adult bees fromtheir burrows.

Fig. 5. Andrenid bees colonizing a hard packed road in the

Icewater Creek research area.

Fig. 6. Andrenid bee burrow in hard packed sandy soil.

17

Fig. 7. Willow catkins, one of the earliest sources of pollen

for early spring foraging pollinators in the Icewater

Creek research area.

18

Table 4.

Activity and observations on bees of the familyAndrenidae during the month of May 1981.

Icewater Creek Research Area.

19

Time

(EST)

temperature (°C)

Date 1 m 10 m soil Remarks

May 7 09:10 h

09:30 h

10:15 h

8

8

13

11

13

11

13

No andrenids active

Andrenids emergingAndrenids foraging in Salixcatkins

8 09:40 h 14 13 13.8 Andrenids emerging and carrying yellow pollen (Salix?)

13 13:30 h 23 18 24.4 Andrenids foraging in troutlily bloom and Salix catkins

19 08:44 h

09.25 h

10:30 h

11:37 h

14

14

18

21

13

16

20

25

12

15

20.5

27.2

No Andrenids active

Andrenids emergingAndrenids with pollenMost Andrenids with pollen

20 07:20 h

08:00 h

09:22 h

8

10

20

7

11

23

14

16.6

24.4

No Andrenids active

No Andrenids active

Andrenids flying

22 07:30 h

08:30 h

09:15 h

10

19

27

13

19

24

15

15.5

20.0

No Andrenids active

No Andrenids active

Andrenids flying

28 07:00 h

08:00 h

08:30 h

08:40 h

6

10

15

18

8

12

16

16

12.2

12.7

14.4

15.0

No Andrenids active

No Andrenids active

No Andrenids active

Andrenids emerging

29 07:00 h

08:00 h

08:30 h

12

13

14

11

12

13

15.5

16.6

16.6

No Andrenids

Andrenids emergingAndrenids flying, returningwith pollen

20

Flower visitation studies

Several short-term studies of pollinator activity on native wildflowers were carried out at various time frames during the 1981 season.

Mixed wildflowers

A stretch of open roadside containing a variety of wildflowerblooms was selected for a three day monitoring study of Insect pollinators in mid-July. Two plots measuring 1.5 x 2.3 m were establishedand the percentage of each flowering plant species was recorded(Table 5). Visiting insect species to each blossom was recorded over afive minute period each hour between 0500 and 1700 h. Weather datacomprising temperatures at the 2 and 10 m levels, wind speed anddirection, relative humidity, barometric pressure and cloud cover wasrecorded in conjunction with pollinator censuses throughout the studyperiod (Appendix Tables 1 to 6).

Seven groups of insects visiting the various flowers wererecorded; Bombus spp., Apis mellifera L., misc. Hymenoptera, Dipteraspp., Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and other miscellaneous insects. Thepercent of visits by each group over the study period and their rangeand averages are presented in Tables 6 and 7. The two main groups ofinsects visiting the mixed wildflower plots were Diptera spp. andHymenoptera spp. (Bombus spp. and A. mellifera excluded). The activityof these two groups over a three day period is presented in Figure 8(plots 1 and 2 are combined for this figure). Lepidoptera spp. (Fig. 9)and Coleoptera spp. (Fig. 10) are less common foragers accounting forapproximately 13% of the average number of visits to wildflowers at thistime period (Table 7).

Peak Diptera activity was recorded quite early in the day, thendeclined noticeably when the Hymenoptera activity increased about mid-morning. Afternoon activity for both groups was similar but was lowerthan the peak activity levels reached earlier in the day. Reasons forthe different activity patterns for each major group are not clear, bututilization of different flowers for different purposes seems to bepartly responsible. Ox-eye daisy composed the majority of bloom at themid-July time frame and Diptera appeared to prefer this species aboveall others for two possible reasons. The blossom of the ox-eyed daisyprovides a convenient and attractive platform upon which to land andrest or forage. The daisy, like numerous other flowering plants,probably excretes nectar (very little pollen was observed at this stage)during the night which is available to insects early in the day. TheHymenoptera, which foraged later than the Diptera, preferred bloom suchas the hawkweeds and goldenrods, and were observed to be collectingpollen loads rather than nectar.

21

Table 5.

Percent bloom in mixed flower plotsIcewater Creek Research Area

14-16 July 1981

Plant species

Chrysanthemum leuconthemum (ox-eyed daisy)Hiracium floribundum (yellow hawkweed)Achillee millefueille.(yarrow)Epilobium hirsutum (evening primrose)Solidago spp. (goldenrod)Hiracium vulgaris (heal-all)Erigeron sp. (fleabane)

Percent composition

Plot 1 Plot 2

55.0 85.0

11.6 11.0

2.2 2.6

1.9 1.9

1.9

13.0

14.4

Table 6.

Percent insect visits to mixed wildflower plots

14 July 15 July 16 July

Insect group plot 1 plot 2 plot 1 plot 2 plot 1 plot 2

Bombus spp. 0.45 0.84 0.00 0.00 3.25 0.00

A. mellifera 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Misc. Hymenoptera 24.09 21.42 24.17 17.12 13.41 12.18

Diptera spp. 55.00 52.52 62.55 57.87 71.13 76.05

Lepidoptera spp. 7.27 11.76 3.79 9.72 0.81 3.78

Coleoptera spp. 3.18 7.56 3.79 10.64 10.56 5.46

Misc. insects 9.54 5.80 5.68 5.09 1.21 2.10

Table 7.

The percentage range (low, high and average) of seven groups ofinsects visiting mixed wildflower plots

Icewater Creek Research Area

14-16 July 1981

Insect group low high average

Bombus spp. 0.0 3.25 0.75

A. mellifera 0.0 0.45 0.07

Hymenoptera spp. (misc.) 12.18 24.17 18.73

Diptera' spp. 52.52 76.05 62.52

Lepidoptera spp. 0.18 11.76 6.08

Coleoptera spp. 3.18 10.64 6.86

Misc. insects 1.21 9.54 4.90

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8.

Native

Hymenoptera

and

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pollinator

visits

to

wild

flower

plots,

14(A),

15(B)

and

16(C)

July

1981.

to

fO

Fig. 9. Butterfly (Lepidoptera) visiting hawkweed bloom in

the Icewater Creek research area.

23

Fig. 10. Beetles (Coleoptera) visiting ox-eyed daisy bloom

in the Icewater Creek research area.

24

25

Yarrow

Yarrow, Achillee millefueille had reached near peak bloom by mid-July and was observed to be attracting a complex of insects, particularlythe Diptera spp. A single plot (1.5 x 2.3 ra) containing 170 stems ofyarrow blossom was surveyed for pollinator activity over the same period asthe mixed wildflower plots. Four main groups of insect visitors wererecorded: Diptera spp., Hymenoptera spp., Lepidoptera spp. and Coleopteraspp. Diptera and Hymenoptera were the most frequent visitors and theiractivity is presented in Fig. 11 and Appendix Tables 7, 8 and 9.

Goldenrod

Goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L., was in peak bloom by the end ofJuly and hosted a substantial number of visiting insect fauna. A four daypollinator monitoring program was carried out between the 26th and 30thJuly on a plot of pure goldenrod consisting of 111 flowering stems. Plotsize and monitoring techniques (insect and weather) were identical to previous studies. Diptera and Hymenoptera spp. accounted for the majority ofthe visits over the four day period (Appendix Tables 10, 12, 14, 16) whileLepidoptera and Coleoptera accounted for relatively few visits. Activitypatterns (number of visits) of Hymenoptera and Diptera are presented inFigure 12. Weather conditions were generally favorable throughout thestudy period (Appendix Tables 11, 13, 15, 17), with rain showers depressingforaging activity on 28 July (Fig. 12B). It would appear that pollinatoractivity is somewhat higher on goldenrod than was experienced on yarrow twoweeks previously, but not as high as observed on a composite of wildflowers in mid-July.

Fireweed

Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium L., had reached peak bloom byearly August and a one day pollinator visit survey was carried out on the12th. Four plots were established in the same fashion as for previousstudies; however, no detailed weather data could be recorded. August 12was sunny and warm and pollinator monitoring was carried out between08:30 h and 13:30 h. A total of 38 fireweed stems in bloom were present inthe four plots and pollinator counts on all plots are combined andpresented in Appendix Table 18 and Figure 13. Hymenoptera are by far themajor insect group visiting fireweed, while Diptera were recorded in verylow numbers. Diptera, which feed mainly on nectar, have a difficult timeforaging on fireweed due to the nature of the construction of the floret,while long-tongued Hymenoptera can readily reach the nectar supply and allHymenoptera can collect from the exposed pollen producing organs.Bumblebees apparently reached their foraging peak around 10:00 h and astheir activity declined towards noon, other Hymenoptera spp. became moreprominent.

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11.

NativeHymenopteraandDiptera

Pollinator

visits

to

Yarrow,

Ach

ille

em

ille

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lebloom,

14(A),

15(B)

and

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July

1981,

tsi

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Fig. 12. Native Hymenoptera and Diptera pollinator visits to goldenrod {Bolidago spp.),27(A), 28(B), 29(C) and 30(D) July 1981. *»4

110

100

90

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20

10

00900 1000

Bombus spp.vv\ Misc. Hymenoptera —•-

X V Diptera spp.\

1100

12 AUGUST

1200 1300

Fig. 13. Pollinator visits to fireweed bloom, Icewater Creek Research Area,12 August 1981.

CO

29

It is possible that bumblebees are foraging for nectar (generally producedovemite) in the early part of the day and are replaced by other speciesforaging for pollen as nectaries become depleted.

Soil Fauna

The ultimate repository of most pesticide applications (aerial orground) is the forest floor, through either direct deposit at the time oftreatment or through a secondary route such as contaminated leaf or needlefall or in the bodies of poisoned insects falling to the ground. A multitude of creatures dwelling on or in the ground are in danger of coming incontact with these spray materials in some form before the chemicals decay.or are transformed into non-toxic breakdown products. Ground dwellingarthropods such as spiders, ground beetles, flies, mites etc. constantlyforage for food materials (both vegetative and animal) on the ground and asa result can play a very important role in the "clean-up process" followingpest control operations.

In 1980, a preliminary study was carried out using tumble-in trapsfor collecting ground dwelling arthropods in three sites (Kingsbury et al.1980). The program in 1981 was confined to the "spruce forest" and to the"hardwoods forest" where weekly samples were collected from late May to theend of August. Twelve one-litre oil cans (cleaned with detergent andrinsed with alcohol) were placed in the ground with the lip of each canjust below ground level in a grid-fashion at one metre intervals (3 x4 m). Each plot was moved to nearby similar ecological sites several timesduring the season to avoid depleting the ground arthropod fauna at any onepoint.

Activity patterns (captures of adult specimens) are presented inFig. 14 and Tables 8 and 9. Capture patterns of carabidae from both theconiferous and deciduous site are similar (Fig. 14A), with peak capturesfrom late May to mid-June, declining in August to a low point possiblyindicating a change from adult to immature forms. Spiders (Fig. 14B) alsoexhibit the same adult capture pattern. Diptera (Fig. 14D) captures peaksomewhat later (mid to late July) when large numbers of the FamilyEmpididae (predacious on small insects and feeds on plant pollens) weretaken from both the coniferous and deciduous sites. The later emergencepeak (mid-August) has not as yet been identified. Red mites (Fig. 14C)were frequently found in the samples with higher numbers being taken fromthe deciduous site. Two peak capture periods are evident, the first inearly May and the second in July when peak captures occurred about twoweeks apart on the two sites.

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Table 8

Tumble-in trap captures of soil fauna from deciduous (S-l) and coniferous(S-2) sites, Icewater Creek Research area, 18 May-6 July 1981.

I'lty 1uin Clans Order Family 18-22 Hay 25-29 Hay 2-8 .June 9-15 June 16-22 June 23-29 June 30 June--6 July

S-l S-2 S-l S S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2

Nematliclalntes 1 6 10 13 3 3 3 33

4

1

2

13

3Hullusca 2 1 ' 1

Anno 1 Ida 3 1 1 1

Anliropiera Araclinlrfa PseudoscorplPita lang Ida

ionlda13 4 5 3 1 3

Acarl 28 - 169 4 80 6 31 4 23 1 21 - 28 1

Aranelda 19 3 93 118 69 46 101 50 53 39 22 20 16 17

Dlplupndu 8 1 35 3 25 2 32 6 28 19 3 28 3

CltllopndaInsectu Cbllemhola

Orthoptera

Psocopterallenlptera

llouoptera

Heuroptera

Acrldldae

GryllacrtdldaeGryllldae

Hlrldae

TlngldaeLygaeIdaeCercopldaeClcadellldae

Aplildaclitirae rob ildae

2

2

1 1

5

2

2

2

1

1

1

9

237

1

3

1

3

9

1

1

5

3

Coleoptera Carabldae

III uter Idae

II 27 49 89 29 48 37 73 25 72 8 27 21 32

Stapliyllnldac 5 18 6 38 6 31 5 19 II 30 2 19 2 25

Silplildae 1

SearabaeIdae 1 4

Elaterldae 1 2 1 2 6 1 3 1 1

Lampyrtdae 1 1 1 1 1 1

LyeIdae 1

DeradiMttldae 1

TonebrIonIdae 1

PyroeliroldaeMelandryIdae 1

MeloIdae

Cerambycldac 3

Cliryuome Ildae 1 7 1 3 1

CurcnlInaldae 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 2

Otlior 8 1 4 1 3 2 6 23 1 4 3

Lepidoptera (l)(A)

II 4 8

3

12 4 4

1

8 10 3

2

7

2

4

1

Diptera 4 1 9 9 10 8 5 10 33 18 15 14 16 40

Slpliouaptera 1

llynenoplera t-'nrmlcldae

Oilier

41

2

8

3

73

1

17

5

24

2

6

1

50

2

7 9

1

2

4

8

1

10

2

15 7

1

Cliordaln Amplilbln Anura 1

Unidentified 7 3 4 3 8 2 10 9 15 4 13 17 17 9

Tolnl 113 96 517 JII4 298 159 325 443 233 207 I3H 155 172 165

Table 9

Tumble-in trap captures of soil fauna from deciduous (S-l) and coniferous(S-2) site, Icewater Creek Research area 7 July-31 August 1981.

Phylum (Mass Order Family 7-13 July 14-20 July 21-22 July 28 Jul y-4 Aug 4-10 Aug 11-17 Aug 18-241 Aug 25-11 Aug

S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2 S-l S-2

Nemathelinlutes2 2 1 3

i2

Mo 11linea 1 2 1 1 1 1 i 1

Annelida2 2 2 1 1 1 2

2

1 1

Arthropteru Arnchnlda PscudoscorplonldaPhalangIda 8 2 2 2 1 2 2

Acarl 21 76 12 15 73 15 1 4 12 3 6 2 9 5 23 1

Aranelda 23 19 4 10 3 12 6 10 1 1 4 5 5 4 4 2

Dlplopnda 93 1 8 3 30 6 3 12 20 3 8 3 5 3 18 4

ClillopodaInsccta Collembola

Orthoptera

Psocoptera

Acrldldne

GryltacrldldaeGryllldae

1

8

2

2 10 I

2

1

7

1

2

1

7

2

3

1

1

3

4

1

65

1

12

6

5

1

5

17

8

3

2

4

46

2

Iteialptera MirIdae

Tlngldae 1 1 1

LygaeIdae 2 I 2 1 1 1

llomoptera Cercopldae 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 2 2

Clcadetlldae 11 5 4 1 2 3 11 5 4 2 5 1 7

Aphldae 1 1 1 1 2 1

Neuroptera Hemerob1Idae

Coleoptera Carabldae

lllaterldae

17

1

44 5 22 10 12 9 14 8 2 4 0 4 2 5 4

Staphyllnldae 4 26 t 8 1 16 7 4 72 10 10 47 12 31 12 17

Sllphldae 1

SearabaeIdae

Elaterldae 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1

Lanipyr Idae 1 1

LyeIdaeDerodontldac

Tenebrlontdae

Pyrochroldae 1 I

HelandryldaeMelotdne 1

Cerarobycldae •

Clirysomel Idae 1 1

Curcullontdae 9 3 4 2 4 1 5 6 1 7 2

Other 7 4 2 2 I 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

Lepidoptera (L)(A)

15

2

5

1

. 6

1 I

7 4

1

3 6 5

2

1 2 6 7 7 II 4

2

Diptera 98 599 19 158 18 74 16 15 30 7 27 9 29 79 57 17

SlphonapteraHymenoptera Formic Mne 35 18 17 8 20 16 9 40 18 6 19 8 33 9 16 3

Other 6 1 7 2 9 II 2 II 7 2 7 1 23 12 27 1

Chnrdata Amphibia Anura

Unidentified 21 18 12 15 11 7 7 14 5 7 4 12 6 4 6 5

Total 380 841 106 265 204 194 69 183 #209 52 122 119 155 211 201 117

rO

33

TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATE STUDIES

Small mammals

A small mammal survey was again carried out in the Icewater Creekarea in a somewhat limited fashion in 1981. Population and activitystudies of two species were carried out in the coniferous area (S-2) between 27 June and 5 July. Ten parallel lines 16 chains long and 2 chainsapart were flagged out in the middle of the S-2 area. Trapping stationswere established at 2 chain intervals along each line forming a 2 chaingrid throughout the plot. Sherman live-traps baited with an oatmeal-peanutbutter mix and provisioned with nesting material were set at each trapstation and serviced each morning. All mice, Peromyscus maniculatus(Wagern), and voles, Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors), were identified,sexed, aged and toe-clipped for future identification and released; allother captured animals were released without toe-clipping. A total of 57mice and voles were captured and released on the plot with the trap-datapresented in Table 10. Locations where individuals were trapped and theirterritorial ranges are presented in Fig. 15 for P. maniculatus and inFig. 16 for C. gapperi.

Forest birds

In order to understand the risk factors posed by various forestpest management practices to forest avifauna, it is necessary to gain someunderstanding of the niches occupied and roles played by the various groupsof birds (insect eaters, seed eaters, flycatchers, etc.) and to documenttheir activities throughout the season. One of the main activities of themajority of a forest bird population is the spring and fall migration, andit was the spring migration activity that the Icewater Creek projectfocused on in 1981. Spring migration is a very difficult time for mostmigrating species who have to travel long distances through often adversespring weather conditions and scarce food sources, with the added everincreasing stresses of the on-coming breeding activities of territorialselection and defence, nesting and brood rearing. Pesticide applicationsduring this time frame can pose a serious hazard to an already weakenedbird population.

The occurrence of forest birds in the lower Icewater area is

presented in Tables 11 and 12. Weekly population censuses were carried outfrom mid-April to late August on the three previously identified ecologicalsites (Kingsbury et al. 1980). The data were then combined to reflect theIcewater Creek population as a whole. Migration and the resulting territorial defence (vocal) started about the last part of April, during whichtime the snow patches were disappearing from the wooded areas but prior togeneral bud flush of the hardwoods and shrubs. The vocal defence ofterritories showed signs of decline by the end of June but many speciescontinued until late July when a general decline was quite noticeable.

Table 10.

Results of Small Mammal Trapping StudyIcewater Creek Research Area

27 June-5 July 1981

34

P. maniculatus Total animals trapped - 33(deer mouse)

Males - juvenile - 2adult, non-breeding - 1adult, breeding - 16

Females - juvenile - 4adult, non-breeding - 2adult, breeding - 6

Escaped, status unknown - 2

Total number of animals captured twice - 8three times - 3

four times - 3

Maximum distance recorded between traps - 10 chains

C. gapperi Total animals trapped - 24(red-headed vole)

Males - juvenile - 1adult non-breeding - 1adult, breeding - 7

Females - juvenile - 4adult, non-breeding - 2adult, breeding - 8

Escaped, status unknown - 1

Total number of animals captured twice - 4three times - 0

four times - 1

Maximum distance recorded between traps - 10 chains.

Fig. 15.

4 5

Peromyscus maniculatus recaptures (2 or more) on smalloZl plot in coniferous stand, Icewater Creek ResearchArea, 26 June-5 July 1981.

1. non-breeding juvenile female2. non-breeding juvenile female3. adult male in breeding condition4. adult male in breeding condition5. non-breeding juvenile female6. adult male in breeding condition9. adult male in breeding condition10. adult female in breeding condition11. adult female in breeding condition13. adult male in breeding condition17. adult female in breeding condition19. adult male in breeding condition23. adult male in breeding condition

35

8 9

A

B

D

E

F

H

36

•

j i

10 \

u. .i

l"\

>^

/-

<I _;

v 7 -vN

"s. /" *v

,13 N<

^1 •

N

N

\

—1

f

N

1 2 v.I 4 ~cr

6i 7 8I 9

Fig. 16. Clethrionomys gapperi recaptures (.2 or more) on small mammal plot inconiferous stand, Icewater Creek Research Area, 26 Juner-5 July 1981.

1. adult female in breeding condition6. adult female in breeding condition7. non—breeding juvenile female

10. adult male in breeding condition13. adult male in breeding condition

37

Bird monitoring methodology studies continued in 1981. The transect plot method was replaced by a "point census" method where populationswere recorded from one specific point during a 10 minute interval everyhour throughout a 5 hour period once a week. The data from these variations of the "singing male" methods are being analyzed and will be reportedat a later date. In addition to songbird censuses and methodology studies,a program of bird netting and banding was initiated to gather data onfledgling production and growth and adult migration and reproductivebehavior. Over 130 resident birds were netted for data collection andbanding in this preliminary year of studies.

Table 11

Forest birds detected in censuses


February-May 1981.

February March April

38

May

1-7 8-14 15-21 22-28 1-7 8-15 16-22 23-31 1-7 8-14 15-21 22-30 1-7 8-14 15-21 22-30

Ruff Grouse

American Woodcock

Black-billed Cuckoo

Chimney SwiftRuby-throated HummingbirdBelted KingfisherCommon Flicker

Pileated Woodpecker

Yellow-bellied SapsuckerHairy WoodpeckerDowny WoodpeckerEastern KingbirdGreat-crested FlycatcherEastern Phoebe

Yellow-bellied FlycatcherAlder FlycatcherLeast FlycatcherEastern Wood Pewee

Olive-sided FlycatcherTree Swallow

Gray JayBlue JayBlack-capped ChickadeeBoreal Chickadee

White-breasted Nuthatch

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Brown CreeperWinter Wren

Catbird

American Robin

Wood Thrush

Hermit Thrush

Swainson's Thrush

VeeryGolden-crowned KingletRuby-crowned KingletCedar WaxwlngSolitary VlreoRed-eyed VlreoPhiladelphia VlreoBlack and white Warbler

Tennessee Warbler

Nashville Warbler

Parula Warbler

Yellow Warbler

Magnolia WarblerCape Msy WarblerBlack-throated Blue Warbler

Yellow-ruaped WarblerBlack-chroated Green Warbler

Blackburnlan warbler

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Bay-breasted WarblerBlackpoll WarblerOvenblrd

Northern Waterthrush

Mourning WarblerCommon Yellowthroat

Canada Warbler

American Redstart

Brown-headed Cowblrd

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Evening GrosbeakPurple FinchPine Siskin

American Goldfinch

Dark-eyed JuncoChipping SparrowWhite-throated SparrowSwamp SparrowSong Sparrow

Table 12

Forest birds detected in censuses


June-August 1981.

Ruff Grouse

American Woodcock

Black-billed Cuckoo

Chimney SwiftRuby-throated HummingbirdBelted KingfisherCommon Flicker

Plleated WoodpeckerYellow-bellied SapsuckerHairy WoodpeckerDowny WoodpeckerEastern KingbirdGreat-crested FlycatcherEastern Phoebe

Yellow-bellied FlycatcherAlder FlycatcherLeast FlycatcherEastern Wood Pewee

Olive-sided FlycatcherTree SwallowGray JayBlue JayBlack-capped ChickadeeBoreal Chickadee

White-breasted NuthatchRed-breasted NuthatchBrown CreeperWinter WrenCatbird

American RobinWood ThrushHermit Thrush

Swalnson's ThrushVeery

Golden-crowned KingletRuby-crowned KingletCedar WaxvlngSolitary VlreoRed-eyed VlreoPhiladelphia VlreoBlack and white WarblerTennessee WarblerNashville WarblerParula WarblerYellow WarblerMagnolia WarblerCape May WarblerBlack-throated Blue WarblerYellow-rumped WarblerBlack-throated Green WarblerBlackburntan warblerChestnut-sided WarblerBay-breasced WarblerBlackpoll WarblerOvenblrd

Northern WacerthrushMourning WarblerCommon YellowthroatCanada WarblerAmerican RedstartBrown-headed CowblrdRose-breasted GrosbeakEvening GrosbeakPurple Finch

Pine SiskinAmerican GoldfinchDark-eyed JuncoChipping SparrowWhite-throated SparrowSwamp SparrowSong Sparrow

Jul v

1-7 8-14 15-21 22-30 l--' 8-15 lfr-22 23-31 1-7

39

15 16-22 23-31

40

AQUATIC STUDIES

The 1981 program of aquatic studies in Icewater Creek included a continuation of the previous year's assessment of stream benthos. The seasonaland diel changes in the numbers and composition of drifting invertebrateswere monitored in the main stream and two major headwater tributaries. Driftsamples were collected simultaneously from three sites at one and two hourintervals over a 24 hour period on ten occasions from 6 May to 27 November.In conjunction with drift sampling, bottom fauna populations in areas closeto the drift sites were measured with Surber nets and, at less frequentintervals, with the collection of artificial substrates. The collectedorganisms from both the 1980 and 1981 field seasons have not been identifiedto date, pending the completion of taxonomic keys. The development of theseidentification keys is currently underway, through contract arrangements withMr. G. Bird of the University of Guelph, to assist in the identification ofmajor aquatic invertebrate genera and species present in Icewater Creek.

An assessment of native brook trout populations within the streamsystem was initiated in the 1981 program but was frustrated by severelyfluctuating water levels and the inherent inefficiency of electroshocking inmost parts of the stream. A population estimate based on a removal methodwith successive electroshocker sweeps within an enclosed area was not possible because of low catches, although visual observations (with snorkellingequipment) and angling success indicated that numerous brook trout inhabitedcertain sections of the stream. Aggregate samples of brook trout were collected on four occasions between June and November for obtaining stomach contents, scale samples, and morphological data.

A fish collection weir (Fig. 17) was constructed on Icewater Creek1.6 km above the confluence with Goulais River to determine the extent ofupstream-downstream movement of brook trout. The weir was not operationalthrough the entire season because of frequent damage resulting from flashfloods and beaver activity, but demonstrated that if instream movement of thefish was occurring, it was not extensive. The low number of fish caught inthe trap (one brook trout, 17 cyprinids) indicates that migration within orto and from the lower section of Icewater Creek will not be an importantfactor in forthcoming fish population assessments.

A major portion of the 1981 field program included a detailed landsurvey of Icewater Creek. The entire main stream and up to 3 km of the headwater tributaries were assessed for stream gradient (Fig. 18) and character,bottom type, depth profiles, shoreline vegetation, overhead canopy, andgeneral descriptive features. Figure 19 illustrates the gradient profile ofthe main stream and the two major headwater tributaries for the distancesurveyed. As an example of the more specific information obtained from thesurvey, Fig. 20 demonstrates the gradient profile of both surface water and

Fig. 17. Upstream-downstream fish collection weir set in Icex^ater Creek,

Fig. 18. Measuring changes in stream gradient in Icewater

Creek.

42

43

stream bottom of a 200 m section of Icewater Creek, while Table 13contains a summary of the descriptive features relevant to thatparticular section.

•JO

75

t>0

45

10

15

K»jo.

«j„0

w Id r15

/

(ill

Fig. 19.

ikiu "is Ikm

West Headwater

Tributary

Fast Headwater

Tributarv

Mainstream

4 km 5 ItinOlMliuioe Surveyed

Gradient profile of Icewater Creek

"/In \\U 'Jkift -P-

40+00m

40+50m

41+00m

Distance

surveyed

Fig.

20.

Gradient

profile

ofasectionof

Icewater

Creek,

1981

41+50m

water

/surface

stream

^bottom

42-f-OOm

•p*

Ui

Table 13.

Physical characteristics of a section (4001 to 4206 a) ofIcewater Creek, surveyed in August 1981.

Distance

(a)

Stream

Character

Bottom

TypeInstream

Cover

Shoreline

Vegetation Canopy

4001-4025 riffle 70Z rubble

20Z gravel10Z boulder

5Z boulders 90Z speckled alder10Z soft maple

IS

4025-4051 normal

channel

50Z gravel30Z rubble

20Z boulder

5Z boulders 90Z speckled alder10Z soft maple

1Z

4051-4083 riffle 50Z gravel35Z rubble

15Z boulder

10Z undercut

2Z boulder

bank 45Z white birch

30Z soft maple15Z balsam fir

10Z speckled alder

40Z

4083-4092 log jam across entire stream

4092-4100 pool 50Z sand

20Z silt

15Z gravel10Z detritus

5Z rubble

25Z logs5Z undercut bank

90Z yellow birch10Z soft maple

OZ

4100-4114 riffle 40Z gravel35Z rubble

25Z sand

25Z logs51 undercut bank


OZ

4U4-4125 pool 50Z sand


10Z detritus

25Z logs5Z undercut bank

90Z yellow birchIOZ soft maple

OZ

412S-4166 riffle 60Z gravel30Z rubble

10Z boulder

25Z logs5% undercut bank


OZ

4166-4195 normal

channel


10Z sand

5Z boulder

5Z boulder 50Z speckled alder30Z soft maple20Z white birch

15Z

4195-4206 riffle 50Z rubble

30Z gravel20Z boulder

5Z boulder 50Z speckled alder30Z soft maple20Z white birch

15Z

46

47

PLANS FOR 1982

Terrestrial Invertebrate Studies

Honeybees - Continue monitoring pollen collection and activity and initiatebrood production studies.

Ground insects - Continue the 1981 program and extend the time frame fromearly spring till freeze up.

Wild pollinators - Initiate a season long "pollinator-host" study for thelower Icewater site and continue specific pollinator -

blossom studies.

- Collect and identify wild pollinator species and recordhost preferences for the more common species.

Pollen - Continue the collection of wild flower pollens for the slidecollection with special emphasis on tree pollens.

- Identification of pollens carried by pollinators collected in thefield.

Scavenger insect studies - Initiate studies to collect data of the"scavenger insect" complex and to document theiractivity patterns throughout the season.

Terrestrial Vertebrate Studies

Forest Birds - Continue monitoring methodology studies- Continue season long activity studies on three sites.- Continue a netting program to provide breeding and fledgling

data.

Small mammals - Continue live-trap project in a different time frame than1981.

- Field test small mammal activity counters.

Phenology

Continue to monitor the flower period of native wildflower and treespecies on all three ecological sites over the entire season.

48

Aquatic Studies

Aquatic invertebrates - Initiate studies on emergence of adult aquaticinsects and gather more larval material to fillin gaps in taxonomic and life history information gathered to date.

- Continue monitoring aquatic invertebrate populations utilizing artificial substrate samplers.

Fish - Relocate the fish weir to another site within the lower portionof Icewater Creek for season long assessment of localized fishmovements.

- Attempt to census fish populations at various sites within theIcewater Creek system.

Exposure measurements - initiate tracer dye movement studies withinIcewater Creek designed to simulate movementof pesticides in the system, beginning withapplications of dye into the stream from fixedpoint sources.

49

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The ongoing co-operation of Mr. J. H. Sellers, District Manager,and his staff in the Sault Ste. Marie District of the Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources, in permitting and facilitating conduct of the IcewaterCreek Research program is gratefully acknowledged.

The active involvement of W.J. Beveridge in providing meteorological data, servicing on-site meteorological equipment and assisting inmany ways in the maintenance of facilities and equipment at the IcewaterCreek site is acknowledged with appreciation.

Portions of the data collection activities were supervised andcarried out by S.B.Holmes, R.L. Millikin and K.L. Mortensen. Able assistance in the data collection was provided by K. Banard, D. Basham,C. Blakey, W. Cameron, R. Grey, R. Hepburn, D. Hnatuik and D. Rykman.

Special thanks are expressed to J. McAlpine for her patient effortsin typing this report.

REFERENCES

Hodges, Dorothy. 1952. The Pollen Loads of the honeybee. Bee ResearchAssociation, London.

Kingsbury, P.D. et al. 1980. Environmental impact studies in the IcewaterCreek Watershed: A progress report for 1980. Forest PestManagement Institute File Report No. 6, Dec. 1980. 31 pp.

APPENDIX TABLES

Pollinator counts and accompanying meteorological datafrom the Icewater Creek Research Area

July-Augus t 1981.

50

Table 1

Insect visits to mixed flower plotsIcewater Creek Research Area

14 July 1981(plots 1 and 2 combined)

Time of day Number of visits by

S.S.T. 3ombus Apis Misc. Hyra. Diptera Laptdopi:era Coleoptera Misc. Total

04:30-04;40 0 0 0 2 0' 0 0 2

06:00-06:10 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 10

07:00-07:10 0 0 2 37 0 0 3 42

08:00-08:10 0 0 2 40 2 i 5 50

09:00-09:10 0 0 6 23 10 4 I 44

10:00-10:10 0 0 12 15 I 2 7 37

11:00-11:10 - 0 21 15 4 5 2 49

12:00-12:10 0 0 16 15 4 5 5 45

13:00-13:10 I 0 9 20 6 2 1 39

14:00-14:10 0 I 7 21 4 2 3 38

15:00-15:10 0 0 15 23 4 4 2 48

16:00-16:10 0 0 10 17 6 3 2 38

17:00-17:10 0 0 10 10 3 I I 25

Totals 3 1 no 247 44 29 33 467

H_h_.h_H-t-i—•-h-i—h-»-i--^-K-H-H-oOOOOOOOOOOOsjslffiaiOiW^^WWtOMHi-OOvOÔOOOOslSffiCMjlW^^LJOU)Ol>JOtoOWOwOWOU>OwOLOOcoOU>00>OC~»0oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

N)NIOlvJ|OM(ONtOIO|OlON)|S)|sJK3N)|s)Hi-HH

|OfOtON)tONN)NN)N)NN(ONNNNN»-HHHHj>W0>ON>O*JM>)UiWWN|ON3|OOhOv0v0vjî-00s|0>O>"»I

OM»00(J*(ÔiC^HWslOvOONO>(^WU'slOOvJU>IOHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIoo

4SN)O0)00hIOO0>s|UivO00U00OrOVO

»—O

WWW2!25COrtMrt

W2!£5CdZZWZZIZ2:rt

2JS325WWWW25

W

MrtCO

rt

1100

rt

OOOOOCiOOOOOt-«r-*l-,»-,r-»l-,r-»r-,r-,r-'r-'

Nivioooooo^^ôûicnuiûuioNtoa>n>oofl>fl>rt>n>fl>n>

•1tirini-»i-|Hrtnnr-|

V_)v0v0v0v0v0v_>v0vov0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v0v£v0—I—I—|-Î»-J—I•—1—J—1—I—1-«4—|»«J^j-«J]-»4««J"«J"'«4-s4«»«J—ICJ^CT>CX*CT*CTÔOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOvOvDvOCOCO

rt•HCOH«

•9

?

CO

rt>

S?•8rt)^1P>rr

Ci-trt>

o

3

Or-»

Ô*-*C•-a.

o-o

10o

<rt)

9h-crr-igj

H-•

cri»*o

0)(DCO

oco

PC(DOQ

rt

H

lt»

o

c

00a*

o(D

15rr(D»-l

O-trt>(D

10

n>o>n

o

(DP)

Table 3

Insect visits to mixed flower .lots


15 July 1981

(plots 1 and 2 combined)

Time of day Mumber of visits by2.S.T. Bombus Apis Misc. Hyra. Diptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Misc. Total

07:00-07:10 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 3008:00-08:10 0 0 I 26 1 1 0 2909:00-09:10 0 0 9 32 2 3 6 5210:00-10:10 0 0 2 32 U 5 4 5411:00-11:10 0 0 14 22 3 I 5 4512:00-12:10 0 0 3 7 2 3 2 2213:00-13:10 0 0 4 26 0 <> -> 34

14:00-14:10 0 0 22 21 5 3 2 5315:00-15:10 0 0 5 11 3 4 1 2416:00-16:10 0 0 16 26 f 4 0 4317:00-17:10 0 0 7 34 0 5 1 47

Totals 0 0 88 267 29 31 23 438

Table 4

Weather data for 15 July 1981, Icewater Creek Research Area

Temperature °C Wind (r.p.h)T*-me ; Cloud cover bar. pressure

(E.S.T.) 2m ' 10 m speed direction l/10fs (millibars of Hg)

0645 10

0730 15

0830 20

0930 29

1030 30

1145 25

1230 28

1330 28

1400 27

1515 27

1630 26

1645 28

8 0

13 1-3

18 1-4

24 0-2

27 1-324 0-1

27 6-7

6 8

28 0

25 3

25 3-927 15-18

Clear 971ESE Clear 971EE Clear 971ESE Clear 971ESE 5 970

E 5 970SSW 5 969NNW 5 969

6 969NE 7 968NW 6 968NNW 6 968

Table 3

Insect visits to mixed flower plots


16 July 1L981(plots 1 and 2 combined)


E.S.T. Bombus Apis Misc. Hym. Diptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Misc. Total

06:55-07:05 0 0 1 71 0 0 2 74

07:55-08:05 0 0 4 63 0 2 0 59

08:55-09:05 I 0 I 40 2 1 2 47

09:55-10:05 0 0 20 36 I 11 0 63

10:55-11:05 0 0 15 24 0 13 I 53

11:55-12:05 0 0 0 11 0 0 I 12

12:55-13:05 0 0 I 26 2 0 0 29

13:55-14:05 3 0 3 19 5 5 0 40

14:55-15:05 4 0 6 25 0 3 1 39

15:55-16:05 0 0 6 20 1 3 1 31

16:53-17:05 0 0 0 17 0 1 0 13

Totals 3 0 62 352 11 39 3 480

Table 6.

Weather data for 16 July 1981 Icewater Creek Research Area

Time

(E.S.T.)

Temperature °C • Wind (r.p.h)

10 m speed direction 1/10's

0410

0720

0745

0830

0930

0945

1020

1045

1115

1145

*1215

**1245

1315

1345

1415

1445

***1515

1545

2m

7

15

18

19

28

28

28

28

33

26

18

18

20

22

24

23

23

23

* rain

** rain stopped*** light drizzle

8

15

17

20

26

25

28

25

27

25

17

17

18

21

22

21

22

21

0

1

1

0-3

0

0

1

5-7

10-12

5-7

0-1

4-5

3-5

2-3

2-3

5-7

0

1-3

S

E

E

E

E

E

SSE

SSW

NNW

E

S

NNW

S

E

S

SE

S

6

6

7

8

9

7

5

5

6

6

10

10

10

8

9

10

10

10

Cloud cover bar. pressure1/10's (millibars of Hg)

967

967

967

967

967

967

967

967

966

966

966

967

967

967

967

966

966

966

Table 7

Insect visits to yarrow plotIcewater Creek Research Area

14 July 1981

Time of day Number of visits byE.S.T. Hymenoptera Diptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Total

09:00-09:10 1 0 1

10:00-10:10 0 4 0

11:00-11:10 1 3 0

12:00-12:10 2 3 0

13:00-13:10 0 2 0

14:00-14:10 0 6 0

15:00-15:10 0 4 0

16:00-16:10 1 0 0

17:00-17:10 2 4 1

0 2

0 5

0 4

0 5

0 2

0 6

1 5

0 1

1 8

Totals 7 27 2 2 38

Table 8


15 July 1981

Time of day Number of visits byE.S.T. Hymenoptera Diptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Total

07:00-07:10 0 0 0

08:00-08:10 0 0 0

09:00-09:10 0 0 0

10:00-10:10 0 1 0

11:00-11:10 2 3 3

12:00-12:10 1 2 1

13:00-13:10 2 11 1

14:00-14:10 0 0 0

15:00-15:10 0 5 0

16:00-16:10 0 6 1

17:00-17:10 10 6 0

0 0

1 1

0 0

0 1

0 8

0 4

0 14

0 0

0 5

0 7

0 16

Totals 15 34 6 1 56

Table 9


16 July 1981


E.S.T. Hymenoptera Diptera Coleopitera Lepidoptera Total

07:00-07:10 0 2 0 0 2

08:00-08:10 1 0 0 0 1

09:00-09:10 0 6 0 0 6

10:00-10:10 0 8 0 0 8

11:00-11:10 1 5 0 0 6

12:00-12:10 1 10 0 0 11

13:00-13:10 0 2 0 1 3

14:00-14:10 4 3 0 0 7

15:00-15:10 3 8 4 0 15

16:00-16:10 0 10 5 0 15

Totals 10 54 9 1 74

Table 10

Insect visits to goldenrod plotsIcewater Creek Research Area


Time of day Number of visits byE.S.T. 3ombus Apis Misc. Hyra. Diptera Lepldopicara Coleoptera Misc. Total

10:20-10:30 0 0 11 14 0 1 0 31

10:45-10:55 0 0 10 29 0 0 1 40

11:45-11:55 0 0 10 15 0 0 I 26

12:45-12:55 0 0 14 8 0 0 0 22

13:45-13:55 0 0 18 18 0 0 1 37

14:45-14:55 0 0 19 19 0 0 I 39

15:45-15:55 0 0 18 20 0 0 • 0 38

16:45-16:55 0 0 17 6 0 0 1 24

17:45-17:55 0 0 0 9 0 0 2 11

Totals 0 0 117 143 0 1 7 268

Table 11.

Weather data for 27 July 1981, Icewater Creek Research Area.

Time

(E.S.T.)

Temperature aC Wind (r.p.h)

2m

0853 18

1200 23

1230 22

1528 23

1615 22

1636 21

10 a speed direction

16

23

22

23

21

20

1-3

3-4

3-12

4-10

6-10

ENE

MNE

SNE

W

V

NW

Cloud cover bar. pressure1/10's (millibars of 3g)

Clear

3

9

9

9

9

977

976

976

973

975

975

Table 12



Time of day Number of visits byE.S.T. Bombus Apis Misc. Hym. Diptera Lepidopi:era Coleoptera Misc. Total

06:00-06:10 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 1

07:00-07:10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

08:00-08:10 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 ->

09:00-09:10 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 2

10:00-10:10 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 5

11:00-11:10 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 512:00-12:10 0 0 i 9 0 0 3 13

13:00-13:10 0 0 3 6 0 I 7 19

14:00-14:10 0 0 17 3 0 •> 4 31

15:00-15:10 0 0 0 4 0 I 2 7

Totals 0 0 23 29 0 12 22 36

Table 13.


Time

(E.S.T.)

Temperature °C Wind (r.p.h)

0600 9

0730 11

0945 15

1030 16

1100 16

1230 21

1518 16

1645 15

10 a speed direction

3 0

10 0

14 2-3

15 2-3

16 1-0

19 2

15 3-4

14 3-7

SE

SE

SE

WNW

WNW

Cloud cover

1/10's

10

10

10

10

10

10

(rain)

(rain)

oar. pressure

(millibars of Hg)

972

972

972

971

971

971

970

970

Table 14



Time of day Number of visits byE.S.T. 3ombus Apis Misc. Hym. Diptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Misc. Total

06:00-06:10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 007:00-07:10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 008:00-08:10 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 209:00-09:10 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 510:00-10:10 0 0 14 3 0 0 0 1711:00-11:10 0 0 17 22 0 0 i 4112:00-12:10 0 0 12 19 0 0 2 3313:00-13:10 0 0 8 18 Q 1 1 2814:00-14:10 0 0 22 3 0 0 3 2815:00-15:10 0 0 10 27 0 1 2 4016:00-16:10 0 0 27 3 i 0 • 2 3317:00-17:10 0 2 14 2 0 0 0 1818:00-18:10 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 1119:00-19:10 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 6

Totals 0 2 137 106 2 2 13 262

Table 15.


Temperature °C Wind (r.p.h)Time Cloud cover

1/10'sbar.

(mill!(E.S.T.) 2m 10 a speed directionpressure

"bars of Hg)

0615 4 5 0 SE 5 (fog) 9710715 7 3 I SE Clear 9710730 9 10 5 SE Clear 9710815 11 12 3 E Clear 9710915 21 17 3 SE Clear 9711015 24 19 5-6 SW Clear 9711120 27 23 4-5 MW Clear 9711220 24 23 7-8 SW Clear 9711245 25 23 14-17 sw • Clear 9711335 24 25 10-15 W Clear 9711430 24 25 6-13 w I 9711524 25 25 6-U w i 9701735 24 24 4-6 MNW Clear 9701823 25 24 3-5 SW Clear 9711905 22 21 1-2 NE Clear 971

Table 16




E.S.T. Bombus Apis Misc. Hym. Diptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Misc. Total

06:00-06:10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

07:00-07:10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

08:00-08:10 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2

09:00-09:10 0 0 I 4 0 0 0 3

10:00-10:10 0 0 4 16 0 0 0 20

11:00-11:10 0 4 12 18 0 0 0 34

12:00-12:10 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 12

13:00-13:10 0 0 4 6 0 0 I 11

14:00-14:10 0 2 22 10 0 0 1 35

15:00-15:10 0 0 17 8 2 0 I 23

16:00-16:10 0 2 16 24 0 0 0 42

17:00-17:10 0 0 3 a 0 0 I 14

13:00-18:10 0 0 21 0 0 0 2 25

19:00-19:10 0 0 I I 0•

0 1 3

Totals 0 3 110. 102 2 0 9 231

Table 17.


Temperature °C Wind (r.p.h)Time

(E.S.T.)

bar. pressure

bars of Hg)2m 10 a speed direction 1/10's (ailli

0600 5 6 0 SE Clear 973

0645 7 3 0 SE Clear 973

0715 10 11 0 p Clear 974

0743 12 13 1-2 SE Clear 974

0815 13 15 0 5E 3 974

0845 16 17 4-5 SE 4 974

0915 25 20 3-6 SW 3 974

0945 28 21 10-11 W 4 974

1030 23 22 4-5 S 6 974

1130 32 26 3-10 SE 6 97 3

1230 28 26 12-14 NW 7 974

1315 26 26 4-L2 W 7 974

1530 26 26 8-11 WNW 7 973

1745 26 25 3-12 WJW 1 973

Time of dayE.S.T.

08:3009:0009:3010:0010:3011:0011:3012:0012:3013:0013:30

T Table 18

C* Plots combined)

^2« «•»• bt-C™ °fD7lslts b?_ Ki-era Diptera ;29

13

66

71

28

34

20

24

18

30

13

Dipte

24

36

15

13

1

3

1

3

4

7

M*sc. Insects0

3

1

7

72

87

58

44

68

52

55

6

3

2

8

8

4

2

5

1

Total

59

55

84

99

109

128

81

76

91

file report no. 27. february 19»82. p.d. kingsbury, b.b...

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