film

FilmFilm The origin of the name "film" comes from The origin of the name "film" comes from

the photographic film (also called film stockthe photographic film (also called film stock Many other terms exist for an individual Many other terms exist for an individual

motion picture, including motion picture, including picturepicture, , picture picture showshow, , moving picturemoving picture, , photo-playphoto-play and and flickflick. . A common name for film in the United A common name for film in the United States is States is moviemovie, while in Europe the term , while in Europe the term cinemacinema is preferred. Additional terms for the is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include field in general include the big screenthe big screen, , the the silver screensilver screen, , the cinemathe cinema and and the moviesthe movies..

History of FilmHistory of Film

Camera Obscura in the 6th century Camera Obscura in the 6th century Described by Alhazen in his Described by Alhazen in his Book of OpticsBook of Optics

(1021)(1021)


17th Century Use of Magic Lanterns17th Century Use of Magic Lanterns


1827 First still photograph taken, 1827 First still photograph taken, Claude Niepce's photograph Claude Niepce's photograph The View from a Window at Le Gras The View from a Window at Le Gras

took nearly eight hours to expose.took nearly eight hours to expose.

Latticed window at Lacock Latticed window at Lacock Abbey 1835Abbey 1835


1832 Joseph Plateau and sons 1832 Joseph Plateau and sons introduce the Phenakistoscope. introduce the Phenakistoscope.

Illusion toysIllusion toys


1834 Another illusion toy 1834 Another illusion toy The Zoetrope introduced by William The Zoetrope introduced by William

George Horner. George Horner. Zoetrope's were widely sold after Zoetrope's were widely sold after

1867.1867.

History of FilmHistory of Film 1877 Emile Reynaud introduces the 1877 Emile Reynaud introduces the

Praxinoscope. Praxinoscope. Praxinoscope was viewed on mirrors Praxinoscope was viewed on mirrors

in the centre of the drum rather than in the centre of the drum rather than through slots on the outside. through slots on the outside.

Eadweard MuybridgeEadweard Muybridge

Eadweard MuybridgeEadweard Muybridge

Muybridge was asked, in 1873, by Muybridge was asked, in 1873, by the ex-governor of California - Leland the ex-governor of California - Leland Stanford to settle a bet as to whether Stanford to settle a bet as to whether horses hooves left the ground when horses hooves left the ground when they galloped.they galloped.

Leland StanfordLeland Stanford

George EastmanGeorge Eastman


1888 George Eastman devises a still 1888 George Eastman devises a still camera which produces photographs camera which produces photographs on sensitised paper which he sells on sensitised paper which he sells using the name Kodak.using the name Kodak.

Thomas Edison and DicksonThomas Edison and Dickson


Thomas A. Edison, with his assistant Thomas A. Edison, with his assistant W.K.L Dickson (who did most of the W.K.L Dickson (who did most of the work), then acquired some Eastman work), then acquired some Eastman Kodak film stock and began work on Kodak film stock and began work on a new type of machine. a new type of machine.

By 1891, Edison and Dickson have By 1891, Edison and Dickson have their Kinetograph camera and their Kinetograph camera and Kinetoscope viewing box.Kinetoscope viewing box.

Kinetoscope and Black Kinetoscope and Black MariaMaria

Butterfly DanceButterfly Dance

First CameraFirst Camera 1892 Using his projecting Praxinoscope, 1892 Using his projecting Praxinoscope,

Reynaud holds the first public exhibitions Reynaud holds the first public exhibitions of motion pictures. Reynaud's device was of motion pictures. Reynaud's device was successful, using long strips of hand-successful, using long strips of hand-painted frames, but the effect was jerky painted frames, but the effect was jerky and slow. and slow.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Reynaud%C3%89mile_Reynaud

Auguste Lumiere Louis Auguste Lumiere Louis LumiereLumiere

CinématographeCinématographe

1894 The Lumière family is the biggest 1894 The Lumière family is the biggest manufacturer of photographic plates in manufacturer of photographic plates in Europe.Europe.

Louis and Auguste design a camera Louis and Auguste design a camera which serves as both a recording device which serves as both a recording device and a projecting device. They call it the and a projecting device. They call it the Cinématographe. Cinématographe.

CinématographeCinématographe

First FilmFirst Film

1895, La Sortie de l'usine Lumière a 1895, La Sortie de l'usine Lumière a Lyon (Workers leaving the Lumière Lyon (Workers leaving the Lumière factory at Lyon). factory at Lyon).

Lumière filmsLumière films

1895 One of the most famous film 1895 One of the most famous film screenings in history took place on screenings in history took place on December 28th, 1895. December 28th, 1895.

The venue was the Grand Cafe in Paris The venue was the Grand Cafe in Paris and customers paid one Franc for a and customers paid one Franc for a twenty-five minute programme of ten twenty-five minute programme of ten Lumière films. Lumière films.

These included Feeding the Baby, The These included Feeding the Baby, The Waterer Watered and A View of the Sea. Waterer Watered and A View of the Sea.

Voyage to the MoonVoyage to the Moon

1902 Georges Méliès produces his 1902 Georges Méliès produces his magnificent "Voyage to the Moon", magnificent "Voyage to the Moon",

A fifteen minute epic fantasy A fifteen minute epic fantasy parodying the writings of Jules Verne parodying the writings of Jules Verne and HG Wells. and HG Wells.

The film used innovative special effect The film used innovative special effect techniques and introduced colour to techniques and introduced colour to the screen through hand-painting and the screen through hand-painting and tinting. tinting.

Mary Janes MishapMary Janes Mishap

1903 British film maker George Smith 1903 British film maker George Smith makes Mary Janes Mishapmakes Mary Janes Mishap

Praised for its sophisticated use of Praised for its sophisticated use of editing.editing.

The film uses medium close-ups to draw The film uses medium close-ups to draw the viewers attention to the scenethe viewers attention to the scene

Juxtaposed with wide establishing shots.Juxtaposed with wide establishing shots. The film also contains a pair of wipes The film also contains a pair of wipes

which signal a scene change.which signal a scene change.

Edwin S. PorterEdwin S. Porter

1903 Edwin S. Porter, working for 1903 Edwin S. Porter, working for Edison makes "The Life of an Edison makes "The Life of an American Fireman“American Fireman“

Displayed new visual storytelling Displayed new visual storytelling techniquestechniques

Incorporated stock footage with Incorporated stock footage with Porter's own photography. Porter's own photography.

Edwin S. PorterEdwin S. Porter

"The Life of an American Fireman“ "The Life of an American Fireman“ acted as a major precursor to acted as a major precursor to Porter's most famous film "The Great Porter's most famous film "The Great Train Robbery“Train Robbery“

It was made in 1903 It was made in 1903 Displayed effective use of editing Displayed effective use of editing

and photography technique. and photography technique.

Silent FilmsSilent Films (1895-1905) (1895-1905)

Films began developing a narrative structureFilms began developing a narrative structure Stringing scenes together to tell narratives. Stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple The scenes were later broken up into multiple

shots of varying sizes and angles. shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement Other techniques such as camera movement

were realized as effective ways to portray a were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film.story on film.

Rather than leave the audience in silence, Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. moment.


By the early 1920s, most films came with a By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music. prepared list of sheet music.

Complete film scores being composed for Complete film scores being composed for major productions.major productions.


Acting techniquesActing techniques

Silent film actors emphasized body language and Silent film actors emphasized body language and facial expression so that the audience could facial expression so that the audience could better understand what an actor was feeling and better understand what an actor was feeling and portraying on screen.portraying on screen.

Silent comedies tend to be more popular in the Silent comedies tend to be more popular in the modern era than drama, partly because modern era than drama, partly because overacting is more natural in comedy. overacting is more natural in comedy.

The melodramatic acting style was in some cases The melodramatic acting style was in some cases a habit actors transferred from their former stage a habit actors transferred from their former stage experience.experience.

Silent films in HollywoodSilent films in Hollywood The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the

outbreak of World War I when the film industry in outbreak of World War I when the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood, United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood, typified most prominently by the great innovative typified most prominently by the great innovative work of D.W. Griffith in The Birth of a Nation (1914) work of D.W. Griffith in The Birth of a Nation (1914) and Intolerance (1916) . However in the 1920s, and Intolerance (1916) . However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang,in many ways inspired by the Murnau, and Fritz Lang,in many ways inspired by the meteoric war-time progress of film through Griffith, meteoric war-time progress of film through Griffith, along with the contributions of Charles Chaplin, along with the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, quickly caught up with Buster Keaton and others, quickly caught up with American film-making and continued to further American film-making and continued to further advance the medium.advance the medium.

D. W. GriffithD. W. Griffith

David Llewelyn Wark GriffithDavid Llewelyn Wark Griffith (January (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was a premier 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was a premier pioneering American film director. He is pioneering American film director. He is best known as the director of the best known as the director of the controversial and groundbreaking 1915 film controversial and groundbreaking 1915 film The Birth of a NationThe Birth of a Nation and the subsequent and the subsequent film film IntoleranceIntolerance (1916). (1916).

Griffith's film Griffith's film The Birth of a NationThe Birth of a Nation made made pioneering use of advanced camera and pioneering use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its immense narrative techniques, and its immense popularity set the stage for the dominance popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film.of the feature-length film.

First Film with SoundFirst Film with Sound

The first feature-length film with The first feature-length film with synchronized sound effects and synchronized sound effects and musical soundtrack (canned music musical soundtrack (canned music and sound effects), but without and sound effects), but without dialogue, was Warner Bros.' romantic dialogue, was Warner Bros.' romantic adventure adventure Don Juan (1926)Don Juan (1926). It was . It was premiered in New York in August premiered in New York in August 1926, and starred John Barrymore 1926, and starred John Barrymore

The Jazz Singer (1927 film)The Jazz Singer (1927 film)

The Jazz SingerThe Jazz Singer (1927) is an American (1927) is an American musical film. The first feature-length motion musical film. The first feature-length motion picture picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance release heralded the commercial ascendance of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent film era. Produced by Warner Bros. with its film era. Produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs. stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs. Directed by Alan Crosland, it is based on a Directed by Alan Crosland, it is based on a play by Samson Raphaelson.play by Samson Raphaelson.

Cinema of IndiaCinema of India

India is the world's largest producer of India is the world's largest producer of films. In 2009, India produced a total of 2961 films. In 2009, India produced a total of 2961 films on celluloid, that include a staggering films on celluloid, that include a staggering figure of 1288 feature films. The provision of figure of 1288 feature films. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, and Warner Bros.Pictures, and Warner Bros. Prominent Indian Prominent Indian enterprises such as Zee, UTV, Adlabs and Sun enterprises such as Zee, UTV, Adlabs and Sun Network's Sun Pictures also participated in Network's Sun Pictures also participated in producing and distributing films.producing and distributing films.


Following the screening of Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London the Lumière moving pictures in London (1895) cinema became a sensation across (1895) cinema became a sensation across Europe and by July 1896 the Lumière films Europe and by July 1896 the Lumière films had been in show in Bombay (now Mumbai). had been in show in Bombay (now Mumbai).

The first short films in India were directed The first short films in India were directed by Hiralal Sen, starting with by Hiralal Sen, starting with The Flower of The Flower of PersiaPersia (1898). (1898).


The first full-length motion picture in India The first full-length motion picture in India was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, a was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, a scholar on India's languages and culture.scholar on India's languages and culture.

He brought together elements He brought together elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Raja HarishchandraHarishchandra (1913), a silent film in Marathi. (1913), a silent film in Marathi.

Interestingly, the female roles in the film were Interestingly, the female roles in the film were played by male actors.played by male actors.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeTnbEnjh64v=DeTnbEnjh64

Cinema of IndiaCinema of India During the early twentieth century cinema as During the early twentieth century cinema as

a medium gained popularity across India's a medium gained popularity across India's population and its many economic sections. population and its many economic sections. Tickets were made affordable to the common Tickets were made affordable to the common man at a low price and for the financially man at a low price and for the financially capable additional comforts meant additional capable additional comforts meant additional admission ticket price.admission ticket price. Audiences thronged to Audiences thronged to cinema halls as this affordable medium of cinema halls as this affordable medium of entertainment was available for as low as entertainment was available for as low as an an annaanna (4 (4 paisapaisa) in Bombay. The content of ) in Bombay. The content of Indian commercial cinema was increasingly Indian commercial cinema was increasingly tailored to appeal to these masses.tailored to appeal to these masses.


Ardeshir Irani released Ardeshir Irani released Alam AraAlam Ara, the first , the first Indian talking film, on 14 March 1931. Indian talking film, on 14 March 1931.

Following the inception of 'talkies' in India Following the inception of 'talkies' in India some film stars were highly sought after and some film stars were highly sought after and earned comfortable incomes through acting. earned comfortable incomes through acting.

As sound technology advanced the 1930s As sound technology advanced the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as musicals such as Indra SabhaIndra Sabha and and Devi Devi DevyaniDevyani marking the beginning of song-and- marking the beginning of song-and-dance in India's films.dance in India's films.


Following India's independence, the period from Following India's independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the 'Golden Age' of Indian historians as the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Indian films of all time were produced during this Indian films of all time were produced during this period. In commercial Hindi cinema, examples of period. In commercial Hindi cinema, examples of famous films at the time include the Guru famous films at the time include the Guru Dutt films Dutt films PyaasaPyaasa (1957) and (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Kaagaz Ke PhoolPhool (1959) and the Raj Kapoor (1959) and the Raj Kapoor films films AwaaraAwaara(1951) and (1951) and Shree 420Shree 420 (1955). These (1955). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; with working-class urban life in India;


The period also saw the emergence of a The period also saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema movement, mainly led new Parallel Cinema movement, mainly led by Bengali cinema.by Bengali cinema. Early examples of films in this Early examples of films in this movement include Chetan Anand's movement include Chetan Anand's Neecha Neecha NagarNagar (1946), (1946), Ritwik Ghatak's Ritwik Ghatak's NagarikNagarik (1952), (1952),

and Bimal Roy's and Bimal Roy's Two Acres of LandTwo Acres of Land (1953), laying (1953), laying the foundations for Indian neorealism and the the foundations for Indian neorealism and the "Indian New Wave". "Indian New Wave". Pather PanchaliPather Panchali(1955), the (1955), the first part of first part of The Apu TrilogyThe Apu Trilogy (1955–1959) (1955–1959) by Satyajit Ray, marked his entry in Indian by Satyajit Ray, marked his entry in Indian cinema. cinema. The Apu TrilogyThe Apu Trilogy won major prizes at all the won major prizes at all the major international film festivals and led to the major international film festivals and led to the 'Parallel Cinema' movement being firmly 'Parallel Cinema' movement being firmly

established in Indian cinemaestablished in Indian cinema..

Pakistani CinemaPakistani Cinema Immediately following the partition, the newly Immediately following the partition, the newly

founded Pakistan faced a brain drain where all its highly founded Pakistan faced a brain drain where all its highly talented and skilled workers migrated to India, including talented and skilled workers migrated to India, including most actors and directors. Shortage of filming equipment most actors and directors. Shortage of filming equipment further paralysed the nation's film industry.further paralysed the nation's film industry.

With much hardships faced, the new film industry was able With much hardships faced, the new film industry was able to produce its first feature film, to produce its first feature film, Teri YaadTeri Yaad on 7 August, on 7 August,[[ 1948, premièring at the Parbhat Theatre in Lahore. The 1948, premièring at the Parbhat Theatre in Lahore. The following year, Evernew Studios established a studio in the following year, Evernew Studios established a studio in the country which would later become the largest film company country which would later become the largest film company of the time. Over the next few years, films that were of the time. Over the next few years, films that were released reached mediocre success until the release of released reached mediocre success until the release of Do Do AnsooAnsoo on 7 April 1950. on 7 April 1950. Do AnsooDo Ansoo became the first film to became the first film to attain a 25-week viewing making it the first film to attain a 25-week viewing making it the first film to reach silver jubilee status.reach silver jubilee status.

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