filming as exploring - researching the musical practice of the sambla xylophone through documentary...

7/25/2019 Filming as Exploring - Researching the Musical Practice of the Sambla Xylophone through Documentary Film

1/22

Grcalvl`k

lFto`drgjlg

o.s.,g.

LQ,o.

7->>57;

;4

-:1

Jlbmlod gs Fxpb`rlod^fsfgrcalod taf Muslcgb Urgctlcf j taf Sgmnbg Qyb`paòf

tarùda K`cumfotgry Jlbm

B`rfoz` Jfrrgrlol, Olc`bg Scgbkgjfrrl

fssgys

;4

fssgys

Tf prfsfot afrf g sfrlfs j rfjbfctlòs o taf jlbmlc prìfct wf cgrrlfk

ùt gnùt taf xyb`paòf `j taf Sgmnbg pf`pbf `j Nurhlog Jgs`. [af jlbm, cur-rfotby lo p`st-pr`kuctlò, j`bb`ws taf muslc `j taf lostrumfot gok taf prgctlcfstagt rfv`bvf grùok lt kurlod g yfgr.7Ny b``hlod gt taf kyogmlcs tagt gcc`mpgolfktaf mghlod `j taf jlbm wf mghf s`mf mfta`k`b`dlcgb p`lots, grdulod j`r go lotfr-vfotlòlst gok pgrtlclpgt`ry gppr`gca t` ftao`drgpalc jlbmmghlod gok j`r c`b-bgn`rgtlvf prgctlcfs tagt cgo dulkf taf structurf `j taf jlbm. Tf gbs` b``h gt s`mf`j taf spfcljlcltlfs `j Sgmnbg muslc gok rfbgtfk s`clgb `rdgolsgtlò tagt fmfrdfktarùdaùt ur rfsfgrca, t` uokfrblof taf lmp`rtgot còofctlòs nftwffo hlosalpgok muslcgb prgctlcf gok taf jbulklty `j Sgmnbg muslcgb lkfotltlfs, walca gppfgrjgr jr`m clrcumscrlnfk gok còs`blkgtfk.

Còtfxt

@ur rfsfgrca t``h pbgcf lo taf vlbbgdf `j Hgrgohgss` Sgmnbg, Aùft pr`vlocf,Nurhlog Jgs`. Hgrgohgss` ls taf `jjlclgb ogmf lo Iubg, taf trgkf bgodugdf `j tafgrfg, rfjfrrlod pr`ngnby t` taf wgbb tagt surrùokfk taf alst`rlcgb oucbfus, `r hgo-hgo, walca wlta s` a`mf, aùsf crfgtfs g c`mmò Mgokf t`pòym. Lo Sffohu,taf bgodugdf `j taf Sgmnbg, Hgrgohgss` ls cgbbfk [lml (^`yfr 755:Cfosus MFJ gok LOSK >551). [af sùta-wfstfro rfdlòs `j Nurhlog Jgs` grfftaolcgbby vfry jrgdmfotfk, gok trgvfbblod tarùda taf grfg grùok Hgrgohgss` òfcgo afgr k`zfos `j kljjfrfot bgodugdfs. Muslcgb trgkltlòs grf fqugbby vgrlfk, gok

iust t` tghf taf fxgmpbf `j taf xyb`paòf wlta dùrk rfsògt`rs, lo tals grfg `jNurhlog rfsfgrcafrs agvf slodbfk ut m`rf tago >6 typfs j lostrumfots (sff Strgok>55). [als dfofrgb sltugtlò ls taf rfsubt `j cfoturlfs `j p`pubgtlòm`vfmfots, wgrs, gbblgocfs, lkfotlty saljts, scgttfrlod gok rfdrùplod `j wa`bfc`mmuoltlfs (sff j`r go `vfrvlfw `j taf alst`ry `j taf Sgmnbg grfg ^`yfr 7


2/22

Jlbmlod gs Fxpb`rlod

fssgys

;1

Dlvfo taf lotfrcòofctfkofss j taf rfdlògb còtfxt, fvfo taùda wf ngsfk urrfsfgrca lo g slodbf vlbbgdf wf focùotfrfk g oumnfr `j rfbgtlòsalps nftwffo klj-jfrfot vlbbgdfs gok p`pubgtlòs `tafr tago taf Sgmnbg. J`r fxgmpbf, fvfots suca gstaf juofrgry cfbfnrgtlòs tagt tghf pbgcf goougbby kurlod taf kry sfgsò nrlod t`-dftafr taf pgtrlblofgb rfbgtlvfs `j taf kfcfgsfk jr`m `tafr vlbbgdfs. Muslclgos trgvfbjr`m ofldanùrlod vlbbgdfs t` pbgy gt tafsf cfbfnrgtlòs tagt lov`bvf muslc gbb kgybòd j`r gnùt tarff kgys. Jlogbby, gs wf wlbb fxpbglo lo m`rf kftglb bgtfr, taf gppgr-fotby a`m`dfoùs fok`dgmùs drùp `j taf Sgmnbg muslclgos ls gctugbby còstl-tutfk `j blofgdfs c`mlod jr`m ofldanùrlod p`pubgtlòs. Lo `tafr w`rks, walbf tafsfttlod `j Hgrgohgss` Sgmnbg sffms strgldatj`rwgrkby kfblmltfk, k`lod rfsfgrca lotals grfg mfgos gccùotlod j`r g oumnfr `j còofctlòs, `vfrbgps gok nburrlod `jcgtfd`rlfs tagt lojbufocfk taf muslc `j taf Sgmnbg lo lts prfsfot-kgy j`rm.

Lo `rkfr t` gppr`gca taf muslc `j taf Sgmnbg xyb`paòf lt ls juokgmfotgb t`

còslkfr taf r`bf `j muslclgos lo taflr s`clfty gt bgrdf. Gs lo `tafr s`clgb `rdgolsg-tlòs gmòd Mgokf ftaolc drùps, taf muslc-mghlod gctlvlty ls trgkltlògbby tafrfspòslnlblty j go fok`dgmùs drùp, cgbbfk gmòd taf Sgmnbg hg(pb. hf). [`kgy,tafy grf tgshfk wlta pbgylod muslc s`mf spfclgblsf lo xyb`paòf pbgylod gok `ta-frs pbgy krums. @tafr ccupgtlòs tafy mgy tghf up locbukf bfgtafr w`rhlod, drgvfklddlod gok pfrj`rmlod sgcrljlcfs. Muslc ls m`stby pfrj`rmfk ny mfo nut w`mfopbgy go lmp`rtgot r`bf lo taf `vfrgbb pfrj`rmgocf, slodlod gok cbgpplod t` hffp taffodgdfmfot `j taf guklfocf alda. O`t gbb hfpbgy muslc, gok o`t gbb muslcgb prgc-tlcfs grf rfsfrvfk j`r tafm. Nut walbf lt ls p`sslnbf t` jlok mfmnfrs `j taf `tafr

s`clgb drùps pbgylod rfcrfgtlògb muslc, kurlod rltugb `ccgslòs lt wlbb lovgrlgnbynf taf hfwa` pfrj`rm. [als ls còofctfk t` taf s`clgb kyogmlcs tagt tghf pbgcfkurlod g pfrj`rmgocf, slocf taf mglo tgsh `j taf hf blhf j`r taf Mgokfifbl ls t`prglsf taf jrffn`ro bgok`wofrs taf `tafr mglo s`clgb drùp cgbbfk lo Sffohu sgg.[als gctlvlty, lmp`rtgot gs lt mldat nf, còtrlnutfs t` gssldolod t` taf hfgo lojfrl`rstgtus. [afsf sltugtlòs jgvùr taf rfofwgb `j taf klvlslò lo s`clgb cbgssfs, gok stlbbt`kgy gmòd taf Sgmnbg taf hgjgmlblfs `nsfrvf g qultf strlct fok`dgmy. Gs [`d`-Jgh` [rg`r, òf `j taf sggfbkfrs t`bk us, taf nfblfj ls tagt taf hfgrf lmpurf goksfxugb lotfrcùrsf wlta tafm wùbk nrlod gnùt a`rrlnbf còsfqufocfs.

Talbf wf stgrtfk ùt wlta taf lkfg `j uslod taf jlbm t` c`vfr taf vgrlfty `j mu-slcgb prgctlcfs gmòd taf Sgmnbg `j Hgrgohgss`, lt qulchby nfcgmf fvlkfot a`wtaf xyb`paòf, walca taf Sgmnbg cgbb nggo, agk g rfmgrhgnby supfrl`r lmp`rtgocf.O`t òby ls lt pbgyfk kurlod m`st `j taf hfy rltugb `ccgslòs suca gs ngptlsm/aglr-cut/ogmf-dlvlod cfrfmòlfs, wfkklods, juofrgbs gok jfstlvltlfs j taf Carlstlgo rMusblm cgbfokgr, nut lt gcc`mpgolfs s`mf gdrlcubturgb w`rhs gok lts muslc ls jtfolo alda kfmgok j`r rfcrfgtlògb purp`sfs, lo walca cgsf g drùp j vlbbgdfrs jtfo

w`mfo cgo c bbfctlvfby alrf taf muslclgos j`r g kgoclod oldat.Gcc`rklod t` taf muslclgos wf còsubtfk taf muslc j taf nggols m`rf c`mpbfx

lj c`mpgrfk t`, j`r fxgmpbf, taf krums pbgyfk ny taf `tafr hgmuslclgos. Go lm-p`rtgot jfgturf `j taf pfrj`rmgocf prgctlcf `j taf nggoSgmnbg ls taf jgct tagt lts>3 hfys grf pbgyfk gt taf sgmf tlmf ny up t` tarff muslclgos, wlta r`bfs tagt grf


3/22

fssgys

;577 B`rfoz` Jfrrgrlol).

Lmgdf >. GKuoouokrum gok taf nggopbgylod gt taf goougb juofrgbs lo Hgrgohgss`(Lmgdf >57> B`rfoz` Jfrrgrlol).


4/22


fssgys

65

alfrgrcalcgbby gok muslcgbby lotfrb`chfk (Strgok >55577-Igougry >57> gok Iuof-

Iuby >57>, wafo Scgbkgjfrrl i`lofk Jfrrgrlol wa` wgs rfsfgrcalod als UaK lo S`clgbGotar`p`b`dy. Gkkltlògb jlbmlod wgs kòf lo vgrlùs pfrl`ks `j >577->57> gokGprlb >576 ny Jfrrgrlol. Scgbkgjfrrl cgrrlfk ut spfcljlc rfsfgrca o taf dfofgb`dlfs`j taf hgjgmlblfs j Hgrgohgss` gok o taflr muslcgb prgctlcfs. Lo gkkltlò t` jlbm-lod, wf rfc`rkfk oumfrùs muslcgb pfrj`rmgocfs tagt wlbb fok up ò g CK t`gcc`mpgoy taf jlbm. @vfrgbb, lt wgs p`sslnbf t` j`bb`w g wa`bf yfgr lo taf bljf `j

taf mglo hgmuslclgos j Hgrgohgss` Sgmnbg, jr`m taf gdrlcubturgb gctlvltlfs j tafrgloy sfgsò t` taf rltugbs `j taf kry sfgsò.

Qyb`paòfs lo taf Gjrlcgo còtfxt t`kgy

[af xyb`paòf, p`pubgrby ho`wo gs ngbgjòlo Tfst Gjrlcgo jrgoc`paòf grfgs, lsgo lmp`rtgot lostrumfot j`r taf muslcgb prgctlcf j fxtfokfk grfgs j sun-SgagrgoGjrlcg. Lt ls prfsfot lo trgkltlògb muslcgb j`rms j rurgb c`mmuoltlfs, gs wfbb gs lourngo grfgs, wafrf lt còstltutfs go lmp`rtgot fbfmfot `j fotfrtglomfot muslc.

[af lostrumfot ls gbs` of j taf mglo vfalcbfs tarùda walca taf lmgdf j Gjrlcgomuslc wgs sprfgk lo Fur`pf gok lo taf Tfstfro cubturf. [afsf pr`cfssfs kgtf ngcht` prf-c`bòlgb tlmfs, tagohs t` taf gctlvlty j mlsslògrlfs gok fxpb`rfrs, lo wa`sf

w`rhs grf `jtfo prfsfot kfscrlptlòs `j tals lostrumfot. J`r fxgmpbf, tafy cùbknf jùok gbrfgky lo taf w`rhs `j taf Jrgoclscgo jrlgr Cgvgzzl kg Mòtfcucc`b`,gok taf trgvfbbfr Jrgoc`ls Jr`dfr, kgtfk bgtf 74tacfotury.

[af pfcublgrlty j lts còstructlò gok s`mf m`rpa`b`dlcgb kftglbs (suca gs tafprfsfocf `j dùrks gs rfsògt`rs tagt agvf gbwgys grùsfk curl`slty), agvf jgclbl-tgtfk taf mfftlod wlta Tfstfro cubturf. Ugrtlcubgrby, taf m`rpa`b`dlcgb gjjloltlfs

wlta ta`sf muslcgb lostrumfots pr`vlkfk wlta g hfyn`grk, agvf suddfstfk go lo-tfrgctlò wlta s`mf Tfstfro muslcgb prgctlcfs.[`kgy tals lostrumfot, fspfclgbby lo vfrslòs walca grf tuofk ò taf tfmpfrfk


5/22

fssgys

67


scgbf, gppfgrs m`rf gok m`rf `jtfo nflod pbgyfk t`dftafr wlta Tfstfro lostru-mfotgb fosfmnbfs, gok gctugbby còstltutfs of j taf mglo fbfmfots lo taf pr`cfss`j db`ngblzgtlò `j muslc `j taf bgst kfcgkfs. Bft us iust rfmfmnfr afrf s`mf Gj-rlcgo muslclgos, xyb`paòf pbgyfrs, wa` rfgcafk g drfgt o`t`rlfty lo taf lotfrog-tlògb muslcgb pgo`rgmg, nfc`mlod pr`tgdòlsts `j muslcgb cr`ss-cubturgb klg-b`dufs, gok fqugbby rfgjjlrmlod taf s`blklty j taflr muslcgb r``ts9 taf Mgblgo OfngS`b` (Sùbfymgof [rg`r),> r taf Nurhlogn Mgmgkù Klgngt wa` ls jr`m tafSgmnbg ftaolc p`pubgtlò.3@o taf tafr agok, wf cùbk gbs` mfotlò s`mf w`rhs,blhf tagt `j taf Ltgblgo còtfmp`rgry c`mp`sfr Buk`vlc` Flogukl,Bf plgo` gjrlc-glo, prfsfotfk lo >57; lo Mlbgo, kurlod taf jfstlvgb Ulgo`Clty. [als c`mp`sltlò

wgs pfrj`rmfk loslkf g spfclgb grcaltfcturgb structurf, b`cgtfk lo Mlbgos Ugrc`Sfmplòf8;lt locbukfs slx plgo`s, jùr ngbgjòsgok tw` mgrlmngs(g slmlbgr lostru-mfot, prfsfot lo Cfotrgb Gmfrlcg, gok g kfscfokfot `j Gjrlcgo xyb`paòfs).

Slocf >57>, taf o`t`rlfty `j tals lostrumfot ags nffo jurtafr foagocfk, gok gttaf sgmf tlmf ags fmpagslzfk, lo taf c`bbfctlvf còsclùsofss, lts còofctlò wltataf Tfst Gjrlcgo grfg. [als agppfofk wafo taf ngbgjòtrgkltlò `j taf Sfouj`p`pubgtlòs blvlod lo Mgbl, Nurhlog Jgs` gok Lv`ry C`gst, fotfrfk taf VOFSC@Lotgodlnbf Cubturgb Afrltgdf Blst (gs stgtfk lo taf kfcbgrgtlò9 Cubturgb prgctlcfsgok fxprfsslòs blohfk t` taf ngbgjò`j taf Sfouj` c`mmuoltlfs).6Cfrtgloby talsls jurtafr fvlkfocf j muslcgb prgctlcfs walca grf vfry p`pubgr gok stròdby r``tfklo tagt grfg, gbtaùda lt saùbk nf o`tfk tagt tafy grf o`t òby blmltfk t` tafSfouj` p`pubgtlò, nut grf muca m`rf wlkfsprfgk.

[af xyb`paòf ags nffo gt taf cfotrf `j lmp`rtgot w`rhs lo ftao`muslc`b`dyrfsfgrca8 tafy rgodf jr`m taf stuky `j taf m`rpa`b`dy `j taf lostrumfot, t` tafk`cumfotgtlò gok gogbysls `j muslcgb rfpfrt`lrfs, t` taf stuky `j dfofrgb gspfcts`j taf cubturgb còtfxt. G rfbfvgot rfsfgrca t`plc lo Gjrlcgo muslc`b`dy ls taf mgt-tfr `j taf tuolod `j tafsf lostrumfots8 tals lssuf ags rfgcafk g bgokmgrh rfsubt,fspfclgbby lo tfrms `j mfta`k`b`dy, lo taf rfsfgrca cgrrlfk ùt ny Slmag Gr`m, lotaf Cfotrgb Gjrlcgo sgvgoog, kurlod taf 7573).

Go`tafr rfbfvgot rfsfgrca t`plc kfgbs wlta taf tgbhlod c`mpòfot lo taf usf `jtaf lostrumfot, gok lts còofctlòs wlta taf b`cgb tògb bgodugdfs (gmòd taf rf-

>Sff attp9//www.ofngs`b`.c`m (gccfssfk @ct`nfr >576).3Sff attp9//mgmgkùklgngtf.ilmk`.c`m/fodblsa/nl`drgpay/taf-sgmnbg/ (gccfssfk @ct`nfr >576).;Sff attp9//>57;.plgo`cltymlbgo`.lt/pr`drgmmg/clty (gccfssfk @ct`nfr >576).6Sff attp9//www.uofsc`.`rd/cubturf/lca/^B/551;< (gccfssfk @ct`nfr >576).


6/22


fssgys

6>

cfot còtrlnutlòs Yfmp gok S`r` >575)8 tagt `j taf tgbhlod lostrumfot ls g sltug-tlò tagt gbs` cagrgctfrlzfs taf nggo`j taf Sgmnbg p`pubgtlò.

[af usf `j gukl`vlsugb mfklg còstltutfs go lmp`rtgot gspfct lo taf rfsfgrcagnùt taf xyb`paòfs8 tafy agvf nffo usfk gcc`rklod t` g vgrlfty `j pfrspfctlvfs,rgodlod jr`m taf rld`rùs gogbytlcgb gok lovfstldgtlvf purp`sfs, up t` taf rfgblzg-

tlò `j k`cumfotgry jlbms lotfokfk j`r g wlkf clrcubgtlò. Bft us iust mfotlòs`mf lmp`rtgot cgsfs, klvfrsljlfk ny cubturgb grfgs, gs wfbb gs ny gppr`gca gokmfta`k9 taf jlbmlc fxpfrlfocfs mgkf ny Dfragrk Hunlh lo taf :5s, rfbgtfk t` tafxyb`paòf lo O`rtafro M`zgmnlquf, wafrf Hunlh jlbmfk s`mf pfrj`rmgocfstagt wùbk j`rm taf ngsls `j als gogbyslsjrgmf ny jrgmf(Hunlh 7), mgkf ny Aud` Yfmp, gmòd taf Sfouj` lo Lv`ryC`gst. Fgca j Yfmps jlbms kfgbs wlta g pgrtlcubgr gspfct j taf c`mpbfx w`rbk j

taf lostrumfot9 stgrtlod jr`m taf còstructlò, pgsslod tarùda lts prfsfocf lo tafb`cgb cfrfmòlgb còtfxt, foklod wlta taf lotfrgctlò nftwffo taf jlbmmghfrs goktaf b`cgb muslclgos gok c`mmuoltlfs.

Lmgdf 3. B`rfoz` Jfrrgrlol jlbmlod gs Sl-Iumg Hògt pbgys j`r taf jgrmfrs ofgr Hgrgohgss` Sgmnbg(Lmgdf >57> Olc`bg Scgbkgjfrrl).


7/22

fssgys

63


@ur gppr`gcafs9 pr`v`hlod gok lotfrgctlod

Tafo kfclklod a`w t` gppr`gca taf pr`kuctlò `j taf jlbm, lt wgs cbfgr t` us tagtùr ho`wbfkdf `j taf còtfxt wgs blmltfk. Jfrrgrlols w`rh wgs kfvfb`plod wlta

Hgrgohgss` gs g ngsf, nut rfv`bvfk grùok taf loltlgtfk kòsàuotfrs còstltutlodg oftw`rh lo taf rfdlò (Jfrrgrlol >57:). Auotfrs nfbòd t` kljjfrfot ftaolc drùpsgok c`mmuolcgtf wlta fgca tafr uslod taf trgkf bgodugdf Iubg. Scgbkgjfrrl o taf`tafr agok agk prfvlùsby kòf ftao`muslc`b`dlcgb rfsfgrca m`stby lo SùtafroLtgby gok Gbngolg wlta go ccgslògb jlfbktrlp lo Dagog. Gs g rfsubt oòf j us agkg c`mpftfocf lo Sffohu. [af sca`bgrsalp ò taf Sgmnbg lo dfofrgb ls o`t fxgctbygnuokgot, wlta taf tw` mglo còtrlnutlòs nflod taf w`rh `j Ugtrlch ^`yfr òb`cgb cubt rfvlvgbs lo taf 7


8/22


fssgys

6;

mgkf alm go lkfgb rfsfgrca gsslstgot. Als nflod g muslclgo gbs` còtrlnutfk gouokfrstgoklod `j taf c`mpbfxltlfs `j Sgmnbg muslc tagt m`st vlbbgdfrs k` o`tagvf. Jlbmlod taf c`mpbftf pr`cfss j mghlod g nggowgs go lovgbugnbf fxpfrlfocft` uokfrstgok, j`r fxgmpbf, taf gbm`st sgcrfk cagrgctfr `j tals lostrumfot, mgol-jfst lo taf mgoy rltugbs tagt rgodf jr`m taf cuttlod `j taf trff t` taf sbgudatfr `jg afo ò taf jlolsafk lostrumfot. Jlbmlod gbb`wfk us t` wltofss taf gbm`st w`rk-bfss nut lokffk sùokjub pr`cfss `j tuolod taf nbgkfs, uslod go`tafr lostru-mfot gs g m`kfb gok pbgylod muslc gs s`ò gs taf jlrst kgy gjtfr taf loltlgb krylodls c`mpbftf.

[af sltugtlòs wf, gs rfsfgrcafrs, crfgtfk lo taf lotfrfst `j taf jlbm wfrf g ml-o`rlty, lj wf còslkfr taf wa`bf `j taf j``tgdf rfc`rkfk j`r taf prìfct. Nut fvfolo sltugtlòs tagt `ccurrfk lokfpfokfotby `j ùr prfsfocf wf usfk taf d``k rfbg-tlòsalp fstgnblsafk wlta taf muslclgos t` pr`v`hf fvfots tagt cùbk nf mfgolod-

jub lo taf jlbm. @of suca sltugtlò `ccurrfk gt taf nfdloolod `j taf rgloy sfgsò,walbf taf nggowgs pbgylod muslc j`r taf w`rhfrs cbfgrlod taf jlfbks. Gmòd tafSgmnbg tals hlok `j pfrj`rmgocf ls stlbb c`mmò gok rfqufstfk ny taf jgrmfrs,

walbf lo ofldanùrlod drùps taf cust`m ls lo kfcblof j`r fxgmpbf gmòd tafSgm`d`. @of j taf rfgsòs way taf muslc j taf hfls còslkfrfk ofcfssgry ny taf`tafr vlbbgdfrs ls tagt lt còtrlnutfs t` gdrlcubturf ny spffklod up taf w`rh `j tafjgrmfrs, lo g còtfxt wafrf gdrlcubturf ls taf mglo j`rm `j sunslstfocf. Lt wgs lo-tfrfstlod j`r us t` `nsfrvf tagt taf wgy taf nggocòtrlnutfs t` taf w`rh `j tafjgrmfrs ls o`t iust ny pr`vlklod g pbfgsgot sùoktrgch j`r taflr bgnùr, `r ny gc-

cfbfrgtlod taf raytamlc cgkfocf `j taf a`fs. [af s`b`lst fxpb`lts taf gn`vf mfo-tlòfk cgpgclty j als lostrumfot t` trgosmlt blodulstlc mfssgdfs lo rkfr t` prglsf,`r m`rf `jtfo t` punblcby nbgst, loklvlkugb jgrmfrs. Talbf pbgylod g raytamlc pgt-tfro af cgbbs g w`rhfr ny als ogmf `r tarùda g j`rmubg gss`clgtfk wlta alm, gok`jtfo m`chs `r losubts alm. [af glm ls t` tfgsf taf pfrsòs prlkf, tagohs t` tafstròd w`rh ftalcs `j taf Sgmnbg, gok pusa alm t` w`rh m`rf qulchby.

Lt wgs kurlod of suca ccgslò, walbf wf wfrf jlbmlod Sl-Iumg Hògt pbgylodj`r g drùp `j jgrmfrs, tagt wf gshfk alm t` tfgsf g yùod mgo. Sl-Iumg ls òf `jtaf pr`tgdòlsts j taf jlbm, gs of j taf mglo s`b`lsts lo Hgrgohgss` gok nflod lo

cagrdf wlta als jgtafr Sl-[lùss` j nulbklod taf lostrumfot wf agk c`mmlsslòfk.@o tagt kgy lo Iuof af wgs gcc`mpgoylod taf w`rh `j g drùp `j mfo m`st `jwa`m wfrf lo taflr twfotlfs, cbfgrlod g s`rdaum jlfbk tagt nfbòdfk t` g m`rfsfol`r mgo. Tf agk slodbfk ùt g mgo wa` sffmfk t` nf pgrtlcubgrby rfspòslvft` pr`v`cgtlòs, gok Sl-Iumg stgrtfk t` rlod als ogmf ò taf nbgkfs `j als nggo,gok t` cgbb alm wlta fpltafts `j taf blhfs `j sò `j g n`lbfk mgo `r offkbf-sagpfk sfgt, uotlb taf mgo lo qufstlò rfgctfk. Tf jlbmfk taf fxcagodf lo walcaaf i`hlodby tarfgtfos t` sft Sl-Iumg ò jlrf gok taf nggorfpblfs wlta g rfqufst j`rmòfy. [af `tafr lotfrfstlod p`lot t` fmfrdf jr`m tals pr`v`hfk sltugtlò ls g

rfjfrfocf t` taf w`rh ftalcs mfotlòfk gn`vf9 taf jgrmfr sgys tagt Sl-Iumg saùbko`t hffp pr`v`hlod alm s` tagt af ags t` st`p w`rhlod lo `rkfr t` rfpby, gs tagt lsg w`rhlod sltugtlò gok o`t g juofrgb. Kurlod juofrgbs lt ls c`mmò t` sff pf`pbf


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fssgys

66


lotfrruptlod taf muslc, fspfclgbby t` rfspòk t` taf muslclgos rfqufsts j`r mòfy.Lo tals wgy tafy dft t` nf punblcby prglsfk gok cgo kògtf t` taf muslclgos lo jròt`j taf wa`bf c`mmuolty, locrfgslod taflr prfstldf. Lo rfspòsf t` Sl-Iumgs pr`v`-cgtlòs, taf jgrmfr rfpblfk tagt af wgs o`t bgzy gok usfbfss, ò taf còtrgry tafmuslclgo wgs o`t pbgylod gppr`prlgtfby j`r taf sltugtlò. [af fxcagodf wf cgp-turfk wgs tafo aldaby mfgolodjub gok rfvfbgt`ry `j taf c`mpbfx s`clgb kyogmlcsrfv`bvlod grùok g muslcgb pfrj`rmgocf `j taf nggo.

[af jblpslkf `j tals lotfrvfotlòlst gppr`gca ags nffo g w`rh `j prfpgrgtlòtagt afbpfk us uokfrstgok nfttfr gok agvf g klgb`duf wlta taf muslclgos, of tagtwgs mgkf j pgrtlclpgtlò lo prgctlcgb gctlvltlfs. Jgrmlod t` taf sùok j taf nggo

Lmgdf ;. Sl-Iumg Hògttrylod tafsurkublogngdplpf

(Lmgdf >57>Olc`bgScgbkgjfrrl).


10/22


fssgys

6:

(Jfrrgrlol) gok pbgylod taf slmpbf pgttfros `j taf pbgyfr lo jròt `j taf s`b`lst(Scgbkgjfrrl) afbpfk us dglo losldats lot` taf m`rf fmn`klfk gspfcts `j taf prgc-tlcf `j taf nggo. Jfrrgrlol, gs g mfmnfr `j taf vlbbgdf gss`clgtlò `j taf auotfrs,

i`lofk tafm cbfgrlod g c`ttò jlfbk walbf Sg-Bgmùssg Hògt pbgyfk taf nggo.Nflod cgbbfk ny taf lostrumfot wlta g slmpbf gscfoklod trlgk `j o`tfs pbgyfk òcòtlduùs nbgkfs tungnu(waltf mgo) lo jròt `j taf `tafr w`rhfrs wgs g vfrylmmfklgtf fxpfrlfocf j taf fofrdy n``st tagt punblc fxp`surf cgo pr`vlkf. Nflodcgbbfk ny taf muslclgo, pbgylod ùt `j sldat nfalok taf blof `j jgrmfrs, wgs g dgb-vgolslod pusa t` w`rh agrkfr gok jgstfr, uotlb taf agoks wfrf c`vfrfk lo nblstfrs.J`r Scgbkgjfrrl, stgrtlod go gpprfotlcfsalp gs g muslclgo jr`m taf m`st ngslc rayta-mlc pgttfros, ta`sf tagt grf gssldofk t` calbkrfo gs s`ò gs tafy cgo a`bk taf mgb-bfts, pr`vlkfk g pfrspfctlvf ny walca t` uokfrstgok taf c`mpbfxlty `j taf lotfr-b`chlod mfb`klfs j taf tarff-pgrt nggomuslc. Nut, iust gs lmp`rtgotby, tghlod pgrtlo tafsf gctlvltlfs stgrtfk g klgb`duf wlta taf muslclgos tagt wgs o`t ofcfssgrlbymgkf j trgosbgtfk w`rks nut j sagrfk fxpfrlfocfs, prfclùs drùok o walca t`kfvfb`p g c`bbgn`rgtlò.

Nfyòk taf trgosbgtlò (blodulstlc gok muslcgb klgb`dufs)

@of `j taf cruclgb p`lots j`r taf rfgblzgtlò `j taf jlbm ags nffo taf klgb`duf fs-tgnblsafk wlta taf muslclgos. Gctugbby, taf fotlrf pfrl`k spfot lo Hgrgohgss` wgs

g còtlouùs klgb`duf, jr`m taf muslcgb m`mfots, t` taf vlslts gok taf còvfrsg-tlòs. A`wfvfr, go lmp`rtgot stfp wgs rfprfsfotfk ny pbgylod ngch taf vlkf` j``t-gdf gok blstfolod t` muslc rfc`rklods t`dftafr wlta taf muslclgos. Urlmgrlby, tals

w`rh wgs kòf wlta taf purp`sf `j sfbfctlod taf gukl`vlsugb mgtfrlgbs lo rfbgtlòt` taflr còtfots, t` trgosbgtf taf klgb`dufs gok t` m`vf j`rwgrk wlta taf gcqulsl-tlò `j ofw mgtfrlgbs tagt cùbk nf usfjub j`r taf jlbm. [af w`rh `j pbgyngch gokklscusslò `j taf mgtfrlgbs ags rfgbby pr`vlkfk aldaby kftglbfk gok rfbfvgot loj`r-mgtlò. @jtfo, taf pagsfs `j taf pbgyngch agvf gbs` nfc`mf g prftfxt9 lt wgs tafstgrtlod p`lot gok taf stlmubus j`r klscusslòs wa`sf d`gb wgs jgr nfyòk tagt `j

g slmpbf trgosbgtlò `r c`mmfots ò rfc`rklods. [als pr`cfss ags nrùdat t` tafsurjgcf g rgodf `j loj`rmgtlò gok ags crfgtfk g alda bfvfb `j lotlmgcy gok jgmlbl-grlty. [als pr`cfss, tagt wgs supp`sfk t` nf g prgctlcgb stfp lo taf sfbfctlò `jmgtfrlgbs j`r taf jlbm, gctugbby turofk ùt t` nf g m`kf `j lovfstldgtlò `j drfgtlotfrfst, gnbf t` pfo dgsafs o gspfcts tagt tafrwlsf wùbk agvf rlshfk t` rfmglouofxpb`rfk.

Gs wf mfotlòfk, Sl-Gkgmg [rg`r wgs taf mglo lotfrb`cut`r8 af ls g pbgyfr `jtaf kuoouo, taf aùrdbgss-sagpfk tgbhlod krum, gok g mfmnfr `j taf [rg`r hgjgmlby, walca mgloby dgtafrs taf krummfrs `j taf vlbbgdf. Sl-Gkgmg agk go lmp`r-

tgot r`bf kurlod taf rfsfgrca8 als gctlvf lov`bvfmfot wgs kuf prlmgrlby j`r lts fxcfb-bfot ho`wbfkdf `j taf Jrfoca bgodugdf, lo gkkltlò t` taf ho`wbfkdf `j taf b`cgbbgodugdfs. Als bgodugdfs shlbbs agvf jgclbltgtfk lo g o`tgnbf wgy taf rfbgtlòsalp


11/22

fssgys

64


gmòd us, gok wgs juokgmfotgb fspfclgbby lo taf uokfrstgoklod `j Sffohu, n`tataf tfxts sp`hfo ny taf nggo, gok taf tfxts j mgoy sòds pfrj`rmfk kurlod tafpfrj`rmgocfs rfc`rkfk gok jlbmfk.

Nfslkfs nflod g còstgot prfsfocf tarùdaùt taf vgrlùs stgdfs j rfsfgrca, afgbs` agk g vfry lmp`rtgot pgrt lo blstfolod gok rfvlfwlod gukl` rfc`rklods gokvlkf` j``tgdf. [als c`bbgn`rgtlvf w`rh wgs cgrrlfk ùt gjtfr wf rfc`rkfk gokjlbmfk fvfrytalod ò sltf. G sunstgotlgb pgrt `j tals pr`cfss, fspfclgbby taf còvfr-sgtlòs kurlod taf pbgyngch j j``tgdf gok rfc`rklods, ags nffo jubby rfc`rkfk, gokcòslsts `j gnùt twfoty-òf aùrs `j gukl` rfc`rklods.

[af w`rh `j taf pbgyngch afbpfk t` fstgnblsa g cb`sf klgb`duf gmòd us, mucam`rf tago taf `tafr talods wf klk t`dftafr. Slttlod j`r aùrs t` blstfo, wgtca gokklscuss, crfgtfk go `pp`rtuolty j`r fxcagodfs `j pfrspfctlvfs gok lkfgs, gok nf-c`mf m`rf jgmlblgr tago kurlod taf `rklogry kglby bljf, `r `tafr m`mfots `j c`b-bgn`rgtlò.

Lt gbs` agppfofk tagt kftglbs tagt fmfrdfk jr`m ur còvfrsgtlòs, r kftglbs jtfxts jr`m taf rfc`rklods `j sòds `r taf nggomuslc, agvf nfc`mf g suddfstlògok g spgrh j`r rfgb bljf fvfots. Bft us iust rfmfmnfr òf fpls`kf. Lo òf `j tafbgst fvfolods spfot lo taf vlbbgdf, wf wfrf lovltfk ny Sl-Gkgmg t` agvf kloofr gtals aùsf8 af agk gshfk als wljf t` prfpgrf g spfclgb hlok `j jlsa sùp, tagt wgsmfotlòfk lo g jfmgbf sòd wf blstfofk gok klscussfk o taf rfc`rklod g jfw kgysnfj`rf.

@of truta, a`wfvfr, fmfrdfk uofqulv`cgbby9 taf strlctby blodulstlc trgosbgtlò,

c`rrfbgtfk wlta taf sfbfctlò `j taf vlkf` mgtfrlgbs, wgs òby g pgrt `j ùr w`rh,gok s`mftlmfs o`t taf m`st rfbfvgot lo còofctlò t` taf wa`bf còtfxt. Fvfo

wafrf wf stgrtfk jr`m taf offk t` uokfrstgok gok trgosbgtf taf bgodugdf `j tafnggo, taf trgosbgtlò wgs òby òf gspfct `j taf còvfrsgtlò8 `jtfo, lt kfmò-strgtfk taf kljjlcubt t` clrcumscrlnf lot` g jlbmlc ogrrgtlò taf c`mpbfxlty `j cfr-tglo sltugtlòs, walca wùbk rfqulrf g ta`rùda gkkltlògb c`mmfot.

Gs g pr`vfrn pbgyfk ny Sl-Iumg wlta taf nggokurlod taf w`rh lo taf jlfbks9

D`k wfbb ho`ws a`w t` crfgtf taf w`rbk

gbtaùda af k`fs o`t ho`w a`w t` bfgk mfo t` kfgta.

[als pr`vfrn offkfk g jurtafr fxpbgogtlò o`t klrfctby lojfrrfk jr`m taf tfxt9lt wgs lo jgct rfjfrrfk t` taf kfgta `j yùod pf`pbf, walbf `bk pf`pbf stlbb gblvf.A`wfvfr, tals wgs gbs` taf cagocf t` kfngtf gnùt taf prfsfocf `j taf muslcgblostrumfots wltalo taf juofrgb rltfs. [af i`y gok taf kgocfs pfrj`rmfk j`r tafkfgta `j go `bk mgo (g pfrsò lmp`rtgot j`r als fxpfrlfocf, nut gbs` g mùta t`jffk tagt cgo o` bòdfr w`rh) còtrgsts wlta taf truf sgkofss gss`clgtfk wlta tafb`ss `j g yùod pfrsò (wa` ls g juokgmfotgb w`rhj`rcf) gok wa`sf juofrgb k`fs

o`t pr`vlkf j`r i`yjub m`mfots.Slmlbgrby, bft us còslkfr taf j`bb`wlod sfotfocf pbgyfk wlta taf nggokurlod tafjuofrgb `j go `bk mgo9


12/22


fssgys

61

D`-Kùm` yùr jgtafr klfk tghlod wlta alm yùr ogmf.

[als fxprfsslò wgs gkkrfssfk t` taf calbkbfss sò `j taf kfcfgsfk `bk mgo.[af blofgdf `j taf jgmlby d`t lotfrruptfk ny alm, gok tals wgs rfprfsfotfk ny taf

jldurf `j taf kfgk jgtafr tagt bfk t` taf drgvf wlta alm taf splrlt `j als sò, wa`wlbb klf wltaùt aflrs.

[als wgs taf prftfxt j`r klscusslod wlta Sl-Gkgmg t`plcs tagt grf cruclgb goklmp`rtgot lo rurgb s`clftlfs, fspfclgbby lo grfgs `j sunslstfocf gdrlcubturf gs ls tafcgsf `j taf Sgmnbg9 tagt `j taf alda oumnfr `j calbkrfo t` nrlod lot` taf w`rbk,tagt ls juokgmfotgb j`r taf survlvgb `j taf c`mmuolty. Lo jgct lt gbs` còstltutfs grfspòsf t` taf offk j`r go gvglbgnbf w`rh j`rcf, lo taf jgcf `j taf alda lojgotm`rtgblty fxlstlod lo tafsf grfgs.

[af jgct tagt Scgbkgjfrrl ls gbs` g muslclgo ags drfgtby jgclbltgtfk taf klgb`duf,

`pfolod up gkkltlògb còslkfrgtlòs. [af klgb`duf nftwffo tw` muslclgos, gb-taùda c`mlod jr`m kljjfrfot muslcgb cubturfs, fstgnblsafs g hlok `j spfclgb cò-ofctlò gmòd tafm8 tals ls kuf t` taf jgct tagt lt lov`bvfs pfrsòs wlta spfcljlcshlbbs gok ho`wbfkdf, fvfo g payslcgb cgpgclty walca cgo s`mftlmfs nf drgspfkkfspltf taf cubturgb kljjfrfocfs. [als agppfos lokfpfokfotby jr`m taf blodulstlcgspfcts, slocf lt ls gbs` ngsfk ò taf sagrlod `j tfcaolcgb fxpfrtlsf, `r ò taf jg-mlblgrlty wlta pfrj`rmgtlvf gspfcts tagt cgo nf o`tlcfk nfyòk taf blodulstlc kgtg.Lt ls mgkf ny g mftg klscùrsf `j spfcljlc rfjfrfocfs rfbgtfk t` taflr shlbbs tagt fx-cffks taf purfby blodulstlc gspfcts. Tlta go`tafr muslclgo, lt ls fgsy t` fstgnblsa g

s`rt j kffp còofctlò gok g bfvfb j lotlmgcy tagt cgo rfsubt lo rfbfvgot còsf-qufocfs lo tfrms `j sca`bgrby rfsfgrca (Jfbk gok Scgbkgjfrrl >57>).

[af lmp`rtgocf `j muslcgb prgctlcf lo rfsfgrca gnùt g kljjfrfot cubturf agsgbrfgky nffo fxprfssfk ny Mgotbf A``k wlta als lkfg `j nl-muslcgblty (A``k755576).

J`r Scgbkgjfrrl, taf jgct `j nflod g muslclgo ags nffo lmp`rtgot fspfclgbby lotaf rfbgtlòsalps wlta Sl-Iumg, wa` klk o`t spfgh Jrfoca8 wlta alm taf c`mmu-olcgtlò wgs mfklgtfk, lo bgrdf pgrt, ny taf prfsfocf `j Sl-Gkgmg. Lo gkkltlò t`taf kglby bfssòs j nggoaf uokfrt``h wlta Sl-Iumg, lt wgs cruclgb t` agvf g typlcgbLtgblgo lostrumfot9 taf surkublog, g smgbb ngdplpf jr`m Sùtafro Ltgby, wlta tw`cagotfrs, tw` kròfs gok g d`gt shlo. [gbhlod gnùt taf surkublogwgs gbs` go `p-

p`rtuolty t` lbbustrgtf cfrtglo pr`cfssfs còofctfk t` taf Scgbkgjfrrl jgmlby (walcalocbukfs mgoy muslclgos), walca lofvltgnby suddfstfk blohs gok c`mpgrlsòs usf-jub t` klscuss gnùt taf jgmlby structurfs `j taf hf.


13/22

fssgys

6573). ^fcgbblod Buoogs tfrms, taf surkublogcùbk pbgy gmuslc pfrcfptlnbf jr`m taf p`lot `j vlfw `j raytam, gok gnbf t` fblclt g rfgctlòfmpgtaftlc, fspfclgbby kurlod taf kgocf, nut o`t uokfrstgokgnbf gt taf sfmgotlcbfvfb.

G sfcòk lmp`rtgot p`lot, klscussfk wlta Sl-Iumg, wgs gnùt taf r`bf `j taf

tw` agoks lo pbgylod taf surkublog8 tals gbs` gbb`wfk gogb`dlfs wlta s`mf pfrj`rm-lod fbfmfots `j taf nggo. [af surkublog ls fqulppfk wlta tw` cagotfrs, pbgyfksfpgrgtfby ny taf tw` agoks, walca agvf klvfrsljlfk r`bfs (Scgbkgjfrrl >556). [af


14/22


fssgys

:5 Lmgdf 6. [af Hògt jgmlbypbgylod taf nggo, locbuklod gyùod Sl-Iumg (bfjt) gok Sg-Bgmùssg (rldat), walbf lo taf

cfotrf ls taflr rfbgtlvf Sg-Hò`jr`m taf ofgrny vlbbgdf `jHòh`blhgo (Guta`r uoho`wo,clrcg 7).


15/22

fssgys

:7


bfjt agok, ngslcgbby, pbgys raytamlc `stlogt`pgttfros ò taf bfjt cagotfr, walbf tafrldat agok, ` taf rldat cagotfr, kfvfb`ps pgssgdfs cagrgctfrlzfk ny vlrtu`slty gok`rogmfots. [af tw` cagotfrs gok s` taf tw` agoks gbs` agvf g r`bf alfrgrcal-cgbby kljjfrfotlgtfk. Gjtfr b``hlod cgrfjubby ò taf agoks kurlod taf muslcgb pfr-j`rmgocfs, Sl-Iumg còcbukfk tagt taf rldat agok `j taf lostrumfot cgrrlfk ùttaf juoctlò `j taf s`b`lst pbgyfr `j taf nggo, walbf taf bfjt agok tagt `j taf talrkpbgyfr, pbgcfk lo jròt `j taf s`b`lst. Gs wf mfotlòfk gn`vf, go lmp`rtgot jfgturf`j taf pfrj`rmgocf prgctlcf `j taf nggogt Sgmnbg ls taf jgct tagt lt ls m`st `j taftlmf pbgyfk gt taf sgmf tlmf ny tarff muslclgos. Sl-Iumg fstgnblsafk g slmlbgrltynftwffo taf r`bfs `j taf tw` cagotfrs `j taf surkublogpbgyfk ny taf rldat gok tafbfjt agok, wlta taf r`bfs `j tw` nggopbgyfrs9 taf s`b`lst, wa` pfrj`rms vlrtu`s`pgrts, slmlbgr t` ta`sf j taf rldat cagotfr, gok taf muslclgo pbgcfk lo jròt `j alm,

walca prlmgrlby pbgys g raytamlc gcc`mpgolmfot, blhf taf bfjt cagotfr. [als fpl-

s`kf rfvfgbs taf jubb cgpgclty `j Sl-Iumg t` gnstrgct taf juoctlòs pfrj`rmfk nykljjfrfot muslclgos lo taf nggo, gok usf tafm gs tfrms `j rfjfrfocf t` fxpbglo taf`pfrgtlò `j `tafr lostrumfots.

[af prfsfocf `j tarff kljjfrfot muslclgos pbgylod wlta òf lostrumfot cùbkagvf nffo g còsfqufocf j taf offk t` slmpbljy gok c`mpgct nlddfr fosfmnbfs jmuslclgos8 lo jgct, wf cgo sff tagt lo `tafr còtfxts, taf tarff r`bfs grf cgrrlfk utny tarff muslclgos pbgylod o kljjfrfot lostrumfots (Bf N`mlo>5578 Yfmp >55:).[als prgctlcf, lo taf cgsf `j taf Sgmnbg nggo, jlxfk taf lotfrgctlò pgttfros nf-twffo taf tarff muslclgos, fstgnblsalod taf r`bfs lo taf alfrgrcay `j taf pbgyfr,

walca kfpfoks o taf bfvfb `j fxpfrtlsf j taf tarff muslclgos lov`bvfk. Lo jgct, gnfdloofr stgrts t` bfgro t` pbgy taf lostrumfot jr`m taf slmpbfst r`bf, lo jròt `jtaf s`b`lst, gok tafo drgkugbby af m`vfs ò t` taf `tafr m`rf kljjlcubt r`bfs.

G slmlbgr mfcagolsm ls gt w`rh wlta taf surkublog. [af ngsf `j taf muslcgbpfrj`rmgocf ls rfprfsfotfk ny taf `stlogt`pbgyfk `j taf bfjt cagotfr, walca ls lojgct taf stgrtlod p`lot j`r fgca gpprfotlcf8 òcf af `r saf ags gsslmlbgtfk gok lo-tfrogblzfk lt, taf nfdloofr cgo m`vf t` taf jbùrlsafk pgrt pfrj`rmfk ny taf rldatagok. [af klgb`duf wlta Sl-Iumg, rlca lo tfcaolcgb kftglbs, prfsumfk go fxpfrtlotfrb`cut`r, gok j`r tals rfgsò lt gbb`wfk taf lotfrb`cut`rs t` drgsp, lo taflr lm-

mfklgcy, s`mf gspfcts gok juoctlòs lo g wgy tagt ls m`rf fjjfctlvf tago goy vfrngbkfscrlptlò.

@o taf jgmlblfs `j taf muslclgos

Lo pgrgbbfb wlta taf jlbm sa`ts gok muslcgb rfc`rklods, g rfsfgrca wgs cgrrlfk ùtcòcfrolod taf hlosalp structurfs `j taf muslclgos. [af mglo purp`sf wgs t` fx-pb`rf taf c`mpbfx structurf `j taf hfjgmlblfs, lo `rkfr t` lkfotljy goy lmp`rtgotpf`pbf, walca tafo dlvf gkfqugtf rfprfsfotgtlò lo taf pa`t`drgpalc gok gukl`-

vlsugb k`cumfotgtlò, kurlod taf lotfrvlfw gs wfbb gs lo taf lmpbfmfotgtlò j tafjlogb jlbm pr`kuct.[af ngchnòf `j taflr gctlvlty ls lo jgct mgkf up `j taf strlct `rdgolzgtlò `j


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fssgys

:>

taf jgmlby, wltalo walca grf grtlcubgtfk gbb taf muslcgb gctlvltlfs9 jr`m ta`sf rfbgt-lod t` taf gctlvltlfs `j còstructlò `j taf lostrumfot, t` taf punblc pfrj`rmgocfgok taf trgosmlsslò `j muslcgb ho`wbfkdf.

[af cbgos `j hfpunblcby rfc`dolzfk lo taf vlbbgdf `j Hgrgohgss` grf gctugbbytw`8 gcc`rklod t` taf trgkltlògb o`mfocbgturf, tafy grf taf Hògt gok taf [rg`r.[af jlrst locbukfs taf pbgyfrs j taf nggo, gok taf sfcòk taf pbgyfrs j taf kuoouo.[af tw` mgi`r muslclgos tagt wfrf c`bbgn`rgtlod wlta us, Sl-Iumg gok Sl-Gkgmg,rfspfctlvfby wfrf pbgyfrs `j nggogok kuoouo, taf jlrst nfbòdlod t` taf Hògt,gok taf sfcòk t` taf [rg`r.

[af offk t` vfrljy gs muca gs p`sslnbf taf rfbgtlòs `j taf tw` jgmlblfs ags bfkt` g systfmgtlc lovfstldgtlò `j tafsf lssufs, còkuctfk tarùda lotfrvlfws goktrylod t` lmpbfmfot g kftglbfk rfcòstructlò `j g jgmlby trff. S`mf bfss `nvlùs`r uokfcbgrfk rfbgtlòsalps, kuf t` tlfs wlta rlvgb jgmlblfs, agvf fmfrdfk tagohs t`

taf systfmgtlc `pfrgtlò. [als agppfofk, gs go fxgmpbf, j`r taf tw` blofgdfs `jnggomuslclgos prfsfot lo taf vlbbgdf, nfbòdlod n`ta t` taf Hògt cbgo, wa` lospltf `j taflr gppgrfot kftgcamfot gok taflr c`mpftltlvf gctlvltlfs, gctugbby rf-subtfk t` nf strlcbty còofctfk wlta oumfrùs lotfrmgrrlgdf blohs.

Mfgowalbf, go lovfstldgtlò o taf lkfotlty k`cumfots gok nlrta cfrtljlcgtfs jtaf muslclgos wgs cgrrlfk ùt wlta taf c``pfrgtlò `j taf rfdlstry `jjlcf `j tafcùoclb `j Hgrgohgss`. [als survfy wgs mgkf, gt jlrst, t` vfrljy taf k`cumfots `jtaf muslclgos gok gbb`w tafm, lo taf juturf, t` trgvfb ùt `j Nurhlog Jgs` gokpfrj`rm gnr`gk8 a`wfvfr, lt wgs gbs` afbpjub t` c`mpgrf taf kftglbfk `rgb rfp`rts

gnùt taf jgmlblfs wlta taf loj`rmgtlò prfsfot lo taf rfdlstry cfrtljlcgtfs, walca`jtfo wfrf lssufk grnltrgrlby ny taf `jjlclgbs. C`mpgrlod taf loj`rmgtlò walcafmfrdfk jr`m taf kgtg c`bbfctlò j rgb tfstlmòlfs gok taf stgtfmfots o jjlclgbk`cumfots, rfvfgbfk g c`mpbfx gok grtlcubgtfk sltugtlò. Cfrtgloby tafrf wgs g dgp s`mfwagt `nvlùs gok prfklctgnbf nftwffo wagt wgs t`bk `rgbby gok taf wrlt-tfo `jjlclgb pgpfrs, gok taf bgttfr wgs `jtfo muca bfss rfblgnbf tago taf j`rmfr.

Tltalo taf `rgb loj`rmgtlò dgtafrfk ny taf tfstlmòy `j Sl-Gkgmg, lo cgsf `jbgch `j prfclsf loj`rmgtlò, taf jgct `j pbgylod go lostrumfot rgtafr tago go`tafr gok s` taf s`clgb juoctlò `j g muslclgo sffmfk taf jlogb crltfrlò j`r drgotlod

g cbgo mfmnfrsalp t` taf Hògt `r [rg`r9 lt sffms gbm`st g wgy t` gpp`lot ghlosalp lkfotlty ò taf ngsf `j g s`clgbby rfc`dolzfk muslcgb gctlvlty. Lt saùbk nfmfotlòfk taf prfsfocf j go`tafr jgmlby ogmf wlta muslclgos lo taf vlbbgdf, tagt`j @ugttgrg, tagt grf kuoouopbgyfrs8 fvfo taùda taflr prfsfocf ls qultf smgbbc`mpgrfk t` taf `tafrs. Iust t` dlvf go lkfg `j taf pr`p`rtlòs, lo taf jgmlby trff`j taf muslclgos `j taf vlbbgdf nulbt wlta taf afbp `j Sl-Gkgmg, ò g t`tgb `j 37>mfmnfrs, 41 grf Hògt (gbm`st gbb grf nggopbgyfrs, wlta vfry jfw kuoouopbgy-frs), 3; grf @ugttgrg, gok 35> grf [rg`r (wlta prfsfocf `j kuoouopbgyfrs gok o`nggopbgyfrs).

Lo taf `jjlclgb wrlttfo k`cumfots, [rg`r wgs taf m`st p`pubgr surogmf8 gctu-gbby ls g surogmf sprfgk tarùdaùt Nurhlog Jgs` gok nfyòk, gok lt sffms jbgt-tfolod taf c`mpbfxlty `j taf rfgb jgmlby sltugtlò t` taf offks `j taf nurfgucrgcy.


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fssgys

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[af wa`bf jgmlby `j Sl-Iumg gs go fxgmpbf, mgkf up `j pbgyfrs `j nggogoks`clgbby rfc`dolzfk gs Hògt, wgs rfdlstfrfk gs [rg`r, walca j`bb`ws mgoy `tafrklscrfpgoclfs. Sl-Iumg almsfbj, lo taf nlrta cfrtljlcgtf j als calbk, rfsubts loklcgtfkgs Sy Gkiùmg n`ro lo 77 calbkrfo, jljtffo `j tafm n`ro jr`m als sfcòk wljfJfo-Sltg @ugttgrg. G r`bf tagt ls rgtljlfk lo tals cgsf fvfo ny taf wrlttfo k`cumfot.Jfo-Sltg @ugttgrg, wlk`w `j Sg-Kùdgokùdgo, tgbhlod gnùt Sl-Nghurus calb-krfo, lo taf lotfrvlfw mgkf j`r taf jlbm sgys jlrmby9 Sg-Kùdgokùdgo gok Sl-Nghuru wfrf nr`tafrs, s` mf gok Dg-[lf wfrf taflr wlvfs, taus gbb afr calbkrfo grfgbs` mlof. [af b`cgb usf `j w`rks blhf jgtafr gok m`tafr, rfbgtlvfby uofqulv`cgbj`r g punblc rfdlstry `jjlcfr, ls lostfgk m`rf gmnlduùs.

[afsf fxgmpbfs mghf cbfgr taf vfry kljjfrfot w`rhlods j go rgb trgkltlò sucags taf dfofgb`dlcgb ho`wbfkdf j taf Sgmnbg hfgok taf nurfgucrgtlc offks t` crf-

gtf `rkfr gok gssldo stgtlc lkfotltlfs ny taf clty cùoclb. ^fgklod gnùt taf `rldlos`j taf kljjuslò j taf cbgo ogmf [rg`r lo taf Sgmnbg grfg, walca wgs gk`ptfk nymgoy jgmlblfs lo sldo `j sunmlsslò t` taf ofw cafj kf cgotò lmp`sfk ny tafJrfoca Sl-N`r` [rg`r kurlod taf 7


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fssgys

:;

nbg pf`pbf. Gs còjlrmfk ny Strgok,: of j taf blofgdfs ls j [uslg rldlo, gok taf`tafr N`n` tw` ofldanùrlod p`pubgtlòs (sff Strgok >55 j`r gkftglbfk gccùot `j taf `rldlo `j taf Sgmnbg hf jgmlblfs). ^fmgrhgnby, taf xyb`-paòf jlrst grrlvfk wlta taf [uslg muslclgos gt taf fok j taf 755).

Mghlod taf jlbm nrùdat t` bldat g kffpfr dfofgb`dlcgb ho`wbfkdf tagt usugbbyls o`t mgstfrfk ny fvfryn`ky, gok taf yùodfr muslclgos lo s`mf cgsfs wfrf sur-

:Lotfrfstlodby, Strgok rfcflvfk jr`m taf vlbbgdf calfj `j Hgrgohgss` gt taf tlmf `j afr vlslt >55;,Gbfxls [rg`r, taf loj`rmgtlò tagt n`ta blofgdfs wfrf ny tafo ho`wo gs [rg`r, fvfo taùda stlbb t`kgytafy cgbb tafmsfbvfs Hògt.

Lmgdf 4. Sl-Gkgmg [rg`r(Lmgdf >57> B`rfoz` Jfrrgrlol).

Lmgdf 1. Sl-Iumg Hògt(Lmgdf >57> B`rfoz` Jfrrgrlol).


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fssgys

:6


prlsfk t` afgr wagt taf fbkfrs agk t`bk us. Tafo jlbmlod gkkltlògb lotfrvlfws loGprlb >576, j`r fxgmpbf, Sl-Gkgmg [rg`r, gctlod gdglo gs lotfrprftfr gok rfsfgrcagsslstgot, wgs surprlsfk t` klsc`vfr tagt g Klgrrg blofgdf gbs` nfbòds t` taf hg`jHgrgohgss` nut k`fs o`t pbgy muslc. [`kgy òby òf c`mpùok `j Klgrrg hfrf-mglos lo taf vlbbgdf, taf rfst nflod klspfrsfk lo `tafr vlbbgdfs `r lo taf t`wo `jN`n` Klùbgss`. [af Klgrrg wfrf tgshfk wlta klddlod taf drgvfs, gs wf bfgrofktgbhlod t` Mlogtg Klgrrg, go fbkfrby bgky jr`m Hgrgohgss` wa` ò tagt kgy wgsvlsltlod afr rfbgtlvfs (sff g kfscrlptlò `j taflr r`bf lo ^`yfr 7


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fssgys

::

gukl`vlsugb mfklg pr`vlkfk g m`rf jfrtlbf drùok j`r sagrlod taf pr`kucts `j fta-o`drgpalc rfsfgrca wlta lts pr`tgdòlsts, gs c`mpgrfk t` gcgkfmlc wrltlod.

Tf lotfok t` pr`p`sf afrf tagt còcflvlod `j jlbm gs g j`rm `j rfsfgrca cgonfofjlt jr`m go gppr`gca mgkf `j taf c`mnlogtlò `j taf tw` p`lots mfotlòfkgn`vf, ogmfby lotfrvfotlò gok klgb`duf. Ugrt j taf rfgsòs grf taf gcho`wbfkdf-mfot `j taf lotfrgctlvf cagrgctfr `j ftao`drgpalc jlfbkw`rh gok `j taf c`bbgn`rg-tlvf ogturf `j m`st jlbms. Nut, gs taf summgry `j ùr jloklods prfsfotfk afrfa`pfjubby mghfs cbfgr, suca g mfta`k`b`dy ags g p`tfotlgb t` lbbumlogtf ofw rf-sfgrca klrfctlòs gok gjj`rks g m`rf fjjfctlvf c`bbgn`rgtlvf klgb`duf wlta taf sun-

ifcts `j taf rfsfgrca ltsfbj, tafrfj`rf jgclbltgtlod prgctlcfs `j ftalcgb pr`kuctlò.

NLNBL@D^GUA\

GDGMFOO@OFMGV^LYL@>576 ^fc`rklod @ut-tghfs9 Tagt Cgo Nf Klsc`vfrfk lo taf Alst`rlcgb ^fc`rklods `j

[rgkltlògb Muslc, lo Dlgomgrl` N`rl` (fk.),Muslcgb Blstfolod lo taf Gdf `j[fcao`b`dlcgb ^fpr`kuctlò, Jgroagm (VH)9 Gsadgtf, pp. 364-34>.

GMSFBBFIFGO-B@VU

757> Igzz C`sm`p`bltgolsm lo Gccrg, Kuragm (OC)9 Kuhf Volvfrslty Urfss.

>576 Blstfolod t` Alst`rlfs `j Blstfolod9 C`bbgn`rgtlvf Fxpfrlmfots lo Gcùstfm`b-`dy wlta Oll @t`` Googo, lo Dlgomgrl` N`rl` (fk.),Muslcgb Blstfolod lo tafGdf `j [fcao`b`dlcgb ^fpr`kuctlò, Jgroagm (VH)9 Gsadgtf, pp. 57> K`cumfotgzlòf f rgpprfsfotgzlòf sò`rg, lo Olc`bg Scgbkgjfrrl, Stfvfo Jfbk

(g curg kl),L suòl kfbbgbnfr`, Vklof9 O`tg, pp. 4;-577 Jr`m ^fsfgrca Mgtfrlgbs t` C`bbgn`rgtlò ^fprfsfotlod [arff Dfofrgtlòs `j

Sfrnlgo Muslclgos, lo Fchfagrk Ulstrlch, Olc`bg Scgbkgjfrrl, Drftfb Scawrfr(fks.),Gukl`vlsugb Mfklg gok Lkfotlty Lssufs lo Sùtafgstfro Fur`pf, Ofwcgs-tbf Vpò [yof9 Cgmnrlkdf Sca`bgr Uunblsalod, pp. 67-4;.

>57: [af Kgohuo Oftw`rh9 [af Kòs` Auotfrs j Nurhlog Jgs` nftwffo Fc`b`dlcgbCagodf gok Ofw Gss`clgtlòs, lo Iùrogb `j Còtfmp`rgry Gjrlcgo Stuklfs(j`rtac`mlod).


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fssgys

:4


D^LMSAGTGOOG, ^GZF[YGMGOKG>55< @nsfrvgtlògb Clofmg9 Gotar`p`b`dy, Jlbm, gok taf Fxpb`rgtlò `j S`clgb Bljf,

Nb``mlodtò9 Loklgog Volvfrslty Urfss.AFOBF\UGVB

>55; Uuttlod Jlbm t` T`rh9 @nsfrvgtlògb Clofmg gs Urgctlcgb Ftao`drgpay, lo SgrgaUloh, Bszb Hrtl, gok Gog Lsgnfb Gjòs` (fks.), T`rhlod Lmgdfs9 Zlsugb ^f-sfgrca gok ^fprfsfotgtlò lo Ftao`drgpay, Bòkò9 ^ùtbfkdf, pp. 7555< [af Gkvfoturf `j taf ^fgb9 Ifgo ^ùca gok taf Crgjt `j Ftao`drgpalc Clofmg,Calcgd`-Bòkò9 Volvfrslty j Calcgd` Urfss.

A@@KMGO[BF7), pp. 66-653->7551 Bgoo` pl nfbb` kfbbg mlg vltg, Mlbgo`9 lb Sgddlgt`rf.MGCK@VDGBBKGZLK755:.pkj.

@\BF^KLGOOFTAL[F>55> ^f-Lovfotlod @rgb [rgkltlò9 [af M`kfro Fplc `j Sùbfymgof Hgotf, lo ^f-sfgrca lo Gjrlcgo Bltfrgturfs, 33 (7), pp. 46-


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fssgys

:1

o`muslc`b`dy,loDlgomgrl` N`rl` (fk.),Muslcgb Blstfolod lo taf Gdf `j [fca-o`b`dlcgb ^fpr`kuctlò, Jgroagm (VH)9 Gsadgtf, pp. 343-3.

S[^GOKIVBLFB\OO>55< [af Sgmnbg Qyb`paòf9 [rgkltlò gok Lkfotlty lo Nurhlog Jgs`, UaK Klssfrtg-

tlò, Tfsbfygo Volvfrslty.[G\B@^BVCLFO755: Sfouj` Ngbgjò Muslc, lo ^fsùok, >6, pp. 7-575 [gbhlod ngbgjòs, lo Gjrlcgo Muslc, 1 (;), pp. :->3.

JFBKS[FZFO>55< Igzz C`sm`p`bltgolsm lo Gccrg, Dagog, g jlbm [rlb`dy ny Stfvfo Jfbk, 3 KZK,

Sgotg Jf9 Z`xB`x.H@OG[LSSLGHG76.YFMUAVD@>557->55> Bfs mgltrfs ku Ngbgjò (Jtfs juorgrlfs,7: mm, 158Bg i`lf kf bg ifuofssf,

7:mm, 458Bf n`ls ft bg cgbfngssf,7:mm, ;48Gml, nòof grrlvf!,7:mm, >4).

JLBMS

filming as exploring - researching the musical practice of the sambla xylophone through documentary...

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