Filmmaking in its Filmmaking in its InfancyInfancy

An early look at the evolution An early look at the evolution of moving pictures and of moving pictures and

filmmakingfilmmaking

Before CinemaBefore CinemaCinematography (Fr. Cinématographe)Cinematography (Fr. Cinématographe)

Greek Origin: “Kinema” & “Graphe”Greek Origin: “Kinema” & “Graphe”Kinema = movingKinema = movingGraphe = pictureGraphe = picture

Term coined by Lumiere Brothers in 1890sTerm coined by Lumiere Brothers in 1890sEarly Cameras & Film RecordersEarly Cameras & Film RecordersPhotography & Cinematography Photography & Cinematography

pioneerspioneers

Early Animation: The Magic Early Animation: The Magic Lantern Lantern

Made animation possibleMade animation possible ““Basically a projector”Basically a projector” Invented by Dutch Invented by Dutch

astronomer Chistiaan astronomer Chistiaan Huygens in the 17Huygens in the 17thth century century

11stst inventor to develop with inventor to develop with correct components: light correct components: light source, mirror, focusing source, mirror, focusing lens, and a condensing lens, and a condensing lens. lens.

First used by priests and First used by priests and magicians magicians

Early Animation: The Early Animation: The Phénakistiscope (Fantascope)Phénakistiscope (Fantascope)

Developed in 1830sDeveloped in 1830s Spinning disc on a Spinning disc on a

vertical handlevertical handle Viewer had to look Viewer had to look

through the moving slits through the moving slits at the reflection in a at the reflection in a mirror.mirror.

The persistence of vision The persistence of vision (fixed position) is what (fixed position) is what allowed for simulated allowed for simulated motion.motion.

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ43NDFjiw0 watch?v=UQ43NDFjiw0 (00:00:45)(00:00:45)

Creator: Thomas Mann Baynes Published in 1833 by Ackermann and

Co.

Early Animation: The Zoetrope Early Animation: The Zoetrope (Daedalum)(Daedalum)

Similar “technology” to Similar “technology” to fantascopefantascope

Fixed rotating disc in a Fixed rotating disc in a hollow cup with radial slits hollow cup with radial slits cut into the sidecut into the side

Simulated motion without Simulated motion without mirrorsmirrors

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3yarT_h2ws (00:00:45)v=-3yarT_h2ws (00:00:45)

Early Animation: The Early Animation: The Kinematoscope (Mutoscope)Kinematoscope (Mutoscope)

Used “flip book” method to simulate motionUsed “flip book” method to simulate motion Fixed box with a crank to flip through Fixed box with a crank to flip through

images taken in rapid succession.images taken in rapid succession. Very Popular in Penny Arcades from 1895 Very Popular in Penny Arcades from 1895

to 1910; replaced by movie picture shows.to 1910; replaced by movie picture shows. http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=cYyPrp6UuCc (for demonstration, not for v=cYyPrp6UuCc (for demonstration, not for sale!) sale!) appx 00:02:45) appx 00:02:45)

Blueprint and design by Hermann Casler, 1894.

Early Animation: The Early Animation: The CChronophonoscopehronophonoscope

(The Photo Gun)(The Photo Gun) 1st Camera to 1st Camera to

shoot photographs shoot photographs in rapid succession in rapid succession (12 FPS)(12 FPS)

Experimented Experimented with human and with human and animal motionanimal motion

Invented by Eteinne-Jules Marey in 1882, using the photo gun gave birth to the idea of “shooting a film.” Marey is often credited with being the father of modern cinema.

Early Cinema Pioneers: Louis-Early Cinema Pioneers: Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre (1787-Jacques-Mande Daguerre (1787-

1851) 1851)  French inventor and father of French inventor and father of photography photography

Perfected Daguerreotypes in Perfected Daguerreotypes in the early 1840sthe early 1840s

Captured images on a Captured images on a silvered copper-metal platesilvered copper-metal plate

Long exposure timesLong exposure times Labor intensive practiceLabor intensive practice http://www.youtube.com/http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=N0Ambe4FwQkwatch?v=N0Ambe4FwQk (00:05:45)(00:05:45)

Early Cinema Pioneers: Early Cinema Pioneers: Eadweard Muybridge (1830-Eadweard Muybridge (1830-

1904) 1904) British inventor who British inventor who

later emigrated to later emigrated to the United States the United States

Father of chrono-Father of chrono-photography photography (images taken in (images taken in rapid succession).rapid succession).

Recorded multiple Recorded multiple images on images on separateseparate filmsfilms

Muybridge’s bet with Muybridge’s bet with StanfordStanford

Muybridge bet Leland Stanford that he could prove that in a full gallop, a horse Muybridge bet Leland Stanford that he could prove that in a full gallop, a horse would have all 4 feet off the ground. After setting up a battery of 12 would have all 4 feet off the ground. After setting up a battery of 12

successive cameras with trip wires to take in exposures at a race track in Palo successive cameras with trip wires to take in exposures at a race track in Palo Alto, California in June of 1878, Muybridge not only won his bet, but stumbled Alto, California in June of 1878, Muybridge not only won his bet, but stumbled upon stop-motion technology, the same technology used in filmmaking today. upon stop-motion technology, the same technology used in filmmaking today.

Early Cinema Pioneers: Early Cinema Pioneers: Étienne-Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)Jules Marey (1830-1904)

French inventor who often French inventor who often worked and shared ideas worked and shared ideas with Muybridge.with Muybridge.

Father of modern cinemaFather of modern cinema Invented photo gunInvented photo gun Recorded multiple images Recorded multiple images

on on the samethe same film (strips) film (strips) Used strips of sensitized Used strips of sensitized

paper that passed through paper that passed through camera to record camera to record exposures.exposures.

Camera speed increases Camera speed increases from 12FPS to 30FPSfrom 12FPS to 30FPS

Early Cinema Pioneers: Early Cinema Pioneers: George George Eastman (1854-1932)Eastman (1854-1932)

American innovator and American innovator and entrepreneurentrepreneur

Founded the Eastman Founded the Eastman Kodak Company in late Kodak Company in late 1919thth century. century.

Invented rolled film on Invented rolled film on celluloid paper (as celluloid paper (as opposed to glass plates)opposed to glass plates)

Kodak small box camera Kodak small box camera first uses perforated first uses perforated celluloid film rolls in celluloid film rolls in 1889 giving birth to 1889 giving birth to modern film rollsmodern film rolls

Early Cinema Pioneers: Early Cinema Pioneers: Thomas Thomas Edison (1847-1931)Edison (1847-1931)

Lived and worked in West Lived and worked in West Orange, New JerseyOrange, New Jersey

Provided funding and use of Provided funding and use of laboratories to invent a device to laboratories to invent a device to record moving pictures & another record moving pictures & another to view moving pictures.to view moving pictures.

Often credited as one of the Often credited as one of the fathers of American Cinema, fathers of American Cinema, however, his British understudy however, his British understudy William K.L. Dickson is credited William K.L. Dickson is credited with the innovative and creative with the innovative and creative developments for Edison developments for Edison Manufacturing Company (later Manufacturing Company (later Edison Studios).Edison Studios).

Celluloid of Monkeyshines No. 1 (1889)

Early Cinema Pioneers:William Early Cinema Pioneers:William K.L. Dickson (1860-1935) K.L. Dickson (1860-1935)

Worked for Edison Worked for Edison Manufacturing Company Manufacturing Company as Edison’s understudyas Edison’s understudy

Invented Kinetograph (the Invented Kinetograph (the first movie first movie recorder/camera)recorder/camera) Motor poweredMotor powered Used 35mm wide celluloidUsed 35mm wide celluloid

Celluloid had sprocket Celluloid had sprocket holes to advance film holes to advance film through series of gears through series of gears and individual frames for and individual frames for camera exposurescamera exposures

Invented Kinetoscope (1st Invented Kinetoscope (1st film viewer/projector)film viewer/projector)

First U.S. Films Edison Manufacturing Company

“Monkeyshines No. 1 & 2” (1889) Trial film not meant for public

viewing Features exaggerated body

movement by one of Edison’s lab assistance.

System of tiny images rotated around a cylinder

Only surviving film from cylinder kinetoscope

1st motion picture ever produced on photographic film in the United States.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNc-mazLcko (00:01:02) & http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bm95XbaMiYk (00:00:31)

Take 2Take 1

Monkeyshines Cylinder Film

Edison Manufacturing Company:The Black Maria

The Black Maria constructed 1892-1893

First Movie Studio West Orange, NJ Black Tarred

Building Retractable/Hinged

Roof to allow natural light

Turntable Set to adjust for natural lighting

First U.S. Films Edison Manufacturing Company

“The Blacksmith Scene” (1893)First staged narrative

film (00:00:30 or 30 seconds)

First film publicly exhibited at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

Shot in The Black Maria using Dickinson’s kinetograph and shown at the convention with Dickinson’s kinetoscope (2 different inventions!)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUepMcfbbt8

First U.S. Films Edison Manufacturing Company

“Fred Ott’s Sneeze” (1894)00:00:07 second clip*First film with a copyright!

“Carmencita” (1894)First woman in Edison filmFirst film with censorship

issueActresses legs and

undergarments were visibleYou be the judge:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-15jwb1ZTMA (00:00:39)

First U.S. Films Edison Manufacturing Company

Michael Leonard vs. Jack Cushing Prize fight, Summer 1894 @ The

Black Maria6 round fightEach round relegated to

150ft view on a kinetoscope

10¢ for each roundFirst filmed sporting event http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiTXye62mAY 00:00:55

First U.S. Films Edison Manufacturing Company

“Anna Belle Serpentine & Butterfly Dances” (1895) 00:00:45 runtime First films with color Hand-tinted paint Censorship Issue

“The Kiss” (1896) 00:00:20 runtime John Rice & May

Irwin First film kiss

(reenactment from Broadway production The Widow Jones)

Censorship Issue

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p94yQ8cvTHg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zURTEs8C1lo

#SWAG

#1stkiss

#SorryNOTSORRY

Early Cinema Pioneers: Early Cinema Pioneers: The Lumière BrothersThe Lumière Brothers

Louis & Auguste from Louis & Auguste from Lyon, France (1890s)Lyon, France (1890s)

Factory for photographic Factory for photographic equipment & suppliesequipment & supplies

Inspired by EdisonInspired by Edison Made their own movie Made their own movie

camera called the camera called the CinematographeCinematographe LighterLighter More portableMore portable Hand-crankedHand-cranked Condensed recorder & Condensed recorder &

viewer into one machineviewer into one machine Project images onto screen Project images onto screen

rather than small view rather than small view finder in a standing box.finder in a standing box.

The Lumière BrothersThe Lumière BrothersSalon IndienSalon Indien Film Festival (1895) Film Festival (1895)00:20:00 of film 00:20:00 of film Ten 00:00:50 “actualities” shown 20 times Ten 00:00:50 “actualities” shown 20 times

a day for several days just after Christmasa day for several days just after Christmas

““Workers  Leaving the Lumiere Factory”Workers  Leaving the Lumiere Factory”La Sortie des Ouviers de L'Usine Lumiere a LyonLa Sortie des Ouviers de L'Usine Lumiere a Lyonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXhtq01E6JI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXhtq01E6JI

“The Blacksmiths”Les Forgerons

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROw6_C96M28

“The Garden Sprinkler gets Sprinkled”Le Jardinier (l'Arroseur Arrosé)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlHBfnKnREo

First Movie Theaters in the World

Vitascope Hall New Orleans, Louisiana Opened July 26, 1896 400-seat theater

Edisonia Vitascope Hall Buffalo, NY Opened October 19, 1896 72-seat theater

Lubin's Cineograph Theatre Philadelphia, PA Summer 1899 125-seat theater

Tally’s Electric Theater Los Angeles, California Summer 1902 200-seat theater