final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in tokyo

Final Energy Consumption and

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo

(FY 2012)

March 2015

Bureau of Environment

Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Contents

1 Tokyo in the World .................................................................................................. 1

2 Final Energy Consumption ....................................................................................... 2

2.1 Concepts for Calculation ................................................................................................................ 2

2.2 Final Energy Consumption ............................................................................................................. 3

2.2.1 Entire Tokyo ........................................................................................................................... 3

2.2.2 Industrial Sector ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.3 Commercial Sector .................................................................................................................. 9

2.2.4 Residential Sector ................................................................................................................. 12

2.2.5 Transport Sector .................................................................................................................... 16

3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................. 19

3.1 Concepts for Calculation .............................................................................................................. 19

3.1.1 Basic Matters ........................................................................................................................ 19

3.1.2 Categorization of GHGs ........................................................................................................ 19

3.1.3 CO2 Emission Factor for Electricity ........................................................................................ 20

3.1.4 Scope of Calculation ............................................................................................................. 20

3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................................................................................................. 21

3.2.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 21

3.3 CO2 Emissions (Variable Cases) ................................................................................................... 23

3.3.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 23

3.4 CO2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) ....................................................................................................... 27

3.4.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 27

3.4.2 [Reference] Trends in Each Sector .......................................................................................... 30

3.5 Other GHG Emissions ................................................................................................................. 32

3.5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 32

3.5.2 CH4 ...................................................................................................................................... 34

3.5.3 N2O ..................................................................................................................................... 34

3.5.4 HFCs and Two Other Types ................................................................................................... 35

3.5.5 [Reference] NF3 .................................................................................................................... 35

4 Reference Materials ............................................................................................... 36

[Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview) ......... 36

[Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Tokyo 39

[Material 3] New Energy Reduction Targets in Tokyo .......................................................................... 40

5 Figures and Tables ................................................................................................. 41

Note: Values in this report have been rounded, and the sum of indicated values may not agree with the indicated total.

1 Tokyo in the World

1

1 Tokyo in the World

Figure 1-1 indicates energy-derived CO2 emissions in major countries.

Japan emits the fifth largest quantity after China, USA, India and Russia, accounting for 3.9% of the global

emissions. Emissions from Tokyo are at the same level as Austria, Singapore, Finland, etc.

The scale of final energy consumption also proves that Tokyo is a major consumer of energy, equivalent to the

size of an European state, such as Denmark, Norway, and Portugal.

8,251

5,074

1,954

1,659

1,223

755

593

534

532

459

457

440

436

435

386

376

375

334

302

294

267

257

257

196

174

143

108

105

79

79

78

65

50

49

46

44

44

41

40

37

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

China

USA

India

Russia

Japan

Germany

South Korea

Canada

Iran

Saudi Arabia

UK

Brazil

Mexico

Indonesia

Australia

South Africa

Italy

France

Turkey

Poland

Spain

Thailand

Taiwan

Malaysia

Netherlands

Vietnam

Czech

Belgium

Philippines

Romania

Greece

Austria

Singapore

Finland

Portugal

Bulgaria

Hungary

Switzerland

Sweden

Denmark

Unit: M tons

Figure 1-1 Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (2012)

Note: The figure indicates the 20 largest emitters, from China (1st place) to Poland (20th place), and other selected major countries. Sources: IEA, "CO2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights (2014 Edition)", and Ministry of the Environment, "Energy-derived

CO2 Emissions in the World"

Tokyo: 64.2 M tons

* The 15 EU states represent the EU membership at

the time of UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto Conference).

Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo

2

2 Final Energy Consumption

2.1 Concepts for Calculation

This chapter clarifies the state of energy consumption as the main cause of CO2 emissions in Tokyo.

Figure 2-1 indicates the flow of energy in Japan. First, the primary energy supply of petroleum, coal, natural gas,

etc., is undertaken through domestic production or importation. By way of the power generation/conversion

sectors (power plants, petroleum refineries, etc.), final energy consumption is undertaken by consumers.

In this survey, energy consumption on the demand side (i.e. final energy consumption) in the

industrial/commercial/residential/transport sectors in Tokyo is calculated.

For the calculation methods for final energy consumption, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1

(pages 36 to 38).

Figure 2-1 Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) (FY 2012)

Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Energy White Paper 2014"

Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey (FY 2012) (Unit: GJ/Specific unit)

Fuel Specific

unit

Heat conversion

factor

Remarks

Electricity MWh 3.6 Secondary energy conversion

City gas 1000 m3 45.0 See materials of Tokyo Gas

Other fuels

(gasoline, kerosene, light oil, LPG, etc.)

See the energy balance table, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Comprehensive Energy Statistics"

Note: Secondary energy conversion is conducted for electricity, from the perspective of calculating final energy consumption on

the demand side, excluding losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc.

2．Final Energy Consumption

3

2.2 Final Energy Consumption

2.2.1 Entire Tokyo

▼ The final energy consumption in Tokyo in FY 2012 stood at 671 PJ, which was 16% reduction from 801 PJ in FY

2000, and 1% reduction from 677 PJ in FY 2011.

▼ Respective increase rates vs. FY 2000 for the industrial, commercial, and transport sectors stood at -37%, -4%, and

-38%, while consumption in the residential sector increased by + 5%.

▼ Since FY 2000, a decrease in gasoline and other fuel oils has substantially contributed to overall reduction in final

energy consumption. Although electric consumption had been on an increasing trend, the behavior of power

conservation took root in FY 2011 and after, and power consumption has remained at the same level as FY 2000

since then.

Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2012 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000 FY

2005 FY

2010 FY

2011 FY

2012 Vs.

2000 Vs.

2005 Vs.

2010 Vs.

2011

Industrial sectors 97 81 70 63 61 - 36.6% - 24.3% - 13.0% - 3.3%

Commercial sectors 245 274 260 233 237 - 3.6% - 13.6% - 8.9% 1.6%

Residential sectors 202 217 221 212 212 5.2% - 2.1% - 4.0% 0.3%

Transport sectors 257 219 172 169 161 - 37.5% - 26.4% - 6.3% - 4.6%

Final consumption

sectors total 801 790 723 677 671 - 16.2% - 15.1% - 7.2% - 0.8%

Note 1: The residential sector does not include fuel consumption by family cars, which is included in the transport sector.

Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines

includes service in Tokyo.

Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2012

Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

Vs.

2000

Vs.

2005

Vs.

2010

Vs.

2011

Electricity 296 316 323 290 293 - 0.9% - 7.1% - 9.3% 1.0%

City gas 187 211 197 188 188 0.6% - 11.0% - 4.4% 0.2%

LPG 33 26 19 21 17 - 46.9% - 34.6% - 11.0% - 16.7%

Fuel oil 284 236 183 177 172 - 39.5% - 27.2% - 6.2% - 2.7%

Other 2 0 0 1 0 - 75.4% 44.4% 207.3% - 56.9%

Total 801 790 723 677 671 - 16.2% - 15.1% - 7.2% - 0.8%

Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc.

Figure 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo (FY 2012)

Electricity 19

Electricity

153Electricity

106

Electricity 15

City gas

18

City gas

79

City gas

91

LPG 1

LPG 7

LPG 9

Fuel oil 23

Fuel oil 4

Fuel oil 9

Fuel oil

136Other 0.1

Other

0.3

61

237

212

161

0

50

100

150

200

250

Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector

（PJ）

LPG 0.5


4

2.2.1-1 Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Entire Tokyo

In the composition in FY 2012, the commercial sector took up the largest share (35%), followed by the

residential sector (32%), transport sector (24%), and industrial sector (9%).

As for sectoral trends in the composition since FY 2000, the commercial sector and the residential sector

indicates an increasing trend, while the industrial sector and the transport sector have been showing a

decreasing trend.

Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo

Figure 2-4 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo

696 731 740 740 754 762

767 775 788 786 801 786 800 772 777 790 765 762 739 725 723

677 671

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）

Transport sector

（24.0%）

Residential sector

（31.7%）

Commercial sector

（35.2%）

Industrial sector

（9.1%）

Three-year moving

Transport

sector

32.1%

Transport

sector

27.7%

Transport

sector

23.7%

Transport

sector

24.9%

Transport

sector

24.0%

Residential

sector

25.2%

Residential

sector

27.5%

Residential

sector

30.6%

Residential

sector

31.3%

Residential

sector

31.7%

Commercial

sector

30.6%

Commercial

sector

34.6%

Commercial

sector

35.9%

Commercial

sector

34.4%

Commercial

sector

35.2%

Industrial

sector 12.0%

Industrial

sector 10.2%

Industrial

sector 9.7%

Industrial

sector 9.3%

Industrial

sector 9.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（801PJ）（677PJ）（671PJ）（790PJ）（723PJ）


5

2.2.1-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in Entire Tokyo

In the fuel type composition in FY 2012, electricity took up the largest share (44%), followed by city gas (28%)

and fuel oil (26%).

Since FY 2000, the share of electricity has been increasing. While the share of electricity temporarily decreased

in FY 2011 due to the effect of power conservation, its share rose by approximately one point year on year in FY

2012. In the meantime, the share of city gas has been slowly increasing.

Figure 2-5 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo

Figure 2-6 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo

Electricity

36.9%

Electricity

39.9%

Electricity

44.7%Electricity

42.9%

Electricity

43.7%

City gas

23.3%

City gas

26.8%

City gas

27.2%City gas

27.8%

City gas

28.0%

Fuel oil

35.5%

Fuel oil

29.9%

Fuel oil

25.4%

Fuel oil

26.1%Fuel oil

25.6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（801PJ）（677PJ）（671PJ）

LPG

2.6%

Other0.1％

LPG4.1％LPG

3.1％

Other0.2％Other0.2％

（790PJ）

Other<0.1%

LPG

3.3％

LPG

2.7％

Other<0.1％

（723PJ）

696 731 740 740 754 762 767 775 788 786 801 786 800 772 777 790 765 762

739 725 723

677 671

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）

Other (0.1%)

Fuel oil (25.6%)

LPG (2.6%)

City gas (28.0%)

Electricity (43.7%)


6

2.2.2 Industrial Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the industrial sector in FY 2012 stood at 61 PJ, which was 37% reduction from 97

PJ in FY 2000, and 3% reduction from 63 PJ in FY 2011.

▼ Final energy consumption in the industrial sector has been decreasing since FY 1990.

2.2.2-1 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector

In the trade composition in FY 2012, manufacturing took up the largest share (68%), followed by construction

(29%), agriculture, forestry and fishery (3%), and mining (< 1%).

Final energy consumption has been continuously decreasing in manufacturing, which accounts for approximately

70% of the industrial sector.

Figure 2-7 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector

Figure 2-8 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector

Manufacturing

(67.7%)

Construction(29.4%)

Mining(0.4%)

Agriculture, forestry

and fisheries(2.5%)

129 133

126 117

113 109

105 101 102

99 97 87

84 76

78 81 76 76

69 67 70

63 61

0

50

100

150

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）

Three-year moving average

Manufacturing

80.1% Manufacturing

73.3% Manufacturing

66.7%

Manufacturing

66.9%

Manufacturing

67.7%

Construction

17.2% Construction

24.0% Construction

30.3%

Construction

30.3%

Construction

29.4%

Mining

0.5%

Mining

0.3%

Mining

0.3%Mining

0.3%Mining

0.4%


and fisheries

2.3%


and fisheries

2.4%


and fisheries

2.7%


and fisheries

2.4%


and fisheries

2.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（97PJ）（63PJ）（61PJ）（81PJ）（70PJ）


7

2.2.2-2 Final Energy Consumption by fuel type in the Industrial Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2012, fuel oil took up the largest share (37%), followed by electricity (32%)

and city gas (30%).

Since FY 2000, the share of fuel oil has been decreasing, while the shares of city gas and electricity have been

increasing, indicating progress in fuel conversion.

Figure 2-9 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector

Figure 2-10 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector

129133

126

117113

109105

101 102 99 97

8784

76 7881

76 76

69 6770

6361

0

50

100

150

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）

Fuel oil（37.2%）

City gas（30.1%）

Electricity（31.7%）

LPG（0.8%）

Other（0.2%）

Electricity

28.6%Electricity

29.8%

Electricity

31.0%

Electricity

31.3%

Electricity

31.7%

City gas

28.6%

City gas

32.4%

City gas

30.5%City gas

29.3%

City gas

30.1%

LPG

2.1%

LPG

1.2%

LPG

0.7%

LPG

0.8%LPG

0.8%

Fuel oil

38.7%

Fuel oil

36.2%Fuel oil

37.7%Fuel oil

38.4%

Fuel oil

37.2%

Other

1.8%

Other

0.4%

Other

0.2%

Other

0.2%

Other

0.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（97PJ）（63PJ）（61PJ）（81PJ）（70PJ）


8

2.2.2-3 Factor Analysis in the Industrial Sector

- The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP)* for respective trade affect final energy consumption in manufacturing, the

main trade in the industrial sector.

- Since FY 1990, IIP increase rates have been generally declining in manufacturing in Tokyo. This is considered to be

substantially affecting the decreasing final energy consumption.

- In comparison with the nationwide IIP increase rates, the rates in Tokyo became smaller in FY 1994, and the gap with

nationwide rates has become substantial since around FY 1998.

* The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP) are a systematic representation of various activities related to production, shipment, and

inventory at domestic business sites that produce mining and industrial products. The IIP used here refers to production indices

weighted by added value, which are calculated for 169 items (496 items for nationwide indices), based on the dynamic statistics of

production, the Census of Manufacturers, etc.

Figure 2-11 IIP increases in manufacturing in Tokyo

Figure 2-12 Comparison of IIP between Tokyo and Japan

Note: IIP figures are weighted by added value. Source: Tokyo: Prepared from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (hereinafter referred to as "TMG"), "Tokyo Industrial Indices"

Japan: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics

Statistics Summary"

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 （FY）

Steel industry

Chemical industry

Ceramics industry

Paper pulps

Food products and

cigarettes

Textile industry

Nonferrous metal

mining

Metal machinery

Other industries

Entire manufacturing

(FY 1990=100)

Japan

Tokyo

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

(FY 1990=100)

（FY）


9

2.2.3 Commercial Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the commercial sector in FY 2012 stood at 237 PJ, which was 4% reduction from

245 PJ in FY 2000, but 2% increase from 233 PJ in FY 2011.

▼ Final energy consumption in the commercial sector has been increasing since FY 1990, but took a downturn with a

peak at around FY 2007.

2.2.3-1 Final Energy Consumption by Building Application in the Commercial Sector

In the building application composition in FY 2012, office buildings took up the largest share (59%). Other

applications included restaurants (8%), schools (7%), hotels (6%), etc.

Since FY 2000, the share of office buildings has been rising. This indicates the structural characteristics of Tokyo,

where the corporate head office buildings, tenant buildings, etc., are accumulated.

Figure 2-13 Trends in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector

Figure 2-14 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector

182

191 193 196210

216 218224

234 238245 246

255 253

265274

267 273 269255 260

233 237

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

（FY）

Other services（10.8%）

Hotels（5.6%）

Restaurants（8.4%）

Other wholesalers and

retailers（2.9%）

Other Product retailers (<0.1%)

Department stores（1.2%）

Office buildings（59.0%）

Schools（7.2%）

Hospitals and medical

facilities（4.9%）


53.9% 53.0% 58.3% 58.5% 59.0%

1.5% 1.6%

1.3% 1.2%Department stores

1.2%

< 0.1% < 0.1%

< 0.1%

Other wholesalers

and retailers 2.9%

< 0.1%3.5% 3.8%

3.1% 3.0%

Other Product

retailers < 0.1%

8.7% 9.5%8.6% 8.5% 8.4%

5.4% 6.0%5.5% 5.6% 5.6%

6.9% 7.0%7.1% 7.0% 7.2%

6.0% 5.3%4.8% 5.0% 4.9%

14.0% 13.8% 11.2% 11.2% 10.8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

Office buildingds

Other services

Hotels

Restaurants

Schools

Hospitals and medical facilities

（245PJ）（260PJ）（237PJ）(274PJ）（233PJ）


10

2.2.3-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Commercial Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2012, electricity (65%) and city gas (33%) combined accounted for 98% of

the entire commercial sector.

Since FY 2000, the shares of electricity and city gas have been rising, indicating progress in the conversion from

fuel oils to electricity and city gas.

Figure 2-15 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector

Figure 2-16 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector

182

191 193 196210

216 218224

234 238245 246

255 253265

274267

273 269255 260

233 237

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）

Kerosene（0.8%）

LPG(0.3%)

City gas（33.5%）


Heavy oil A（0.7%）

Electricity

63.5%Electricity

62.9%

Electricity

65.7%Electricity

64.1%

Electricity

64.7%

City gas

30.3%

City gas

33.5%

City gas

32.8%City gas

33.9%

City gas

33.5%

LPG

1.6%

LPG

0.8%LPG

0.3%

LPG

0.3%

LPG

0.3%

Kerosene

1.5%Kerosene

1.3%

Kerosene

0.7%

Kerosene

0.8%

Kerosene

0.8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（245PJ）（233PJ）（237PJ）

Heavy oil A

0.9%

Heavy oil A

1.6%

（274PJ）

Heavy oil A

0.7%

Heavy oil A

3.1%

（260PJ）

Heavy oil A

0.5%


11

2.2.3-3 Factor Analysis in the Commercial Sector

- The total floor area by building application is an index that affects final energy consumption in the commercial sector.

- Since FY 1990, the total floor area has been increasing in the commercial sector. While the total floor area in the

commercial sector is generally increasing across Japan, the remarkably high rate of office buildings is characteristic

in Tokyo.

- The total floor area of office buildings in Tokyo has been steadily increasing since FY 1990.

Figure 2-17 Trends in total floor area by trade in Tokyo

Figure 2-18 Trends in total floor area by trade in Japan

Note: "Department stores" include large-scale retail stores and supermarkets. Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics

Statistics Summary"

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（1,000㎡）

（FY）

Office buildings

Department

stores

Wholesalers

and retailers

Restaurants

Hotels

Schools

Hospitals

Other

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（1,000㎡）

（FY）

Office

buildings

Department

stores

Wholesalers

and retailers

Restaurants

Hotels

Schools

Hospitals

Other


12

2.2.4 Residential Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the residential sector in FY 2012 stood at 212 PJ, which was 5% increase from 202

PJ in FY 2000, and 0.3% increase from 212 PJ in FY 2011.

▼ Final energy consumption in the residential sector has been increasing since FY 1990, but this upward trend is

weakening these years.

2.2.4-1 Final Energy Consumption by Household Type in the Residential Sector

In the household type composition in FY 2012, multiple-person households accounted for 69%, while

single-person households made up 31%.

Since FY 2000, the share of single-person households has been increasing in final energy consumption,

indicating increase in aged single-person households, etc.

Figure 2-19 Trends in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector

Figure 2-20 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector

172178 182 188 185

192 189 185 192 195 202 200 206 202 202217

208 211 207 210221

212 212

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）


Multiple-person

households（69.0%）

Single-person

households（31.0%）

Single-

person

households

24.0%

Single-

person

households

24.6%

Single-

person

households

29.8%

Single-

person

households

31.1%

Single-

person

households

31.0%

Multiple-

person

households

76.0%

Multiple-

person

households

75.4%

Multiple-

person

households

70.2%

Multiple-

person

households

68.9%

Multiple-

person

households

69.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（202PJ）（212PJ）（212PJ）（217PJ）（221PJ）


13

2.2.4-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Residential Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2012, electricity (50%) and city gas (43%) combined accounted for 92% of

the entire residential sector.

Although the share of electricity had been increasing since FY 2000, the behavior of power conservation took

root in FY 2011 and after, and the share of electricity has remained at a level approximately two points lower

than in FY 2010. In the meantime, the share of city gas has remained at a level approximately two points higher

than in FY 2010.

Figure 2-21 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector

Figure 2-22 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector

172178 182 188 185

192 189 185 192 195 202 200206 202 202

217208 211 207 210

221212 212

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（PJ）

(FY）

Kerosene（4.4%)

ＬＰＧ（3.2%)

City gas（42.6%）


Electricity

47.8%

Electricity

47.8%

Electricity

52.2%Electricity

50.2%

Electricity

49.8%

City gas

42.1%

City gas

43.1%

City gas

40.8%City gas

42.7%City gas

42.6%

LPG

4.2%LPG

3.6%

LPG

2.8%

LPG

3.2%LPG

3.2%

Kerosene

5.9%

Kerosene

5.5%Kerosene

4.2%

Kerosene

3.9%

Kerosene

4.4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012（202PJ）（212PJ）（212PJ）（217PJ）（221PJ）


14

2.2.4-3 Factor Analysis in the Residential Sector

- The number of households is an index that affects final energy consumption in the residential sector.

- Since FY 1990, an increasing trend is more remarkable in single-person households than in multiple-person

households. While this is also a nationwide trend, it is more remarkable in Tokyo.

Figure 2-23 Trends in the number of households in Tokyo

Source: Prepared from Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (hereinafter referred to as "MIC"), "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Figure 2-24 Comparison of the number of households between Tokyo and Japan

Source: Prepared from MIC, "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Tokyo Japan

Single-

person

23.1%

Multiple-

person, 76.9%

Single-

person

32.3%

Multiple-

person, 67.7%

Inner circle: FY 1990

Outer circle: FY 2010

Single-

person

35.3%

Multiple-

person

64.7%

Single-

person

47.4%Multiple-

person

52.6%

Inner circle: FY 1990

Outer circle: FY 2012

Single-person households

Multiple-person households

All households

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

(thousand households)

（FY）


15

- The home appliance ownership rates are indices related to the shares of power consumption in the residential sector.

- In general, ownership rates of major home appliances have been increasing in Tokyo. In these years, increases are

remarkable in the ownership rates of PCs, optical disk players/recorders, etc.

Figure 2-25 Trends in the ownership rates of home appliances in Tokyo

Note: The values for color TVs indicate the total of 29" or larger and below 29" for up to FY 2003, and the total of CRT and flat-screen (LCD, plasma, etc.) for FY 2004 and after.

The values may not be continuous for some appliances between FY 2003 and FY 2009, due to the review of appliances in the source material.

Source: Prepared from MIC "National Consumption Survey" and Cabinet Office "Trends in Household Consumption"

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Room air conditioners

Color TVs

Electric

refrigerators

ＶＴＲ

Clothes dryers

Microwave ovens

PCsOptical disc

players/recorders

Toilets with bidet

Electric carpets

（per 100 households）

（FY）


16

2.2.5 Transport Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the transport sector in FY 2012 stood at 161 PJ, which was 38% reduction from 257

PJ in FY 2000, and 5% reduction from 169 PJ in FY 2011.

▼ Final energy consumption in the transport sector has been decreasing since FY 2000.

2.2.5-1 Final energy Consumption by Means of Transportation in the Transport Sector

In the composition in FY 2012 by means of transportation, road transportation took up the largest share (89%).

Other means included railways (9%), navigation (2%), and civil aviation (< 1%).

Road transportation accounts for approximately 90% of the transport sector. In addition to the decreased traffic in

Tokyo, road conditions have been improved, and performance of individual automobiles have been enhanced,

thereby improving the actual mileage, and leading to the continuous decrease in final energy consumption.

Figure 2-26 Trends in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector

Figure 2-27 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector

Road

transportation

（88.6%）

Railways （9.3%）

Navigation （1.9%）

Civil aviation

（0.3%）

213

229239

240 245 244 254264

260 254 257 253 255 240 232

219214

203195

193

172169

161

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

(PJ）

(FY）


Road

transportation

92.3%

Road

transportation

91.3%

Road

transportation

89.4%

Road

transportation

89.7%

Road

transportation

88.6%

Railways 6.1%Railways

7.2%Railways

8.9%

Railways

8.7%Railways

9.3%

Navigation

1.4%

Navigation

1.4%

Navigation

1.5%Navigation

1.4%

Navigation

1.9%

Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（257PJ）（169PJ）（161PJ）（219PJ）（172PJ）


17

2.2.5-2 Final energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Transport Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2012, gasoline contained in fuel oil took up the largest share (58%), followed

by light oil (25%) and electricity (9%). Electricity is consumed for the railway operation.

Since FY 2005, the share of gasoline has been decreasing, while the share of light oil consumed by diesel cars

has been slightly increasing.

Figure 2-28 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector

Figure 2-29 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector

213

229 239

240 245 244 254 264 260

254 257 253 255 240

232 219

214 203 195 193

172 169 161

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

(PJ)

（FY）

Gasoline（58.2%）

Light oil（24.6%）


Jet fuel（0.3%）

Other（1.9%）

LPG（5.8%）

Electricity 6.1% Electricity 7.2%Electricity

8.9%

Electricity

8.7%

Electricity

9.3%

LPG 7.1% LPG 7.1% LPG 7.1% LPG 7.6% LPG 5.8%

Light oil

27.8%Light oil

21.2%

Light oil

21.3%

Light oil

23.4%Light oil

24.6%

Gasoline

57.6%Gasoline

63.2%

Gasoline

61.2%

Gasoline

58.3%

Gasoline

58.2%

Jet fuel

0.2%Jet fuel

0.2%Jet fuel

0.2%

Jet fuel

0.2%

Jet fuel

0.3%

Other 1.2% Other 1.2% Other 1.3% Other 1.8% Other 1.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（161PJ）（257PJ）（219PJ）（169PJ）（172PJ）


18

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（1,000 cars）

（FY）

Freight cars Compact freight cars Passenger cars Compact passenger cars Light cars

Freight

vehicles

Passenger

vehicles

Light cars

2.2.5-3 Factor Analysis in the Transport Sector

- The number of registered vehicles and the traffic are indices that affect final energy consumption by road

transportation, the main means of transportation in the transport sector.

- In Tokyo, passenger cars have been increasing at a rate that sets off the decrease in compact passenger cars. While

freight vehicles have been decreasing, light cars have been increasing. The overall number remains mostly at the

same level, with a slight decrease.

- The traffic of passenger vehicles had been increasing until FY 2000, and then took a downturn. In the meantime,

freight vehicles have been slowing decreasing since FY 1990.

Figure 2-30 Trends in the number of registered vehicles in Tokyo

Note: "Light cars" include light passenger cars and light freight cars.

Sources: Tokyo Statistical Yearbook Registered Vehicles Based on Materials of the Road Transport Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and

Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "MLIT"), March 2014 (Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association)

Figure 2-31 Trends in the traveling kilometers of vehicles in Tokyo

Note: Passenger vehicles: light passenger cars, compact passenger cars, passenger cars, and buses Freight vehicles: light freight cars, compact freight cars, freight/passenger cars, freight cars, and special freight cars

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（M car kilometers）

Passenger vehicles

Freight vehicles

（FY）

3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions

19


3.1 Concepts for Calculation

3.1.1 Basic Matters

This chapter clarifies the status of GHG emissions in Tokyo.

The scope of GHGs includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), dinitrogen oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). These six types of gas are subject to the Kyoto

Protocol.

The GHGs other than CO2 (CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) are referred to as "Other GHGs."

In this survey, the values are calculated based on the Ministry of the Environment, "Manual for Formulating

Action Plans (Regional Measures) for Municipal Governments against Global Warming". This manual describes

calculation methods for GHG emissions in each prefecture. Calculation methods used here reflect the actual

status in Tokyo more accurately, incorporating information and findings that have been uniquely collected by

TMG.

For the calculation methods for GHG emissions in this survey, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1

(pages 36 to 38).

Table 3-1 GHGs and main source(s) of emission

GHG Global warming

potential Main source(s) of emission

CO2 Carbon dioxide 1 Combustion of fuel, incineration of waste, industrial process, etc.

CH4 Methane 21 Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc.

N2O Dinitrogen oxide 310 Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc.

HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons 140 to 11,700 Coolant, foaming agent, aerosol, etc.

PFCs Perfluorocarbons 6,500 to 9,200 Cleaning agents, manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs, etc.

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride 23,900 Electrical equipment using insulating gas, manufacturing of

semiconductors and LCDs, metal production, etc.

Note: The "Global Warming Potential (GWP)" is a factor of the extent of greenhouse effect of a GHG, indicated in proportion to the extent

of greenhouse effect of CO2. The values indicated here are based on the Second Assessment Report (1995) by the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

3.1.2 Categorization of GHGs

GHGs are categorized into CO2 and other GHGs. CO2 is further categorized into energy-derived CO2 emissions

and non-energy-derived CO2 emissions.

"Energy-derived CO2 emissions" refers to CO2 that are generated through final energy consumption of electricity,

etc. In this survey, non-energy-derived CO2 emissions include CO2 derived from waste.

Table 3-2 Categorization of GHGs

Categorization of GHGs Targeted sector

GHG Total emissions

Carbon

dioxide

Energy-derived

CO2 emissions

Final energy consumption sector * Respectively calculated for the industrial, commercial, residential, and transport sectors.

Non-energy-derived

CO2 emissions

Waste sector * The amount of generation from the incineration of waste is calculated.

Other GHGs

(CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) Combustion of fuel, waste, industrial process, etc.


20

3.1.3 CO2 Emission Factor for Electricity

The CO2 emission factor for electricity changes every year, based on the power supply mix on the supply side.

In this survey, "variable cases" are calculated applying yearly emission factors for the purpose of incorporating

the influence of variation in power supply mix. At the same time, "fixed cases" are also calculated, fixating

emission factors in FY 2001 and later to the emission factor in FY 2000 for the purpose of excluding the

influence of variation in power supply mix.

For the calculation of variable cases, the yearly emission factor is used for General Electricity Utility, and the

yearly average emission factor is used for Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS). For the calculation of fixed cases,

the emission factor for General Electricity Utility and the average emission factor for PPS in FY 2001 and later

are fixated to the relevant factors in FY 2000 (General Electricity Utility: 0.328 kg-CO2/kWh, and PPS: 0.493

kg-CO2/kWh).

Table 3-3 CO2 emission factors for electricity used in this survey (Unit: kg-CO2/kWh)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

General Electricity Utility 0.380 0.385 0.390 0.367 0.378 0.358 0.336 0.335 0.315 0.326 0.328

PPS(average) 0.493

All power supplies in Tokyo(average)

0.380 0.385 0.390 0.367 0.378 0.358 0.336 0.335 0.315 0.326 0.328

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

General Electricity Utility 0.317 0.381 0.461 0.381 0.368 0.339 0.425 0.418 0.384 0.375 0.464 0.525

PPS(average) 0.454 0.442 0.432 0.448 0.460 0.447 0.480 0.446 0.464 0.420 0.412 0.429

All power supplies in

Tokyo(average) 0.318 0.381 0.460 0.383 0.372 0.345 0.428 0.420 0.388 0.378 0.461 0.519

Note: "Average" refers to the weighted average calculated in this survey is used, based on emission factors and sold electricity of electricity

utilities that supply power in Tokyo.

Table 3-4 Categorized calculation methods based on CO2 emission factors for electricity

Classification Energy type Application of CO2 emission factors

Energy-derived CO2

emissions Electricity

Variable cases Yearly emission factors are applied

Fixed cases Emission factors in FY 2001 and later are fixated to the emission

factor in FY 2000

3.1.4 Scope of Calculation

Most agricultural, forestry and fishery products, industrial products, etc., that are supplied in Tokyo are produced

outside Tokyo, and therefore CO2 emissions from such activities occur outside Tokyo. Such CO2 emissions are

excluded from this survey.

CO2 emissions through power consumption are calculated using emission factors at sale, and include emissions

during power generation outside Tokyo (these emissions are not recorded for the energy conversion sectors, but

are allocated to the final energy consumption sectors).

Figure 3-1 Image of GHG emissions in Tokyo


21

3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions

3.2.1 Entire Tokyo

The total GHG emissions in FY 2012 stood at 69.5 million tons of CO2 equivalent. This is 12% increase from

61.8 million tons in FY 2000, and 8% increase from 64.6 million tons in the previous fiscal year.

Table 3-5 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] (Unit: 10,000 t-CO2 eq)

Base year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CO2 5,440 5,440 5,729 5,851 5,670 5,909 5,816 5,686 5,748 5,675 5,768 5,886 5,667 6,299 6,753 6,183 6,173 5,764 6,511 6,297 5,916 5,871 6,123 6,583

CH4 186 186 190 193 194 194 191 183 169 152 134 117 102 88 76 67 60 56 53 52 50 50 49 48

N2O 86 86 92 93 85 89 94 99 100 100 104 102 98 98 95 91 92 83 76 74 68 61 61 59

HFCs 29 29 42 54 61 62 68 70 77 86 94 103 116 138 162 181 204 227 257

PFCs 25 25 26 31 27 7 4 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SF6 17 17 18 20 16 7 4 7 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3

Total 5,781 5,711 6,012 6,137 5,949 6,193 6,171 6,053 6,121 6,031 6,080 6,181 5,946 6,568 7,015 6,437 6,429 6,022 6,781 6,587 6,217 6,187 6,462 6,950

Note 1: The base years are specified by the Kyoto Protocol. The base year for CO2, CH4, and N2O is FY 1990, while the base year for HFCs and two

other types (PFCs and SF6) is FY 1995. Note 2: CO2 emissions are calculated in the variable cases, where yearly CO2 emission factors for electricity are applied.

Figure 3-2 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Table 3-6 (Reference)Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

(Unit: 10,000 t-CO2 eq)

Base year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CO2 5,440 5,440 5,729 5,851 5,670 5,909 5,816 5,686 5,748 5,675 5,768 5,886 5,758 5,862 5,697 5,756 5,853 5,695 5,694 5,569 5,470 5,510 5,125 5,109

CH4 186 186 190 193 194 194 191 183 169 152 134 117 102 88 76 67 60 56 53 52 50 50 49 48

N2O 86 86 92 93 85 89 94 99 100 100 104 102 98 98 95 91 92 83 76 74 68 61 61 59

HFCs 29 29 42 54 61 62 68 70 77 86 94 103 116 138 162 181 204 227 257

PFCs 25 25 26 31 27 7 4 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SF6 17 17 18 20 16 7 4 7 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3

Total 5,781 5,711 6,012 6,137 5,949 6,193 6,171 6,053 6,121 6,031 6,080 6,181 6,037 6,131 5,960 6,010 6,110 5,953 5,963 5,859 5,771 5,826 5,464 5,475

Note 1: The base years are specified by the Kyoto Protocol. The base year for CO2, CH4, and N2O is FY 1990, while the base year for HFCs and two other types (PFCs and SF6) is FY 1995.

Note 2: CO2 emissions are calculated in the fixed cases, where CO2 emission factors for electricity for FY 2001 and after are fixed to the emission factor

in FY 2000.

5,781 5,711 6,012

6,137 5,949

6,193 6,171 6,053 6,121 6,031 6,080 6,1815,946

6,568

7,015

6,437 6,429

6,022

6,781 6,587

6,217 6,187 6,462

6,950

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Base

Year

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

HFCs and two

other types

N2O

CH4

CO2

Base year

(10,000 t-CO2eq)


22

In the total GHG emissions, CO2 emissions account for 94.7% in FY 2012, which was 0.6 point increase from

the base year, but 0.5 point reduction from FY 2000.

In comparison with the national shares by GHG in FY 2012, the share of CO2 emissions in Tokyo is mostly the

same as that in Japan (95.0%).

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-3 Composition ratios by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases]

Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data (FY 1990 - 2012), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-4 Increase rates by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases]

Note: The values in brackets respectively indicate increase in FY 2000 from base year, and increase in FY 2012 from FY 2000.


（+9.4%）

（+1.9%）

CH４

（-22.1%）

CH４

（-23.0%）

N2O

(-15.8%)

N2O

（-26.4%）

HFCs and two other types

(-30.5%)


（-23.3%)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Base Year 2000 FY 2012 FY

12.613.4 13.4

CO2

CO2

CO2

（100Mt-CO2eq）

CO2

94.1%

CO2

95.2%CO2

94.7%

3.2%

1.6%1.5%

1.9%

1.2% 1.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Base year FY 2000 FY 2012

HFCs and two

other types 3.7%

N2O

0.9%

CH4

0.7%

69.50（Mt-CO2eq）61.81（Mt-CO2eq）57.81（Mt-CO2eq）

（+11.8%）

（+8.2%）

CH４

（-58.9%）

CH４

（-37.1%）

N2O

(-41.5%)N2O

(+18.1%)


（+240.8%）


(+8.7%)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

Base Year 2000 FY 2012 FY

CO2

5,781

6,950

6,181

CO2

CO2

（10,000t-CO2eq）

CO2

90.7%

CO2

93.4%

CO2

95.0%

2.6%1.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


HFCs and two

other types2.0%2.7%

2.1%

4.1%

2.6%N2O

1.5%

CH4

1.5%

1.34(Billion t-CO2eq） 1.34(Billion t-CO2eq）1.26（Billion t-CO2eq）


23

3.3 CO2 Emissions (Variable Cases)

Variable cases: yearly CO2 emission factors for electricity are applied, for the purpose of incorporating the influence

of variation in power supply mix

3.3.1 Entire Tokyo

The total CO2 emissions in FY 2012 stood at 65.8 million tons. This is 12% increase from 58.9 million tons in

FY 2000, and 8% increase from 61.2 million tons in the previous fiscal year.

The CO2 emissions from electricity in FY 2012 increased by 14% from the previous fiscal year, due to the

deteriorated emission factor (the final energy consumption of electricity increased by 1% from the previous fiscal

year (page 3)).

Table 3-7 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Variable cases] CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%)

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2000

vs.

2005

vs.

2010

vs.

2011

vs.

Industrial sectors 680 588 521 516 530 - 22.0% - 9.8% 1.9% 2.8%

Commercial sectors 1,890 2,318 2,243 2,322 2,606 37.9% 12.4% 16.2% 12.3%

Residential sectors 1,433 1,651 1,747 1,911 2,091 45.9% 26.7% 19.7% 9.4%

Transport sectors 1,764 1,517 1,205 1,218 1,196 - 32.2% - 21.2% - 0.8% - 1.8%

Energy-derived CO2

emissions 5,767 6,074 5,716 5,967 6,424 11.4% 5.8% 12.4% 7.7%

Non-energy-derived CO2

emissions 119 99 155 156 159 33.4% 60.9% 2.9% 2.0%

Total CO2 emissions 5,886 6,173 5,871 6,123 6,583 11.8% 6.6% 12.1% 7.5%

Note 1: The residential sector does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport sector. Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes

service in Tokyo.

Table 3-8 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Variable cases]

CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%)

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2000

vs.

2005

vs.

2010

vs.

2011

vs.

Electricity 2,696 3,265 3,390 3,716 4,228 56.8% 29.5% 24.7% 13.8%

City gas 926 1,047 967 923 924 - 0.2% - 11.7% - 4.4% 0.2%

LPG 195 156 115 123 102 - 47.5% - 34.6% - 11.0% - 16.7%

Fuel oil 1,931 1,602 1,243 1,199 1,167 - 39.6% - 27.2% - 6.1% - 2.7%

Other 19 3 1 6 3 - 84.1% - 5.7% 100.7% - 49.8%

Energy-derived CO2

emissions 5,767 6,074 5,716 5,967 6,424 11.4% 5.8% 12.4% 7.7%


Figure 3-5 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2012) [Variable cases]

Electricity

279

Electricity

2,188Electricity

1,543

Electricity

217

City gas

91

City gas

389

City gas

445

LPG 3

LPG 4

LPG 40

LPG 56

Fuel oil 157

Fuel oil 25

Fuel oil 64

Fuel oil

922

Other 1

Other 2

530

2,606

2,091

1,196

159

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector Other

Waste

（10,000t-CO２)


24

3.3.1-1 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO2 Emissions)

Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport sectors) with

non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by sector in total CO2 emissions are as

follows:

Figure 3-6 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Figure 3-7 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Note 1: "Other" indicates CO2 emissions from the incineration of waste.

Note 2: The "energy conversion sector" as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo allocates CO2 emissions in the relevant sector in accordance with demands of other respective sectors.

Note 3: The "industrial process" as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo does not count the relevant

emissions, due to the minimal CO2 emissions from the industrial process, and the statistical difficulty.

Other(2.4%)

Transport sector

(18.2%)

Residential sector

(31.8%)

Commercial sector

(39.6%)

Industrial sector

(8.1%)5,440

5,729 5,851

5,670

5,909 5,816 5,686

5,748 5,675

5,768 5,8865,667

6,299

6,753

6,183 6,173 5,764

6,511 6,297

5,916 5,871 6,123

6,583

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2）

Other 2.0% Other 1.6% Other 2.6% Other 2.5% Other 2.4%

Transport

sector

30.0%

Transport

sector

24.6%

Transport

sector

20.5%

Transport

sector

19.9%

Transport

sector

18.2%

Residential

sector

24.3%

Residential

sector

26.7%

Residential

sector

29.8%

Residential

sector

31.2%

Residential

sector

31.8%

Commercial

sector

32.1%

Commercial

sector

37.6%

Commercial

sector

38.2%

Commercial

sector

37.9%

Commercial

sector

39.6%

Industrial

sector

11.5%

Industrial

sector 9.5%

Industrial

sector 8.9%

Industrial

sector 8.4%

Industrial

sector 8.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（58.86Mt-CO2）（61.23Mt-CO2）（65.83Mt-CO2）（61.73Mt-CO2）（58.71Mt-CO2）


25

In comparison with the national CO2 emission structure, Tokyo has a smaller share of the industrial sector (8% vs.

33% nationwide), and larger shares of the commercial sector (40% vs. 21% nationwide) and the residential sector

(32% vs. 16% nationwide).

Figure 3-8 Trends in CO2 emissions in Japan


Figure 3-9 Composition ratios in CO2 emissions in Japan


2.4% 2.3% 2.2% 2.1%Waste 2.1%

4.3% 3.9% 3.4% 3.3%

Industrial

process 3.3%

Transport

sector

21.2%

Transport

sector

19.8%

Transport

sector

19.5%

Transport

sector

18.5%

Transport

sector

17.7%

Residential

sector

12.6%

Residential

sector

13.6%

Residential

sector

14.4%

Residential

sector

15.2%

Residential

sector

16.0%

Commercial

sector

16.5%

Commercial

sector

18.4%

Commercial

sector

18.2%

Commercial

sector

20.2%

Commercial

sector

21.4%

Industrial

sector

37.3%

Industrial

sector

35.8%

Industrial

sector

35.3%

Industrial

sector

33.6%

Industrial

sector

32.7%

5.7% 6.2% 6.8% 7.1%

Energy conversion sector

6.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012

（1.25Billion t-CO2）（1.24Billion t-CO2）（1.28Billion t-CO2）（1.28Billion t-CO2）（1.19Billion t-CO2）

Waste(2.1%)

Industrial process(3.3%)

Transport sector

(17.7%)

Residential sector

(16.0%)

Commercial sector

(21.4%)

Industrial sector

(32.7%)

Energy conversion

sector

（6.9%）

1,141 1,150 1,159 1,151

1,211 1,224 1,237 1,231 1,196

1,231 1,251 1,236 1,273 1,279 1,278 1,282 1,263

1,296

1,214

1,141

1,191 1,241

1,276

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（Mt-CO2eq）

（FY）


26

3.3.1-2 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO2 Emissions)

Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows:

Figure 3-10 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Figure 3-11 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases]


Electricity(65.8%)

City gas(14.4%)

LPG(1.6%)

Fuel oil(18.2%)

Other(<0.1%)

5,3375,621 5,715 5,538

5,7765,682

5,550 5,620 5,562 5,641

5,767

5,568

6,199

6,631

6,090 6,074

5,666

6,4036,170

5,775 5,716 5,967

6,424

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2）

Electricity

46.7%

Electricity

53.8%

Electricity

59.3%

Electricity

62.3%

Electricity

65.8%

City gas

16.1%

City gas

17.2%

City gas

16.9%

City gas

15.5%

City gas

14.4%

LPG

3.4%

LPG

2.6%

LPG

2.0%

LPG

2.1%

LPG

1.6%

Fuel oil

33.5%

Fuel oil

26.4%

Fuel oil

21.7%

Fuel oil

20.1%

Fuel oil

18.2%

Other 0.3% Other 0.1% Other (<0.1%) Other 0.1% Other (<0.1%)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012



27

3.4 CO2 Emissions (Fixed Cases)

Fixed cases: CO2 emission factors for electricity in FY 2001 and later are fixated to the emission factor in FY 2000,

for the purpose of excluding the influence of variation in power supply mix

3.4.1 Entire Tokyo

The total CO2 emissions in FY 2012 stood at 51.1 million tons. This is 13% reduction from 58.9 million tons in

FY 2000, and 0.3% reduction from 51.2 million tons in the previous fiscal year.

The CO2 emissions from electricity in FY 2012 increased by 1% from the previous fiscal year, due to the

exclusion of influence of the deteriorated emission factor (the final energy consumption of electricity increased

by 1% from the previous fiscal year (page 3)).

Table 3-9 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%) 2000

FY 2005 FY

2010 FY

2011 FY

2012 FY

2000 vs.

2005 vs.

2010 vs.

2011 vs.

Industrial sectors 680 562 496 449 435 ▲36.0% ▲22.6% ▲12.4% ▲3.1%

Commercial sectors 1,890 2,158 2,078 1,848 1,888 ▲0.1% ▲12.5% ▲9.1% 2.1%

Residential sectors 1,433 1,535 1,596 1,510 1,512 5.5% ▲1.5% ▲5.3% 0.2%

Transport sectors 1,764 1,499 1,185 1,162 1,114 ▲36.8% ▲25.7% ▲6.0% ▲4.1%

Energy-derived

CO2 emissions 5,767 5,754 5,355 4,969 4,950 ▲14.2% ▲14.0% ▲7.6% ▲0.4%

Non-energy-derived

CO2 emissions 119 99 155 156 159 33.4% 60.9% 2.9% 2.0%

Total CO2 emissions 5,886 5,853 5,510 5,125 5,109 ▲13.2% ▲12.7% ▲7.3% ▲0.3%

Note 1: The residential sector does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport sector.

Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes

service in Tokyo.

Table 3-10 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%)

2000 FY

2005 FY

2010 FY

2011 FY

2012 FY

2000 vs.

2005 vs.

2010 vs.

2011 vs.

Electricity 2,696 2,946 3,029 2,718 2,753 2.1% ▲6.5% ▲9.1% 1.3%

City gas 926 1,047 967 923 924 ▲0.2% ▲11.7% ▲4.4% 0.2%

LPG 195 156 115 123 102 ▲47.5% ▲34.6% ▲11.0% ▲16.7%

Fuel oil 1,931 1,602 1,243 1,199 1,167 ▲39.6% ▲27.2% ▲6.1% ▲2.7%

Other 19 3 1 6 3 ▲84.1% ▲5.7% 100.7% ▲49.8%

Energy-derived

CO2 emissions 5,767 5,754 5,355 4,969 4,950 ▲14.2% ▲14.0% ▲7.6% ▲0.4%


Figure 3-12 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2012) [Fixed cases]

Electricity 183

Electricity

1,470Electricity

964Electricity

136City gas

91

City gas

389

City gas

445

LPG 3

LPG 4

LPG 40

LPG 56

Fuel oil 157

Fuel oil 25

Fuel oil 64

Fuel oil

922Other 1

Other 2

435

1,888

1,512

1,114

159

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector Other

（10,000t-CO２)

Waste


28

3.4.1-1 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO2 Emissions)

Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport sectors) with

non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by sector in total CO2 emissions are as

follows:

Figure 3-13 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

Figure 3-14 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

Note 1: "Other" indicates CO2 emissions from the incineration of waste.

Note 2: The "energy conversion sector" as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo allocates CO2 emissions in

the relevant sector in accordance with demands of other respective sectors. Note 3: The "industrial process" as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo does not count the relevant

emissions, due to the minimal CO2 emissions from the industrial process, and the statistical difficulty.

Other(3.1%)

Transport sector

(21.8%)

Residential sector

(29.6%)

Commercial sector

(37.0%)

Industrial sector

(8.5%)

5,440

5,729 5,851

5,670

5,909 5,816 5,686

5,748 5,675

5,768 5,8865,758

5,862 5,697 5,756 5,853

5,695 5,694

5,569 5,470 5,510

5,125 5,109

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2） * CO2 emission factor for electricity is

fixated to the value in FY 2000 for calculation.

Other

2.0%Other

1.7%

Other

2.8%

Other

3.0%Other

3.1%

Transport

sector

30.0%

Transport

sector

25.6%

Transport

sector

21.5%

Transport

sector

22.7%

Transport

sector

21.8%

Residential

sector

24.3%

Residential

sector

26.2%

Residential

sector

29.0%

Residential

sector

29.5%

Residential

sector

29.6%

Commercial

sector

32.1%

Commercial

sector

36.9%

Commercial

sector

37.7%

Commercial

sector

36.1%

Commercial

sector

37.0%

Industrial

sector 11.5%

Industrial

sector 9.6%

Industrial

sector 9.0%

Industrial

sector 8.8%

Industrial

sector 8.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012



29

3.4.1-2 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO2 Emissions)

Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows:

Figure 3-15 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

Figure 3-16 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases]


Electricity(55.6%)

City gas(18.7%)

LPG(2.1%)

Fuel oil(23.6%)

Other(0.1%)

5,3375,621

5,715

5,538

5,7765,682 5,550 5,620 5,562 5,641

5,767

5,658

5,762

5,576 5,6635,754

5,597 5,5865,442

5,329 5,355

4,969 4,950

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2）* CO2 emission factor for electricity is


Electricity

46.7%

Electricity

51.2%

Electricity

56.6%Electricity

54.7%

Electricity

55.6%

City gas

16.1%

City gas

18.2%

City gas

18.1%City gas

18.6%

City gas

18.7%LPG

3.4%

LPG

2.7%

LPG

2.1%LPG

2.5%

LPG

2.1%

Fuel oil

33.5%

Fuel oil

27.8%

Fuel oil

23.2%Fuel oil

24.1%

Fuel oil

23.6%

Other 0.3% Other 0.1% Other <0.1% Other 0.1% Other 0.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012



30

3.4.2 [Reference] Trends in Each Sector

3.4.2-1 Industrial Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the industrial sector are as follows:

Figure 3-17 Trends in CO2 emissions in the industrial sector [Fixed cases]

3.4.2-2 Commercial Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the commercial sector are as follows:

Figure 3-18 Trends in CO2 emissions in the commercial sector [Fixed cases]

984 1,013 956

862 847 793

743 719 705 695 680

606 587 539

548 562

527 530 484 468

496 449 435

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

Other（0.3%）

Fuel oil（36.0%）

ＬＰＧ（0.6%）

City gas（20.8%）


（10,000t-CO2）

* CO2 emission factor for electricity is

fixated to the value in FY2000 for calculation.

1,5701,659 1,698

1,640

1,806 1,7781,711 1,762 1,754

1,8231,890 1,900 1,969 1,968

2,0802,158 2,127 2,163 2,150

2,030 2,078

1,8481,888

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY）

Kerosene（0.7%）

Heavy oil Ａ（0.6%）

ＬＰＧ（0.2%）

City gas（20.6%）


（10,000t-CO2）


fixated to the value in FY2000 for calculation.


31

3.4.2-3 Residential Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the residential sector are as follows:

Figure 3-19 Trends in CO2 emissions in the residential sector [Fixed cases]

3.4.2-4 Transport Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the transport sector are as follows:

Figure 3-20 Trends in CO2 emissions in the transport sector [Fixed cases]

1,300

1,358 1,399 1,377 1,420 1,4211,349 1,328 1,324 1,382

1,433 1,417 1,4621,424 1,447

1,535

1,472 1,502 1,470 1,504

1,5961,510 1,512

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（10,000t-CO2）

(FY）

Kerosene（4.2%）

ＬＰＧ（2.6%）

City gas（29.4%）


1,483

1,591 1,662 1,660

1,704 1,690

1,746 1,811 1,778 1,741 1,764 1,735 1,744

1,646 1,588

1,499 1,471 1,392 1,338 1,327

1,185 1,162 1,114

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

（10,000t-CO2）

（FY）

Electricity(12.2%)

LPG(5.0%)

Light oil(24.4%)

Gasoline(56.4%)

Jet fuel(0.2%)

Other(1.9%)




32

3.5 Other GHG Emissions

3.5.1 Overview

3.5.1-1 Trends in Other GHG Emissions

(Tokyo)

Other GHG emissions in Tokyo in FY 2012 stood at 3.7 million t-CO2eq, which was 7% increase from 3.4

million t-CO2eq in the base year, and 25% increase from 3.0 million t-CO2eq in FY 2000.

HFCs indicated large increase rates from the base year to FY 2000 and from FY 2000 to FY 2012, respectively,

at 135% and at 280%. This is because the substitution of HCFCs, which are regulated under the Montreal

Protocol, by HFCs has proceeded, and consequently emissions from the coolant use of HFCs have increased.

N2O increased by 18% from the base year to FY 2000, but decreased by 42% from FY 2000 to FY 2012. In the

meantime, CH4, PFCs and SF6 have shown a downward trend from the base year to FY 2012.

(Japan)

Other GHG emissions in Japan in FY 2012 stood at 67.5 million t-CO2eq, which was 42% reduction from 117.2

million t-CO2eq in the base year, and 24% reduction from 89.1 million t-CO2eq in FY 2000.

In Japan, SF6, PFCs, and CH4 showed a substantial decrease from the base year to FY 2000, respectively by 58%,

32%, and 22%. SF6, PFCs, N2O, and CH4 decreased substantially from FY 2000 to FY 2012, respectively by

78%, 71%, 26%, and 23%. In the meantime, HFCs increased by 22% from FY 2000 to FY 2012.

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-21 Increase rates by GHG (other GHGs) in Tokyo and in Japan

Note: The values in brackets respectively indicate increase in FY 2000 from base year, and increase in FY 2012 from FY 2000. Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data (FY 1990 - 2012), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

ＣＨ4

(-37.1%)ＣＨ4

(-58.9%)

Ｎ2Ｏ

(+18.1%)

Ｎ2Ｏ

(-41.5%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(+135.4%) ＨＦＣｓ

(+279.9%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-83.1%) ＰＦＣｓ

(-99.7%)

ＳＦ6

(-73.3%)ＳＦ6

(-34.6%)

342

295

367

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


100

（10,000t-CO2eq）

ＣＨ4

(-22.1%)ＣＨ4

(-23.0%)

Ｎ2Ｏ

(-15.8%)

Ｎ2Ｏ

(-26.4%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(-7.0%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(+21.9%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-31.8%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-71.2%)

ＳＦ6

(-57.5%)

ＳＦ6

(-77.9%)

117.2

89.1

67.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


（Mt-CO2eq）


33

3.5.1-2 Composition Ratios in Other GHG Emissions

In Tokyo, HFCs accounted for 70% of other GHG emissions in FY 2012, followed by N2O (16%), CH4 (13%),

SF6 (1%), and PFCs (< 1%).

In Japan, HFCs accounted for 34% of other GHG emissions in FY 2012, followed by N2O (30%), CH4 (30%),

PFCs (4%), and SF6 (2%).

Compared to the nationwide composition ratios of other GHG emissions in FY 2012, Tokyo sees a larger share of

HFCs, and accordingly smaller shares of CH4, N2O, PFCs, and SF6.

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-22 Composition ratios of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012)


3.5.1-3 Shares of Other GHG Emissions in Japan

Other GHG emissions in Tokyo account for approximately 5% in Japan.

By the type of gas, Tokyo takes up the largest share in Japan with HFCs (11%), followed by N2O (3%) and CH4

(2%). Tokyo's shares are minimal for PFCs and SF6 because the manufacturing of semiconductors, etc., as the

main source of PFC/SF6 emissions has been decreasing in Tokyo.

Table 3-11 Comparison of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012) (Unit: 10,000 t-CO2 eq)

Tokyo Japan vs. Japan

CH4 48 2,001 2.4%

N2O 59 2,023 2.9%

HFCs 257 2,293 11.2%

PFCs 0 276 0.0%

SF6 3 159 1.8%

Total 367 6,751 5.4%

Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data (FY 1990

- 2012), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

ＣＨ4

13.1%

Ｎ2Ｏ

16.2%

ＨＦＣｓ

69.9%

ＰＦＣｓ

<0.1%

ＳＦ6

0.8%

ＣＨ4

29.6%

Ｎ2Ｏ

30.0%

ＨＦＣｓ

34.0%

ＰＦＣｓ

4.1%

ＳＦ6

2.3%


34

3.5.2 CH4

The composition ratios of CH4 emissions in Tokyo and in Japan in FY 2012 are indicated below.

In Tokyo, 95% of CH4 emissions are derived from waste. Agriculture, which accounts for 70% of CH4 emissions

across Japan, only takes up the minimal share of 1% in Tokyo. "Waste" mainly refers to emissions from landfill

sites (inner and outer central breakwater landfill sites) and from sewage treatment.

Figure 3-23 Composition ratios of CH4 emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012)


3.5.3 N2O

The composition ratios of N2O emissions in Tokyo and in Japan in FY 2012 are indicated below.

In Tokyo, 79% of N2O emissions are derived from waste. Agriculture, which accounts for 49% of N2O emissions

across Japan, only takes up the minimal share of 2% in Tokyo. "Waste" mainly refers to emissions from the

incineration of waste (general/industrial) and sewage treatment.


Figure 3-24 Composition ratios of N2O emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012)

Tokyo Japan

Agriculture

1.0%

Waste

94.6%

Combustion of

fuels

4.5%

Agriculture

70.2%

Waste

23.2%

Combustion of

fuels

4.2%

Leak from fuels

1.8%

Industrial

process

0.6%

Agriculture

48.8%Combustion

of fuels

31.4%

Waste

16.2%

Industrial prosess

3.1%

Anesthesia

0.4%

Japan Tokyo

Waste

78.6%

Combustion

of fuels

18.3%

Agriculture

1.9%

Anesthesia

1.2%


35

3.5.4 HFCs and Two Other Types

The composition ratios of HFCs and two other types of emissions in Tokyo and in Japan in FY 2012 are

indicated below.

In Tokyo, 95% of these emissions are HFCs derived from coolants. “Coolants” mainly refers to emissions from

the use or disposal of freezers and air conditioners for business use, household air conditioners, car air

conditioners, etc.

Unlike in the emission composition of entire Japan, “Manufacturing of HFCs and two other types”, “By-product

in the manufacturing of HCFC22”, and “Metal production” are excluded from the emission statistics of Tokyo,

because the relevant factories are considered to be very rare in Tokyo.

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-25 Composition ratios of HFCs and two other types of emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012)


3.5.5 [Reference] NF3

NF3 is a gas used in liquid crystal production and other fields. The GWP of NF3 is set at 17,200 in the Fourth

Assessment Report (2007) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

At the COP17 session, which was held from November to December 2011, gases to be added to the international

framework for 2013 onward were discussed, and NF3 was added to the list of the framework.

In Japan, the addition of NF3 to the list of GHGs was stipulated in the Partial Amendment to the Act on

Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures (Law No. 18, May 24, 2013), and will take effect on April 1,

2015.

TMG will include NF3 into the scope of calculation of GHG emissions starting with FY 2013. It is expected that

NF3 emissions in Tokyo will be minimal because factories that handle liquid crystal production are very few.

Coolants (HFCs)

94.8%

Aerosols/MDI

(HFCs)

3.4%

Power equipment

(SF₆)

1.1%

Foaming (HFCs)

0.7%

Extinguishing

compositions (HFCs)

<0.1%Cleaning (PFCs)

<0.1%

Manufacturing of

semiconductors, etc.

(HFCs/PFCs/SF₆)

0.0%

Coolants (HFCs)

80.4%

Manufacturing of

semiconductors, etc.

(HFCs/PFCs/SF₆)

7.1%

Cleaning (PFCs)

4.6%

Power equipment (SF₆)

2.8%

Aerosols/MDI (HFCs)

2.0%

Leak during production of

HFCs and two other

types(HFCs,PFCs.SF₆) 1.2%

Metal production

(HFCs,PFCs,SF₆)

0.7%

Foaming (HFCs)

1.1%By-product HFC23 during

production of HCFC22(HFCs)

0.1%Extinguishing compositions

(HFCs)

<0.1%


36

4 Reference Materials

[Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview)

(1) Final energy consumption and energy-derived CO2 emissions

Fuel consumption and energy consumption are estimated by sectors based on statistical data, etc., and CO2 emissions

are calculated by multiplying the consumption by the emission factor.

Sectors Calculation methods (overview) Key statistical data, etc.

Indu

strial sectors

Agriculture,

forestry and

fishery

Estimated based on utility cost (electricity/kerosene) per

farming household, fuel cost (heavy oil A) per fishing

management body, etc.

MAFF "Agricultural Management

Statistics Report"

MAFF "MAFF Statistics"

Mining Estimated based on national mining energy consumption,

fuel and electricity cost rates in Japan and in Tokyo, etc. Agency for Natural Resources and

Energy "Comprehensive Energy

Statistics"

MIC "Economic Census: Activity

Survey"

Construction National fuel consumption in the construction industry is

allocated in accordance with the construction sales rates in

Japan and in Tokyo.

Agency for Natural Resources and

Energy "Comprehensive Energy

Statistics"

MLIT "Comprehensive Statistical

Yearbook for Construction"

Manufactur-

ing

Energy consumption is estimated based on energy data for

business sites in Tokyo, product shipment amount by

trade, etc.

Consumption for the entire manufacturing industry is

estimated based on energy consumption at soot

emitting facilities.

Composition of energy consumption by trade is

estimated based on product shipment amount by trade,

etc.

TMG "Soot Emission Survey

Report"

TMG "Industry in Tokyo:

Industrial Statistics"

METI "Petroleum Consumption

Structure Statistics"

Consumptions of electricity and city gas by the entire

manufacturing industry are identified based on the

contract type on the supply side.

TMG "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Sales data in Tokyo as provided by

electricity utilities and gas utilities

Co

nsu

mer secto

rs

Commercial Energy consumption is estimated by multiplying the

energy consumption basic unit for each building

application of business sites in Tokyo by the total floor

area.

Total floor area for each building application is

calculated based on national statistical materials.

The national average energy consumption basic unit for

each building application has been adjusted in

accordance with the actual status in Tokyo.

Energy consumption composition for each building

application is estimated based on data reported by

large-scale business sites under the Tokyo Metropolitan

Ordinance.

MIC "Summary Record of Prices

for Fixed Assets"

Institute of Local Finance "Public

Facility Status Survey"

(Sources for total floor area data)

The Institute of Energy

Economics, Japan "Energy

Economics Statistics Summary"

TMG "Global Warming Corrective

Measures Plan"


commercial sector are identified based on the contract

type on the supply side.





37


Co

nsu

mer secto

rs

Residential Energy consumption is estimated based on survey

materials concerning household spending, etc.

Consumptions of kerosene and LPG for all households

are estimated based on fuel spending per household

(single- or multiple-person households), unit prices for

fuels, etc.

* Gasoline and other fuels used for sedans are included in

the transport sector.

TMG "Living Standards of Tokyo

Metropolitan Citizens (Tokyo

Livelihood Analysis Report)"

MIC "Household Economy

Annual Report"


residential sector are identified based on the contract

type on the supply side.




Tran

spo

rt sectors

Road

Transportation

Traffic and CO2 emissions by car type and by fuel type

are estimated based on measurement data provided by

TMG.

* The scope of calculation only includes traffic in Tokyo.

Railways (Passengers) The basic unit is calculated based on the

power consumption and passenger kilometers of each

railway company. The emissions are estimated by

multiplying the basic unit by the passenger kilometers in

Tokyo.

(Freight) The national power consumption is allocated in

accordance with the transportation tons in Japan and in

Tokyo.

* The scope of calculation only includes transportation in

Tokyo.


MLIT "Railway Statistical

Yearbook"

Navigation (Passengers) The national fuel consumption is allocated in

accordance with the passengers in Japan and in Tokyo.

(Freight) The national fuel consumption is allocated in

accordance with the transportation tons in Japan and in

Tokyo.

* The scope of calculation only includes navigation in

Tokyo. The values for navigation outside Tokyo (from

other parts of Japan to Tokyo, or from Tokyo to other

parts of Japan) are calculated for reference.

MLIT "Coastal Vessel

Transportation Statistics"

MLIT "Passenger Regional

Fluidity Survey"

MLIT "Freight Regional Fluidity

Survey"

Civil Aviation Fuel consumptions at airports are counted.

* The scope of calculation only includes navigation in

Tokyo. The values for navigation outside Tokyo (from

other parts of Japan to Tokyo, or from Tokyo to other

parts of Japan) are calculated for reference.

MLIT "Airport Management

Status Record"

MLIT "Air Transportation

Statistical Yearbook"


38

(2) Non-energy-derived CO2 emissions

CO2 emissions are calculated by multiplying the incineration of waste (on a dried basis) by the emission factor.


Waste secto

rs

General waste The incinerated amounts (on a dried basis) for waste

plastics and synthetic fiber dust are estimated based on the

incinerated amount (on a wet basis) in the Tokyo wards

area and in the Tama area, the composition ratios of waste,

the water content, etc., according to materials provided by

cleaning factories and other sources.

Clean Authority of TOKYO 23

Cities "Cleaning Service Annual

Report" and "Survey Report on

the Properties of Waste Delivered

to Cleaning Factories"

The Institute for Tokyo Municipal

Research, "Tama Area Waste

Status Survey"

Industrial

waste

The incineration amounts of waste oil and waste plastics

are estimated based on materials concerning the treatment

of industrial waste.

TMG "Survey Report on Changes

over Time in Industrial Waste"

TMG "Performance Report on

Industrial Waste Treatment "

(3) Other GHGs

Emissions are estimated based on statistical materials prepared by TMG and the national government.


Methane (CH4) The main source of emission is waste landfill sites. The

emissions at inner and outer central breakwater landfill

sites are estimated using a model that takes account of

biodegradation over time (FOD).

TMG "Survey Results on the

Effective Use of Landfill Gas

(LFG) (March, 2004)"

Dinitrogen oxide

(N2O)

The main sources of emission are the incineration of

waste (general/industrial), sewage treatment at sewage

plants, and automobile driving. Emissions are estimated

based on statistical materials prepared by TMG and the

national government.

Ministry of the Environment

"Survey Results on General Waste

Treatment"

TMG "Survey Report on Changes

over Time in Industrial Waste"

TMG "Performance Report on

Industrial Waste Treatment "

HFCs and two other

types

(HFCs, PFCs, and

SF6)

The main source of emission is coolants (HFCs) that are

emitted during the production, use, and disposal of

freezers and air conditioners. National emissions are

allocated in accordance with shipment amounts in Japan

and in Tokyo.

* Also for HFCs that are derived from foaming agents,

aerosols, etc., and for SF6 that are derived from the use of

gas insulated transformers, etc., national emissions are

allocated in accordance with shipment amounts in Japan

and in Tokyo.

METI materials for the Working

Group for Countermeasures

against CFCs, Manufacturing

Industry Subcommittee, Industrial

Structure Council


39

[Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in

Tokyo

To realize a sustainable vigorous city, it is necessary to aim at a state where economic growth does not link

with increased energy/resource consumption ("decoupling").

EU includes decoupling in its policy targets under the 6th Environmental Action Plan (2002). International

arguments are also had at the sessions of OECD, United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), etc.

Trends in the final energy consumption in Tokyo and the gross product in Tokyo indicate that the

decoupling has been in progress since FY 2001. TMG will farther promote smart energy and power

conservation which are coexistent with economic growth.

Sources: TMG "Economic Calculations for Tokyo Metropolitan Citizens"

Cabinet Office "Economic Calculations for Japanese People (GDP Statistics)"

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy "Energy Supply and Demand Performance"

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Trends in final energy consumption and the gross product in Tokyo and in Japan

Final energy consumption in Tokyo Gross product in Tokyo

Final energy consumption in Japan Gross domestic product in Japan

With FY2001 as 100

Gross product in Tokyo

Final energy consumption in Tokyo

（FY）


40

[Material 3] New Energy Reduction Targets in Tokyo

Tokyo’s New Energy Reduction Target:

Reducing Tokyo’s energy consumption by 30% from the 2000 level by the year 2030

TMG has promoted advanced initiatives under its target of reducing GHG emissions in Tokyo by 25% from the 2000 level by the year 2020. Although energy consumption has been decreasing, CO2 emissions in Tokyo are on the rise due to the deteriorated CO2 emission factor for electricity supplied to Tokyo.⇒ In the present status, it is difficult to indicate the effect of energy conservation efforts by businesses and citizens

using the CO2 emission indicator only.

In the Long-Term Vision for Tokyo, which was lately established, a new energy reduction target toward 2030 was specified, in addition to the existing targets above, for the purpose of continuing and enhancing energy conservation efforts in Tokyo after 2020, as a responsibility of the largest consumer of energy in Japan (December 2014).

257 172 161

202 221 212

245 260

237

9770

61

801 723

671

0

200

400

600

800

2000 2010 2012 2020（target）

2030（new target）

[PJ]Trends and targets in energy consumption in Tokyo

Commercial

Residential

Transport

Industrial

▲16% ▲20% ▲30% （from the 2000 level）

Commercial/industrial

Residential

Transport

Enhancing heat insulation performance of existing single-family house; promoting the utilization of solar power and solar heat

Promoting the dissemination of home fuel cell systems

Supporting the renovation of small and medium-sized tenant buildings for improved energy-saving performance; promoting the dissemination of carbon reports

Implementing the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program for large facilities Promoting the dissemination of energy-saving buildings by restructuring the Tokyo Green Building

Program

Promoting the dissemination of next-generation automobiles, such as fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles

Promoting energy conservation measures in traffic and transportation

Immediate measures toward achieving the targets

Therefore, TMG also set a target aimed at energy consumption itself (reducing energy consumption in Tokyo by 20% from the 2000 level by the year 2020), for the purpose of indicating a goal for the demand side, and of clarifying the effect of energy/power conservation efforts by businesses and citizens (March 2014).

New energy reduction target:

Reducing Tokyo’s energy consumption by 30% from the 2000 level by the year 2030

Tokyo should achieve the energy reduction target for 2020 by steadily implementing the existing

measures, while taking additional creative initiatives to support efforts in respective sectors,

including small and medium-sized facilities and households, thereby promoting effective

countermeasures against climate change and energy conservation measures consistent with

economic growth, toward the new energy reduction target for 2030.

5 Figures and Tables

41


― Contents for Tables ―

Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey (FY 2012) .......................................................................... 2

Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2012 ............................................ 3

Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2012 ........................................ 3

Table 3-1 GHGs and main source(s) of emission .............................................................................................. 19

Table 3-2 Categorization of GHGs .................................................................................................................. 19

Table 3-3 CO2 emission factors for electricity used in this survey ....................................................................... 20

Table 3-4 Categorized calculation methods based on CO2 emission factors for electricity ..................................... 20

Table 3-5 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo[Variable cases] .................................................................... 21

Table 3-6 (Reference)Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo[Fixed cases] ....................................................... 21

Table 3-7 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Variable cases] ........................... 23

Table 3-8 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Variable cases] 23

Table 3-9 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ............................... 27

Table 3-10 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2012 in Tokyo [Fixed cases]... 27

Table 3-11 Comparison of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012) .............................................. 33


42

― Figures ―

Figure 1-1 Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (2012) ............................................................................... 1

Figure 2-1 Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) (FY 2012) ................................................................. 2

Figure 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo (FY 2012) ..................................................................... 3

Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo ....................................................................... 4

Figure 2-4 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo ...................................................... 4

Figure 2-5 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo ................................................................... 5

Figure 2-6 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo .................................................. 5

Figure 2-7 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector ................................................................... 6

Figure 2-8 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector .................................... 6

Figure 2-9 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector ................................................ 7

Figure 2-10 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector ............................. 7

Figure 2-11 IIP increases in manufacturing in Tokyo ........................................................................................... 8

Figure 2-12 Comparison of IIP between Tokyo and Japan.................................................................................... 8

Figure 2-13 Trends in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector ........................... 9

Figure 2-14 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector ......... 9

Figure 2-15 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector ......................................... 10

Figure 2-16 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector ....................... 10

Figure 2-17 Trends in total floor area by trade in Tokyo ..................................................................................... 11

Figure 2-18 Trends in total floor area by trade in Japan ...................................................................................... 11

Figure 2-19 Trends in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector .................................. 12

Figure 2-20 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector ................ 12

Figure 2-21 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector ........................................... 13

Figure 2-22 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector ......................... 13

Figure 2-23 Trends in the number of households in Tokyo ................................................................................. 14

Figure 2-24 Comparison of the number of households between Tokyo and Japan ................................................. 14

Figure 2-25 Trends in the ownership rates of home appliances in Tokyo ............................................................. 15

Figure 2-26 Trends in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector ........................ 16

Figure 2-27 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector ...... 16

Figure 2-28 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector ............................................. 17

Figure 2-29 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector............................ 17

Figure 2-30 Trends in the number of registered vehicles in Tokyo ...................................................................... 18

Figure 2-31 Trends in the traveling kilometers of vehicles in Tokyo ................................................................... 18

Figure 3-1 Image of GHG emissions in Tokyo.................................................................................................. 20

Figure 3-2 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo .......................................................................................... 21

Figure 3-3 Composition ratios by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan ........................................................................... 22


43

Figure 3-4 Increase rates by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan................................................................................... 22

Figure 3-5 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2012) [Variable cases] ............................................................ 23

Figure 3-6 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases] ...................................................... 24

Figure 3-7 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases] .................................... 24

Figure 3-8 Trends in CO2 emissions in Japan ................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3-9 Composition ratios in CO2 emissions in Japan .................................................................................. 25

Figure 3-10 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] ................................. 26

Figure 3-11 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] ............... 26

Figure 3-12 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2012) [Fixed cases] .............................................................. 27

Figure 3-13 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ........................................................ 28

Figure 3-14 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ...................................... 28

Figure 3-15 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases] .................................... 29

Figure 3-16 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ................... 29

Figure 3-17 Trends in CO2 emissions in the industrial sector [Fixed cases] .......................................................... 30

Figure 3-18 Trends in CO2 emissions in the commercial sector [Fixed cases] ...................................................... 30

Figure 3-19 Trends in CO2 emissions in the residential sector [Fixed cases] ........................................................ 31

Figure 3-20 Trends in CO2 emissions in the transport sector [Fixed cases] .......................................................... 31

Figure 3-21 Increase rates by GHG (other GHGs) in Tokyo and in Japan ............................................................ 32

Figure 3-22 Composition ratios of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012) ................................... 33

Figure 3-23 Composition ratios of CH4 emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012) ............................................ 34

Figure 3-24 Composition ratios of N2O emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012) ............................................ 34

Figure 3-25 Composition ratios of HFCs and two other types of emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2012) ......... 35


(FY2012)

Issued in March, 2015

Climate Policy Planning Team, Urban and Global Environment Division,

Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

For more details,

please visit the website of the Bureau of Environment

Tokyo Metropolitan Government at:

http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/climate/index.html

(Comprehensive website on countermeasures against climate change, Tokyo)

final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in tokyo

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