European Union Committee

IUMUN 2016

BACKGROUND GUIDE

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A Letter from the Staff

Hello Delegates! My name is Ryan Van Slyke and I will be the Chair of the European Union

Committee. I am pleased to welcome you to the Second Indiana University Model United

Nations Conference! Originally from Syracuse, New York, I am a sophomore at Indiana

University-Bloomington studying Music and International Studies. I have participated in MUN

since my freshman year of high school, and this will be my fourth time chairing at a regional

conference. At IU, I am involved in organizations in the Jacobs School of Music, Kelley School

of Business, and in the Indiana University Marching Hundred.

My name is Maya Fews and I will by the Vice-Chair of the EU Committee! Originally from

Holt, Michigan, I am currently a junior at Indiana University Bloomington studying Law and

Public Policy in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. This is my second year

involved in the IUMUN conference and my first time as a Vice-Chair. In addition to serving on

the Secretariat for the IUMUN Conference, I have participated in the IU Model UN team for the

past three years.

It has been our distinct pleasure to research the fascinating topics that we are going to tackle

within the European Union Committee. If you have any questions or concerns or simply want to

introduce yourself before the conference commences, do not hesitate to reach out to either one of

us. Let the countdown to February begin!

Sincerely,

Ryan Van Slyke & Maya Fews

Chair & Vice-Chair of European Union Committee

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Introduction to the Committee

The European Union (EU) was formed in 1992 with the Treaty of Maastricht, elevating the

European Economic Community (EEC), which had existed since 1960, to a full political union.

The European Union’s political structure is comprised of three main bodies: the European

Parliament, which includes 751 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), which are directly

elected by EU voters, the European Commission, which includes one commissioner for each

member state, and the Council of the European Union, which is comprised of the foreign

ministers of each member state. The Council of the European Union is one of the main decision-

making bodies of the EU, in addition to the European Parliament. The Council works to adopt

and negotiate EU laws, coordinate policies of member states, and develop EU foreign and

security policy. This committee at Indiana University Model United Nations Conference will be simulating the

Council of the European Union, where each delegate is acting as the foreign minister for his/her

country. Each action taken by the Council will need three-fourths support from the rest of the

committee. This committee will be run with IUMUNC Parliamentary Procedure, but with some

variations commonly found in crisis countries. Delegates will be able to develop and send, both

individually and collectively, press releases and government position papers. The committee will

also include crisis situations, since we could possibly be collaborating at times with the Eurozone

committee on our economic discussions. For these situations, and throughout the committee,

delegates will be able to get updates on a particular topic or development from our Crisis Staff.

In addition, delegates will have the ability to request the presence of pertinent leaders or parties

to dispute on each topic. Finally, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs will be chairing

this session of the Council of the European Union.

Topic A: Protection of Immigration and Refugee Rights

History of the Problem

From 1914 until 1918 the continent of Europe was engulfed in World War I, which had

devastating impacts for the continent and the global community. Even 21 years later, when

World War II broke out in 1939, the lessons of the atrocities of war had not set in. Both wars

forced millions of people to flee their homelands, becoming political refugees. Due to the

atrocities refugees faced in both World Wars, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of

Refugees was held in Geneva, Switzerland. Using key principles from the Universal Declaration

of Human Rights, such as “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum

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from persecution,”1 the convention defined a “refugee” as “a person who is outside his or her

country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of being persecuted because

of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political

opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail him or herself of the protection of that country, or to

return there, for fear of persecution.” 2The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

also highlighted the difference between a migrant and a refugee. Under the 1951 definition, a

migrant may leave their country for reasons other than persecution, and migrants also have the

rights of their home government abroad. The 1951 convention became the basis for the Common

European Asylum System, which now used in the European Union.

The Common European Asylum System originated from the desire in the 1980s for European

nations to eliminate national border security in order to have a single economic market. In 1985,

five countries, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, signed the

Schengen Agreement, which established a system for visa regulation, the right to asylum, and

checks at external borders. The agreement came into effect in 1995, and was instantly subjected

to refugees from Eastern Europe.3 This influx of refugees from communism pushed member

states to desire a more compressive plan for refugees and asylum seekers. The 1997 Dublin

Convention responded to this desire for a more comprehensive refugee plan by establishing the

Dublin Regulation, an EU law which determines the EU member state responsible to examine an

application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention

and the EU Qualification Directive. The Dublin Regulation of 1997 is the cornerstone of the

Dublin System, which is a Europe-wide database for unauthorized entrants into the EU.4 Finally,

in 1999, the Common European Asylum System was established in order to create a common

asylum system for Europe, in order to reduce differences in national asylum systems. The

Common European Asylum System is comprised of an open border system for the EU

(Schengen Agreement), a single asylum-seeker admission system, and the Dublin Regulation.5 In

the European Union, directives and laws passed by EU bodies trump national laws of member

states, so each member state has asylum laws that comply with the system. The United Kingdom

and Ireland have an opt-out clause for the Common European Asylum system, so all regulations

do not apply to the two countries; however, the countries can decide to opt-in to those

regulations.

Current Situation

1 "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights

Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights." UN News Center. Accessed October 23,

2015. 2 "The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol." UNHCR News.

Accessed October 23, 2015. 3 "History of CEAS - European Council on Refugees and Exiles." History of CEAS - European Council

on Refugees and Exiles. Accessed October 23, 2015. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid.

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In March 2011, pro-democracy Syrians began to protest the rule of President Bashar Al-Assad,

and by July, fighting had broken out between the Syrian government and pro-democracy Syrians.

Since 2011, over 11.6 million people have been displaced by the civil war, and 4 million people,

mostly women and children, have fled Syria. Syria’s neighbors, particularly Lebanon, Turkey,

and Jordan, have been “safe” destinations for many refugees. Due to the increased presence of

violent non-state actors in the region, including the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), more

refugees are seeking to leave the Middle East and flee to Europe. According to the British

Broadcasting Company (BBC), 350,000 migrants have come to Europe, compared to the 280,000

migrants who came to the EU in 2014. The refugee population in Europe is only expected to

increase as ISIS creates more political and economic stability in the region. In many cases, these

Syrian refugees are accompanied by other refugees from war-torn nations such as Afghanistan,

Pakistan, and Eritrea.6 7 8 The United Nations (UN) defines “refugee” as a migrant fleeing their

country because of war, even if they haven’t registered for asylum. However the UN states that

migrants still have the legal protection of their home government because migrants did not flee

their country out of fear of persecution; on the other hand, refugees have no protection from their

home government.9 It has been estimated that 230,000 migrants have arrived in Greece, 115,000

migrants in Italy, and 21,000 migrants in Spain10. Once in the EU, many refugees look to travel

to Germany or Sweden, since refugees receive state aid ranging from €224 to €346 per month.11

Since the refugee crisis started, Germany and Sweden have received the most asylum

applications of any EU member state. This has created a major logistical and legal problem for

both nations, and as a result, Germany has suspended the Dublin Regulation in order to accept

more Syrian refugees. Greece, Italy, and Spain are also struggling with an abundance of asylum

applications due to the limitations of the Dublin Regulation. On the other hand, there are many

EU nations, like Austria, Croatia, and Hungary, which have tried to circumvent the Dublin

Regulation because it has been difficult to discern the purpose of migration: political asylum or

economic prosperity. Generally, these nations who circumvent the Dublin Regulation are more

likely to grant access to those coming for economic reasons than political.

6 "Alienation and Violence Impact of Syria Report 2014." UNRWA.org. March 1, 2015. Accessed

October 22, 2015. 7 "Migrant Crisis: Czechs Accused of Human Rights Abuses - BBC News." BBC News. Accessed

October 23, 2015. 8 Ibid 9 Edwards, Adrian. "UNHCR Viewpoint: 'Refugee' or 'migrant' - Which Is Right?" UNHCR News. 10 "Why Is EU Struggling with Migrants and Asylum? - BBC News." BBC News. September 21, 2015.

Accessed October 23, 2015. 11 Siciliano, Video. "Why Are so Many Migrants Heading to Germany and Sweden?" The Telegraph.

Accessed November 18, 2015

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This image outlines the path by which

many migrants use the Mediterranean Sea

to get to Europe, as well as the path taken

through non-member state Turkey.12

Bloc Positions

Countries in favor of the expansion of migration

Germany is expected to take in 800,000 migrants this year;13 however Germany and Sweden are

calling upon other member nations, especially France and the United Kingdom, to accept more

migrants and refugees The Pro-Migration Block has also expressed interest and willingness to

completely reform the current Dublin Regulation/Common European Asylum System in order to

allow more refugees to enter the EU.

Countries opposed to the expansion of migration

Many migrants have used these countries as an entry point into the EU. Frequently, refugees will

travel from Turkey and Greece to Serbia and Macedonia, where they then can travel to Croatia

and Hungary. In response to the enormous influx of migrants, countries like Hungary have

produced blockades around their borders to prevent further migration. This type of action creates

more pressure and strain on the infrastructure of the other EU nations like Greece who are taking

in thousands of migrants and refugees.

12 "Mapping Mediterranean Migration - BBC News." BBC News. Accessed November 18, 2015. 13 Ibid.

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Countries assigned to register asylum seekers: In 2012, 51% of migrants entering the EU came

through Greece and Italy using the central Mediterranean passage that connects Libya and

Italy.14 Countries in this block and geographic region, like Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Croatia,

and Slovenia are experiencing a significant strain on asylum and humanitarian resources because

they are responsible for taking care of the migrants when they initially enter Europe. Thus, these

nations are pushing for increased collective action by other EU members to help relieve them of

the majority of the burden of care.

Questions to Consider

1. What changes should be made to the Common European System in order to ensure fair

practices?

2. Should countries be required to take in fixed amount of migrants or face financial

repercussions?

3. What are solutions to combat the mistreatment of migrants once they arrive in host

countries?

4. Should the Dublin Regulation system be eliminated so that each EU nation bears an equal

responsibility to host asylum seekers?

Conclusion

Mass migration as a result of war is not an uncommon occurrence; however, major problems

occur when nations experience mass migration influxes and are unprepared and ill-equipped to

deal with the situation. The migration crisis that the European Union is currently experiencing

has caused two main problems: some nations are shouldering sole responsibility for the crisis,

like Greece, Italy, Germany, and Sweden while other nations have been trying to circumvent the

Common European Asylum System, like Hungary, Croatia, and Austria. This committee will

need to find solutions for this migration crisis so the rights of those seeking asylum are protected

and a common system is in place that can handle this crisis. The recent terrorist attacks in Paris,

France on November 13, 2015 have sparked new life in this discussion of asylum policy. While

France and President Francois Hollande have stated that France will not close its borders to

Syrian refugees, it remains to be seen what other nations will do in response to the crisis and the

events in Paris.

14 "Europe's Migration Crisis." Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed October 23, 2015.

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Further Reading

● United Nations High Commissioner for the Status of Refugees. "Convention and Protocol

Relating to the Status of Refugees." Accessed November 18, 2015.

http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html. This document contains the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the

1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, and General Assembly Resolution

2198. This is a great starting point for researching and learning about international

migrant and refugee policy.

● Commission of the European Communities. "Policy Plan on Asylum: An Integrated

Approach to Protection Across the EU." Accessed November 18, 2015. http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0360:FIN:EN:PDF. This is a great document for understanding the basics of European asylum policy. It will

be a good reference for both position papers and committee debate.

● “Europe’s Migration Crisis,” Council on Foreign Relations, last modified September 23,

2015. http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874. This website from the Council on Foreign Relations is a terrific resource for

understanding the history of the crisis, the current challenges EU member states face, and

potential solutions to the crisis.

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Topic B: EU-Russian Economic and Military Relations

One of the most pressing topics for the EU is its relationship with its neighbor and fellow

economic power, Russia. In this topic, we will specifically look at the economic and military

relations between the two powers, which will also include political and cultural relations and

dialogue.

Brief History of EU-Russian Relations

The EU, the successor to the European Economic Community (EEC), was formed after the fall

of the United Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in Maastricht, the Netherlands in 1992. The fall

of the USSR led to the independence and creation of many new states, including the formation of

the Russian Federation (Russia) in 1991. Given the geographic proximity and long history of

interaction and engagement, Russia, led by President Boris Yeltsin, and the EU developed a new

system of relations in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994. With this agreement,

the EU and Russia sought to provide a political, economic, and cultural framework for relations

between the two entities. Although the Partnership was wide-ranging, it was mainly concerned

with EU-Russian trade, investment, and the fostering of positive, peaceful relations. Vladimir

Putin later ascended to the Presidency of Russia in 1999, and the nature of relations between the

EU and Russia have been largely dependent on Putin during his six terms as President. Within

the first term, the EU and Russia had positive working relations, culminating with the creation of

four “common spaces” at the St. Petersburg Summit in 2003. These four “common spaces”

include the following:

1. Common Economic Space. Both the EU and Russia have close economic relations

with each other due to their mutual dependence on energy. Metals and energy make

up 20% of Russia’s economy, and the EU is one of the largest markets for these

goods. Additionally, oil consists of 54% of Russia’s exports, according to the World

Bank.15 The energy that the EU buys from Russia contributes greatly to the Russian

economy, which can help improve the lives of ordinary Russian citizens. On the other

hand, reliable and relatively inexpensive energy from Russia is key to sustaining

Europe’s economic growth.16 In addition, the EU consistently runs a trade deficit with

Russia in the trade of goods, importing about 1.75 times the amount of goods from

Russia that the EU exports.17

2. Common Freedom, Security, and Justice Space. The EU and Russia have established

a relationship centered on “building a new Europe without dividing lines and

15 World Bank Group. “Global Economic Prospects, June 2015: The Global Economy in Transition."

World Bank. Accessed October 11, 2015. 16 European Union External Action. "EU Relations with Russia." European External Action Service.

Accessed October 11, 2015. http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/about/index_en.htm. 17 European Commission. "EU-Russia Trade Indicators 2014." European Commission. Accessed October

11, 2015.

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facilitating travel between all Europeans.”18 Three key areas of EU-Russian

cooperation within this common space include organized crime, terrorism, and human

rights. Since 2005, the EU and Russia have conducted semiannual human rights

consultations in order to discuss mutual respect for human rights and fundamental

freedoms, two issues that are at the heart of EU-Russian relations. However, no

nation is perfect, and the EU certainly has qualms with the Russian government about

human rights, including in Chechnya and the Northern Caucasus regions. The EU

also has consistently expressed concern for the lack of freedom of expression in

Russia, while supporting Russian civil societies and non-governmental organizations

(NGOs). Currently, the European Commission sponsors the European Initiative for

Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), which seeks to promote human rights and

democracy initiatives throughout the world and in specific geographic regions, such

as Eastern Europe and Russia.

3. External Security Space. The EU and Russia cooperate extensively on four key areas

of security, including fighting against terrorism, nonproliferation of weapons of mass

destruction, crisis management, and civil protection. Since its founding in 1991, the

EU has sought to engage Russia on the stability of the European continent. For

example, the EU has been a firm supporter of citizens’ rights in Moldova and in the

Southern Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), and democracy in

Belarus. Currently, the EU is seeking Russian cooperation to assist in resolving the

civil war and political instability in the Ukraine and to gather Russian support for the

EU Missile Technology Control Regime.

4. Research, Development, Education, and Culture Sphere. The EU and Russia have

mutual interests in economic development and modernization through research and

innovation. The EU also encourages integration and closer cooperation between

Russia and EU member states with the new European Higher Education Area, which

was created partially under the Bologna Process. Finally, the EU and Russia work

together to strengthen a common European identity and common values through

cultural cooperation, such as art, music, theatre, and literature.

Current Topics of Concern for EU-Russian Relations

Economics

In this committee, member states will be debating two key parts of EU-Russian economic

relations: economic sanctions on Russia due to the invasion of Crimea and relations between the

EU and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU).

The EU imposed economic sanctions on Russia after the Russian invasion of Crimea, in Ukraine,

in late February 2014. The Crimeans later conducted a referendum, in which they declared their

18 European Union External Action, 2015.

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desire to secede from Ukraine and join Russia. These sanctions have included travel bans for

senior Russian government officials, bans on imports and exports from Crimea and Sevastopol,

and restrictions on access to foreign capital markets for major Russian companies.19 According

to an article published by the Institute of Modern Russia, the goal of these sanctions is to change

the Kremlin’s considerations in regards to its actions in Ukraine.20 However, another article from

the European Council on Foreign Relations proposes the question, “Can Europe define its

goals?” in regards to the sanctions.21 Thus, a key question for the Council of the European Union

will be to determine the political and economic goals and objectives of these sanctions, where

were extended to the end of March 2016. The sanctions have also been seen as ironic and

contradictory. If Europe’s long term political goals are to integrate Russia into the global

environment and bring it out of isolation, according to Krastev and Leonard at the European

Council on Foreign Relations, the EU sanctions are increasingly isolating Russia, which plays

into President Putin’s favor, since Putin has stated that he doesn’t want to be “European.” Thus,

the Council of the European Union will have to investigate how the sanctions can be crafted in

order to get the results the EU wants.

The second major economic topic for the Council to discuss is the Eurasian Economic Union

(EEU). The EEU is seen as one of President Putin’s major foreign policy projects, a Russian

attempt to create an economically-integrated partnership between members of the

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Putin hopes that economic integration can lead to

security and political cooperation among the member nations, very similar to an EU model. The

EEU came into effect in January 2015, and already consists of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia were offered membership in the EEU,

but ultimately decided to choose economic relations with the EU in March 2014. Krastev and

Leonard note that “The establishment of the EEU is a powerful manifestation of the EU’s soft

power – an attempt by Moscow to gain status and recognition by mimicking the institutions and

structure of the EU.”22 Thus, they suggest that the EU should support EEU because it would

signal to Moscow that the EU recognizes Moscow's right to have an integration project of its

own, and could possibly lead to cooperation and competition between the EU and EEU.

However, other nations within the EU could be afraid of Russian expansionism and might favor

a hardline “containment” approach to spreading Russian influence. Thus, the Council will have

to decide on what the best option is in regards to accepting/rejecting interaction with the EEU.

19 European Union Newsroom. "EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis." Accessed October 11,

2015. 20 Pfeifer, Ezekiel. "The Long Winter Ahead for EU-Russia Relations." Institute of Modern Russia.

Accessed October 11, 2015. http://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2214-the-long-winter-ahead-for-eu-

russia-relations. 21 Krastev, Ivan, and Mark Leonard. "The New European Disorder." European Council on Foreign

Relations. Accessed October 11, 2015. 22 Ibid, p. 7.

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Military

The third main area of focus for the Council of the European Union will be Russia’s military

presence in Europe. Since the beginning of 2015, Russia has been harassing many EU nations

with the threat of military intervention and action. As early as November 2014, the Washington

Post reported on Russian harassment of the Finnish military, guiding military planes into Finnish

airspace and deploying submarines and helicopters to chase after Finnish research vessels in

international waters.23 Denmark had a similar confrontation with Russia in March 2015, when

Russia threatened to aim nuclear missiles at Danish warships if Denmark joined the North

Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)’s missile defense system24. Five ministers of defense from

Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland wrote an editorial to the German newspaper

Aftenposten in April 2015 calling for increased security cooperation between the Nordic and

Baltic nations in the face of potential Russian aggression, partially in response to aforementioned

situations in Finland and Denmark. Sweden has also had major issues with Russian

encroachment on Swedish territorial waters within the last year, having to pursue Russian

submarines out of Swedish territory25. The suspicion of Russian aggression in Europe has only

been strengthened by Russia’s involvement in the Ukrainian Civil War. As recently as October

10, 2015, Radio Free Europe reported that NATO was concerned about Russia building new

military bases on the Russian-Ukrainian border26. As members of the Council of the European

Union, it will be your responsibility to discuss how to ensure the safety and security of all

member states in the event of potential Russian military aggression.

Questions to Consider

1. Should the EU continue sanctions on Russia past the expiration date of March 15, 2016?

2. What are the EU’s end goals with its sanctions on Russia?

3. Should the EU recognize the EEU? What should interactions between the two unions look

like?

4. How will the EU and NATO protect against any Russian military aggression?

5. What should be the EU’s policy response to Russian-funded rebel groups in Eastern

Ukraine?

23 Witte, Griff. "Finland feeling vulnerable amid Russian provocations." The Washington Post, November

23, 2014. Accessed October 11, 2015. 24 Jensen, Teis. "Russia threatens to aim nuclear missiles at Denmark ships if it joins NATO

shield." Reuters, March 23, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015. 25 Bentzrød, Sveinung. "Russian aggression: Nordic states extend their military cooperation." Aftenposten,

April 9, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015. 26 RFE/RL. "NATO Expresses Concern After Report Of New Russian Military Base Near

Ukraine." Radio Free Europe, October 10, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.

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Bloc Positions

1. Baltics (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), Nordics (Finland, Sweden, Denmark), and Poland

are most wary of Russia’s military behavior, given their close geographic proximity to

Russia. They are most likely to call for Russia’s full evacuation from Ukraine. Their

position is complicated, however, because many of these nations have large trade

relations with Russia and thus further economic sanctions on Russia could harm their

own national economies.

2. Germany, France, Italy, and Spain all have significant economic ties to Russia.

Therefore, they are more likely to take a moderate approach to the sanctions on Russia.

They might also be for expanding interaction between the EU and EEU in order to reach

more emerging markets. Like the Baltics and Nordic states, many of these nations like

Germany and France have large trading relations with Russia; thus, they will need to

determine a plan for the sanctions that will minimize harm to their own national

economies.

3. Greece, Hungary, and Cyprus see Russia as a potential economic and political ally,

especially as a source of external funding and investment. Thus, they are most likely to

apply the least amount of pressure on Russia in economic sanctions. On the other hand,

they are concerned with Russia’s actions in the Ukraine and Crimea, and fear that they

will also become a sphere of political or military influence for Russia.

Conclusion

The Council of the European Union is committed to providing and upholding the well-being and

safety of its member states. Russia poses the largest threat to economic and political harmony

within the EU given its illegal annexation of Crimea, funding rebel groups in Eastern Ukraine,

and their use of military force to harass Nordic nations such as Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.

But, there is also great potential for improvement of relations between the EU and Russia, such

as through economic trade and potential partnership with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU).

The Council at IUMUNC 2016 will have to determine not only the goals of EU sanctions on

Russia, but also the most effective ways to engage with Russia on the political, military, and

economic fronts.

Further Reading

● EU Relations with Russia, European Union External Action.

http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/index_en.htm. This website provides a great starting point for EU-Russian relations from the EU

External Action Office.

● Tremin, Dmitri, Maria Lipman, and Alexey Malashenko. "The End of an Era in EU-

Russia Relations." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Carnegie Moscow

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Center. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://carnegie.ru/2013/05/30/end-of-era-in-eu-

russia-relations/g7fw. One of the key analytical articles for this topic, Tremin, Lipman, and Malashenko look at

the challenges of current EU-Russian relations and provide some helpful policy

suggestions for improving relations.

● Krastev, Ivan, and Mark Leonard. "The New European Disorder." European Council on

Foreign Relations. Accessed October 11, 2015. This article is valuable because it looks at the current political and economic landscape of

Europe, with specific focus on the EU-Russian confrontations in the Ukraine. This article

is key to thinking about how to set goals and objectives for the Crimea/Ukraine economic

sanctions on Russia.

● Pfeifer, Ezekiel. "The Long Winter Ahead for EU-Russia Relations." Institute of Modern

Russia. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2214-the-long-

winter-ahead-for-eu-russia-relations. This article is also helpful in looking at the economic sanctions on Russia from a political

perspective, using the sanctions as an economic tool to cause regime change.

● Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union. "Agreement on

Partnership and Cooperation." Accessed October 11, 2015.

http://www.russianmission.eu/userfiles/file/partnership_and_cooperation_agreement_199

7_english.pdf. This article is helpful in looking at the formal basis of partnership between the EU and

Russia from the “Common Spaces” that were discussed earlier in this section. The

Russian Mission to the EU website is also helpful in learning more about the Russian

perspective on EU-Russia relations.

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References

Benkovskis, Konstantins, Jūlija Pastušenko, and Julia Wörz. "Assessing the Full Extent of Trade

Integration between the EU and Russia – A Global Value Chain Perspective." Focus on

European Economic Integration 2014, no. 3 (2014): 31-47. Accessed October 13, 2015

Bentzrød, Sveinung. "Russian aggression: Nordic states extend their military

cooperation." Aftenposten, April 9, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.

British Broadcasting Company. “Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe explained in graphics.”

BBC News, November 5, 2015. Accessed October 23, 2015.

British Broadcasting Company. “Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum?” BBC News,

September 21, 2015. Accessed October 23, 2015.

European Commission. “Common European Asylum System.” European Commission,

Migration and Home Affairs. Accessed November 18, 2015.

European Commission. "EU-Russia Trade Indicators 2014." European Commission. Accessed

October 11, 2015.

European Commission. "Road Map for the Common Economic Space – Building Blocks for

Sustained Economic Growth." Accessed October 13, 2015.

European Commission. "The EU's Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of

Moldova and Ukraine." Accessed October 13, 2015. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_

MEMO14430_ en.htm.

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European Council on Refugees and Exiles. “From Schengen to Stockholm: A History of the

CEAS.” Accessed November 18, 2015. http://www.ecre.org/topics/areas-of-

work/introduction/194.html

European External Action Service. "Frequently asked questions about Ukraine, the EU's Eastern

Partnership and the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement." Accessed October 13, 2015.

European External Action Service. "In focus: EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in

Ukraine (26/06/2015)." Accessed October 13, 2015.

European Parliament. "Russia is no longer a strategic partner of the EU, say MEPs." Accessed

October 13, 2015.

European Union External Action. "EU Relations with Russia." European External Action

Service. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/about/index_en.htm.

European Union Newsroom. "EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis." Accessed

October 11, 2015.

Jensen, Teis. "Russia threatens to aim nuclear missiles at Denmark ships if it joins NATO

shield." Reuters, March 23, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.

Krastev, Ivan, and Mark Leonard. "The New European Disorder." European Council on Foreign

Relations. Accessed October 11, 2015.

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