Final Exam Review2014

Oceans:

Coriolis Effect: deflection of moving objects

North= Right (clockwise) South= Left (counter clockwise)

Basin Shape: Coastline AKA the toilet bowl

Major causes of ocean currents

Salinity

INCREASES (salt concentration goes up)

Evaporation Ice formation

Decreases(salt concentration goes down)

Fresh water goes in Rain Surface runoff

Ice Melts

El Nino Conditions:

Trade winds are weak or reversed

Ocean current then is reversed Less hurricanes

Floods in South America Bad for fishing

Droughts in Australia and Indonesia

US warmer winters (Michigan)

Ocean-Atmosphere Patterns

What is a mineral?

Minerals

• 4 basic rules for classifying minerals1. Inorganic

2. Naturally occurring

3. Regular crystal arrangement (solid)

4. Definite Chemical Composition

• Rocks are made of minerals!

Mineral Identification

1. Hardness

2. Luster

3. Streak

4. Cleavage & Fracture

Hardness

• Moh’s Hardness scale– 1 thru 10

– 1 being the softest 10 being the hardest

Hardness

1

• Softest –Can be

scratched by a fingernail

Talc

Hardness

7HardScratches glass

Quartz

Minerals are made of elementsAtomic # = # protons (+)

Atomic mass Protons+ Neutrons

How many neutrons does Iron have?

TimerTimes up!

Atoms of elements can be charged Protons >electrons = PositiveElectrons>Protons = Negative

Charges are shown in superscript

Na 1+

Ores Mineral deposit from which a metal or

nonmetal can be profitably extracted

Native Elements Native element minerals are those

elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

Michigan common ores Aggregate

Sand, gravel Used for construction

Halite / Brine Salt/ Salt water

Used for food Deicing (lowers freezing point of water)

Iron ore Used for industry

Copper Wires Coins

Aggregate is an important ore. Is it a mineral?

I. Igneous rocks are formed from molten material (magma).

A. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when moltenrock cools above ground. Usually they are formedafter the material has been erupted by a volcano.

1. This molten materialcools quickly.

2. No crystals are visibleto the eye.

B. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when molten rock cools below ground.

1. These rocks cool very slowly.

2. There is lots of time for visible crystals to grow

Igneous rock textures

Coarse

mineral grains easily visible (grains several mm in size or larger)

Granite

Igneous rock textures

Fine

mineral grains smaller than 1mm (need hand lens or microscope to see minerals)

Igneous rock textures

Vesicular

(Open spaces, bubbles)

Igneous rock textures

Glassy

Shiny no visible crystals (looks like glass)