final exam review slides
TRANSCRIPT
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
HEALTHY
healthywhole veggies
whole fruits
whole grains
good fats
mod calories
physical activity
limit processed
fats limit
processed meats
Limit refined grains
limit alcohol intake
avoid tobacco
avoid food
additives
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Nutrients needed by the body
Necessary for health and/or survival
Cannot be made by the body
Cannot be made in sufficient amounts
Must be obtained from food
.
Carbohydrates - 4 calories/g
Fat – 9 calories/g
Protein - 4 calories/g
.
.
NUTRIENTS - Energy Yielding
NUTRIENT DENSE FOOD
A nutrient dense food is a food with
a high amount of nutrients (vitamins,
minerals, phytonutrients) and fiber
and a low amount of added sugar,
trans fat, sodium and food additives.
Danger
Safe
Safe
Upper Limit
Accurate view of safety
Danger
Danger of
deficiency
Danger
of
toxicityMarginal Marginal
What most people view as safe
Food Groups
Fruit: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, potassium and fiber
Vegetable: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, potassium, folate, magnesium and fiber
Grains: B-vitamins, iron, magnesium and fiber
Meat: protein, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, B-vitamins (Vitamin B12 is only in animal products)
Legumes & Nuts: protein, folate, thiamin, vitamin E, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc and fiber
Dairy: protein, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, potassium (vitamin A & D only when fortified)
Oils: vitamin E, essential fatty acids
Fruit vs Vegetable
Fruit: plant which includes the seeds of that plant
• (roots, stems, leaves, etc)
Vegetable: the remaining edible portions of that plant
USDA divides foods into subgroups based on nutrients
Phytochemicals
Biologically active substance in plants
Phytonutrients
May protect against chronic disease
• Example: Soy, chocolate, flaxseed, tomatoes, garlic, wine, tea
Anti-oxidants
Antioxidant: quenches free
radicals
protects cellular structures from
oxidative damage
antioxidant blocks progression
free radical
domino effect
Dietary Guidelines: Carbohydrates
Total carbohydrate: 45-65%
Fiber: 25 g/day 38 g/day
Added sugar: < 5% of diet (6-9 tsp/day)
Reduce intake of refined carbohydrates
Added Sugar Upper Limit
Added sugar: < 5% of diet
100-150 calories from sugar/day
6-9 teaspoons of sugar/day
25-35 grams/day
Sucrose Maltose Lactose
Fructose Glucose Galactose
Dis
acch
arid
es
Mon
osacch
ari
des
Images from OpenClipart.com
Digestion image from Wikipedia; bagel from OpenClipArt by Johnny Automatic
starch
glucose chains
maltose
glucose
NA
TU
RA
L
Naturally occurring
Fructose
fruit
vegetables
Lactose milk
glucose/sucrose fruit
Image by ariztravel on FlickrCC
Diabetes
On
se
t
Type I - typically childhood
Type II - typically adulthood
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
Diabetes
Ca
use
Type I - autoimmune
Type II – obesity, insulin resistance, genetics, diet
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
Diabetes
Ca
use Type I – pancreas cannot
secrete insulin
Type II – cells don’t recognize insulin, too much secreted
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
Diabetes
Incid
en
ce
Type I – 5-10% of cases
Type II – 90-95% of cases
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
Refined Carbohydrates
sugar cereals breads pastawhite rice
Photo Credits: Sugar by Martin Cauchon, cereal by Horia Varlan, bread by surlygirl
pasta by KristyR929, rice by Juber Al-haddad on FlickrCC.
What is a Whole Grain?
Whole grains are cereal
grains that consist of the
intact, ground, cracked,
or flaked kernel, which
includes the bran, the
germ, and the inner
most part of the kernel
(the endosperm).
Source: http://www.fda.gov
Wheat kernel image from Wikipedia
Wheat kernel from Wikipedia
Wheat plant by Bluemoose on Wikipedia
Bran and germ removed
during the refining process
Refined products mainly have
the endosperm, which mostly
contains starch
LIP
IDS
Fat Triglycerides
Consumed fat
Stored fat
Sterols Cholesterol
Cell membranes
Nerve sheaths
Bile
Hormones
Vitamin D
Phospholipids
Emulsifiers Lecithin
Lipid bilayerCell
membranes
unsaturated fatty
acid
trans fatty acid saturated fatty
acid
Formation of Trans Fatty
Acids
Image from Wikipedia
Essential Fatty Acids
EFAs are which type of fatty acid?
Saturated fatty acid?
Monounsaturated fatty acid?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
• 20-35% of total calories
Total Fat
• AHA: < 7% total calories
• DRI: < 10% total calories
Saturated Fat
• < 1% of total calories
Trans Fat
• ~1% total calories
Linolenic Acid (omega-3)
• 5-10% total calories
Linoleic Acid (omega-6 FA)
• < 300 mg
Cholesterol
Lipoproteins
• High LDL = Increased heart disease risk
LDL – “bad”
• High HDL = Decreased heart disease risk
HDL – “good”
Image by Xvazquez on Wikimedia
Commons
Protein structure image from OpenStax College, Amino acid image from Inkscape on Wikimedia
Commons
amino acids chainprimary structurenot functional
chain coils sheetssecondary
structure
coil folds & foldstertiary structure join togetherfunctional!
A protein’s shape
determines it’s
function
Image Credits: Background image by Neil Palmer (CIAT) on FlickrCC, by TimVickers and triglyceride
modified
from Wolfgang Schaefer on Wikimedia Commons.
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Protein
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
Acid-base balance
Antibodies
Blood clotting
Enzymes
Hormones (insulin)
Transport (Hemoglobin)
Structures (skin, tendon, etc)
Energy (if necessary)
Protein
Uncoils
In Stomach
Image Credits: Protein by AzaToth, digestive tract from Wikimedia Commons
sucros
e
Image Credits: Protein by AzaToth, digestive tract from Wikimedia Commons
polypeptide
chain
dipeptidetripeptide
amino
acids
protein
Vitamins
.
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
• Dissolve in water
• Easily absorbed and transported
• Not stored in significant quantities
• Rarely toxic from food sources
Water Soluble – Vitamin C & B
• Do not dissolve in water
• Need fat to be absorbed
• Stored extensively
• Can reach toxic levels
Fat Soluble – Vitamin A, D, E & K
.
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Fat Soluble
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vision - > night blindness
Growth and maintenance -> keratinization
Immune defenses - > decreased immunity
Photo Credit: Background photo from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, retina and keratin
from Wikipedia and immune cell from Open iBeta.
Beta-carotene
Pigment in plants
Antioxidant
Precursor to Vitamin A
Converted to Vitamin A
Not absorbed at a high rate
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Sources
• Animal foods: beef liver
Retinol: yellow fat soluble substance
• Plant sources: sweet potato, cantaloupe, red pepper
Provitamin A carotenoids
Vitamin D Deficiency
Softening of Bones
RicketsImage from Wikipedia
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Vitamin D Deficiency
CVD CA Cognitive Asthma DM MS HTN
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Vitamin D Toxicity
Soft tissue calcification
Calcified arteries
Calcification in the heart
Photo Credit: Background photo from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, artery soft tissue
calcification images from Wikipedia and aortic stenosis by Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr at the CDC
Vitamin E Antioxidant: quenches
free radicals
protects cellular
structures from oxidative
damage
antioxidant blocks progression
free radical
domino effect
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
K1: Synthesis of blood clotting proteins
K2: Synthesis of bone proteins
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Vitamin K
K1: Synthesis of blood clotting proteins
• Phylloquinone
• Plant form of vitamin K
K2: Synthesis of bone proteins
• Menaquinone
• Animal form of vitamin K
• Made in intestines, but not well absorbed
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Vitamin K Deficiency
K1: Uncontrolled bleeding
K2: Fractures and heart disease
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
The Gatekeeper and the Traffic Cop
• Controls how much calcium is absorbed
Vitamin D: Gatekeeper
• directs calcium once absorbed
Vitamin K2: Traffic Cop
Vitamin C
Maintenance of connective tissues
• Formation of collagen
Cofactor in the production of carnitine
Antioxidant
Restores Vitamin E to its active form
Supports the immune system
Boosts Iron absorption
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
B Vitamins
Work together
Part of coenzymes
Energy metabolism
New cell synthesis
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center
Thiamin Functions
Energy metabolism in all cells
Assists in metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids
Background image from NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center
Thiamin Deficiency
Beriberi (affects nerves)
Loss of sensation in hands and feet
Muscular weakness
Advancing paralysis
* Nerves & Brain depend on thiamin
Image from Wikipedia
Background image from NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center
Riboflavin
Energy Metabolism
Mouth cracks,
rashes, red tongue
Milk Yogurt Grains
Background image from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Grains by Thagadooran on Wikimedia
Commons, remaining images from Wikipedia
Riboflavin Destroyed by UV Light
Opaque Cardboard UV Glass
Background image from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Organic milk by bilk, Milk bottle by Nick
Piggot on FlickrCC. Kirkland milk from Wikipedia.
Niacin Deficiency
Pellagra – the 4 D’s
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
Photo Credit: Background image from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Pellagra image from Wikipedia
Vitamin B6 Functions
Vita
min
B6
Diverse functions
Involved in over 100 reactions
Amino acid conversion, releasing stored glucose, immune function,
brain development
Background image from NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center
Folate Functions
Fo
late
New cell synthesis
Synthesis of DNA
Synthesis of amino acids
Background image from NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center
Neural tube defects
Fortification of food is
important - Most women
don’t know they are
pregnant for weeks
Folate Deficiency
1991 1996
2001
Incidence of Neural Tube
Defects image from Wikipedia
Photo Credit: Background image from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Vitamin B12
Maintains nerve sheaths
Protects nerve fibers
• RBCs
Important in hemoglobin synthesis
Vitamin B12 Food Sources
Photo Credit: Background image from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Chicken by Trebelrebel on
en.Wikipedia. Tuna from Daniel Case on Wikimedia Commons. Pork, swiss cheese, crab and beef from
Wikipedia.
Crab Pork Tuna Cheese Beef
Human body from Mardigann on
OpenClipArt
Functions of Water in the Body
60%
Water
regulates temperature
lubricates joints
helps kidneys and liver flush out waste
products
moistens tissues
protects organs
helps dissolve minerals transported in the
bloodstreamcarries nutrients and oxygen to cells all
over the body
Image by Keistutis on
OpenClipArt
Recommended Intake of Water
• Men ~ 13 cups per day
• Women ~ 9 cups per day
Water Intoxication• Drinking excessive water + electrolyte loss =
hyponatremia.
Does NOT occur by just drinking too much water.
CalciumMost Abundant Mineral in the Body
Bone
Nerve transmission
Transport of ions
Blood pressure
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
Image by Pbroks13 on Wikimedia Commons
Sedentary Lifestyle
• vitamin D
• calcium
• protein
• sodium
Poor nutrition
Smoking
Excessive alcohol use
Osteoporosis: Modifiable Risk Factors
Osteoporotic Bone by Alan Boyde
Sodium, Potassium & Chloride
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Na
+
Na
+ Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
K+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
K+
Intracellular (in the cell) Extracellular
(outside of the cell)
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Na
+
Na
+ Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
K+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
K+
Intracellular (in the cell) Extracellular
(outside of the cell)
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Maintain cell integrity
Main blood volume
Maintain blood pressure
Help transport nerve impulses
Play a role in nutrient transport
Chloride is part of HCl
Sodium Sources
Image Credits: Salt shaker from Joe King, Doritos by Sean MacEntee, french fries by Jem
Stone, soup by Wilson Hui, burger by Katherine Lim, tv dinner by Daniel Oines, cereal by
Sonny Abesamis
Most people get too much much sodium
Usually from processed foods and fast food
Excess sodium does not cause hypertension - increases risk
Potassium
fluid and electrolyte balance
cell integrity
• Diets high in potassium help decrease the risk of hypertension
heartbeat
Iron
Main Function
• Delivering oxygen to tissues
Oxygen Transport
• Iron containing compound
• Part of hemoglobin & myoglobin
• Store and carry iron
Part of Heme
Hemoglobin image by Zephyris on Wikimedia Commons
Iron Absorption
• Animal sources
• Ranges from 15-35%
Heme (~23%)
• Plant and animal sources
Non- heme (2-20%)
Cow by j4p4n and plant by gsagri04 on OpenClipArt.com
Increasing iron absorption
• Found in Meat, Fish, Poultry
MFP factor
• Powerful enhancers of non-heme iron absorption
Vitamin C
Image credits: meat by rg1024, fish by Keistutis, chicken by
davidone, orange by nicubunu, strawberry by osfor, pepper by
flomar, kiwi by Delug on OpenClipArt.
Iron Inhibitors
• Found in tea and coffee
Tannins
• Milk, dairy products
Calcium and phosphorus
• Found in the fiber of legumes and whole-grain cereals, breads
Phytates
• Phosphoprotein found in eggs
• Iron in eggs has low bioavailability
Phosvitin
Image credits: tea by notKlaatu, milk by Hector Gomez,
bread by mathafix, egg by laobc on OpenClipArt.com
Iodine
Component of thyroid hormone
Thyroid hormones regulate growth, development and metabolism
Thyroxine image by Ju on Wikipedia
Commons
Goiter
• irreversible mental and physical retardation
Cretinism
Breast and stomach cancer
Autism
Iodine Deficiency
Severe goiter picture by Martin Finborud on Wikimedia Commons
Selenium
A mineral which is an antioxidant
Vitamin C & E are also antioxidants
Structure of selenium from Wikipedia
35% obese
27% overweight
30% healthy weight 68%
Overweight
Obese
Extreme obesity
30%
Healthy weight
Percent of Americans Overweight and Obese
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
Stroke
Coronary heart disease
Gallbladder disease
Osteoarthritis
Sleep apnea
Respiratory problems
Background image by Tony Alter
Body mass index table from the CDC: Adapted from Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of
Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report
Body Mass
Index BMI
BMR
TEF
Activity
• Basal
• Metabolic
• Rate
• Thermic
• Effect
• Food
• Physical
• Exercise
Image by Tony Alter on FlickrCC
Age
Height
Growth
Body composition
Fever
StressTemperature
Starvation
Malnutrition
Thyroxine
Elevation
Photo by Tony Alter on FlickrCC
Hormonal imbalance
Consumemore
Become larger
Behaviors
Fructose
Refined carbs
HUNGER• No food in stomach -> ghrelin released
• Ghrelin - > + stomach contractions
• Ghrelin -> + brain to want food
(hunger)
• No nutrients in bloodstream
HUNGER
• Smell of food
• Sight of food
• Stimulate brain endorphins
• Increase desire for food
APPETITE
FOOD
SEEKING• Drive to obtain food
• Start eating
Regulation of Appetite, Food Intake and Satiety
CONTINUED
EATING
• Presence of others
• Social stimulation
• Awareness of satiety
• Lighting, music, taste, time of
day, abundance of food
SATIETY
• Food triggers stretch
receptors in stomach >
signals brain
• Nutrients in intestines >
hormones > signal brain
• Nutrients in bloodstream
signal insulin > signal brain Hot pie by Tom, intestines in Moini, eating out by j4p4n, brain by trubinial guru,
miso soup by gnokii on OpenClipArt
Bread by rdevries, fish by mlamprety, kidney, liver and muscle by
maritacovarrubias on Open Clipart
Feasting
carbohydr
ate
fat
protein
glucose
fatty acids
amino
acid
liver
muscle
fat cell
nitrogen loss
in urin
Llver and muscle by maritacovarrubias on Open Clipart
Fasting
glycogen
stores
fat stores
glucose
fatty acids
ENERGY
Llver and muscle by maritacovarrubias on Open Clipart, protein from
Wikipedia
continued fasting
fat stores fatty acids
ENERGY
ketone bodies
glucose
amino
acidsprotein
Correlation and Causation
• A correlation between a risk factor and a disease does not mean the risk factor causes the disease
Correlation = association
• An act or agent which results in an effect
Causation = produces an effect
Correlation does NOT equal Causation
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
1980 1985 1990
1995 2000
# o
f cable
syste
ms
# o
f death
s f
rom
heart
dis
ease
cable systems purchased
death from heart disease
Correlation and Causation
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2005 2010
Apple Computer
SalesPrevalence of
Diabetes
Buying a Mac
CAUSE Diabetes?Correlation Causation
Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis
Characterized by plaque
Complex inflammatory process!
Images from Wikipedia
Non-modifiable CAD Risk FactorsIn
cre
asin
g a
ge Age
Ma
le g
en
de
r
Gender
Fa
mily
His
tory Genetics
Images from Wikipedia
Modifiable CAD Risk FactorsIn
cre
asin
g w
eig
ht
Obesity
Tobacco Smoking
Hig
h b
lood p
ressure Hypertension
Ab
no
rma
l b
loo
d lip
ids
Dyslipidemia
Insu
lin r
esis
tan
ce Diabetes
Lack o
f exerc
ise Physical
inactivity
Images from Wikipedia
Atherogenic Diet: modifiable risk factor
High in processed saturated fat
High in trans fat
High in cholesterol
High in refined grains
Low in fruits
Low in vegetables
Image from Wikipedia
Hypertension: High Blood Pressure
Heart pumping blood
Size of the arteries
Volume of fluid in vessels
normal blood vessel
narrow blood vessel
bloo
d
flow
bloo
d
flow
Norma
l blood
pressu
re
High
blood
pressu
re
Narrow vessels
Increase pressure
Blood Pressure
Normal: < 120/80 mmHg
High: > 140/90 mmHg
Image by Army Medicine on FlickrCC
Hypertension Risk FactorsAtherosclerosis
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Age
Genetics
Race
Sedentary
Diet
Excess alcohol
Stress
Lower Blood Pressure
Lower sodium intake
Lose weight
Alcohol in moderation
Increase intake of fresh fruit and vegetables
Reduce intake of fat
Increase calcium, potassium and magnesium
Increase physical activity
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
DA
SH
Die
t
Increase calcium
Increase potassium
Increase magnesium
Increase Vitamin C
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
Cancer Development
Carcinogen. DNA Damage
.Cells
multiply.
Promoters.Metastasi
s.
Images from Wikipedia
Exposed to carcinogens daily
Not all carcinogens cause damage
Antioxidants quench free radicals
Body can repair cell damage
Damage not repaired -> cell self destructs
Reduce Cancer
Risk
fruits & veggies
Whole grains
Low in calories
Healthy weight
physical activity
low in sat fat (?)
Limit red meats
Limit processed meats
Limit alcohol intake
Avoid tobacco
Image by The Bitten Word on FlickrCC
Preparing for Pregnancy
Mother is Overweight
greater risk for mother of
Hypertension, DM, drug
induced labor, C-section
Nonpregnant
Pregnant
Lactating
Folate
100%
Supplementation is recommended for prevention - 400 ug of folic acid daily
Fetus needs a store of iron for the first 3-6 months of life
Iron supplementation is recommended during pregnancy
Features of Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the
most common cause of
preventable mental retardation
in the world.
Carbohydrate
Lactose
Easy to digest
Enhance Ca
absorption
Lipids
Main energy source
EFAs
Protein
Easily digested
Lactoferrin- iron
Image from Wikipedia
Vitamins
Vitamin C High
Vitamin D
Low
Minerals
Ca highly absorbable
Low in sodium
High in zinc and iron
Image from Wikipedia
Immune Factors
Anti-viral agents
Anti-bacterial agents
Less prone to GI disorders
Colostrum contains antibodies
Image from Wikipedia
Immune Factors
Breastfed babies are less prone to develop stomach and intestinal disorders
during the first few months of life
Image from Wikipedia
Increase blood sugar in mother
Larger babies
Increased insulin &
blood sugar in infant
Increase risk of childhood
obesity
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Vol. 183, Dec 2014.
maternal junk food
diet
food addiction
later in life
Laboratory rat from Wikipedia
The FASEB. Journal vol. 27 no. 3 1275-1284. March 2012.
Infant Toddler
7% fat
71% water
19% protein
34% fat
51% water
11% protein
body composition
The diet changes more in life between 12-24 months than in any more period in life.
Toddler Nutrient Needs
Protein
regular diet
Carbs
same as adult
Fiber
age + 5
Fatty acids
30-40% of diet from
fat
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Minerals
iron
Om
ega-3
Fatty A
cid
s
Cognitive Development
Decreased Asthma Risk
Growth
Brain Development
Lower risk of ADHD
Peanuts by FlyingDream, Milk by Stefan Kuhn, Eggs by
Bogdan29Roman on Wikimedia Commons
Fo
od
Alle
rgy
adverse
immune response
food protein
Hives by DLDoubleE on Wikimedia Commons
Symptom list from HealthLine
Mild Symptoms
• sneezing
• stuffy or runny
nose
• Itchy, water eyes
• swelling
• rash
• stomach cramps
• diarrhea
Severe Symptoms
• difficulty breathing
• swelling of the lips,
tongue or throat
• hives
• dizziness or
faintness
• nausea or vomiting
Food Allergy
Recognized as foreign
Immune response
Food Intolerance
Not an allergy
Unpleasant symptom
Food Aversion
Intense dislike
Grow out
Peanuts by FlyingDream, Milk by Stefan Kuhn, Eggs by
Bogdan29Roman on Wikimedia Commons
Seniors
Vitamin A
• Recommendation decreases due to increased absorption
Vitamin D
• Recommendation increases > 70 yo
Water
• Same: adequate hydration important!
Iron
• Recommendation decreases – iron status improves.
Calcium
• Recommendation increases – absorption decreases
Microbes
Infection
Ingest, grows, disrupts normal body functions
Intoxication
Produce a toxin, triggers
illness
Enterotoxin
Grows in GI, produces toxins
Photo by Eric Erbe of the Agricultural Research Service on Wikipedia Commons
microbes
Good
fermented foods
yogurt
Bad
food spoilage
pseudomonas
Ugly
pathogens
foodborne illness
shiga-toxin
low infective dose < 10 organisms
bloody diarrhea
severe intestinal cramping
dehydration
kidney failure
death
E Coli O157:H7
Image by Jmol Development Team on Wikimedia Commons
Shiga-toxin
Binds to blood
vessels walls
Results in hemorrhage
.
Bacterial Contamination
Bacte
rial C
onta
min
ation
Animal intestines
Contaminated water
Manure for fertilizer
Bathroom to Kitchen
Org
anic
Cro
ps
No synthetic pesticides
No synthetic fertilizers
No sewer sludge
No irradiation
No GMOs
Org
anic
Meat Health & Welfare
Standards
No antibiotics
No hormones
100% organic feed
Access to outdoors
Pe
sticid
es
Control insects, weeds, diseases
4.5 billion lbs of pesticides/year
Linked with birth defects, tumors in
animals
Effective?
Pros Cons
Not nutritional superior?
High cost
25% of organics have pesticides
Benefits environment
Limits pesticide resistance
Minimize pesticide exposure
desired geneDonor Commercial Variety
desired gene
New Variety
many genes transferredrDNA Technology
only the desired gene
is transferreddesired gene
Natural Crossbreeding Technique
GMO Pros
GMO Cons
High cost to farmers
Cross pollination
Failure to confine
Insects become resistant
Food shortages
Nutrient deficiencies
Medicine shortages
Dwindling farmland