FINAL EXAM Test Review **It would be easy to simply flip through this powerpoint as you fill in your TEST REVIEW SHEET** If you print it out, use HANDOUT format6 Slides per page! (saves paper and is easier to study from) Greek Legacy Considered foundation of Western Civilization Developed Direct Democracy Did not rely on superstition Developed 3-branches of Government Heavily influenced the Romans ROMAN EMPIRE Established 1 st Republic Embraced Written Law Adopted Christianity Had written language (Latin) Rules Europe for 1,000 years! Collapses in 476 CE Middle Ages follow rule of Rome: CE Renaissance/Reformation Middle Ages Collapse of Roman Empire: Marks start of Middle Ages ( ) Leads to eventual formation of 47 new countries Allows the Roman Catholic Church to rise in power Begins a period of cultural decline End of the Middle Ages Europe suffered through both war and plague The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed 1/3rd of the population in Europe [ ] The Middle Ages Trade Expands Merchants gain wealth/power City-States develop Individualism Secularism Humanism New modern society Development of the Renaissance Renaissance Italy Key Historical changes: Social: Economic: Cultural: Religious: Political: Increased city living Increased Trade & Banking New focus on art & literature Less focus on afterlife Merchant class gained power Time PeriodSignificant Contribution (Themes/Subject Matter) Techniques/StylesArtists/Other Late Middle Ages Religious/Biblical Stiff, Still Life of Christ Extensive use of Gold Flat 2D Tapestry, Mosaic, Stained glass Relief sculpture (flat) wood, stone Painted on wood Limited painting (egg tempura) Not known, did not sign work Italian Renaissance Biblical/ old & new Testament Allegorical Portraits/ Middle Class Merchants Glorified beauty & youth Ability to make prints developed Fresco painting Oil painting on wood & canvas 3D-depth (perspective) Marble used for sculpture Michelangelo Rafael Botticelli Da Vinci Northern Renaissance (Flanders, Belgium, Germany) Mocked the Church --had complaints with Roman Church Genre (everyday life) Symbolism 1 st to use oil Very vibrant Not as life like--but more detailed 3D paintingsnot as accurate Van Eyck Durer Bosch Bruegel The Reformation Begins The 95 Theses unleashed a revolution Luther did not want to split with the church He only wanted to start a debate He was VERY surprised by the revolution End Result of Reformation Protestant Churches flourish Religion no longer united Europe Monarchs and States gained power Paved way for the Nation-State Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Occurred in ASTRONOMY Old Belief: Geocentric Theory Copernicus develops heliocentric theory 1 st Challenge to old Science Why was Copernicus Scared? Copernicus Galileo Galilei Supported & expanded work of Copernicus The Enlightenment What: 1600s marks the beginning of intellectual period known as the Enlightenment Reached peak in mid-1700s Importance: Enlightenment raised new ideas which helped launch the French & American Revolutions Why: Developed from the ideas of Scientific Revolution The Philosophes French word for Philosopher Reached height in France during 1700s They were social critics who applied reason and logic to life. Concepts of Philosophes Reason Truth could be discovered through reason and logic Nature natural laws of both politics & economics Happiness live by natures laws Progress believed you could perfect society Liberty Believed in personal freedom Rousseau Montesquieu John Locke Man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains Power should be a check to power all men have certain natural rights: The right to life, liberty and property FRENCH REVOLUTION The Old Regime Remained from the system of feudalism (Middle Ages) People of France were divided into estates. The estates were known as: 1st, 2nd & 3rd Estates The Three Estates of France Platform for Revolution Enlightenment Ideas Unfair Estate System Economic Woes of France Weak Leadership of Louis XVI Reign of Terror 1-Year in Length July 1793-July ,000 executed in Paris Marie Antoinette executed Up to 40,000 total The Directory July 1794 Robespierre executed People are tired of the Terror National Assembly forms a new body called The Directory This body puts Napoleon in charge of the Army 3 Mistakes of Napoleon The Continental System 1806 The Peninsular War 1808 The Invasion of Russia 1812 Congress of Vienna Leaders of Austria, Prussia, Russia & Great Britain Europe wanted long lasting peace feared more war (French aggression) Congress was supposed to last 4- weeks it lasted 8 months A Weaker France Wanted France weaker, not destroyed Kept original borders from 1790 Goal was to create peace & balance in Europe Constitutional Monarchies ruled in both Britain & France Industrial Revolution Industrialization Changes Society Living in cities vs. countryside Created a new family structure Initially, led to large scale human suffering Agricultural Revolution Movement to Cities Population Explosion Factories: a new way to work New family structure New Economic Rules Increased Food Production A Chain Reaction Some Good News: Working conditions slowly improved Life expectancy increased Two views of Economics Karl Marx Adam Smith Wrote the Communist Manifesto [1848] Wrote the Wealth of Nations [1776] Father of Free Market Economics or Capitalism Proposed Government control of the economy Imperialism Europe Slowly develop modern day borders Nationalism controls boundaries & governments Lines of east vs. west develop Italy & Germany unite into Nation States Nationalism Loyalty not to a King or an Empire Loyalty to a Nation that share a common culture, language, history, etc New Nation States formed New Balance of Power Industrialized countries compete More colonies offer wealth/power Nationalism Imperialism Had existed since 15 th century Industrialization created a larger need for Imperialism became increased focus for Industrialized countries (called New imperialism) Motives for Imperialism Economic Political Ideological- (social Darwinism) Religious Exploratory World War I New Modern War Poison Gas Machine Gun Airplanes Tanks Submarines M.A.I.N. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism 4 Causes of World War I Powder Keg Explodes Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Bosnia June 12th, 1914 He was assassinated by a Serbian Austria-Hungary uses this to punish Serbia The Western Front The Schlieffen Plan worked well at first: swept through Belgium STALEMATE occurred on Western Front Russia attacks on Eastern Front Russias difficult fight Russia army was LARGE but poorly equipped Shortage of food, guns and ammunition Kept Germany busy by accepting huge casualties 1916 reduces war effort & 1917 exits war Face Civil War at home Vladimir Lenin Signs Peace Treaty with Germany 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: greatly reduces size of Russia Eastern Front Warfare War in Ottoman Empire Allies were desperate to end the stalemate Gallipoli Campaign Strategy: large attack on the Gallipoli peninsula which will open a supply line to Russia Result: Allies are defeated & suffer 250,000 casualties British, French, Australian & New Zealand troops fight Zimmerman Telegram What: German telegram promising support to Mexico in a War against the U.S. Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany [April 2nd 1917] President Woodrow Wilson The Final Battle Germany places all effort into the Western Front A SECOND Battle of the Marne River occurs 2-million fresh American Troops help overpower German soldiers Allies steadily march into Germany Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918: War on the Western Front The Central Powers Crumble Austria-HungaryOttoman EmpireGermany Internal Revolution Empire Ends Surrender Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down Germany declared Republic Total Paris Peace Conference 4 leaders meet at Versailles Each leader wanted something different Germany was NOT invited Legacy of Treaty of Versailles Germany was not invited to peace conference Severely punished financially Forced to accept blame for war Italy was left angry Was promised the Adriatic coast by allies Britain ignored promises to Jews, Arabs & Indians Promised independence United States does not join the League of Nations Conference mostly ignored Woodrow Wilsons 14-points The Cost of the War European towns/cities were destroyed Countries of Europe economically destroyed heavily in debt to the United States 8.5 million people killed, 23 million injured Countries left angry & disillusioned