final fall 2013 archaeology of

8/13/2019 Final Fall 2013 Archaeology Of

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156. achaemenid rock tombs(left)

sasanian rock reliefs(right)

largest sasanian rock reliefs

2 emperors-- valerian and philip the arab

kartir had his own figure carved into the rock relief

inscription in middle persian

81. Achaemenid Susa

Darius chose as administrative capital

built around 520/518 BC after suppressing rebellions

small residence compared to Babylon

then moved same people to persepolis to build ceremonial capital

119. administrative tablets-- from Persepolis

economic texts written in elamite

17. aerial view of tepe agbatana

earliest things found were Parthian from 3rd century BC

Final Fall 2013 Archaeology of Iran C163 and C259Study online at quizlet.com/_irxco


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60. Air view of Citadel

surrounded by walls made from mud brick

43. Air View of Pasargadae

174. Air views of takht-e suleiman

top pictures:air views from eric schmidt

bottom pic:picture from 1970--no military function, 2 major gates one in north, one in south

93. apadana cross section

encased old mound and then build foundations on top,


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126. Ardashir

(224-242 AD)

125. Ardashir

Papakan

(224-241)

on of papak

early coin-- depicted with late parthian crowninscription in middle persian

fire altar on back-- religious affiliation

127. Ardashir's

achievements

224: Put and end to the Parthian dynasty by killing the last Parthian king, Artabanus V, in the battle of

Hormuzdigan, probably in Khuzestan.

225-230: He defeated the rulers of Armenia in the northwest, and began the invasion of Roman

territories in Mesopotamia and Syria.

According to Dio Cassius, "he [Ardashir] bestowed that he would win back everything that the

ancient Persians had ever held, as far as the Grecian Sea, claiming that all this was his rightful

inheritance from his forefathers."

230: He besieged Nisibis in Syria, and captured most of Syria, counterattacked by Roman forces, and had to retreat.

238: He invaded Syria once more, taking both Carrhae and Nisibis. He also broke the defenses of

Hatra (northern Mesopotamia), which had withstood sieges by Trajans and Septimus Severus.

230-240: Internal reforms of army and government. He established a strong central government by

appointing members of his family to be at the head of key provinces and employed a large

bureaucracy. Religious reform, by establishing a formal state church or religious. Reform in coinage and control over

weight and mint places. As early as his reign, he associated his son, Shapur, directly with himself.

240-242: Joint rule of father and son as indicated on coins showing their two heads.

63. Arrian,

Anabasis,6.29

Alexander himself with his lightest infantry and with his cavalry guard and some of his bowmen, marched (from

Carmenia) towards Pasargadae in Persis. And he was grieved at the insult inflicted upon the tomb of Cyrus, the son ofCambyses, seeing that he found the tomb of Cyrus broken open and despoiled, as Aristobulus tells us. For the latter sa

that there was in Persis, in the royal paradise, the tomb of that Cyrus. About it had been planted a grove of all kinds of

trees, and it was watered with streams, and deep grass bad grown up in the meadow. The tomb itself in its lower parts

had been wrought of squared stone in the form of a square; and

above was a house (Aiwa) upon it, of stone, roofed, having a door that led within, so narrow that hardly could one

man, and he of no great stature, enter even with much difficulty. In the house was placed a golden coffin, where the

body of Cyrus was buried, and a conch beside the coffin.. . And the tomb was inscribed with Persian characters ; and

they said in Persian as follows : ' 0 man, I am Cyrus, the son of Cambyses, who founded the Empire of Persia, and was

King of Asia. Grudge me not therefore this monument.


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57. Artists Rendering of Pasagardae

68. ashlar masonry

smoother surfaces, surrounded by rough bricks

(disregard the holes)

6. Ashurnasirpal II

rebuilt capital city of Nimrud

initiated the policy of controlling trade routes from Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia

162. Bishapur building diagram

palace, temple

hall of mosaics-- roman style


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161. Bishapur City or Tang-e Bolhayat??????

geometric greek plan, built by roman prisoners

city wall next to river

first excavated by Gershwin and then an iranian team

164. bishapur palace-- dome collapsed

wall paintings

dome reconstruction by gershwin

154. bishapur rock relief

sassanian kings and roman emperors

155. bishapur rock relief closeup

3 roman emperors

1 captured-- valerian

1 dead-- gordian-- killed in battle

1 signing a treaty-- philip the arab


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163. Bishapur, excavated remains

75. bisitun chart

picture of people chained in front of Darius

the guy with a pointed hat added later-- defaced inscritos to add him

77. Bisitun Cliff-- for perspective

scaffolding to bisitun

difficult to access

76. Bisitun Mountain

73. Bisutun inscription and reliefs

image of Darius and then 2 people holding spear and bow


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74. Bisutun Reliefs

picture of people chained in front of Darius

the guy with a pointed hat added later-- defaced inscritos to add him

inscription written in old persian 415 lines of cuneiform, elimite 600 lines, and

babylonian 100 lines

the most important version is in elimite

babylonian is abstract

166. building called temple

a water channel surrounding building

association with goddess anahita

120. Characteristics of the Achaemenid cities 1. Royal cities

2. Scattered buildings (Pasargadae) vs grouped buildings and complexes at Persepol

and Susa

3. No significant city wall

4. Frequent use of columned halls

5. Combination of columned halls with large, intermediary spaces

6. Isolation of buildings by porticoes, gates, and staircases

7. Combination of mud-brick and stone with wooden ceilings and columns

8. Decorated façades: sculptured panels, molded bricks , glazed bricks,

use of paint and wall painting.

9. Result of a team work, groups of artists composed of various peoples

of the empire.

122. Chronological framework of the Sasanian

Empire

330 BC: Destruction of Persepolis, end of the

Achaemenid empire

326 BC - 200 BC: Seleucid supremacy in Iran

and Mesopotamia

200 BC - 224 AD: The Parthian empire (Arsacid

empire)

200 BC: the Persis dynasty ruling first under the

Seleucids then under the Parthians .


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188. Chronology of Ctesiphon: -A camp of the Parthian army founded by Mithradates I (ca. 171-38 BC)

-1st century BC: Foundations of Ctesiphon under Artabanus II and Pacoru

- 1st century AD: Vologeses I established a trade centre in the area.

-116: Capture of the city by Trajan

- 165: Capture of the city by Avidius Cassius

-198: Capture of the city by Septimus Severus

-226: Coronation of Ardashir

-230: Foundation of Weh-Ardashir or the round city

- 363: The Battle of Ctesiphon between the Sasanians and Romans-Mid-5th century: change in the course of the Tigris

-500: Settlements on the new east bank of the Tigris (Aspanbar)

-531-79: Foundation of a new settlement southeast of the Aspanbar the

construction of Taq-e Kasra (great eyvan) under Khosrow I

-638: Battle of Qadesiyah between the Muslim Arabs and the Sasanians

-639: Capture and plundering of Ctesiphon by the Arab army

71. clamps used in achaemenid buildings

helps in dating the monuments

new type of architecture

inscription naming Cyrus

date 540-520 BC

184. Clay impressions with the name of

Atudgushnasp

37. Close up of impression of Kurash (Cyrus) the

anshanite, son of Teispes (from Grraison)

18. Close up of Tepe Agbatana


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51. Closeup of Pasargadae Inscription on Pillar

194. Ctesiphon, stucco decoration panels 6th

century

38. Cyrus Cylinder

most important piece of information from Cyrus, found in Babylon by british in

1879about the capture of Babylon by Cyrus in 539

names himself king

79. darius account from bisitune I am Darius the great king, king of kings, the king of Persia, the king

of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the

Achamenid.

2. King Darius says: My father is My father is Hystaspes; the father of

Hystaspes was Arsames; the father of Arsames was Ariaramnes, the

father of Ariaramnes was Teispes; the father of Teispes was

Achaemenes.

3. King Darius says: That is why we are called Achaemenids from

antiquity we have been noble; from antiquity has our dynasty been

royal.4. King Darius says: Eight of my dynasty were kings before me; I am

the ninth. Nine in succession we have been kings.

5. King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazada I king; Ahuramazda

has granted me the kingdom.


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80. darius account from bisitune 52. King Darius says: This is what I have done. By the grace of

Ahuramazda have I always acted. After I became king, I fought

nineteen battles in a single year and by the grace of Ahuramazda I

overthrew nine kings and I made them captive.

62. King Darius says: This is what I have done in one single year; by

the grace of Ahuramazda have I always acted. Ahuramazda brought

me help, and the other gods, a ll that there are.

70. King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazda this is the inscription

which I have made in Aryan, and did not existed here before. It wascomposed on clay tablets and on parchment. Besides, a sculptured

figure of myself I made. Besides, I made my lineage. And it was

inscribed and was read off before me. Afterwards this inscription I sent

off everywhere among the provinces. The people unitedly worked upon

it....

66. dash kuli, Anatolia monument

tomb

104. diagram and map of apadana at Susa--Darius?

courtyards paved in mud brick

top plan as well

very limited access-- because the king lives there

access of audience hall from the back

117. diagram from persepolis


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85. diagram of achaemenid susa

raised apadan mound height

built a city wall

susa was never fortified

susa sits on glaci-- slanted slopes

monumental gates for palace-- monumental gates

late 5th century apadana palace burned down-- built shar palace while rebuilding apadan

22. Diagram of Nush-i Jan Columned Hall

111. diagram of persepolis

64. Diagram of Tomb of Cyrus


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185. diagram,

columned

halls for

receptions

more fire temples

31. Different

phases of

construction

at Godin

Tepe and

overview of

columned

hall

107. Diodorus of

Sicily, The

Historical

Library,

book 17. 250

The city is surrounded by a triple wall, of which the outermost was sixteen cubits or twenty-seven feet high (8 m),

crowned with battlements, the second, thirty-two cubits or fifty-four feet (15 m), and the third or innermost, sixty cubit

or one hundred and two feet high. The third enclosure in shape was four-sided, and the wall thereof was in height sixty

cubits (30 m), made of hard stone, well suited to last forever. Each of the sides had gates of brass, and by them palisad

of brass of twenty cubits, the one set up for safety, the others to strike terror into the beholders And on the side of the

citadel towards the east, at a distance of four hundred feet, is a mountain called the Royal Mountain, in which were the

sepulchers of the kings. ... In this citadel were many lodgings, both of the king and of his generals, of very costly

equipment, and treasuries well contrived for the guarding of money.

90. DSF-- darius

susa F

clay tablet fragments

achaemenid

written in old persian-- one of the rarest tablets

script invented by persians either under cyrus or darius

text about construction of palace in susa

33. The Early

Persians

844: The first mention of the Persians by Shalmanesar III

Parsua possibly the land of the Persians

691: Persians named as one of the allies of the Elamites

650: Parsumash mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions

646: Ashurbanipal's campaign against Elam

Kurash (Cyrus I) mentioned in Assyrian texts.

612-549: The Median kingdom

550: The advent of Cyrus II (the Great)


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182. entrance to

fire temple

entrance to fire temple and then view inside

built of fired brick and mud brick, then covered in plaster

32. Evidence for

the

Achaemenid

Empire I

Textual Evidence

1. assyrian and babylonian inscriptions

2. achaemenid royal inscriptions administrative tablets

3.greek stories and texts

called persians

4.the bible

archaeological remains

1.pottery-- we don't know much--most of the ceramics found are post achaemenids

2.seals and coins

administrative seals are very important

3. minor arts: metalwork

4.architecture: monumental and royal s ites

5.settlement pattern

1. Evidence for

the Medes

1. Textual Evidence: Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions (best source: records and correspondence between kings,

administrators, and genera), Greek histories and texts (Herodotus)

2. Archaeological remains: pottery (buff ware), architecutre (columned halls), and settlement pattern

124. examples of

coins from

fars

158. excerpts of

inscriptions

Excerpts from Shapur's inscription on the walls of the Kaaba Zardusht, Naqsh-e Rustam.

When at first we had become established in the empire, Gordian Caesar raised in all of the Roman Empire a force from

the Goth and German realms and marched on Babylonia against the Empire of Iran and against us. On the border of

Babylonia

at Misikhe, a great 'frontal' battle took place. Gordian Caesar was killed and the Roman force was destroyed. And the

Romans made Philip Caesar. Then Philip Caesar came to us for terms, and to ransom their lives, gave us 500,000denars,

and became tributary to us. In the third campaign, when we attacked Carrhae and Urhai [Edessa] and were besieging

Carrhae and Edessa, Valerian Caesar marched against us. He had with him a force of 70,000 from Germany,

Rheineland, Noricum, Dacia, Pannonia, Moesia, Istria, Spain, Africa (?), Thrace, Bithynia, Asia, Pamphylia, Isauria,

Lycaonia, Galatia, Lycia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, Phrygia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judaea, Arabia, Mauritania, Germania,

Rhodes, Mesopotamia. And beyond Carrhae and Edessa we had a great battle with Valerian Caesar. We made prisoner

ourselves with our own hands Valerian Caesar and the others, chiefs of that army, the praetorian prefect, senators; we

made all prisoners and deported them to Persia.


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181. Eyvan in front of the fire temple complex

monumental entrance

39. Facts about Cyrus Cyrus the Great

The Cyrus Cylinder dated to 539 BC

The foundation brick from Ur dated to 539 BC

The Bisutun inscription

The Nabonidus Chronicles dated to the Hellenistic

period

The inscriptions of Pasargadae

Herodotus' Histories

Historians of Alexander: Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus

The Bible

Pasargadae: tomb of Cyrus and his palacesCambysis

Babylonian inscriptions.

The Bisutun inscription

A stepped building similar to the Tomb of Cyrus

130. fars, southern iran

99. figures on pedestal represent the different nationalities of the

empire

183. fire temple and diagram


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180. fire temple diagram

and archive

buildings

131. firuzabad

bishapur

150. firuzabad city

layout

segments

center marked by square building

temple tak machine

in a plain, round city, river runs through

gorge controlled

Firuzabad- early sassanian site, built during ardeshir, founder of the dynasty while he was a vassal of the

parthian king, defensive features-- the fortress and the city wall/moat surrounding, materials: cant say much

never excavated


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147. firuzabad palace diagram

dome on square buildings-- partha/sassanian invention

146. Firuzabad, Palace

blocks of stone

extensive use of mortar

plastered and decorated133. firuzabad, qaleh dokhtar

stone, mortar, plastered

143. Firuzabad, Shahr-e Gur

sassanian

round shape

2 major ones- one in fars: darab and

inspiration for 1st city of baghdad2 km shape, 20 segments

4 major gates, city wall of mud brick, moat surrounding wall


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118. The

Foundation

Tablets of the

Apadana @

Persepolis

found in stone box

mentions conquest of india by darius

92. full text on

DSF

ionian--

greeks from

asia minor--stone cutters

@ Susa

Darius' inscription about the construction of the palace at Susa. (DSf) This palace which I built at Susa, from afar its

ornamentation was brought. Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth. When the excavation ha

been made, then rubble was packed down, some 40 cubits (app. 14 m) in depth, another part 20 cubits (app.

7 m) in depth. On that rubble the palace was constructed. And that the earth was dug downward, and that the rubble

was packed down, and that the sun-dried brick was molded, the Babylonian people -- it did these tasks. The cedartimber, this -- a mountain named Lebanon -- from there was brought. The Assyrian people, it brought it to Babylon;

from Babylon the Carians and the Ionians brought it to Susa. The yakâ-timber was brought from Gandara and from

Carmania. The gold was brought from Sardis and from Bactria, which here was wrought. The precious stone lapis

lazuli and carnelian which was wrought here, this was brought from Sogdiana. The precious stone turquois, this was

brought from Chorasmia, which was wrought here. The silver and the ebony were brought from Egypt. The

ornamentation with which the wall was adorned, that from Ionia was brought. The ivory which was wrought here, w

brought from Ethiopia and from Sind and from Arachosia. The stone columns which were here wrought, a village

named Abiradu, in Elam -- from there

were brought. The stone-cutters who wrought the stone, those were Ionians and Sardians. The goldsmiths who

wrought the gold, those were Medes and Egyptians. The men who wrought the wood, those were Sardians and

Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick, those were Babylonians. The men who adorned the wall, those wer

Medes and Egyptians. Darius the King says: At Susa a very excellent work was ordered, a very excellent work was

brought to completion. Me may Ahuramazda protect, and Hystaspes my father, and my country.

114. Gate of All

Lands

Xerxes'

inscription

(XPa)

egyptian style doorway

old persian, elamite, and babylonian inscriptionmentions in inscription that it is persepolis

40. Genealogy of

the

Achaemenids


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28. Godin Tepe Air View

30. Godin Tepe Columned Hall

stone column bases

wood columns

bench around hall

it was a gathering place for people

NO temple at Godin Tepe

but large storage area

27. Godin Tepe Diagram

central/western iran

air view of mound

30 meters high

mud brick construction

big archeological trench


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29. Godin Tepe Plans

top image:plan of Godin tepe period II

finds left to right

2 columned halls

2 major rooms

and storage area

bottom image: first occupied in 4th millennia BC occupied until islamic period

1st period is the latest, last period earliest

Young was criticised by destroying median columns to get to earlier periods-- but he

found interesting thin

169. google earth of takht-e Suleiman

build near lake, artesian lake-- water source

there was a late iron age temple

108. google maps view of persepolis and

pasargadae

persepolis in bottom left

near anchon

67. gur-e dukhtar. fars

possibly tomb of Cyrus the Younger

Cyrus conquered Ionia in 546 BC-- brought greek influence


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15. Hagamon Mountain

48. half fish/man from Assyria in Pasargadae

165. hall of mosaics

mosaics-- in louve

19. Hamadan

found city wall but can't date it

9. Hasanlu

In the Solduz valley


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10. Hasanlu air

view

citadel mound,column halls-- wooden columns, oldest column halls on Iran

11. Hasanlu

Diagram and

Model

BB-- Burned Building- burned by Urartians in 800 BC

red wall build by Urartians after they destroyed the city

78. henry creswicke

rawlinson

1835-1844 first inscription reading

also a decipherer of the cuneiform script

16. Herodotuson Ecbatana

Ecbatana, the capital of the Medes, in western Iran, was built as a place of great size and strength fortified by concentr walls, these so planned that each successive circle was higher than the one below it by the height of the battlements.

The circles are seven in number, and the innermost contains the

royal palace and the treasury. The circuit of the outer wall is much the same in extent as at Athens. The battlements of

the five outer rings are painted in different colors, the first white, the second black, the third crimson, the fourth blue,

the fifth orange; the battlements of the two inner rings are plated with silver and gold respectively.

112. image of

excavated

Persepolis

remains


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113. image of platform at Persepolis

monumental staircase built by Xerxes

most of buildings built or completed by Xerxes

doing what his father began-- following dads plans

100. image of text-- old persian, elamite, and babylonian on statue

of Darius

96. images of statue of Darius

statue buried inside later remains and walls and islamic wal

(left image)

157. inscription in 3 different languages-- 2 persian types and

greek

65. inside of tomb of cyrus

mosque paraphernalia


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148. interior of rooms of firuzabad palace

plastered

squinches in corner

141. Investiture of Ardashir, Naqsh-e Rustam, near

Persepolis

receiving ring of power from aru massad(supreme god of

zoroastrians)

3. Iron Age Periods and Ceramic Hoizons Iron Age I (1400-1200) : Early Western Grey Ware

Iron Age II (1200-800): Late Western Grey Ware

Iron Age III (800-600) Western Buff Ware

5. Iron Ore deposits

160. Jundishapur or Gundeshapur, Khuzestan

never excavated but destroyed my modern agriculture


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35. Kurash (Cyrus) the Anshanite, son of Teispes

(from Grraison)

seal impressions with inscription of 7th century BC, found in Persepolis

fortification tablets

189. Location of Ctesiphon

in Mesopotamia, south of Baghdad

capital city of parthians and sassanians

eastern side of Tigris

72. Map

Bisutun

most important document of Darius

on highroad western iran

connecting plateau to mesopotamia


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2. Map of Ancient Near East

4. Map of Assyrian Empire

down to Egypt, and into western Iran

didn't want to colonize-- they wanted to secure major trade routes-- metals, stone, wheat, barley, horse

190. map of ctesiphon

series for cities and ruins

blue line-- old bed of tigris river

diagram of excavation of ctesiphon

123. map of fars


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34. Map of First Persian Tribes

first Persian tribes in western Iran in the Zagros mountains then they moved south east

41. Map of Important Sites

Hamadan-- 2 inscriptions carved in stone from time of Darius and Xerxes

fragments written in old persians

also found plaques of gold and silver

in Babylon

2 kings resided in Babylon

Dahan-e Chulaman-- the gate of slaveseastern iran

129. Map of Iran

all of mesopotamia was part of iranian empires from achaemenid empire to 7th century

besides being located in southern iran of fars

locations include place south of baghdad

and in armenia


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12. The Medes and the Persians: Iranian speaking tribes of the Central Western

Iran.

-Medes and Persians appear in history in the

latter part of the ninth century B.C.

- Parsua mentioned in 844 in the inscriptions of

Shalmaneser III.

- Media mentioned in 835 in the inscriptions of

Shalmaneser III.

14. The Medes and their sites Textual evidence:

1. Herodotus' Histories

2. Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions

Archaeological evidence:

1. Excavations at Tepe Nush-i Jan

2. Excavations at Godin Tepe

3. Excavations at Baba-Jan

4. Excavations at Tepe Ozbaki

13. Median kings Diaukku (Dioces) 700-647--unified the Median tribes-capital in Ecbatana

Alvand Mountain is near there- difficult mountain pass

Mount Bikni

Kashtariti (Phraortes) 647-625-- founded median kingdom in the 7th century

The Scythian invasion 625-597-- from the caucasus-- invaded Uratu and median

territories

Huvakhshatra (Cyaxares) 624-585-- defended the Median kingdom from invasion

captured Nineveh in 612 BC and conquered Assyria

May 23, 585 BC-- battle-- Medians knew of a full eclipse won the battle

Ishtumigu (Astyages) 585-550-- [grandfather of cyrus the great]was defeated by Cyru

the Great

102. monumental gate completed by Xerxes at

susa

82. More Achaemenid Susa

main achaemenid palace on apadana

apadana means columned hall/audience hall

right image-- columned hall and royal residences with 3 interior courtyards


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101. more

inscription of

Darius stature

knot: inscription in hieroglyphics

statue made in egypt-- then la ter there was a rebellion in egypt Xerxes brought the statue of his dad darius back to su

"The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, master of the ritual accomplishments, Darayavahush, may he live forever. Th

perfect god, master of the Two Lands, Darayavahush, may he live forever"

110. More Pictures

of Persepolis

8. Neo-Assyrian

Empire and

Urartu

900 - 700 BC

Neo-Assyrian Empire:

- Ashurnasirpal II: Rebuilt the capital ci ty of Calah (Nirmrud)

- Shalmeneser III of Assyria defeats the first known king of

Urartu, Aramu (856 B.C.). His military expeditions in the central

western Zagros encounter the Persians (844 BC) and then the

Medes (836 BC).

-Urartian kings, Ishpuini and Menua invade the northwestern Iran,

defeat the Manneans (c. 800).

- Sargon II of Assyria: Military expedition (Sargon's EightCampaign) to the region of Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran

(712).

23. Nush-i Jan

Diagram of

Storage Area

everything is made of mud brick

earliest use of vaults in mud brick

26. Nush-i Jan,Temple and

Long Stair

case


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24. Nush-i Jan, Temple Drawing

25. Nush-i Jan, Temple Pictures

53. Palace 'P', Pasargadae

56. Pasagardae Central Garden


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55. Pasagardae Column Construction

anathyrosis

greek technique

54. Pasagardae Stones

buildings were used as stone quarries later

42. Pasargadae

earliest remains from the Achaemenid empire

40km north of persepolis

very cold in winter--snows

first explored by Ernst Herrfeld

49. Pasargadae Column Hall Plan

Cornerstones: Antae

corner square rooms

iranian plan


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47. Pasargadae Entrance Reliefs

46. Pasargadae Palace of the Column

52. Pasargadae Palace Reconstruction

extensive use of columns

50. Pasargadae Pillars

inscription mentioning Cyrus in 3 languages-- old persian, elamite, babylonian

I cyrus an achaemenid king


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44. Pasargadae

Ruins

105. Persepolis

515/516 BC Darius started to build Persepolis

larger site than Susa

once Susa was almost complete, Darius started building Persepolis

Persepolis located in Fars

106. Persepolis

diagram

citadel

1 large audience hall-- apadana same size and plan as sua

palace of 100 columns-- bc there were 100 columns

treasury-- has columned halls

built on high platform-- extensive use of columned halls

116. Persepolis

Graffiti

Abacker Coldyben dutch painter scratched his name into the gare, more british graffiti, schulenburg-- ambassador o

Nazi's in Tehran-- grafitis name at gate of all lands


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170. picture of "mountain" is a water source

formed by the sediments

picture of sessanin ruins of takht-e Suleiman

61. picture of base of the Citadel

similar to Greek architecturemudbrick walls

175. picture of lake and map of takht-e Suleiman

channels coming from the lake

warm water-- 20 degrees Celsius

109. picture of persepolis

located at foot of a mountain145. picture of ruined palace-- in firuzabad


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186. picture of small fire temple

84. pictures of susa finds in louve

upper part of columns from Apadana

double bull heads

sometimes use lions

144. plan of firuzabad city

tunnel/channel to move water

kings palace was outside the city

136. Qaleh Dokhtar Pictures

I'm pretty sure this is Ardishir's castle.


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134. Qaleh Dokhtar, Firuzabad

aerial view, valley, river in middle

135. Qaleh Dokhtar, Firuzabad diagram

earliest domes on a square building

137. Qaleh Dokhtar, Firuzabad, engraving by Forsat Shirazi in Asar-e Ajam

86. reconstruction of audience hall @ susa

stone columns,

mud brick walls

89. reconstruction of courtyard of palace at susa


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103. reconstruction of the palace at Susa (Darius)

4 interior courtyards, small residence, built on mud brick raised platform-- gla

slanted edges

179. reconstruction of tower for tourists @ takht-e

suleiman

87. relief of the Immortals at Susa

glazed bricks

decorated interior courtyards and rooms of palace

58. remains of building Zendan


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59. replication of what Zendan would have looked like

Greeks say it is a coronation center

128. Sasanian archeology has: architetural remains

objects

inscriptions and texts

there is a lot of this

information

121. The Sasanian empire Map

(in yellow)

empire that replaced parthian empire

sasanian centered in Fars

cits of istar-- no monumental remains found

95. section east of apadana-- Susa achaemenid period

found remains of later periods

found a lifesize statue of darius

headless statue-- couldn't find the head


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36. settlement pattern of 5th/6th

century BC

top= Fars IX

bottom= Khuzestan X

7. Shalmanesar III

Son of Ashurnasirpal II, first met in expedition to the east meeting the persians (844 BC) and

then the medes (836 BC)

152. Shapur I (242-271)

Shapur I 242-271

son of Ardashir

called shapur the great-- because he fought against the romans

most sassanian coins in silver, east roman coins were in gold


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167. shapur statue,

carved out of stalactite in a cave, 5 km southwest of Bishapur

159. Shushatr, Sasanian bridge

177. south gate of site takht-e

Suleiman

and reconstruction of south gate

149. squinches

squinches: help put dome on square building

bottom right image is the pantheon in Rome, built in 35 BC--dome on circular building invented

romans


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97. stature made in egypt

on pedestal symbol of lower and upper egypt

Darius dressed in persian, persian dagger

stone from quarry in egypt

88. Susa Art achaemenid period

sphynx and lion

98. symbol of lower and upper egypt on statue of Darius


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176. takht-e Suleiman diagram

1st period: sassanian and 2 temple complexes, 1 large palace

2nd period, mongols summer palace

187. takht-e Suleiman view from lake

139. Tangab, Firuzabad, investiture of Ardashir

receiving ring from his god

140. Tangab, Firuzabad, victory of Ardashir over Artban V

20 metres long rock relievesimilar armor


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193. taq-e kasra, ctesiphon diagram

191. Taq-e Kasra, Ctesiphon, 1888

6th century palace, east side of tigris

made from fired brick

192. Taq-e Kasra, Ctesiphon, photos

taken by Herzfeld in the 1920s

largest arch of its kind

70. technique of anathyrosis

technique of anathyrosis

column shafted

and traces of toothed chisel


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20. Tepe Nush-i Jan

located on natural hill, 38 meters high:4 major buildings:storage area, temple,

columned hall, another small temple

21. Tepe Nush-i Jan- Side View

small valley in the mountains

the medes were made of tribal chiefs controlling a couple of fortresses

west of the Alvand mountain

151. terbal, firuzabad (tower and

reconstruction diagram)

there was a staircase surrounding it

91. text found in 1970s-- a foundation

deposits

Foundation

table,

Apadana,

Elamite

version


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142. text from 11th

century-- about

construction of

firuzabad

alexander the

great never went

to firuzabad

At the time when Alexander the Great was overcoming all these lands, he found himself unable to conquer this

place, for on all sides you had to descend to it by passes. Thereupon he caused the river to be turned from its bed,

and directed its course so as to flow over the city, whereby he laid it in ruin, and made the place a lake. Ardashir

Babakan wished to drain the lake dry, in order to restore the city to its former state. Burazah, his engineer, cut a

tunnel in the high bank, and when the water began to pour through he bound a chain about his waits to keep

himself in

safety, but water had such power that the chain snapped, and so he perished. Now this tunnel in the lapse of tim

has fallen in, and it has become a gully. Thus king Ardashir restored the city, calling it by the name of Ardashir

Khurah. Later it was rebuilt by Azad al-Dowlah, who renamed itFiruzabad. Hamdullah Mostowfi, The Geographical Part of Nuzahat al-Qolub, pp. 116-117

168. timeline Ardashir (224-241): Put an end to the Parthian kingdom; wars against the Romans; political reform; economic

reforms, religious reform; organization of a strong army

Shapur I (241-271): Wars with the Roman empire; war against of the Kushans in the east; new foundations in

Khuzestan (Jundishapur, Shushtar); his meetingwith Mani; rise of Kartir.

Shapur II (309-379): War with the Arabs in the south; conquest of Indian territories; conquest of Caucasus; war

with Rome; limitation of the religious power of priests. But, the persecution of Christians in reaction to the Roma

empire's policy. New foundations like Eyvan-e Karkha near Susa.

Vahram V (421-438): War against the Hephtalites in the east.

Kavad (488-531): War against the East Romans with the help of the Huns and Hephtalites. The rise of the

Mazdak.

Khosrow I (531-579): War and peace with the Byzantines. Economic reforms; suppression of the Mazdakids.

Constructions at Ctesiphon and Takht-e Suleiman

Khosrow II (590-628) : Military operations against the Byzantines . Capture of Syria and the Levant, capture of

Jerusalem (614), Alexandria (619), Egypt (621). Constantinople was besieged in 626. Counteroffensive of the

Byzantines under Haraklius. Capture and destruction of Aturgushnasp (Takht-e Suleiman).

153. timeline of events 240: Coronation

242: First Roman war against GordianGordian was killed, Philip the Arab swore friendship and concluded a treaty

252: Second war with Rome over the control of Armenia and Anatolia

260: Third war with Rome, capture of Valerian, Roman emperor, in Edessa on the

Euphrates, north of Syria.

- His encounter with Mani, policy of tolerance towards others religions

- Rising of priestly power of Kartir, chief-priest of the state religion.

171. timeline of

visitors to takht-e

suleiman

1900: Williams Jackson gave a detailed description of Takht-e Suleiman

1935: Aerial photography by Erich Schmidt

1937: Survey and exploration by Arthur Upham Pope and Donald Wilber

on behalf of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology

1944: Minorsky's article: the identification of the site with Parthian Phraaspa

1958: Hans Henning von der Osten and Rudolf Naumann visited the site1959-1979: Excavations by the German Archaeological Institute

1998-2004: Restorations by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization.


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62. tomb of Cyrus

solated monument today

south of plain, near gorge

made of stone-- pictures taken in 1920s

in medieval times it was a mosque

the tomb of solomon's mother

69. Toothed chisel tools

from Nylander's book

indicator for dates-- help date pasagarde

tool invented in Greece in 550 BC

introduced in Iran by Darius after 520 BC

(cyrus didn't have these tools)

132. view from qaleh dokhtar

view from maiden castle

94. view of palace-- picture middle building is #3 on diagram


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172. view of water source

zendan suleiman (drawing)-- not important to sassanian takht-e suleiman

115. view/reconstruction of large staircase

monumental gate and apadana

138. views from firuzabad

173. views of village near takht-e Suleiman

178. views of wall and lake

retaining wall, stone and mortar

takht-e Suleiman, not original height-- soil needs to be removed

right image:picture of retaining wall, surrounded by stone


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83. William Kenneth Loftus

british archeologist

briefly excavated Susa in 1851

45. winged figure-- possibly Cyrus

description in 3 languages: old persian, elamite, and babylonian

elimite dress, egyptian crown

representing the regions of the empire

final fall 2013 archaeology of

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