CPO #9 Hillsboro Airport Lead Forum

Hillsboro Airport Lead Emissions – Facts and Solutions

November 12, 2013Hillsboro Main Library

Lead Forum Panel1. Henry Oberhelman,Hillsboro Airport Roundtable Exchange

2. David Farrer and David Dreher, Oregon Health Authority

3. Dr. Justin Denny, Washington County Health and Human Services

4. Sara Armitage and Anthony Barnack, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

5. Miki Barnes, Oregon Aviation Watch

6. David Breen, Port of Portland

7. Mary Rosenblum, Oregon Pilots Association

8. Paul Koprowski, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

How much lead is in a typical #2 pencil?

A. Trace amountB. Mostly leadC. Small amountD. None

Answer: D

Source: Justin Denny, MD MPHDeputy Health OfficerWashington County

How are children most commonly exposed to lead?

A. By eating itB. By breathing itC. By drinking it

Answer: A

Source: Justin Denny, MD MPHDeputy Health OfficerWashington County

What aircraft operating out of Hillsboro Airport (HIO) are currently using lead based fuel?

A. Private corporate jetsB. Fixed wing piston

engine airplanes and helicopters

C. Oregon Air National Guard aircraft

Answer: B

What amount of lead, in pounds per year, is currently being emitted by aircraft

operating from the Hillsboro Airport (HIO)?

A. 100-200 Lbs.B. 201-500 Lbs.C. 501-1,000 Lbs.D. 1001-1,500 Lbs.

Answer: D – approximately 1,400 lbs. in 2007

Source: 2009 Draft Environmental Assessment on Hillsboro Airport third runway proposal – emissions figures from 2007

How many Ore. Dept. of Environmental Quality air quality monitors currently exist AND

measure lead in Washington Co./Hillsboro?

A. Zero (0)B. One (1)C. Five (5)D. Ten (10)

Answer: B

CPO 9 Aviation Lead Emissions

A special thank you is due to CPO 9 and its Chair, Tom Black, for preparing this panel discussion. It is unusual to see in a community involvement venue the number and qualifications of such a panel.

The lead used in the aviation fuel commonly called avgas, is recognized by the EPA and the FAA as an unacceptable source of environmental pollution and is targeted for replacement.

Henry Oberhelman, CPO 8 Representative, Hillsboro Airport Roundtable Exchange (H.A.R.E.)

Since the completion of the 2005 Hillsboro Airport Master Plan the Port of Portland has been sponsoring a Hillsboro Airport Roundtable Exchange (HARE) to address conditions relevant to the airport. The high concentration of local flight training using avgas prompted HARE to work towards compiling a fact-based summary for the following areas:

• Leaded Fuel replacement schedule• Cost impacts to Leaded Fuel users• Health impacts on individuals • Lead emission modeling

Opportunities

• Refine the lead emission modeling to accurately reflect actual aircraft operations and the lead emission impact at the household level.

• Take the decision to reduce aviation operations using leaded fuel balancing fuel replacement schedule and health impacts.

David FarrerDavid Dreher11/12/2013

Public Health DivisionHealthy Homes Programs

Children’s* Blood Lead(2009-2010)

*Ages 1-5 (i.e. <6 years)¶National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals

General U.S. Population¶ (µg/dL)

50th Percentile 1.15

75th Percentile 1.70

97.5th Percentile 5.00

Percent of Children’s Blood Lead TestsGreater Than or Equal to 5 µg/dL

(Oregon Health Authority)

Children less than 6 years old at time of test.

2010All of Oregon 2.93%

Washington County 2.13%

U.S. General Population 2.5% of kids under 6 have BLL greater than or equal to 5 µg/dL

Summary

• No “safe” level of lead exposure• Reduce exposure wherever possible• “Zero” lead is not possible• Our data did not show an association between

distance from airport and blood lead, but our data had too many limitations to rule out a correlation

• Public health focuses resources on lead sources that contribute the most lead to the most kids (i.e. lead-based paint)

What you can do now• Get your child screened to find out your child’s blood lead level• Find out whether you have lead paint in your house• If you have lead paint:

– Take appropriate precautions if you do renovations– Make sure lead paint is in good condition and not chipping or peeling

• Go to www.healthoregon.org/lead to learn about more sources of lead and how to avoid them

• Remove shoes before entering house • clean dust with a wet rag regularly, especially window sills, door jams,

and any other friction points where paint may be scraped off as dust• Make sure kids wash hands often to avoid ingesting dust that may be

contaminated with lead• Eat a healthy diet high in iron, calcium, and zinc

Lead

Justin Denny, MD MPHDeputy Health officerWashington County

How much lead is in a typical #2 pencil?

a. Trace amountb. Mostly leadc. Small amountd. None

Answer: D

How are children most commonly exposed to lead?

a. By eating itb. By breathing itc. By drinking it

Answer: A

True or False?

• The level of concern of lead in a child was > 60 μg/dL in the 1960s and is now > 5 μg/dL

• A. True• B. False

Answer: True

Lead exposure

• Often occurs without any symptoms and can go unrecognized.

• It is diagnosed by a blood test, screening in children <5 (ideally between ages one and two) who are considered at risk.

• The most important risk factors is living in or spending a lot of time in a house built before 1978.

Symptoms of lead poisoning• Children poisoned by lead and may not look or act sick.

• An estimated average of 6 IQ points may be lost due to lead poisoning with BLLs in the range of 1–9.9 μg/dl.

• Lead effects on a child can be permanent and irreversible.

• Possible signs and symptoms of lead poisoning in children and adults: – Tiredness or loss of energy; hyperactivity; irritability or crankiness;

reduced attention span; poor appetite; weight loss; trouble sleeping; constipation; aches or pains in stomach; kidney and liver damage; hearing damage.

Elevated blood lead levels

• Can result in learning disabilities and behavioral problems. – Can also be prevented with early screenings and by reducing

or eliminating lead exposure• In the last 5 years, 60,000 blood lead tests were

performed on children under the age of 6 in Oregon (4%).– 64% BLLs less than 2 μg/dl– 35% were 2-10 μg/dl – 91 tests in the 15-19 μg/dl range (0.15%)– 79 in the 20-44 μg/dl range (0.13%)– 7 in the 45-69 μg/dl range, and 1 > 70.

Public Health Action Level: Child (< 18 years: > 5 μg/dL, Adult (≥ 18 years) >25 μg/dL

Public Health Role• US CDC recommends public health action when child’s BLL > 10 mg/dL

– Elevated BBL in children must be reported to local public health

• Public health interventions include:

– investigating the likely source of the lead– testing others who may be at risk– providing resources about lead remediation– tracking follow-up testing of blood lead levels

• From 2010-2012, # cases of elevated BLL reported to Washington County Public Health in children (7 m – 9 y): 12

• Parents should remember that lead exposure most commonly occurs in the home. – cleaning up any paint chips or dust– keeping places where children play clean and dust-free– washing hands often and especially before eating.

Lead paint

• The most common cause of lead exposure both nationally and in Oregon.

• Over the last decade, lead paint was the identified source in approximately 60% of the childhood lead cases in the state.

Key Messages

• There is no “safe” level of lead exposure.

• Almost all of the childhood blood lead levels in Oregon over 5 µg/dL can be explained by something other than aviation gas.

• Lead paint is the most common cause of lead exposure both nationally and in Oregon and prevention of lead poisoning will continue to focus on young children at risk of lead ingestion.

Key things parents can do now to lower risk of lead poisoning in their children

1) Have your child screened by his or her health care provider2) Ensure good nutrition, diet rich in iron3) Teach good hand-washing4) Minimize the amount of dirt and dust tracked into your home5) Repair any peeling paint, especially in older homes

Hillsboro Lead Modeling and Monitoring

CPO 9 MeetingNovember 12, 2013

Sarah ArmitageAnthony Barnack

30

Portland Air Toxics Solutions (PATS)

31

Portland Air Toxics Solutions Model

32

Summary of PATS Model Results

33

Location of DEQ air toxics monitor in Hillsboro

34

Monitoring for Gasses, Metals, Particulate

35

Five months of Hillsboro monitor lead data

36

Comparing monitored lead data in North Portland and Hillsboro

37

EPA Airport Lead Monitoring

38

Contact Information

39

Sarah Armitage - DEQ Air Toxics503-229-5186Armitage.Sarah@deq.state.or.us

Anthony Barnack – DEQ Monitoring503-693-5708Barnack.Anthony@deq.state.or.us

Paul Koprowski – EPA Air Program Coordinator503-326-6363Koprowski.Paul@epa.gov

The mission of Oregon Aviation Watch is to enhance and protect the quality

of life for Oregon residents by eliminating the adverse impacts of

aviation activity.

OregonAviationWatch.orgPO Box 838

Banks, OR 97106info@oregonaviationwatch.org

503-324-0291

Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of lead. “…once an elevated blood lead concentration has been detected, it is too late to prevent lead’s deleterious effects on the developing brain. This fact, plus the very low blood lead levels established to negatively impact development indicate that the only way to prevent childhood lead poisoning is to prevent lead from ever getting into children’s bodies.”Source: Lidsky, T I. and Schneider, JS. Lead Neurotoxicity in Children: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Correlates. Guarantors of Brain (2003), 126, 5-19.

Estimates indicate “that the U.S. incurs $43.4 billion annually in the costs of all pediatric environmental disease, with childhood lead poisoning alone accounting for the vast majority of it. This is a very high cost to our society, which include medical costs, disability, education and parental lost work time.” Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Lead Toxicity . (August 2010). Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/docs/lead.pdf.

Why is Lead of Concern?

41Oregon Aviation Watch

“Lead that is emitted into the air can be inhaled or, after it settles out of the air, can be ingested. Ingestion of lead that has settled onto surfaces is the main way children are exposed to lead originally released into the air.”Source: Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Using Leaded Aviation Gasoline: Regulatory Announcement. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA.). (April 2010) . Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nonroad/aviation/420f10013.htm.

The symptoms of ADHD include extreme hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentiveness and distractibility. ADHD often co-occurs with conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. Background low-level lead exposure, well below the 5 mcg/dL level of concern established by the CDC in 2012, is associated with ADHD. “Blood lead levels from 1 to 10 ug/dL are associated with lower child intelligence quotient (IQ), weaker executive cognitive abilities, behavior symptoms of ADHD and diagnosis of ADHD in community surveys.”Source: Niggs, JT, Knottnerus, GM, Martel MM, Nikolas, M, Cavenaugh, K, Karmaus, W, Rappley, MD. Low Blood Lead Levels Associated with Clinically Diagnosed Attention Deficit/Hyperactvity Disorder and Mediated by Weak Cognitive Control. Biological Psychiatry. V. 63 Issue 3. pgs. 325321. (2/1/08).

“Lead is particularly dangerous to children because their growing bodies absorb more lead than adults do and their brains and nervous systems are more sensitive to the damaging effects of lead… In children, the main target for lead toxicity is the nervous system. Even very low levels of lead in the blood of children can result in:

Permanent damage to the brain and nervous system, leading to behavior and learning problems, lower IQ, and hearing problems

Slowed growth, anemia, In rare cases, ingestion of lead can cause seizures, coma and even death

Source: Learn About Lead. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Available online at http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/learn-about-lead.html.

Lead Exposure and Health Impacts in Children

42Oregon Aviation Watch

Medical research has identified a causal relationship between lead and hypertension, coronary heart disease, decreased red blood cell survival, delayed puberty onset in both males and females, and impaired male reproductive function.

A likely causal connection was found between lead and cancer, impaired female reproductive function, birth outcomes (low birth weight, spontaneous abortion), decreased resistance to bacterial infections, declines in cognitive function, and increases in depression and anxiety.

Source: Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (June 2013). EPA/600/R-10/075F. Pg. lxxxiii to lxxxvii.. Available online at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=255721#Download.

Oregon Aviation Watch 43

Lead Exposure and Health Impacts in Adults

After completing a study of airports in 6 North Carolina Counties, Duke University researchers concluded that, "living within 1000 m [2/3 mile] of an airport where aviation gasoline is used may have a significant effect on blood lead levels in children. Our results further suggest that the impacts of aviation gasoline are highest among those children living closest to the airport."

Source: Miranda, M.L., Anthopolos, R., Hastings D. A geospatial analysis of the effects of aviation gasoline on childhood blood lead levels. Children’s Environmental Health Initiative, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University. (July 2011).

Study on Airports and Blood Lead Levels in Children

44Oregon Aviation Watch

Due to serious health risks associated with lead, it was phased out of automotive fuel between 1973 and 1996 and banned as a paint additive by 1978. Despite the dangers associated with this toxic substance, the general aviation industry persists in using leaded fuel.

More than half of lead emissions into the air nationwide in 2008 were from piston engine aircraft.Source: Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (June 2013). EPA/600/R-10/075F. Pg. lxxviii. Available online at

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=255721#Download

“There are approximately 167,000 aircraft in the United States and a total of 230,000 wordwide that rely on 100 low lead avgas for safe operation.”Source Fact Sheet – Leaded Aviation Fuel and the Environment. Federal Aviation Administration. (6/19/13). Available at www.faa.gov.

Why does the U.S. have nearly 3 times as many lead emitting piston engine aircraft – 167,000 vs. 63,000 for the rest of the world combined? Clearly, other countries throughout the world have managed without this glut of publicly finanaced general aviation aircraft and airports.

“Lead concentrations in air increase with proximity to airports where piston-engine aircraft operate.”

Source: Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft Using Leaded Aviation Gasoline: Regulatory Announcement . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA.). (April 2010) . Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nonroad/aviation/420f10013.htm.

At this point there is no date set by which the FAA and EPA can or will ban 100LL [leaded aviation fuel].

Source: Leaded Fuel Use in General Aviation Aircraft. Port of Portland. Available online at http://www.portofportland.com/pdfpop/HAIR_LeadedFuel.pdf.

Piston Engine Aircraft Major Source of Lead Emissions

45Oregon Aviation Watch

The vast majority of the approximately 220,000 annual take-offs and landings at HIO are piston engine training and recreational flights, many of which circle repetitively over nearby residential communities, schools, day care centers, and parks at altitudes below 2,000 feet. Additional practice flights train over prime farmland, waterways, and surrounding communities. Port of Portland estimates indicate that HIO alone is responsible for emitting 0.7 tpy, 1400 pounds.HIO landing and take-off cycle lead emissions are expected to increase to 0.8 (tpy), 1600 lbs. by 2016 and 0.9 (tpy), 1800 lbs. by 2021.Source: Hillsboro Airport Parallel Runway 12L/30R Draft Supplemental Environmental Assessment. Prepared for Port of Portland. (3/15/13).

HIO is surrounded on three sides by residential communities and on the fourth side by farmland. The blood lead levels of the children impacted by this airport have not been obtained or analyzed. Hillsboro’s 35 public schools serve over 20,600 students.Source: Hillsboro School District website at http//www.hsd.k12.or.us/AboutHSD/PublicDataPortal/FactsandFigures.aspx

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Hillsboro Airport (HIO) - Lead Emissions

Oregon Aviation Watch

Hillsboro Airport and Lead Hillsboro Airport (HIO) emits more lead than any other airport in

the state. It is in the top one percent and ranks 21st out of nearly 20,000 U.S. airports nationwide in lead emissions.

Source: EPA Memorandum from Hoyer M . and Pedde , to the Lead NAAQS Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0735. 11/18/10.

Piston-engine general aviation aircraft use lead based fuel whereas commercial jets do not. The majority of the training and recreational operations flying in and out of HIO require leaded fuel.Source: Lead Impacts from the Use of Leaded Aviation Gasoline in the United States. Environmental Protection Agency: Technical Support Document (EPA420-R-08-020),. (October 2008).

2007 HIO Annual Operations (take-offs and landings) – 224,461

• Corporate Jets - 7,008• Air Taxi/Commuter -

6,860 • Military - 300• Flight Training & Hobbyist

- 210,293

Source: FAA APO Terminal Area Forecast Detail Report, (Dec. 2010)

47Oregon Aviation Watch

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Hillsboro Airport

Troutdale Airport

Portland-Mulino Airport

Portland International

Total = 1.06 tpy 0.681 0.189 0.101 0.089

Port of Portland Airport Lead Estimates 2005 (tpy)

Data included in this graph was obtained from a DEQ public records request.

48Oregon Aviation Watch

Port of Portland 2005 Lead EmissionsLanding and Takeoff (LTO)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Hillsboro Airport (0.681)

Aurora State Airport (0.217)

McMinnville Municipal Airport (0.193)

Troutdale Airport (0.189)

Scappoose Industrial Airpark Airport (0.188)

Portland-Mulino Airport (0.101)

Portland International (0.089)

Starks Twin Oaks Airpark Airport (0.062)

Sportsman Airpark Airport (0.032)

Chehalem Airpark Airport (0.031)

Lenhardt Airpark Airport (0.017)

Portland Downtown Heliport (0.013)

Vernonia Airfield Airport (0.008)

Skyport Airport (0.005)

2005 Lead Estimates: Airports Within 20 NM of Hillsboro

Total = 1.826 tpy

Data included in this graph was obtained from a DEQ public records request

49Oregon Aviation Watch

The Oregon Department of Environmental (ODEQ) quality map, above, was developed for the Portland Air Toxins Solutions Project. The areas in the pink to red shades denoted above benchmark lead levels in the vicinity of the Hillsboro Airport. DEQ’s decision to withdraw this map was based on a 2010 non-peer-reviewed Port of Portland commissioned CDM study. No authors affixed their individual names to the CDM report nor was their any indication of EPA involvement or community participation. Though DEQ accepted the Port study it admitted that, “DEQ has not conducted an analysis to compare the study to its Portland Air Toxics Solutions model.”

This map was created, for illustrative purposes only, by Oregon Aviation Watch to show the Hillsboro Airport landing and take-off cycle lead impacts based on the adjacent map.

Lead Cloud over Hillsboro (Approximate)

Source: Portland Air Toxins Solutions Project Modeled Lead Data and the Hillsboro Airport. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Last updated 1/20/12 .

50Oregon Aviation Watch

Hillsboro Airport Leaded Avgas

Overview

November 12, 2013

David BreenAir Quality Program Manager

Topics

• Information about high octane leaded fuel use• Understanding Impacts to the air shed

– HIO Emissions Inventories / Dispersion Modeling• Finding a safe, high octane substitute for leaded avgas

– Federal – Local

Types of Fuel used at HIO

Two types of FuelJet fuel (Jet A) used in either compression ignition

engines or turbine engines. Examples: Jet aircraft, turbine engine helicoptersAvgas (aviation gasoline) is an aviation fuel used to

power spark-ignited piston-engine aircraft. Examples: Smaller propeller driven aircraft and

propeller driven helicopters.

Criteria Pollutants

Federal Air Quality Standards

Federal Engine Emission

Standards, etc.

Oregon Ambient Benchmark

Concentrations (52)

Air Toxics

54

Air Quality Context

Federal Actions to replace leaded Avgas

1) Established Performance metric: “ A replacement fuel for leaded aviation gasoline is available by 2018 that is usable by most aircraft

2) Unleaded Avgas Transition (UAT) Plan is FAA’s mitigation strategy to find a replacement for leaded fuels.

3) Established unleaded aviation gasoline R&D program4) Aircraft / Engine unleaded fuel certificates

Short-term local actions

Hillsboro Airport Roundtable Exchange- Lead Working Group

- Consider; logistics, fuel supply, etc. - Recommendations

Summary

Air quality• Portland-Vancouver airshed is in compliance with

Federal standards

Actions to replace leaded Avgas• Federal – just over 4 years• Local – HARE working to identify interim actions at

HIO

Getting The Lead OutMary Rosenblum, President, Oregon Pilots Association

GA Options

New 100 UL Fuels Mogas Power