final lexicon ek - cdri · 2019-01-02 · its meaning. the reason the lexicon contains many...

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© Economic Lexicon

PaKTI 1³ Gg;eKøs - Exµr Part One: English – Khmer

PaKTI 2³ Exµr - Gg;eKøs Part Two: Khmer – English

erobcMeday Epñke)aHBum<pSay én viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

Cambodia Development Resource Institute

PMñeBj/ tula 2006

Economic Lexicon

Copyright © 2006 Cambodia Development Resource Institute

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the Cambodia

Development Resource Institute.

ISBN 99950-52-00-8

Cambodia Development Resource Institute

56 Street 315, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh PO Box 622, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

℡ (855-23) 881-384/881-701/881-916/883-603 (855-23) 880-734 e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.cdri.org.kh Editing: Publishing Team Design and Layout: Em Sorany and Oum Chantha Printed and bound in Cambodia by JSRC Printing House

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Foreword I am pleased to introduce a new edition of CDRI’s Economic Lexicon, an English-Khmer and Khmer-English guide to technical terms in economics and related fields such as accounting, banking, finance, and development. CDRI's recent experience in publishing, and contributing to a range of publications, conferences, seminars and workshops, has shown that there is a real need for such a resource to assist stakeholders in Cambodia's development to use more standard and easily understood terms in Khmer and English when writing about development issues. Our new 2006-10 Strategic Plan includes a commitment to produce research products that are more flexible and appropriate for Cambodia. This new edition of the Economic Lexicon is an expression of that commitment. We hope that it will help promote the expansion of development material originally written in Khmer, and the quality of translation from English material into Khmer. The lexicon is in two parts. Part 1: The English-Khmer Lexicon, is a revision and expansion of the last edition published in 1995. Over the past 10 years there have been many developments in technical language. This is especially true for the Khmer language, where many new words have been created and many others have changed their meaning or become more specific. Also, many more technical Khmer documents are being produced by various institutions taking different approaches to the use of language. CDRI, like many other institutions, publishes technical and policy documents on a wide range of development-related topics. Wherever possible, CDRI's editorial team makes great efforts to use words that are already in use in official documents and to refrain from creating new words. This is not always easy as official documents may use different Khmer words to express the same meaning, so choices have to be made as to what would be the most commonly understood word or term. Sometimes a new word or term needs to be used for a new concept which

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does not yet have a specific translation in Khmer. Wherever possible a combination of simple words is used to express any new idea or concept. Part II, The Khmer-English Lexicon, is new. It has been compiled in response to requests from many of our readers who may have some difficulty with Khmer technical terms, especially new ones. Where there is no exact equivalent, this lexicon provides the nearest translation. It does not contain a detailed explanation for each word, and the reader is advised to use the English word to further research its meaning. The reason the lexicon contains many headwords of Pali or Sanskrit origin is that their meaning is not immediately obvious to the general public. Wherever any one particular word is not very much in use, the reader is referred to another word more frequently used or more readily understandable. Extensive research and the opinions of many people have gone into the compilation of this lexicon. CDRI would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this final product. We hope this lexicon will serve as a tool to help readers to make better use of both CDRI publications and the broader development literature. We see the lexicon as a continuous ''work in progress' so would welcome any comments or suggestion from readers to help improve and expand on the current edition.

Larry Strange Executive Director CDRI

October 2006

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buBVkfa

´manesckþIrIkraysUmENnaMbgðajCUnnUv sTÞanuRkmecjpSayfµIeday vbsG EdlCa bNþúMBakübkERb Gg;eKøs-Exµr nig Exµr-Gg;eKøs kñúgvis½yCMnajbec©keTsCaeRcIn dUcCaxag KNenyü FnaKar hirBaØvtßú nigkarGPivDÆn_CaedIm . bTBiesaFn_naeBlfµI²rbs; vbsG kñúgkar e)aHBum<pSay nigkarcUlrYmeFVIGtßbTpSBVpSaysnñisIT sikçasala )anbgðajfa ÉksarEbbenH mantMrUvkareRcIn sMrab;CYydl;mCÄdæanGñkBak;B½n§nwgkargarGPivDÆn_RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkareRbIR)as; BaküExµr nigGg;eKøs [)anÉkPaBKña niggayyl; enAeBlsresrGtßbTBIbBaðaGPivDÆn_ . enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ vbsG qñaM2006-10 manEcgBIkartaMgcitþksagplitplRsavRCavEdl smRsbsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa . sTÞanuRkmenH KWCalT§plmYyénkartaMgcitþenH ehIysgÇwmfa nwg GacCYyCMrujkarsresrGtßbTedIm CaPasaExµrEtmþg RBmTaMgCYybegáInKuNPaBkarbkERb ÉksarGg;eKøsCaPasaExµr .

snÞanuRkmenHmanEbgEckecjCaBIrPaK . PaK1 KWCasnÞanuRkmGg;eKøs-Exµr EdlCa ÉksarBRgIkbEnßm elIsnÞanuRkme)aHBum<pSayelIkTI2 eday vbsG enAqñaM1995 . kñúgry³eBl 10qñaMknøgmk BaküeBcn_bec©keTsmankarvivtþn_Evgq¶ayNas; . edayELkenAkñúgPasaExµr man karbegáItBaküfµICaeRcIn nigmanBaküBImunCaeRcIneTotEdl)anERbRbYln½y rWk¾mann½ykan;EtCak; lak;EfmeTot . mü:ageTot sßab½nnanak¾ksag ÉksarCaPasaExµr)aneRcInNas;Edr edayman EbbbTxus²KñakñúgkareRbIR)as;BaküeBcn_ .

vbsG k¾dUcsßab½nÉeTotEdr )ane)aHBum<pSayÉksarbec©keTsmYycMnYnFM EdlBak;B½n§ nwgRbFanbTCaeRcIn . RkumGñkniBn§sTÞanuRkmenH )anxwtxMkt;RtaykBaküNaEdlmaneRbIrYc ehIyenAkñúgÉksarpøÚvkarnana nigeCosvagkarbegáItBaküfµI . b:uEnþviFIenHminGacGnuvtþ)anCab; rhUteT BIeRBaHmanÉksarpøÚvkarmYycMnYn)aneRbIBaküxusKñaedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIn½yEtmYydUcKña . dUecñH ehIy k¾RtUvmankareRCIserIsykBaküNaEdleKGacyl;n½y)anCaTUeTACag . CYnkaleTot BaküfµIRtUvEtbegáIteLIgedIm,IsMKal;Gtßn½ymYyEdlminTan;manBaküExµrsMrab;ehAy:agCak;lak; . kñúgkrNIEbbenH nigtamlT§PaBGaceFVIeTA)an KWEtgGnuvtþykBaküsamBaØ²mkpÁMúKña edIm,IbegáIt CaBakümann½yfµImYyeTot .

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PaK2³ snÞanuRkm Exµr-Gg;eKøs³ PaKenHKWCaÉksarcgRkgfµITaMgRsug edIm,IeqøIytbnwg sMNUmBrrbs;GñkGanCaeRcIn Edl)anCYbbBaðaxøH²Bak;B½n§nwgBakübec©keTsExµr CaBiess BaküfµI² . kñúgkrNIBMuGacrk)anBaküesµI snÞanuRkmenHmanpþl; BakübkERbEdlmann½yEk,rKña bMput . snÞanuRkmenHBMumanpþl;karBnül;n½ylMGitelIBakünImYy²eT b:uEnþGñkGanGaceRbIR)as; BaküGg;eKøs edIm,IeFVIkarRsavRCavn½ybEnßmeTot)an . mü:ageTot snÞanuRkmmankt;RtaBakü CaeRcInEdlmanb£sKl;ecjBI)alI rWsMRsáwt BIeRBaHmanGñkGanCaeRcInminGacyl;n½yrbs;va)an Pøam²eT . kñúgkrNIBaküNamYyminsUvmaneKeRbIR)as;snÞanuRkmmancuHBakümYyeTotEdlRkum GñkniBn§yl;famankareRbIR)as; jwkjab;Cag rWk¾Gacqab;yl;)anCag . snÞanuRkmenH)ancgRkgeLIg edaymankarRsavRCavy:agTUlMTUlay nigkarCYymtiBI GñkmancMeNHdwgCMnajCaeRcInnak; . vbsG sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;RKb;²KñaEdl)ancUlrYmcMENk CYyeRCamERCg[smiT§iplfµIenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg . vbsG sgÇwmfa snÞanuRkmenHkøayCa ]bkrN_mYyCYydl;GñkGannanakñúgkareRbIR)as;ÉksarepSg²rbs; vbsG RBmTaMgÉksarxag GPivDÆn_epSg²eTot . vbsG cat;TukÉksarenHCa {kargarbnþeTAmuxCanic©} ehIysUmsVaKmn_ RKb;mtieyabl;BIGñkGan edIm,IeFVIkarEklMG nigBRgIksTÞanuRkm[)aneCOnelOneTAmuxeTot .

PñMeBj/ Extula qñaM2006 LarI e®sþn©

naykRbtibtþi vbsG

PaKTI 1 Gg;eKøs-Exµr

Part One: English–Khmer



Economic Lexicon Part 1

1

A, a a posteriori kñúgbcäakal abacus n. k,ac; ¬]bkrN_buraNsMrab; Kitelx¦ abandonment of a trade (occupation) kare)aHbg;muxCMnYjGVImYy abatement karbnßy ¬éfø/ Bn§>>>¦ aberration karXøatBIsPaBFmµta/ kMritxusKña/ karP½nþRcLM abeyance karp¥ak/ goods in ~ TMnijKµan GñkTTYl abide v. eKarB/ eFVItam/ ~ by a promise kan;Baküsnüa abolish v. lubecal above-mentioned dUcmanEcgxagelI abrogate v. TukCanarakrN_ absolute acceptance karTTYlRBmTaMg Rsug absolute advantage ]tþmPaBdac;xat absolute majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn dac;xat ¬CagBak;kNþaléncMnYnGñkmke)aH eqñat¦ absolute poverty PaBRkIRkCak;Esþg/ PaBRkIRkdac;xat absolute (total) loss kMhatsrubsuT§ absorption karRsUbcUl/ karbBa©ÚlCasaxa absorptive capacity smtßPaBRsUbyk abstain Gnub,vaT

abstract n. & v. 1> sMrg;GtßbT 2> eFVI GrUbIykmµ

abuse of trust karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ abuse of process karbMBanelInItiviFI accelerate v. BenøÓn accelerated depreciation method viFIKitrMls;bgçM accept (a bill of exchange) TTYlRBm ¬rUbiyaNtþi>>>¦ accept deposit v. TTYl R)ak;beBaØI¼R)ak; tMkl; acceptance karTTYlRBm/ notification of ~ lixitCUndMNwgkarTTYlRBm/ present a bill for ~ bgðajrUbiyaNtþiedIm,IsMukarbBa¢ak; TTYlsÁal;/ ~ in full karTTYlRBmTaMgRsug acceptance certificate viBaØabnb½Rt TTYlRBm access 1> lT§PaB)aneRbIR)as; 2> lT§PaB¼pøÚv eTAdl; accessible price éføEdlGacTijdUr)an accession n. 1> ])aKmn_ ¬kar)anCa kmµsiT§inUvvtßúrNb¦ 2> karcUlCasmaCik accident insurance karFanar:ab;rgelIeRKaHfñak; acclimate v. pSa‘¿nwgGakasFatufµI accord karRBmeRBog accordance karGnuBaØateGay/ in ~ with edayGnuelameTAtam account KNnI account amended KNnI)anEksMrYl account book esovePAKNnI account currency rUbiyvtßúTUTat; account day éf¶TUTat;


2

account holder m©as;KNnI account payable KNnIRtUvsg account payee only sMrab;EtsgcUlKNnI account receivable KNnIRtUvTar/ KNnI GtifiCn account, sales r)aykarN_lk;TMnij account, unit of ÉktaKit account, domestic KNnIépÞkñúg account, expense KNnIcMNay account, outstanding KNnIenAminTan;sg accountability KNenyüPaB ¬PaBTTYl xusRtUv¦/ to demand ~ from TamTar KNenyüPaBBI accountancy KNenyü (GB)/ KNenyükic© accountant KNenyükr/ chartered ~ or public ~ (US) KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal; accounting KNenyü (US)/ financial ~ KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ tax ~ KNenyüBn§dar accounting analysis karviPaKKNenyü accounting cycle vdþKNenyü accounting period RKaKNenyü/ KNenyükal accounting plan bøg;KNenyü accounting price éføKNenyü accounting statement r)aykarN_KNenyü accounting system RbB½n§KNenyü accreditation karEtgtaMg/ karTTYlsÁal; accredited party PaKITTYlsar\NTan accrued (interest/rent...) expense cMNay ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm

accrued (interest/rent...) income cMNUl ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm accrued interest karR)ak;)anKitbEnßm accumulate bgÁrTuk/ smac½y/ bUkRtYt/ accumulated depreciation rMls;bgÁrTuk accuracy PaBCak;lak;/ PaBRtwmRtUv accused n. CnCab;ecaT acknowledge receipt (of a cheque...) TTYlsÁal;karTTYl ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt>>>¦ acknowledge v. TTYlsÁal; acknowledgment (of receipt) esckþIbBa¢ak;fa)anTTYl acquire v. eFVIlT§kmµ acquisition lT§kmµ/ kar)anmkCakmµsiT§i acquittance roll b½NÑsgR)ak; act of war ehtuekIteLIgedays®gÁam/ sßanPaBsßitkñúgs®gÁam acting chairman/woman RbFansþITI activate eFVIeGayskmµeT,Ig activity skmµPaB/ business ~ skmµPaB GaCIvkmµ actor tYGgÁ/ economic ~ tYGgÁesdækic© act of God RbFanskþi actual Cak;Esþg/ ~ delivery karRbKl; Cak;Esþg/ ~ order karbBa¢aTijCak;Esþg ad hoc committee KN³kmµaFikarcMeBaHkic© ad valorem duty Bn§yktaméfø ad valorem freight éfødwkCBa¢ÚnyktaméføTMnij addendum, law on c,ab;sþIBIc,ab;bEnßm additional bEnßm/ ~ insurance karFana r:ab;rgbEnßm/ ~ premium buBVlaPbEnßm


3

additional profit tax (APT) Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjbEnßm addressee GñkTTYl ¬lixit¦/ GñkEdlRtUvTTYl adequate smlµm adjourn v. elIkvarkal/ p¥ak adjudicate CMrHkþI adjusting entries (accounting) elxnaEktMrUv adjustment kMENtMrUv/ ~ account KNnI EktMrUv/ ~ factor (AF) ktþaEktMrUv/ ~ value tMélEktMrUv administrative expenses cMNayrdæ)al administrative-economic entity GgÁPaBesdækic©rdæ)al admissible evidence PsþútagRbevsnI/ PsþútagTTYlyk)an adult eBjv½y/ ~ citizen RbCaBlrdæeBjv½y advance buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIk[mun¦/ ~ deposit R)ak;kk;mun advance money R)ak;buerRbTan/ R)ak; pþl;eGaymun advance notice karpþl;dMNwgCamun advance on documents buerRbTan sMGagelIÉksar advance on securities buerRbTaneday manvtßúFana advance payment karTUTat;Camun advancement kareCOnelOneTAmux/ karrIkcMerIn advantage ]tþmPaB adversary proceeding svnakarRbtibkS

¬svnakarEdlKUkþItTl;Kña¦ adverse minl¥/ minGMeNaypl/ ~ factor/ trade balance ktþa¼CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ minGMeNaypl advertise v. pSayBaNiC¢kmµ advertisement, advertising karpSayBaNiC¢kmµ advertising campaign yuT§nakarpSay BaNiC¢kmµ advice note lixitCUnB½t’man/ lixitCUneyabl; advice, collection lixitCUndMNwgkar RbmUlR)ak; advice, debit/credit Rbkas \NBn§¼ \NTan advice, dispatch/shipment /forwarding lixitCUndMNwgbBa¢ÚnTMnij adviser (advisor) TIRbwkSa/ financial ~ TIRbwkSahirBaØvtßú advising bank FnaKarCUndMNwg advisory function muxgarpþl;eyabl; advocacy karts‘Umti affidavit lixitEføgsc©a ¬GHGagsc©PaB cMeBaHmuxc,ab;¦ affiliated company (or associated company) Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½n§/ Rkumh‘un Bak;B½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkþab;PaKh‘unticCag 50°¦ affiliation, political ninñakarneya)ay affinity n. Bn§úPaB/ ¬PaBdUcKña rW manTMnak; TMngCamYyKña¦ AFTA-ASEAN Free Trade Area tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an


4

after-tax income cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§ aftercost cMNaybEnßm age group RkumGayu agency TIPñak;gar/ employment ~ kariyal½y rkkargareGayeFIV/ pre-investment ~ TIPñak;gar BinitülT§PaB muneBlvinieyaK agenda rebobvar³/ kargarEdlRtUveFVI agent Pñak;gar/ sole ~ tMNagpþac;mux agglomerate pþMúcUlKña aggregate GgÁpSM/ tYelxRbmUlpþúM/ ~ demand/ supply tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; srub aggregate, monetary xn§b,maNrUbiyvtßú/ rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs; aggregation karpþúM/ xn§b,aT/ karpÁúMGgÁpSM aggrieved person Gñkminsuxcitþ agrarian éndIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI agrarian society sgÁmksikmµ agreed (price) ¬éfø¦ RBmeRBog agreement kic©RBmeRBog/ verbal ~ kic© ®BmeRBogpÞal;mat;/ ~ on the exchange of goods kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrTMnij/ ~ in principle kic©RBmeRBogCaeKalkarN_ agribusiness ksi-BaNiC¢kmµ agricultural product ksipl agriculture ksikmµ/ Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT agro-industry ksi-]sSahkmµ agronomist ekSRtviTU agronomy ekSRtsaRsþ/ ekSRtviTüa aid CMnYy/ economic ~ CMnYyEpñkesdækic©/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBogpþl;CMnYy/

~ coordination mechanism ynþkar sMrbsMrYlCMnYy/ ~ programme kmµviFICMnYy air bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas air cargo/freightTMnijbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH air-consignment note b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas airport tax Bn§RBlanynþehaH airway bill b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas alien CnbreTs alien act c,ab;sþIBICnbreTs alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§i alienator n samIbrivtþ/ Gñklk; rW epÞrsiT§i[eK alimony R)ak;]btßmÖ ¬BIbþIeTARbBn§ rWBIRbBn§ eTAbþI/ eRkayeBlElgKña¦ allegation karecaTRbkan;edaymin)an bgðajPsþútag allegiance (politics) karesµaHsµ½RK allegiance, oath of sc©aRbNiFan alliance sm<½n§PaB all-in price éføsBVRKb; ¬TMnij/ Fanar:ab;rg/ dwkCBa¢Ún>>>¦ allocate v. (fund) élEck/ eFVIviPaCn_/ allocated resources FnFanEdl)anélEck allocation 1> karélEck/ karviPaCn_/ proportional ~ karélEcksmamaRt 2> R)ak;viPaCn_ allotment of shares karEbgEckPaKh‘un allowance R)ak;]btßmÖ/ TayC¢Tan/ depreciation ~ TayC¢Tan[dl;rMls;/ family ~ R)ak;]btßmÖRKÜsar/ make an ~ eFVIkarbBa©úHéføkñúgkarlk;eGayGñkTij all-risks insurance/policy kar¼b½NÑ Fanara:b;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT


5

alteration karEk ¬Bakü¼elx¼bBa¢I KNenyü>>> edayekaslub¼sresrRtYt>>>¦ alternative CMerIs¼meFüa)ayepSgeTot/ ~ technology bec©kviTüaEbbepSg ¬Gac eRbICMnYs)an¦ amalgamation karbBa©Úl ¬Kña¦ ambition karR)afñad¾elIslub/ mhicäta amelioration n. kareFIVeGayRbesIreT,Ig/ suvuDÆikmµ amendment 1> viesaFnkmµ ¬c,ab;>>>¦/ ~ of a contract viesaFnkmµkic©snüa/ ~ advice lixitCUndMNwgsþIBIkarEksMrYl viesaFnkmµ 2> c,ab; b¤ maRtaénc,ab;Edl RtUv)anEkERbehIy amicable settlement dMeNaHRsay RbkbedaykareyaKyl; ¬min)ac;eTAtulakar¦ amnesty karelIkElgeTas amortisation of a debt ¬kar¦rMls;bMNul amount TwkR)ak;/ gross ~ TwkR)ak;dul/ ~ of invoice TwkR)ak;énvikáybRt amount past due TwkR)ak;hYskalkMNt;sg analysis karviPaK/ cost ~ karviPaKBIéføedIm/ ~ of job requirements karviPaKtMrUvkarkargar analysis, discounted cash flow (DCF) karviPaKcracrsac;R)ak; analytical thinking KMnitviPaK ancestor buBVCn ancillary services esvakmµbnÞab;bnSM annual RbcaMqñaM/ ~ budget KMeragfvikaRbcaMqñaMannualised adj. KitelImUldæanRbcaMqñaM annuity FnlaP/ R)ak;sMNgRbcaMqñaM/

life ~ CIvFnlaP annulment emaXkmµ/ karcat;TukCaGasasUnü antedate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/ cuHkalbriecäT GtItkal anthropology mnusSsaRsþ/ nrviTüa anti- RbqaMg/ anti-personnel mine mInRbqaMgmnusS anticipated profit R)ak;cMeNjeRBogTuk anti-dumping karRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚc éfø/ ~ duty Bn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø anti-inflation measure/programme viFankar¼kmµviFI Tb;Tl;GtiprNa anti-trust law c,ab;RbqaMgnwgRtwsþ apellate court sala]T§rN_ apparatus briFan/ bznP½NÐ appeal 1> bNþwgtv:a/ ]T§rN_ 2> karGMBavnav appliance eRKOgeRbIR)as; applicant Gñkdak;BaküsMu applicant for a letter of credit Gñkdak;BaküsMu¼GñkesñIsMu ebIksar\NTan applied economics viTüasaRsþesdækic© apply v. ¬dak;¦ Gnuvtþ/ applied research karRsavRCavsMrab;Gnuvtþ appointed days, on naéf¶)ankMNt; appointment karEtgtaMg/ permanent ~ to the rank of administrative agent kartaMgs‘ubkñúgzannþrskþiPñak;garrdæ)al apportion v. EbgEck apportionment bMENgEck appraisal karvaytémø


6

appreciation 1> kareLIg éfø¼tMél 2> mUlvicar ¬karvaytMél¦ 3> karTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB 4>GMNrKuN approach viFIsaRsþ appropriate adj. smRsb/ ~ size TMhM smRsb/ ~ technology bec©kviTüasmRsb appropriation (financial) ¬R)ak;¦ viPaCn_ ¬R)ak;élTukenAmçagsMrab;eKaledAedayELk¦ appropriation accounts KNnIcMNUl-cMNay approval karyl;RBm/ on ~ etagman karyl;RBm approximately RbEhl/ RbmaN aquaculture, aquatic culture varIvb,kmµ aquatic product Clpl aquatic resources FnFanClpl arable land dIGacdaMduH arbiter mCÄtþkr ¬GñkmanGMNac¼\T§iBl edIm,IeFVIkarkat;kþI³ ]> kñúgkic©karrdæ¦ arbitrage 1> mCÄtþkmµ 2> karepÞrTunBIpSar mYyeTApSarmYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér arbitrageur GñkepÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSar mYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér arbitrary tamEtGMeBIcitþ arbitration mCÄtþPaB/ mCÄtþvinicä½y/ karkat;kþIedayGaCJakNþal/ ~ committee KN³kmµkarmCÄtþkmµ arbitrator mCÄtþkr ¬xagBaNiC¢kmµ¦ architectural company Rkumh‘unsikSa KMeragbøg; architecture sßabtükmµ/ nimµabnkmµ area unit ÉktatMbn;

area, free trade tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI area-based frame eRKagelImUldæantMbn; arid area tMbn;s¶ÜtEhg arithmetic nBVnþ/ ~ mean mFümnBVnþ arm’s length sale karlk;KµankareyaK yl;Biess arrears bMNulyWty:avminTan;sg/ to be in ~ yWty:avkñúgkarsgbMNul art work sñaédsil,³ article of copartnership kic©snüacUlh‘un/ maRtashPaKkmµ articles of association (GB) or by-laws (US) lkçnþik³ articles of incorporation (US) or

memorandum of association (GB) GnusSarN³begIátRkumh‘un

articulate v. bBa¢ak;CaBaküeBCn_ as provided, as stated, set forth dUcmanEcg ¬kñúgc,ab;¦ Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an assembly line ExSplitkmµ ¬tMelIgeRKOgcRk¦ assessed taxes Bn§)ankMNt; assessment karvaytMél assessor of taxes GñkkMNt;Bn§¼vayBn§ asset RTBüskmµ/ RTBüsm,tiþ/ current ~ RTBüskmµcrnþ/ foreign ~ RTBüskmµCa rUbiyb½NÑ ¬FnaKar¦/ RTBüenAbreTs, fixed (capital) ~ RTBüskmµCab;lab; ¬ÉksarxøH ehAfa GclnRTBü EdlRtUvnwgBakü immovable property), tangible ~ RTBürUbI/ frozen ~ RTBüp¥ib/ intangible ~


7

RTBüGrUbI/ financial ~ RTBühirBaØvtßú assign (property) epÞrsiT§ieRbIR)as;Gclnvtßú assignable credit sar\NTanGacepÞr)an assignee 1> Gnub,Tanik ¬GñkTTYlsiT§i¼ RTBüsm,tþi¼karEtgtaMg ¦ 2> GñkTTYlsiT§iRbTan/ GaNtþiKahk assignee in bankruptcy GñkRtUv)an cat;taMg[RKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþiGñkkS½yFn assignor 1> Gnub,TayI ¬GñkepÞrRTBüsm,tþi/ GñkeFVIkarcat;taMg¦ 2> GñkRbKl;siT§i/ GaNtþiTayk assimilation smankmµ ¬kareFVI[RCYtRCab¦ assistance kar]btßmÖ/ CMnYy/ CMnYy]btßmÖ assistant CMnYykar/ brivcäkarI/ ]bkarI assistant accountant KNenyükrCMnYykarassistant manager Gñkcat;karrg associated company (see affiliated company) Rkumh‘unBak;B½n§ association smaKm/ bar ~ KN³emFavI assurance 1> karFanar:ab;rg 2> PaBR)akdkñúgcitþ ¬KµankarsgS½y¦ at call, money kMcIEdlm©as;bMNulGacTar ykvij)anPøam at par, share PaKh‘unEdlmantMélenA pSarh‘unesµIKñanwgtMélcuHelIsnøwkb½NÑPaKh‘un at sight draft rUbiyaNtþiRtUvsgR)ak;enA eBlbgðaj at sight, to pay sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar ATM (automatic teller machine) m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ attitude \riyabf

attorney 1> GaNtþiKahk ¬GñkTTYlGaNtþi¦ 2> tMNagkarBarkþI 3> emFavI attractive adj. Tak;Taj/ ~ prices éføTak;TajGtifiCn auction karedjéfø auction sale karlk;edjéfø audit n. & v. 1> svnkmµ/ external ~ svnkmµBIxageRkA/ internal ~ svnkmµépÞkñúg 2> eFVIsvnkmµ ¬Binitü¼Eqk bBa¢IKNenyü¦ auditing svnkmµ/ National Auditing Authority GaCJaFrsvnkmµCati/ ~ procedures nItiviFIsvnkmµ auditor svnkr ¬GñkRtYtBinitübBa¢I/ sñgkar KNenyü¦/ independent/external ~ svnkrÉkraCü auspices kar]btßmÖ/ under the ~ enAeRkam »vaT ¬sßab½n¦ austerity PaBt,itet,ót/ PaBtwgrwg/ tbkmµ autarchy GMNac¼RbeTskan;rbb pþac;kar autarky sV½yaFibetyü/ esdækic©m©as;kar xøÜnÉgpÞal;/ ¬minBwgEp¥kelI karnaMecj-naMcUl rW CMnYyesdækic©¦ authentic deed/act lixityfaPUt authenticate eFVInItüanukUlkmµ ¬bBa¢ak;faBit¦ authenticity yfaPaB authorised bank FnaKarmankarGnuBaØat/ FnaKarRbtiRsuti authorised capital edImTuncuHbBa¢I authoritarianism GMNacniym authority siT§iGMNac/ GaCJaFr/ rdæGMNac authorisation 1> esckþIGnuBaØat


8

2> lixitGnuBaØat authorised representative tMNagman siT§iRbTan/ GaCJanukarI ¬tMNagmankarGnuBaØat¦ automatic teller machine (see ATM) m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ automatic drawing right siT§idkR)ak;sV½yRbvtþi autonomous economic entity GgÁPaBesdækic©sVy½t autonomous enterprise shRKassVy½t autonomy sV½yPaB/ sVy½tPaB/ economic ~ sV½yPi)alesdækic© average mFüm/ ~ annual growth rate GRtakMeNInmFümRbcaMqñaM/ ~ cost tMél¼ éføedIm mFüm average collection period (ACP) ry³eBlRbmUlbMNulCamFüm avoidance, tax karecosvagBn§ award n. & v. 1> esckIþsMercrbs;GaCJa kNþal 2> rgVan; 3> pþl;rgVan;[/ ~ a contract RbKl;kic©snüa[ awareness kardwgsÁal;/ raise public ~ bMpuskaryl;dwgdl;saFarNCn B, b baccalaureate (degree) ¬sBaØab½Rt¦mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi bachelor’s degree fñak;briBaØab½Rt back eRkay/ xageRkay/ ~ interest karR)ak; minTan;sg/ ~ a bill cuHhtßelxaFanaelI

back out v. dkxøÜnecj/ ~ from a contract dkxøÜnecjBIkic©snüa back to back xñgTl;xñg/ ~ credit \NTanxñgTl;xñg back up v. KaMRT/ bBa¢ak;KaMRT/ ~ a claim bBa¢ak;KaMRTkarGHGag backbone infrastructure ehdæarcna sm<½n§q¥wgxñg ¬ehdæarcnasm<½n§eKal¦ backdate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/ cuHkalbriecäTGtItkal backer GñkbeBa©jedImTun/ GñkKaMRT background 1> Rbvtþi/ savta 2> épÞxageRkay

backing, financial karKaMRTxaghirBaØvtßú backlog kargarenAKrminTan;eFVI backup eRtombMrug

backwardness PaBGn;fy bad debt \NeTyüTarmin)an ¬xUc¦/ \NeTyüBi)akTar ¬Cab;sgS½y¦ bad faith GsT§a/ KMnitevocevr bad title b½NÐkmµsiT§iykCakarmin)an bad workmanship TwkédGn;/ kareFVImin )anl¥ ¬plitpl¦ bail R)ak;Fana ¬]> R)ak;bg;[tulakaredIm,I[ CnCab;ecaT)anenAeRkAXMu¦/ ~ bond b½NÑFana bail out v. 1> se®gÁaHRkumh‘unCYbkarlM)ak xaghirBaØvtßú 2> bg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn bailiff n. GaCJasala bail cover R)ak;Fana


9

bailment karepJITuk ¬dak;TMnij[GñkepSg kan;kab; b:uEnþGñkenaHBMuEmnCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT¦ bait n. nuy/ use money as ~ eRbIluyCanuy balance n. 1> tulüPaB 2> smtulü/ credit/ debit ~ smtulü \NTayI¼ \Nayik/ closing ~ smtulücugRKa/ pay the ~ sgR)ak;CMBak;/ positive ~ smtulü viC¢man/ ~ on goods and services smtulüTMnijnigesva balance of payments CBa¢IgTUTat;/ ~ deficit/surplus »nPaB¼Gtierk CBa¢IgTUTat; balance of trade CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ balance sheet taragtulükar/ off- ~ items xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar/ ~ date éf¶ eFVItaragtulükar balance v. eFVIeGaymantulüPaB balance v. an account bUksrubKNnI balance v. the budget eFVItulükarfvika bale KIb/ eb ¬vtßúGVImYymancMnYneRcIndUcCa RkNat; Rkdas esµA>>> EdlcgCa dMu¼kNþab;¦ bank FnaKar/ central ~ FnaKarkNþal/ deposit money bank FnaKarTTYl R)ak;beBaØI/ national ~ FnaKarCati bank acceptance b½NÑTTYlRBmedayFnaKar bank account KNnIFnaKar bank book esovePAFnaKar/ esovePAepJI R)ak;enAFnaKar bank charge esah‘uyFnaKar bank clearing karTUTat;tamFnaKar bank deposit R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar bank draft rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar rW b½NÑFnaKar ¬lixitecjedayFnaKarbBa¢aeGayFnaKarmYy

eTotsgR)ak;eTAbuKÁlNamñak;¦ bank financing hirBaØb,TanFnaKar bank note RkdasR)ak; bank of deposit FnaKarTTYlR)ak;beBaØI bank reconciliation karepÞógpÞat;FnaKar ¬GgÁPaBsamIepÞógbBa¢Irbs;xøÜneTAnwgRbkas \NBn§¼\NTan rbs;FnaKar/ kargarenHEtg eFVIenAcugEx¦ bank reference TIsMGagbBa¢ak;BIxagFnaKar bank statement r)aykarN_¼Rbkas FnaKar/ sMrg;KNnIBIFnaKar bank transfer karepÞrR)ak;enAFnaKar bank v. dak;R)ak;enAFnaKar bank-credit guarantee scheme kmµviFIFana\NTanrbs;FnaKar banker FnaKarik banker’s draft (see bank draft) banking muxCMnYjFnaKar/ muxviC¢aFnaKar bankrupt kS½yFn/ FnkS½y/ niT§½n bankruptcy PaBkS½yFn/ niT§nPaB/ discharge in ~ karrYcputBIkarkS½yFn bar association KN³emFavI barefoot doctor RKUeBTüCnbT bargain and sale kic©snüaTij-lk; bargain v. téfø/ (free) collective bargaining karcrcaBIkartMelIgR)ak;QñÚl rvagnieyaCit nignieyaCk barrier r)aMg/ ]bsKÁ/ customs/tariff ~ r)aMgBn§Ky/ lift trade ~ dkr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/ non-tariff ~s ( NTBs) r)aMgminEmnBn§Ky barrister emFavI ¬Gg;eKøs¦


10

barter karedaHdUrTMnijnigTMnij ¬karpøas;bþÚrTMnijedaymineRbIluy¦ base mUldæan/ exOn/ ~ level of consumption kMritmUldæanénkareRbIR)as; base rate GRtaeKal/ GRtamUldæan base year qñaMeKal baseline survey GegátCamUldæan basic CamUldæan/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog CamUldæan/ ~ price éføeKal/ ~ research karRsavRCavCamUldæan basic commodities plitplksikmµ CamUldæan ¬ksiplFmµtaEdlpliteRcIn² dUcCaRsUv/ eBat>>>¦ basic discount GbhareKal ¬Gbhar FmµtaedayKµanbEnßmPaKryGVIeTot¦ basic human needs (BHN) tMrUvkarCa mUldæanrbs;mnusS basic salary/wage ebovtSr_eKal ¬ebovtSr_FmµtaedayKµanbUkR)ak;bEnßm¦ basin (Mekong River) Gag ¬TenøemKgÁ¦ basket n. k®nþk/ consumer ~ or

consumption ~ k®nþkTMnijeRbIR)as; batch LÚt_ ¬GIv:an;EdlplitenAeBlEtmYy¦/ ~ number elxLÚt_ BCC (business cooperation contract) kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ bear Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij¼rUbiyvtßú Edl eCOfaGIv:an;eKnwgcuHéfø/ ~ market TIpSarEdl eKeCOfaGWv:an;nwgcuHéfø bear v. interest pþl;nUvkarR)ak; bearer Gñkkan;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt

KµaneQµaH ¬elImUlb,Tanb½RtKµancuHeQµaH GñkRtUvebIkR)ak;eT KWfaGñkkan;mUlb,Tanb½Rt GacebIkR)ak;)an¦ bearer instrument/paper lixitUbkrN_ sMrab;Kahk beginning inventory sareBIP½NÐedIm qñaM¼RKa behave v. kan;criya behaviour Gakb,kiriya below cost TabCagéføedIm benchmark kMriteKal/ ~ survey GegáteKal benefactor ]bkarI ¬GñkTMnukbMrug/ Gñkp©úgepþIm¦ beneficiary GñkTTYlpl/ GtßKahk benefit GtßRbeyaCn_/ R)ak;]btßmÖ/ medical ~ R)ak;]btßmÖéføBüa)al benefit-cost ratio smaPaKplcMeNjeFobcMNay bequeath v. eFVIGc©½yTanCaclnvtßú bequest n. Gc©½yTanCaclnvtßú/ GMeNay tamry³mrtksasn_ best interest ]tþmRbeyaCn_ best-seller esovePAlk;dac;bMput biannual BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM/ ~ monitoring karXøaMemIlBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM bias lMeGog bid v. & n. 1> edjéfø 2> karedjéfø bilateral eTVPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance CMnYyeTVPaKI bill 1> vikáybRt 2> rUbiyaNtþi bill at sight vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg enAeBlbgðaj bill in transit vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi kMBugbBa¢Ún


11

bill of entry RbtievTn_Ky ¬lixitRbkas bg;Bn§Ky¦ bill of lading (B/L) GBaØtb½NÑ rW GBaØtb½Rt/ lixitpÞúkTMnijnava/ b½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún TMnij/ direct ~ GBaØtb½NÑedaypÞal; bill payable vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg bill sent for collection b½NÑepJI[RbmUlR)ak; bill/letter of exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ lixitpøas;bþÚr billion Ban;lan bin tag pøakFug bind v. cg/ mantMélGnuvtþ/ P¢ab;katBVkic© biodiversity CIv³cMruH biogas CIv]sµ½n biomass CIvm:as biosphere reserve, Tonle Sap zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab birth certificate sMbuRtkMeNIt birth rate GRtakMeNIt/ GRtaRbsUtikmµ birth spacing karBnüakMeNIt black market pSarggwt/ ~ price éføpSarggwt blacklist bBa¢IexµA blank enAs¥at/ minTan;sresr/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh ¬cuHhtßelxaehIy EtKµan cuHTwkR)ak; rW eQµaHGñkTTYl¦ blank endorsement carxñgcMh block bøúk block fund mUlniFipþúM blocked account KNnI bBaÄb;¼p¥ib ¬min[dkR)ak;ecj¦ blue-collar union shCIBhtßkr

board of directors RkumRbwkSaPi)al

board of inquiry KN³kmµkaresuIbGegát board of investment (BOI) RkumRbwkSavinieyaK

board of management RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg boat TUk/ Clyan/ ~ log book esovePA skmµPaBClyan body xøÜn ¬mnusS>>>¦/ tY ¬rfynþ>>>¦/ ~ of rules and regulations GgÁc,ab; ¬nigbTb,BaØtþi¦ bona fide esµaHRtg;/ ~ purchaser GñkTijesµaHRtg; bond sBaØab½NÑ/ government/treasury ~ b½NÑrtnaKar/ bearer ~ sBaØab½NÑKµaneQµaH/ goods (held) in ~ TMnijrkSaTukenAXøaMgKy ¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ mortgage ~ b½NÑniekçb ¬b½NÑbMNulmanvtßúbBa©aM¦/ take goods out of ~ bg;Bn§elITMnijedIm,IGacykvaecjBIXøaMgKy/ ~ yield TinñplsBaØab½NÑ ¬cMNUl)anBIsBaØab½NÑ KitCaPaKryénéføTijsBaØab½NÑ¦ bonded warehouse XøaMgsþúkTMnijRKb; RKgedayPñak;garKy

bonus R)ak;bEnßm/ buBVlaP ¬]> R)ak;rgVan;¦/ cost of living ~ R)ak;bEnßmsMrab;RTRTg; CIvPaB/ incentive ~ R)ak;elIkTwkcitþ/ productivity ~ rgVan;plitkmµ book of investment esovePAbnÞúkén karvinieyaK book value (accounting) tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü bookkeeper Gñkkan;bBa¢I/ KNenyükr


12

bookkeeping karcuHbBa¢IKNenyü/ single entry ~ karcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK/ double entry ~ karcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK books of accounts bBa¢IKNenyü boom v. rIkduHdaly:agrh½s/ ~ industry ]sSahkmµEdlrIkduHdalya:grh½s/ booming sector vis½ykMBugrIkduHdal boost v. CMruj/ rujeLIg booty C½yP½NÐ ¬rbs;EdldeNþImrWbøn;BIeK¦/ GcäinRTBü border price éføenARBMEdn borrow v. x©I¼sMux©I/ borrowed reserves R)ak;bMrug)anx©I ¬EdlFnaKarnana)anx©IBI FnaKarkNþal¦ borrower Gñkx©I/ \Nvnþ borrowings karx©Ibul boss n. bri)al/ ecAhVay/ GñkRtYtRta/ bossy EdlcUlcitþRtYtRtaeK BOT (build, operate, transfer) sagsg;-GaCIvkmµ-epÞr botany n. PUtKamsaRsþ ¬karsikSaBIrukçCati¦ bottleneck PaBraMgsÞH/ PaBkkkuj bottom out v. cuHTabbMput ¬RbEhlminGacFøak;cuHeToteT¦ bottom-up BIeRkameLIgelI/ ~ development karGPivDÆn_BIeRkameLIgelI bourgeois KhbtI bourgeoisie or middle class vNÑ³KhbtI b¤ vNÑ³kNþal boycott Bhikar ¬karRbqaMgedayminRBmTij minRBmcUlrYm>>>¦ brain drain kar)at;bg;GñkmanCMnaj

brainstorming karBiPakSabMpusKMnit branch (of a company) saxa ¬Rkumh‘un¦ brand sBaØa/ sBaØasMKal;/ rUb/ m:ak ¬TMnij¦ brand name eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha breach of contract karelµIskic©snüa breach of discipline karelµIsvin½y breakages GIv:an;)ak;Ebk ¬minrab;CaRTBü skmµeTenAeBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ¦ break-even point cMNucrYcedIm breakthrough karTMlayPaBTal;Rck bribe v. & n. 1> sUk 2> sMNUk/ take a ~ sIusMNUk bridging loan kMcIry³eBlxøI ¬sMrab;Tij pÞHfµI enAeBllk;pÞHcas;minTan;dac;¦ broadcast v. pSBVpSay ¬tamviTüú/ TUrTsSn_>>>¦ brochure n. esovePAesþIg/ kUnesovePA pSBVpSay broker eCIgsarCMnYj/ KYkeC brokerage 1> kMéreCIgsar 2> kargareCIgsar brought forward (accounting) eyagmk bring in (assets as investment) eFVI]bharit/ ykcUl budget fvika/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü fvika/ ~ credit \NTanfvika/ ~ fund mUlniFifvika/ ~ prices éføTab² buffer RTnab;/ ~ zone tMbn;RTnab; buffer stock sþúksMrab;Tb;karERbRbYl ¬éfø/ karpÁt;pÁg;>>¦/ ~ facility (BSF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;Tb;snñiFi built-in stabilisers ktþaeFVIeGayman sßirPaBCasV½yRbvtþi bulk buying karTijduM


13

bulk order bBa¢aTijdMu bull Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij>>>EdleCOfa muxGIv:an;eKnwgeLIgéfø bull market TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgeLIgéføbulletin 1> RBwtþib½Rt/ 2> esckþIRbkasCapøÚvkar ¬BIerOgsMxan;GVImYy¦ burden bnÞúk/ ~ of proof bnÞúkPsþútag/ tax ~ bnÞúkBn§ bureau kariyal½y/ employment ~ kariyal½ykargar bureaucracy kariyaFibetyü bureaucrat kariyaelxanukar/ GñkeFVIkar kariyal½y business Furkic©/ GaCIvkmµ/ kic©karCMnYj/ karrksuI/ ~ card namb½NÑ business cooperation contract (BCC) kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ business format franchising karpþl;siT§ieGayrksIupþac;muxtamEbbbTeK business licence tax ¬Bn§¦ )a:tg; business name namkrN_GaCIvkmµ business undertaking kareFVIkic©karCMnYj businessman/woman GaCIvkr/ FurCn buy v. Tij/ ~ back Tijykvij/ ~ time BnüaeGay)anyUr buyer’s price éføGnueRKaHdl;GñkTij buying order karbBa¢aTij buying power GMNacTij by-election kare)aHeqñateLIgvij bylaws (see also articles of association) c,ab;bEnßm ¬RbcaMtMbn;¦/ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg

by-product plitplbnÞab;bnSM/ nisSnÞvtßú C, c cabinet xuTÞkal½y/ political ~ KN³rdæm®nþI cable transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_ cadastre surieyadI cadre Rkbx½NÐ/ public ~ Rkbx½NÐ m®nþIraCkar/ ~ of administrative agent Rkbx½NÐPñak;garrdæ)al calculus KNnaGtüaNU calendar RbtiTin/ ~ year qñaMRbtiTin call deposit R)ak;beBaØIcrnþ call loan/money \NTanKµankalkMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijenAeBleKTar¦ called-up capital mUlFn)anehA ¬)anbg;cUlRkumh‘unehIy¦ campaign yuT§nakar/ sales ~ yuT§nakarlk;dUr cancel v. lubecal/ ~ an entry bdiesF elxna ¬KNenyü¦/ ~ an order lubecal karbBa¢aTij cancellation karlubecal canvass 1> sÞabsÞg; ¬mti¦ 2> eXasnaTak;TajkarKaMRT capability smtßPaB ¬eFVIGVImYy¦ capacity 1> smtßPaB/ earning ~ smtßPaBrkR)ak;/ in a legal ~ kñúgsmtßPaB tampøÚvc,ab;/ load-carrying ~ smtßPaBpÞúk ¬GIv:an;¦/ production ~ smtßPaBplit 2> cMNuH


14

capital mUlFn/ Tun/ authorised ~mUlFn Edl)anGnuBaØat/ paid in ~ mUlFnEdl )anbg;/ ~ accumulation smac½yTun capital account KNnI mUlFn¼Tun capital adequacy ratio smaPaKsm lµménmUlFn capital amortisation rMls;mUlFn capital asset RTBümUlFn/ RTBüskmµCab;lab; capital assistance kar]btßmÖTun capital contributor GñkcUlh‘un/ PaKTunik³ capital endowment edImTunEdlRtUvbg; capital expenditure/investment/

outlay cMNayelIRTBümUlFn/ vinieyaK capital expense cMNayCamUlFn capital gains (accounting) tMélelIs capital goods TMnij mUlFn¼CaTun ¬TMnijsMrab;plitTMnijepSg²eTot¦ capital intensive RbBlvb,kmµedImTun ¬EdleRbITun¼m:asIuneRcIn¦ capital levy Bn§elIRTBübuKÁl capital loss (accounting) tMélxVH capital market pSarTun capital movement clnaTun/ karepÞrTun capital productivity plitPaBénTun capital reserves TunbMrug capital revenue cMNUlCamUlFn capital, authorised TunGtibrimaEdlRtUv )anGnuBaØat[manenAkñúgRkumh‘un/ TuncuHbBa¢I capital, frozen mUlFnpw¥¥b capital, risk (venture capital) TunvinieyaKpSgeRKaHfñak; capital, working TunbgVil/

mUlFnRbkbkar capitalism mUlFnniym capitalist mUlFnik/ nayTun capitalisation mUlFnPavUnIykmµ capitalise v. eqøótykcMeNj/ qk;»kas/ mUlFnkmµ captive market TIpSarpþac;mux card b½NÐ/ sMbuRt/ business ~ namb½NÑ ¬GaCIvkmµ¦/ cash ~ b½NÑsac;R)ak;/ cheque ~ mUlb,Tanb½NÑ/ credit ~ b½NÑ\NTan/ identity ~ GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ career GaCIB caretaker (of a motor vehicle) Gñkkan; kab;EfTaM ¬]> yanynþ¦/ ~ government rdæaPi)alsMrab;RKb;RKgbeNþaHGasnñ cargo navaPNÐ/ TMnijdwktamnava/ nava ¬dwkTMnij¦/ ~ documents ÉksarsMrab; kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij cargo list bBa¢ITMnijdwkCBa¢Ún cargo outturn report r)aykarN_erITMnij carriage forward éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;eday GñkTTYl carriage paid éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI carried forward (accounting) eyageTA ¬]> eyageTATMB½rmYyeTotnUvtYelxbUksrubcug snøwkbBa¢IKNenyü¦ carrying value (accounting) tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü cartel n. karEtl/ shRkumh‘un case study karsikSakrNI ¬rW krNIsikSa¦ cash 1> ebLa ¬RkdasR)ak; + R)ak;kak;¦ 2> sac;R)ak; ¬ebLa + FnaKar¦/ ~ substitute


15

CMnYssac;R)ak; 3> rtnvtßú ¬KNenyü¦ cash account 1>KNnIebLa 2>KNnIrtnvtßú cash advance R)ak;buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkmun¦ cash against document (CAD) RbKl;R)ak;eBl)anTTYlÉksar cash book (CB) n. bBa¢IR)ak;ecjcUl cash budget EpnkarcMNUlcMNaysac;R)ak; cash credit \NTansac;R)ak; cash crop dMNaMlk;ykR)ak; cash discount karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Ca sac;R)ak; cash down sale karlk;ykR)ak;Pøam ¬Casac;R)ak; rW mUlb,Tanb½Rt b:uEnþminyk b½NÑ\NTaneT¦ cash economy esdækic©eRbIR)ak;kas cash flow lMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ analysis karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ statement r)aykarN_lMhUrsac;R)ak; cash in on eqøótykcMeNjBIelI cash in hand (GB), cash on hand (US) sac;R)ak;kñúg ebLa¼éd/ ebLa cash in/with bank sac;R)ak;enAFnaKar cash on delivery (COD) RbKl;TMnij RbKl;R)ak;/ bg;R)ak;eBlTTYlTMnij cash over and short R)ak;elIsxVH ¬bnþicbnþÜckñúgebLa¦ cash paid book esovePAsgR)ak; cash price éfølk; ¬efak¦ Kittamkarbg; Casac;R)ak; cash rebate cMnYncuHéføeGaytamkarbg;Ca

cash reserves sac;R)ak;bMrug cash voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa cash with order (CWO) bg;R)ak;eBl bBa¢aTij cash-disbursement book esovePA cMNayR)ak; cashier ebLakr/ ebLaFikar cash-receipt book esovePAcMNUlR)ak; casting vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB ¬e)aHeqñat¦ casual labourer BlkrGENþt ¬ry³eBlxøI¦ casualty at sea mhnþrayenAsmuRT cataclysm n. mhavinas catalogue kataLúk ¬esovePAbgðaj rUb¼vtßú epSg²¦ catalyst katalIkr/ ~ role tYnaTICakatalIkr ¬bnSúI/ CMruj¦ catchment area EdnrgTwkePøóg catalyse v. bnSúI ¬Kña¦/ BenøÓn categorisation of goods karkMNt; RbePTTMnij category RbePT/ BYk/ Epñk causal sehtu ¬EdlR)ab;BIkarTak;Tgehtu nigpl¦ CD-ROM suIDIr:m ceiling price éføGtibrma/ éføx<s;bMput celebrity n. Gñkl,IeQµaH census 1> karCMerOn ¬RbCaCn¦/ ~ sample KMrUtagCMerOn/


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2> r)ab; ¬karrab;¦ census-enumeration area tMbn;rab; bBa©ÚlCMerOn central kNþal/ mCÄwm/ ~ administration rdæ)al mCÄwm¼kNþal central bank FnaKarkNþal centralisation mCÄkar centralised eFVImCÄkar/ ~ economy esdækic©mCÄkar/ ~ record kMNt;RtamCÄkar/ ~ system RbB½n§mCÄkar centrally planned economy esdækic© EpnkarRbmUlpþúM ceramics kulalPaCn_/ ceramic product plitplkulalPaCn_ certificate viBaØabnb½Rt/ ~ of approval lixitGnuBaØat/ ~ of processing viBaØabnb½Rt bBa¢ak;plitkmµ/ ~ of deposit viBaØabnb½Rt beBaØI¼ epJIR)ak;/ ~ of origin viBaØabnb½Rt RbPBedImTMnij/ ~ of quality viBaØabnb½Rt bBa¢ak;KuNPaB/ ~ of quarantine viBaØabnb½Rt BinitüeraKqøg/ ~ of registration viBaØabnb½Rt Gnusidæ/ ~ of weight viBaØabnb½RtTMgn; certified cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rtr:ab;rg edayFnaKar rWmUlb,TanbR½tFanacMNay certified public accountant (US) KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal; cessation karQb;/ ~ of business karbBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ cession n. Gnub,Tan/ karRbKl;eGay ¬]> kat;eGayeTAm©as;bMNul¦ ceteris paribus (other things being equal) GVIepSgeTotenAdEdl

chairman RbFan/ ~ of the meeting RbFanGgÁRbCMu/ GFibtI challenge bBaðaRbQm chamber of commerce sPaBaNiC¢kmµ chance of selection P½BVénCMerIs change 1> bMErbMrYl/ karpøas;bþÚr/ sm,rivtþn_/ 2> R)ak;Gab;/ ~ fund R)ak;Gab; channel Rck chaos PaBRcbUkRcbl; chapter CMBUk character crit charge bnÞúk/ bnÞúkcMNay/ éfø ¬RtUvbg;¦ charge v. a commission ykkMéreCIgsar charge/credit account KNnIeCO ¬GtifiCnGacykrbs;EdlxøÜnTij edaybg; R)ak;TUTat;smtulüKNnIenAéf¶eRkay¦ charges, overhead bnÞúkcMNayTUeTA charity sb,úrsFm’/ kuslkic© chart tarag/ KMnUssißti/ EpnTI/ BinÞúerxIy/ bøg;/ organisation ~ GgÁkarelx/ sale ~ KMnUs taglk;/ ~ of accounts taragKNnI/ ~ of general accounting bøg;KNenyüTUeTA charter 1> FmµnuBaØ 2> lkçnþik³ (US) charter plane ynþehaHCYldwkBiess ¬eCIgehaHehIrmineTogTat;¦ chattel mortgage (US) karbBa©aMRTBü sm,tþipÞal;xøÜn check karRtYtemIl/ karEqkeqr/ ]bsKÁ/ karbg¥g;/ put a ~ on imports bg¥g;karnaMcUl check v. the accounts BinitüKNnI checkoff RbB½n§kat;R)ak;dak;shCIBeday nieyaCk


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checks and balances karRtYtemIl nig føwgGMNac cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt/ bouncing/dud/ rubber ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanR)ak; ¬RKb;RKan; kñúgKNnI¦/ blank ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh/ cash a ~ ebIkR)ak;elImUlb,Tanb½Rt/ crossed ~ mUlb,TanbR½tqUt ¬eRbIsMrab;EtbBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúg KNnI¦/ dishonoured ~ mUlb,TanbR½tKµan R)ak;kñúgKNnI/ traveller’s ~ mUlb,Tanb½Rt eTscrN_¼eFVIdMeNIr/ open/ uncrossed ~ mUlb,TanbR½t\tmanqUt ¬bBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúgKNnI k¾)an ebIkR)ak;k¾)an¦/ ~ book esovePA mUlb,TanbR½t/ ~ to bearer mUlb,Tanb½Rt KµaneQµaH/ ~ crossed specially mUlb,TanbR½t qUtBiess ¬Ca mUlb,Tanb½RtEdlbBa¢ak;lMGit bEnßmnUvlkçxNÐ epSg²dUcCa eQµaHFnaKarrbs; GñkTTYlCaedIm¦/ ~ stubs Kl;mUlb,TanbR½t/ ~ voucher b½NÑcMNaymUlb,Tanb½Rt chronic ruaMér:/ ~ unemployment PaBGt; kargareFVIraMuér: chronological order tamlMdab;éf¶Ex/ lMdab;erogtamkal CIF (cost, insurance, freight) éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún circular saracr circular adj. EdlepJIeTAbuKÁlCaeRcIn/ ~ letter of credit b½NÐ\NTanepJIeTARKb;saxa ¬énFnaKarEdlecjva¦ circular systematic sampling karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§vil circulating capital TunbgVil

circulation cracr/ ~ of capital cracr¼ karbgVil Tun/ ~ of goods cracrTMnij citizen Blrdæ civics viC¢anaTIBlrdæ/ elaknIti civil suIvil/ ~ disobedience karbdiesF c,ab;rdæ/ ~ law c,ab;rdæb,evNI/ ~ liberty esrIPaBénBlrdæ/ ~ servant m®nþIraCkarsuIvil ¬tamFmµtaminrab;bBa©ÚlTahaneT¦/ ~ society sgÁmsuIvil civil status GRtanukUldæan/ ~ book esovePAGRtanukUldæan/ certificate of ~ sMbuRtGRtanukUldæan civilian n. & adj. 1> CnsuIvil 2>énCnsuIvil claim 1> \NeTyü ¬R)ak;eKCMBak;¦/ ~ on the government \NeTyüelIrdæaPi)al 2> kar tv:a¼TamTar 3> karGHGag claim v. compensation TamTarsMNg karxUcxat¼R)ak;b:Hb:Uv claimant GñkTamTar/ edImecaT clarify v. bMPøW class 1> fñak;/ vNÑ³/ social ~ vNÑ³sgÁm/ economy/business/first ~ fñak;eGkUnUmI¼ CMnYj¼elxmYy ¬fñak;ekAGIynþehaHdwk GñkdMeNIr¦ classical Ebbkøasuik/ ~ view TsSn³Ebb køasuik/ ~ economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©køasIuk classification cMNat;fñak;/ system of ~ RbB½n§eFVIcMNat;fñak; classify v. cat;fñak;/ eFVIcMNat;fñak; clause 1> lkçxNÐ/ ~ of a contract


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lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ 2> x ¬]> xTI1/ xTI2>>>¦/ special ~ xviessénc,ab;/ terminate ~ x bBa©b;kic©snüa claw back v. R)ak;dkykmkvij clean adj. s¥at/ ~ development mechanism ynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥ats¥M clean bill of health viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; suxPaBl¥ clean bill of lading b½NÑpÞúkTMnij RtwmRtUv ¬KµankMNt;RtaBITMnijxus¼xUceT¦ clean collection EbbEpnTUTat;BaNiC¢kmµ KµanP¢ab;Éksar ¬KWeyagelIlixitCMBak;R)ak; b¤mUlb,TanbR½tEdleFVItamry³FnaKar¦ clear v. a cheque dak;mUlb,Tanb½Rt eGayRbB½n§FnaKarcat;karepÞrR)ak; clear v. goods through customs bMeBjEbbbTKy ¬edIm,InaMcUl b¤naMecjTMnij¦ clear profit R)ak;cMeNjsuT§ clearance certificate b½NÑRtYtBinitürbs;Ky clearance inwards TMnijEdlKyXat;Tuk clearance outwards TMnijEdlputBIKyBinitü clearance sale karlk;LayLúgbegðIysþúk clearing account KNnIpat;Tat; clearing bank FnaKarTUTat; clearing house (banking) sPapat;Tat; clearing the arrears eFVIkarTUTat;R)ak; EdlBMuTan;)ansg clerk esµón/ bank ~ buKÁlikFnaKar clientele n. Gtifita ¬GtifiCnTaMgGs; rbs;hagNamYy¦ clinic KøInik

close v. an account biTKNnI ¬eFVI[KNnImansmtulüsUnü¦ close company Rkumh‘unbiTCit ¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unmanticnak;Nas;¦ closed economy esdækic©biTCit ¬rdæRtYtRtatwgruwgelIBaNiC¢kmµ nighirBaØvtßú¦ closing entries elxnabiTbBa¢I closing price éføTMnijeBlehobbiThag closing rate GRtabiT ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eBlbiTRbtibtþikarRbcaMéf¶¦ closing the books karbiTbBa¢I club køib/ regional industry ~ køib ]sSahkmµtMbn; cluster kBa©úM clustering of elements smasFaturYmCakBa©úM coaching karbgVwk/ karbgðat; co-chair shRbFan co-creditor n. sh\NTayk code Rkm/ commercial ~ RkmBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ of conduct/ethics RkmsIlFm’ code kUd/ elxkUd co-defendant shcugecaT coding kardak;elxkUd coefficient of variation emKuNbMErbMrYl cognitive level kMrityl;dwg coherence PaBrlUn/ PaBsuIKña cohesion karrYmsM)ac;/ karrYbrYmKña/ siniT§Bl ¬kMlaMgpSarP¢ab;Kña¦ coin n. & v. 1>R)ak;kas 2>e)aHR)ak;kas coincidence n. karKab;CYn/ Ékb,harPaB collaboration kic©shkar collate v. 1> RbmUlB½t’manmkBinitü


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eRbobeFob 2> erobcMtamlMdab; ¬Éksar¦ collateral loan kMcImanrbs; bBa©aM¼dak;Fana collateral vtßú bBa©aM¼dak;Fana/ sc©karP½NÐ colleague shesvik collect v. payment Tar ¬RbmUlR)ak;¦ collecting agent/bank Pñak;gar¼FnaKar RbmUlR)ak; collecting charges esah‘uyCYyRbmUlR)ak; collection smuc©½y/ karRbmUl/ karTar/ debt ~ agency TIPñak;garTarbMNul/ ~ of stamps karsnSMTukEtm/ debit ~ karRbmUlbMNul collective CasmUhPaB/ rYm/ ~ bargaining karcrcarCa rYm¼smUhPaB/ ~ farm ksidæanrYm/ shkrN_ksikr/ ~ ownership kmµsiT§irYm/ ~ work sñaédCasmUhPaB collectivity smUhPaB collectivisation smUhPavUbnIykmµ collector n. GñkRbmUl/ farm produce ~ GñkRbmUlTijplitplksikmµ/ money ~ GñkRbmUlR)ak; column xÞg;/ xÞg;bBaÄr ¬tarag¦ combine KYbpSM/ lay/ ~ business and pleasure KYbpSMCamYyKñanUvBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkMsanþ combustion n. cMehH ¬kareqH¦ come v. into effect/force cUlCaFrman come v. into line RBmeRBogCamYyKña come v. to an agreement QaneTAdl; kic©RBmeRBog comfort pasukPaB/ letter of ~ lixitKaMRT RKwHsßansaxa ¬kñúgkarrkx©IR)ak;¦

commerce BaNiC¢kmµ

commercial BaNiC¢/ énBaNiC¢kmµ/ non ~ bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢/ ~ aircraft ynþehaH CMnYj ¬dwkGñkdMeNIr rWTMnij¦/ ~ attaché GnuB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ bank FnaKarBaNiC¢/ ~ bill rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ court tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ credit \NTanBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ dealing esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ enterprise shRKas BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ impracticability GRbtibtiþPaB BaNiC©kmµ/ ~ invoice vikáybRtBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ paper RkdassñamBaNiC¢kmµ/ lixitTTYl CMBak;/ ~ port kMBg;EpBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ register bBa¢IBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ traveller tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ usage TMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmµ commercialisation BaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ commercialise v. eFVIBaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ commission 1> kMéreCIgsar/ ~ agent Pñak;garTTYlkMéreCIgsar/ ~ buyer/seller Pñak;gartMNag Tij¼lk;/ ~ sale karlk;yk kMéreCIgsar 2> KN³kmµkar commitment karebþCJa ¬karsnüadac;Nat;¦ committed credit (state budget) \NTanP¢ab;snüa ¬fvikardæ¦ committee KN³kmµaFikar/ standing ~ KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_/ ~ of inspection KN³kmµaFikarRtYtBinitü/ steering ~ KN³kmµaFikar dwknaMkargar¼nayk commodity plitpl ¬EdleKlk;¼Tij eRcIn²CaBiess vtßúFatuedIm niges,óg¦/ ~ accounts KNnIplitpl Common Effective Preferential

Tariff (CEPT) taragGnueRKaHBn§Kyman


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RbsiT§iPaBrYm common property resources (CPR) FnFanRTBürYm common sense suPnicä½½y common stock PaKh‘unsamBaØ commonwealth shFn ¬RkumrdæFøab; enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs¦/ ~ of independent states shFnrdæÉkraCü communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tg/ ~ of information KmnaKmn_B½t’man communist adj. kumµúynisþ community property RTBürYmsM)ac; bþIRbBn§ ¬Cam©as;rYmKña¦ company Rkumh‘un/ affiliated (or associated) ~ Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½næ/ joint stock ~ Rkumh‘unGanamik/ limited liability ~ Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmanx½NÐsIma/ ~ union shPaBRkumh‘un/ subsidiary ~ Rkumh‘unsaxa/ unlimited ~ Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvKµankMNt;/ ~ promoter sßabnikRkumh‘un/ trading ~ Rkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ies act c,ab;Rkumh‘un comparative advantage ]tþmPaB eRbobeFob compatibility smitPaB ¬PaBcUlKñacuH¦ compatriot CnrYmCati compensating errors el¥ógb:Hb:UvKña compensation karb:Hb:Uv/ sMNg compensatory financing facility (CFF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;b:Hb:UvxaghirBaØvtßú compete v. RbkYtRbECg competent adj. mansmtßkic©/ mansmtßPaB/ ~ authority GaCJaFrman

smtßkic©/ ~ party PaKImansmtßkic© competing lines muxTMnijRbkYtRbECg competition karRbkYtRbECg/ sarmÖ/ free ~ karRbkYtRbECgesrI competitive EdlRbECg/ ~ advantage ]tþmPaBRbECg/ ~ examination karRblgRbECg/ ~ market pSarRbkYtRbECg/ ~ price éføRbkYtRbECg competitiveness PaBRbkYtRbECg/ PaBedjeCIgKña competitor GñkRbECg ¬éfø/ TIpSar>>¦ compile v. cgRkg complain v. t¥ÚjEt¥r/ tv:a complainant Gñkbþwgtv:a complaint bNþwg/ BakübNþwg complementary EdlbMeBj[KñaeTAmk completion karbBa©b;/ karbegðIy/ ~ of a contract karbBa©b;kic©snüa complex adj. misSPaK ¬sµúKsµaj¦ superiority ~ esyümanH/ inferiority ~ hInmanH/ complexity misSPaB complex business plan bøg;GaCIvkmµ sµúKsµaj complex multi-stage design bøg;eRcIn dMNak;minsamBaØ complexity PaBsµúKsµaj/ PaBsaMjúaM compliance with, in RsbCamYy complicate v. eFVIeGaysµúKsµaj complicity karcUléd complimentary 1> EdlsesIr 2> EdleGayTeT ¬\tKitéfø¦ comply Rbtibtþitam/ eFVItam


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component smasPaK/ FatupSM composition smasPaB compound entry elxnapÁúM ¬elxnamaneRbIcab;BIbIKNnIeLIgeTA¦ compound growth vDÆnPaBsmas compound interest karR)ak;smas comprehensive adj. RKb;RCugeRCay/ TUlMTUlay/ ~ analysis karviPaKRKb;RCugeRCay compromise karRsuHRsYl comptroller GñkRtYtBinitüxaghirBaØvtßú compulsory CakatBVkic©/ Edlxanmin)an/ ~ inspection GFikarkic©CakatBVkic© computable EdlGacKNna)an computer virus vIrus¼visaNU kMuBüÚT½r comrade n. smmitþ/ shCIvin/ BYkm:ak conceal v. lak;elom concealment karlak;elom concentration karRbmUlpþúM/ land ~ karRbmUlpþúMdIFøI/ ~ level of a substance kMritkMhab;énsarFatu concept eKalKMnit/ TsSnaTan conception TsSnaTan

conceptual error el¥ógEpñkTsSnaTan conceptualise v. KitKUrbegáItfµI concern kgVl;/ RBYy)armÖ/ business ~ RKwHsßan ¬CMnYj¦/ his business is a going ~ muxCMnYjrbs;Kat;kMBugdMeNIrkareTAmux ¬nigmancMeNj¦

concerned EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ ministry RksYgBak;B½n§ concert, act in v. eFVIskmµPaBrYmKña

¬edIm,IsMerceKaledAGVImYy¦ concerted economic action skmµPaB esdækic©manvKÁmanesñI concession sm,Tan/ forest ~ sm,Tan éRBeQI/ ~ holder sm,Tanik/ social land ~ sm,TandIsgÁmkic©/ price ~ sm,Tanéfø concessionaire sm,Tanik/ forest ~ éRBsm,Tanik concessional, concessionary Edl pþl;sm,Tan¼GnueRKaH/ ~ loan kMcIpþl; sm,Tan/ ~ terms lkçxNÐsm,Tan conciliate v. pSHpSa conclusion n. snñidæan/ Gvsankfa ¬PaKbBa©b;énr)aykarN_¦ concrete measure viFankarCak;Esþg concurrence 1> karyl;RBm/ karÉkPaB 2>karekItdMNalKña ¬RBwtþikarN_¦ condition lkçxNÐ/ working ~ lkçxNÐ eFVIkargar/ ~ precedent lkçxNÐbegáIt katBVkic©/ ~ subsequent lkçxNÐbBa©b; katBVkic© conditional edaymanlkçxNÐ/ ~ acceptance karTTYlRBmedaymanlkçxNÐ conditionality PaBmanlkçxNÐ conducive to GMeNaypldl; conduct kiriyamayaT/ karRbRBwtþi¬xøÜn¦ conduct v. & n. 1> dwknaM/ eFVI/ dMeNIrkar 2> ~ of business kic©dMeNIrkareFVIGaCIvkmµ conference snñisIT confession n. karsarPaB/ sc©avIkrN_ confidential sMgat;


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confirmation karbBa¢ak;/ ~ of order karbBa¢ak;nUvkarbBa¢aTij/ ~ of price karbBa¢ak;éfø confirmed letter of credit sar\NTanGnusiT§i confirming bank FnaKarbBa¢ak; confiscate rwbGUs ¬ykRTBü¦/ dkhUt conflict TMnas;/ ~ of interest TMnas;pl RbeyaCn_ confrontation n. karRbTl;muxKña/ smµúxIkmµ/ ~ meeting karRbCMuTl;muxKña confusing RcLMbl;/ gayP½nþRcLM confusion karP½nþRcLM/ karRcLMbl;/ karRcbUkRcbl; conglomerate Rkumh‘unBhuplitpl conscience mnsikar conscientious Edlmanmnsikar/ Edlyk citþTukdak; consensus karmUlmti/ kugsg;s‘us consent v. & n. 1> RBm 2> karyl;RBm consequential EdlCavi)ak conservation GPirkS/karrkSa/ ~ of nature GPirkSFmµCati/ soil ~ GPirkSdI conservative adj. GPirkS consideration karBicarNa/ under ~ kMBug BinitüBicarNa consignee GñkTTYlTMnij consignee’s account, all charges to ral;esah‘uycMNayCabnÞúkrbs;GñkTTYlTMnij consignment n. 1> karbBa¢ÚnTMnij/ ~ note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij 2> GIv:an;mYyRkum ¬]>mYykugtWn½r¦EdlbBa¢ÚneTA consignor GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij

consistency 1> sgÁtPaB/ PaBsuIKña 2> PaBminpøas;bþÚr consolidated (information) ¬B½t’man¦ Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña consolidated balance sheet tarag tulükarsrub¬bUkcUlEfmnUvbuRtsm<½n§>>>¦ consolidation of balance sheets karRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñanUvtaragtulükar consortium kugs½rsüÚm/ smaKm conspiracy n. karKitk,t;/ shk,d ¬karrYmKMnitk,t;¦ constant efr/ ~ price éføefr constituency mCÄdæanGñkKaMRT/ mNÐle)aHeqñat constitution rdæFmµnuBaØ Constitutional Council RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ constitutionality FmµnuBaØPaB constraint kMhit ¬]bsKÁ¦ constructive CalkçN³ksag/ ~ criticism karTietonCalkçN³ksag consultancy karpþl;eyabl;ÉkeTs consultant GñkBieRKaHeyabl; consultation karBieRKaHeyabl; Consultative Group (CG) RkumBieRKaHeyabl; consumables vtßúFatueRbIR)as; consume v. eRbIR)as; ¬es,ógGahar/ \n§n³>>>¦ consumer GñkeRbIR)as;/ ~ basket k®nþk TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ credit \NTansMrab;Tij TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ goods TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ price éføTMnijeRbIR)as; ¬éfølk;ray¦/ ~ price index (CPI) snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbI R)as;/ ~ surplus plcMeNjénGñkeRbIR)as;


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consumption kareRbIR)as;/ ~ expenditurescMNayeRbIR)as;/ home (domestic) ~ kareRbI R)as;kñúgRsuk/ ~ curve ExSekageRbIR)as; contact karCYbTak;Tg/ ~ person mnusS sMrab;CYbTak;Tg container kugtWn½r ¬pÞúkTMnij¦ contemporary shkal/ shsm½y contempt karemIlgay/ ~ of court karRbmaftulakar content 1> xøwmsar 2> matika contest n. karRbECg/ karRbkYt/ ~ a decision CMTas;tva:nwgesckþIsMerc context bribT/ brikarN_ contingency yfaPaB/ kar\tRBagTuk/ ~ beneficiary GtßKahkCayfaehtu/ ~ plan EpnkarTukGnuvtþCayfaehtu contingent adj. GaRs½yelI ¬RBwtþikarN_GVI mYyEdlGacekIteLIg rWminekIteLIg¦/ Gnimitþ continuity nirnþrPaB continuous adj. bnþrhUt/ bnþCab; contra account KNnIbdiPaK contra entry elxnabRBa©as ¬edIm,IlubecalnUvelxnamun¦ contraband TMnijrt;Bn§ contraception karbgáarkMeNIt contract kic©snüa/ ~ of insurance kic©snüaFanar:ab;rg/ ~ of sale kic©snüalk;/ ~ of work kic©snüakargar contract (public) employee buKÁlik¬rdæ¦Cab;kic©snüa contract law c,ab;kic©snüa

contract v. out of an agreement dk b¤ lubkic©snüa ¬edaymankaryl;RBmCa laylkçN_GkSrBIPaKImçageTot¦ contract v. 1> cuHkic©snüa 2> rYmcuH ¬esdækic©¦ contract, under Cab;kic©snüa/ eRkamkic©snüa contracting party PaKIcuHkic©snüa contractor GñkcuHkic©snüa/ Gñkem:Akar/ sub-contractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ contractual business GaCIvkmµQrelI kic©snüa contradiction bdivaTkmµ/ PaBpÞúyKña contradictory EdlpÞúyKña contrast n. PaBpÞúyKña/ Bütierk contra-transfer cuHbRBa©as/ eFVIRbtiRkanþ elxna contravene v. elµIs/ bMBan contribute v. rYmviPaKTan/ rYmcMENk contribution viPaKTan/ karrYmcMENk/ ~ in kind viPaKTanCasMPar³ control v. RtYtBinitü/ RtYtRta controllable expenses cMNayRKb;RKg)an controlled selection CMerIsmankarRtYtBinitü controller GñkRtYtBinitü controlling interest, have a mancMENkPaKh‘unRtYtRta ¬KWmanelIsBI 50°énPaKh‘unsrubrbs;Rkumh‘un¦ controversy vaTb,divaT ¬rW vaTRbtivaT rW karCECkrkxusRtUvCasaFarN³¦ contumacy n. TudæPaB ¬karminRBmcUlxøÜneTAtulakar¦ convenience food Gaharevcx©b;Rsab;


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¬EdlRsYl erobcM¼cMGin¦ convention 1> GnusBaØa 2> snñi)at 3> snµtikmµ¼karsnµt conversation karsnÞna/ snÞnakar conversion karbþÚr/ ~ price/rate GRtabþÚr ¬edIm,IKitbþÚrrUbiyvtßúmYyeTACarUbiyvtßúbreTs¦ convertible currency rUbiyvtßúEdlGac bþÚrykrUbiyvtßúepSg)an conveyance 1> karepÞr ¬kmµsiT§i¦ 2> ÉksarepÞr convict TNÐit ¬GñkCab;Bn§naKar¦ cooperate v. eFVIshRbtibtþikar cooperative adj. & n. 1> EdleFVIshRbtibtþikar 2> shkrN_ coordinates niyamkar ¬ry³TTwg¼ry³beNþay¦ co-owner, co-proprietor shkmµsiT§ikr/ m©as;kmµsiT§irYmKña co-ownership shkmµsiT§i co-property RTBüsm,tiþrYmKña copyright siT§icMlg/ rkSasiT§i core sñÚl/ ~ budget fvikasñÚl/ ~ funding mUlniFisñÚl/ ~ resources FnFansñÚl corn n. (US) eBat/ baby ~ esñóteBat ¬bEnø¦ corporate state rdæshRKin corporation saCIvkmµ/ multinational ~ saCIvkmµBhuCati/ ~ tax (GB) Bn§elIR)ak; cMeNjRkumh‘un correct adj. RtwmRtUv correlated response variance v:arIy:g; cMelIyTak;Tin correlation shsm<½n§/ TMnak;TMng correspondence, business karsresr

Tak;TgxagCMnYj/ lixiteqøIyqøgGaCIvkmµ correspondent bank FnaKareqøIiyqøg corridor rebog/ Efv/ economic ~ rebogesdækic© corroborate v. bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm/ eFVIbmaNIykrN_ corruption n. GMeBIBukrlYy cost 1> tMél 2> briyaTan 3> éføedIm 4> bnÞúkcMNay/ cMNay cost accounting KNenyüéføedIm/ KNenyüviPaK cost and freight (C & F) éføTMnijbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún cost of goods sold or cost of sales éføedImTMnijlk;ecj cost of living éføRTRTg;CIvPaB cost price éføedIm cost, historical tMélTijcUl cost, insurance, freight (CIF) éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún cost, manufacturing éføedImplitkmµ cost-benefit analysis karviPaKcMNay nigplcMeNj cost-effective adj. EdlmanRbsiT§PaB cMNay costing karKNnaéføedIm Council of Ministers TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI counter bBa¢r counter party bdiPaKI counter valuation bdiekaslvic©½y counterbalance v. raMgxÞb;\T§iBl countermand bdiesFbgÁab;munecal/


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ecjRbtiGaNtþi counter-offer kareGayéføelI ¬edIm,IRbECgTij¦ counterpart smPaKI counterpart adj. bdiPaK/ ~ entry elxnabdiPaK/ ~ fund mUlniFibdiPaK counter-revolution n. Rbtibdivtþn_ country report r)aykarN_sþIBIRbeTs country-representative office kariyal½ytMNagRbcaMRbeTs country-risk analysis karviPaKeRKaHRbeTs coupe, forest éRBKub court clerks RkLabBa¢I court or lawcourt sala kat;kþI¼CMrHkþI covenant karRBmeRBogCapøÚvkar cover note (insurance) kMNt;sMGag ¬Fanar:ab;rg¦ cover price éføelIRkb ¬éfølk;raycuHelI RkbesovePA/ TsSnavdþI >>>¦ cover, banking R)ak;Fana cover, full (insurance) b½NÑFanar:ab;rgelI haniP½yRKb;RbePT cover, temporary (insurance) b½NÑFanar:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ coverage kar¼TMhM RKbdNþb; ¬]> edayb½NÑFanar:ab;rg¦ craftsmanship n. htßekaslü creation n. karbegáIt/ mabnkmµ/ nimiµtkmµ/ mabnvtßú creative thinking KMnitécñRbDit creativity KMnitécñRbDit credibility PaBKYr[eCO/ kitþinam

credit bank FnaKar\NTan credit bureau kariyal½ypþl;B½t’man BIkitþinam ¬énshRKas>>>¦ credit in kind \NTanvtßú ¬minEmnCaR)ak;¦ credit institution sßab½n\NTan credit market TIpSar\NTan credit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NTan 2> \NTayI 3> kt;Rtaxag\NTan credit plus \NTanbUk ¬\NTanEdl KitKUrTaMgkarCYyCaR)ak;kas nigbec©keTs¦ credit rating cMNat;fñak;\NTan/ smtßPaBsgbMNulrbs;Gñkx©I credit restrictions kMhitén\NTan credit risk haniP½yén\NTan credit sale karlk;eCO credit slip b½NÑsMeNA\NTan/ skçIb½Rt \NTan credit solvency lT§PaBsgbMNul credit status CMhr\NTan credit terms lkçxNÐ\NTan credit worthiness PaBKYr)anTTYl\NTan credit worthy borrower Gñkx©IR)ak; EdlKYreGayTukcitþ credit, open \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana ¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦ credit, tax \NTanBn§ credit, trade \NTanCMnYj ¬pþl;[shRKas manTMnak;TMngCMnYjCamYyKña¦ creditor \NTayk/ m©as;bMNul credulity n. PaBgayeCO/ sT§aluPaB creeping inflation GtiprNasnSwm²


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crime bTelµIsRBhµT½NÐ criteria, criterion lkçN³vinicä½y crop n. dMNaM/ pldMNaM/ supplementary ~ dMNaMrYmpSM cross check epÞógKñaeTAvijeTAmk cross class fñak;qøg cross rate, exchange cross rate GRtabþÚrrUbiyb½NÑepÞógpÞat; ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak; eFobtam rUbiyvtßúTI3 dUcCa duløar¦ cross border (trade) qøgkat;RBMEdn ¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦ crossed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtqUt cross-examine v. karsYrbBa¢ak;sakSI epÞógpÞat;nwgcMelIyeBlmun cross-voting n. kare)aHeqñateGayKNbkS epSg ¬minEmnKNbkSxøÜn¦ crude oil eRbgeqA culprit n. BiruT§ikCn cultivated land dIdaMduH culture vb,Fm’/ ~ of impunity vb,Fm’ rYceTas cumulated list bBa¢IbUkRtYt curb v. Tb;sáat; curfew bMrameKacr currency rUbiyvtßú/ hard ~ rUbiyvtßúxøaMg ¬rbs;RbeTsmanesdækic©maMmYn niggaybþÚr ykrUbiyvtßúepSgeTot¦/ soft ~ rUbiyvtßúexSay currency in circulation rUbiyvtßúkñúgcracr currency of account rUbiyvtßúykmkKitKUr currency of payment rUbiyvtßúTUTat; currency of the contract rUbiyvtßúén kic©snüa

currency operation RbtibtþikarelI rUbiyvtßú ¬dUcCakarbþÚrR)ak;CaedIm ¦ current account or checking

account (US) KNnIcrnþ current adj. crnþ/ ~ expenditures cMNaycrnþ current assets RTBüskmµ crnþ¼cl½t current liabilities RTBüGkmµcrnþ current price éføcrnþ/ éføbc©úb,nñ/ ~ list taragéføcrnþ current revenue cMNUlcrnþ ¬cMNUlCaRbcaM kñúgÉksarxøH¦ current account holder m©as;KNnIcrnþ current market rate GRtaéføTIpSarRbcaMéf¶ curtailment karkat;bnßy curve ExSekag/ aggregate supply ~ ExSekagpÁt;pÁg;srub custody (keeping) karrkSaTuk custom of the port (COP) TMenomTMlab;Ep custom-built/made ksag¼eFVI Biess sMrab;GtifiCnNamñak; customer GtifiCn customs house TIcat;karKy customs Ky/ ~ agent Pñak;garKy/ ~ Department TIcat;karKynigrdæakr/ ~ breach bTelµIsc,ab;Ky/ ~ declaration RbtievTn_Ky/ ~ examination karRtYtBinitü énPñak;garKy/ ~ frontier RBMEdnKy/ ~ invoice vikáybRtKy/ ~ permit lixit GnuBaØatBITIcat;karKy/ ~ regulations bTbBaØtþiKy/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky/ ~ territory tMbn;RtYtBinitüKy ¬tMbn;EdlKy


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Gactamcab;TMnij)an¦ customs broker buKÁl¼Rkumh‘un EdlnaM TMnijqøgkat;Ky ¬bMerIeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún¦ customs duties (or dues) Bn§Ky cycle vdþ/ suIkø/ xYb/ CMu/ ~ of poverty vdþénPaBRkIRk D, d daily RbcaMéf¶/ ~ sales return cMNUllk; RbcaMéf¶ damage karxUcxat/ Gnþray/ ~ by seawater GnþrayedaysarTwksmuTÞ damages R)ak;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat danger money R)ak;pþl;bEnßmsMrab;kargar maneRKaHfñak; DARE (Demand and Resource Evaluation) karvaytMélFnFan nigtMrUvkar data Tinñn½y/ enter v. ~ bBa©ÚlTinñn½y data processing karcat;EcgTinñn½y database mUldæanTinñn½y data-collection stage dMNak;kalRbmUl Tinñn½y date kalbriecäT/ éf¶Ex/ interest to ~ karR)ak;mkTl;bc©úb,nñ date a cheque forward cuHkalbriecäT GnaKtelImUlb,Tanb½Rt date of maturity éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;/ \NRbtiTan/ date, by the due dl;éf¶kMNt;

date, interest to R)ak;karmkTl;bc©úb,nñ day éf¶/ settlement ~ éf¶TUTat;bBa¢I/ éf¶CMrHbBaI¢ day labourer BlkrsuIR)ak;éf¶/ TinikCn day-release 1> éf¶rYcput ¬Bn§¦ 2> RbB½n§EdlGnuBaØat[nieyaCitsMrakBIkargar edIm,IeronsURt DCB (Domestic Competitive Bidding) karedjéføedayRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk de facto tamkarCak;Esþg/ tamRBwtþin½y/ ~ management karRKb;RKgtamRBwtþin½y de jure tampøÚvc,ab; dead account KNnIQb;eRbI/ KNnIgab; dead loss karxatbg;srub dead money R)ak;gab;/ R)ak;minykeTAeFVI karrksuI dead season rdUvs¶b;skmµPaB ¬]> rdUvlk;dUrminsUvdac;¦ deadline kalkMNt;/ kalbriecäTdl;kMNt; deadlock PaBTal;Rck break the ~ TMlayPaBTal;Rck dead-weight 1> TMgn;nicl/ TMgn;gab; ¬KµanCYybMerIkar¦ deal karRBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ GabNsBaØa/ get a good ~ Tij)anefak/ package ~ karRBmeRBogCakBa©b; dealer BaNiC¢kr dealership TMnak;TMMngCMnYjpþac;mux dealing karlk;dUrh‘unenApSarh‘un/ CMnYj, commercial ~ esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ fair ~ CMnYj Rsbc,ab;/ insider ~ karCYjdUrh‘uneday GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦


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dear éfø ¬pÞúynwgefak¦ dear money R)ak;x©ImanR)ak;karx<s; dearth of investment kgVHvinieyaK death mrNPaB/ karsøab;/ ~ certificate sMbuRtmrNPaB/ ~ in service benefit R)ak;bMNac;mrNPaB death rate GRtamrN³ debate karCECkedjedal ¬]> enAsPa¦ debenture sBaØab½NÑ ¬ry³eBlEvg²¦/ lixitbMNul/ register of ~ bBa¢IeQµaHGñk kan;sBaØab½NÑrbs;Rkumh‘un/ ~ holder Gñkkan;sBaØab½NÑ debit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NBn§ 2> \Nayik 3> kt;Rtaxag\NBn§ debit/credit memorandum or debit/credit memo kMNt;ehtu \NBn§¼ \NTan b¤ Rbkas \NBn§¼\NTan debt bMNul/ ~ holder embMNul/ bad ~ bMNul GaRkk;¼Bi)akTar/ doubtful ~ bMNul sgS½y/ irrecoverable ~ bMNulTarmin)an/ ~ crisis vibtþibMNul/ ~ ratio smaPaKbMNul/secured/unsecured ~ bMNul man¼Kµan dak;RTBüFana debt-collection letter lixitTarR)ak; debt-for-nature swaps bMNuledaHdUr nwgFmµCati debtor kUnbMNul/ \Nvnþ decadence n. PaBcuHGab;»n/ GtßgÁt decapitalise n. dkTunecj deceased n. Gñksøab; decennial population census CMerOnRbCaCnRbcaMTsvtSr_

decent smrmü/ ~ livelihood CIvPaBsmrmü decentralisation n. vimCÄkar decentralise v. eFVIvimCÄkar/ decentralised power GMNacvimCÄkar deciding vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB ¬e)aHeqñat¦ decile n. TsPaK ¬sßiti¦ decimal n. & adj. 1> elxTsPaK 2> TsPaK decision esckþIsMerc/ ~ maker GñkeFVI esckþIsMerc/ ~ making kareFVIesckþIsMerc/ ~ tree KMnUsedImeQIénRbB½n§sMerc declaration 1> kar¼esckþI Rbkas 2> lixitRbkas/ RbtievTn_/ customs ~ RbtievTn_Ky/ tax ~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§ declared value tMél)an Rbkas¼RbtievTn_ decline n. karFøak;cuHyWt² declining balance method of

depreciation viFIrMls;fyCalMdab; decoding karbkRsayelxkUd ¬ERbCaPasaFmµtavij¦ deconcentration vishmCÄkar decrease karFøak;cuH/ karfycuH/ ~ in price karFøak;éfø decree Rkwtü de-dollarisation bdiduløarUbnIykmµ deduct v. kat;kg/ pat;ecj/ after deducting depreciation eRkay)anpat;rMls; deductible adj. EdlGackat;kgecj/ tax ~ EdlGackat;kgecjBIcMNUlCab;Bn§ deductive method viFITajehtupl/ viessanumanviFI


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deed 1> kic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSr 2> GMeBI ¬l¥ rW GaRkk;¦/ good ~ kuslkic© deed of assignment lixitepÞrkmµsiT§ ¬BIkUnbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul¦ deed of conveyance lixitepÞrkmµsiT§i GclnRTBü default karxusqÁg/ karxVHxat/ karKµan lT§PaBsg default of acceptance karminTTYlRBm defendant n. cugecaT deferred payments karsgR)ak;bNþak; ¬eRcInelIk¦ deferred share PaKh‘unEdlTTYlPaKlaP eRkayeK

deferred/unearned revenue ¬R)ak;¦ cMNUlTTYlmun ¬KWRtUveyageTAbBa©Úlkñúg kariybriecäTeRkay²¦ deficiency PaBminRKb;RKan;/ ~ in weight PaBxVHTMgn; deficient reserves R)ak;bMrugxVH deficient supply karpÁt;pÁg;mankgVHxat deficit »nPaB/ balance of payments/ trade ~ »nPaBCBa¢Ij TUTat;¼BaNiC¢kmµ/ budget ~ »nPaBfvika/ meet v. a ~ bMeBj»nPaB deficit financing hirBaØb,Tan»nPaB deflate the economy eFVIbritþprNa esdækic© ¬tamry³karkat;bnßysac;R)ak;pÁt;pÁg; rW cMNayrdæaPi)al¦ deflation britþprNa ¬sPaBkarN_TMnij cuHéføCaTUeTA ¦ deflationary gap KMlatbritþþþprNa

deflator (GDP) snÞsSn_britþprNa ¬pss¦ deforestation karkab;éRBeQI/ vivnkar defrauder GñkbnøM ¬]> Bn§¦ defray ecjcMNayCYs degradation TuBVlPaB/ karbBa©úHKuNPaB del credere R)ak; ¬bUkbEnßmsMrab;¦ FanakarTUTat;/ ~ clause RbkarFanaTUTat;/ ~ commission kMéreCIgsarFanakarTUTat; delay 1> karyWty:av/ ry³kalkMNt; yWty:av/ ~ in delivery karRbKl;yWty:av/ 2> karBnüaeBl/ grant a ~ pþl;karBnüaeBl delegate power eFVIRbtiPUkmµGMNac/ rMElkGMNac/ epÞrGMNac delegation 1> karepÞr ¬siT§iGMNac¦ 2> KN³RbtiPU deliberation karBiPakSaedjedal delinquent adj. 1> hYskalkMNt; 2> min)anbMeBjkatBVkic©edayectna delinquent n. GnItiCnRbRBwtþelµIs deliver v. RbKl; delivered at duty paid RbKl;enAkEnøg )anbg;Bn§ehIy delivered at frontier RbKl;enARBMEdn delivery karRbKl;/ ~ against payment RbKl;TMnijeBlmankarTUTat;/ ~ order b½NÑ bBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnij/ ~ by instalments RbKl;TMnijtamdMNak;kal/ ~ note lixit RbKl;TMnij ¬[eTAGtifiCn CamYyKñanwgTMnij¦ demagogue n. GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ/ RbCaPiftik³ demand tMrUvkar/ sMNUmBr/ ~ bill/draft lixitbþÚrykR)ak; ¬eBlbgðajFnaKar¦/


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~ curve ExSekagtMrUvkar/ ~ deposit R)ak; beBaØIcrnþ/ ~ exceeds supply tMrUvkarelIs karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ loan kMcIKµankalkMNt; ¬eBlTarRtUvsg¦ demand, to be in poor minsUvmantMrUvkar demarcation (boundary) karkMNt; RBMRbTl; demilitarise v. dkT½Becj/ eFVIvieyaFkmµ de-mining kare)assMGatmIn demise 1> Ptisnüa/ kic©snüaCYl 2> mrNPaB demobilise v. rMsay ¬kgT½B¦ democratisation RbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmµ/ RbCanuvDÆn¾ demographic rate (birth, death ...) GRtaRbCasaRsþ ¬kMeNIt/ mrN³ >>>¦ demonetise karbBa©b;tMéleRbIR)as;én RkdasR)ak;¼kak; denationalisation niCatUbnIykmµ/ karbþÚr RTBüsm,tþirdæeTACaÉkCn denial, flat karRbEkkdac;Ghgáar denominated in USD (cheque) carwkCaduløarGaemrik ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ denomination ÉktatMélénRkdasR)ak; ¬rW kak;¦ denominator (fraction) PaKEbg density dg;sIuet Department of Overseas Trade naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs Department of Public Prosecution GgÁkarGyükar department store PNÐaKar

dependability PaBGacBwgBak;)an

depletion karfycuHeRcIn²/ kareRbIGs;/ tnukmµ depletive asset RTBüfycuHtamkareRbIR)as; deport v. nireTs deposit R)ak;beBaØI/ nikçitP½NÐ/ certificate of ~ RbkasnIyb½RtbeBaØI/ demand ~ R)ak; beBaØIcrnþ/ guaranteed ~ nikçitP½NÐFana/ savings ~ R)ak;beBaØIsnSM/ fixed/time ~ R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ bank FnaKar TTYlR)ak;beBaØI/ ~ guaranty account KNnI R)ak;tMkl;Fana/ ~ in transit R)ak;beBaØIkMBug epÞr/ ~ receipt bgáan;édTTYlR)ak;beBaØI/ ~ slip b½NÑsresrepJIR)ak; deposit R)ak;kk; deposit (minerals...) RsTab;Er: deposit v. 1> kk; 2> tMkl;R)ak;/ epJIR)ak; ¬enAFnaKar¦ depositor GñkepJIR)ak; depreciate v. Føak;éfø depreciation 1> karFøak;éfø¼tMél 2> ¬kar¦ rMls; 3> karswkerc depreciation allowance (accounting) TayC¢TaneGaydl;rMls; depress v. sgát;cuH ¬TIpSar/ GarmµN_/ Qñan;RhVaMgrfynþ >>>¦ depression, economic vism<aFesdækic© deputy prime minister ]bnaykrdæm®nþI deputy chairman GnuRbFan deputy manager naykrg/ bNÑaFikarrg deregulate v. eFVIbdiniy½tkmµ dereliction of duty kare)aHbg;Parkic©


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derivative instrument (banking) ]bkrN_nisSnÞ descendant bcäaCn description 1> karBiBN’na 2> RbePTTMnij/ ~ of goods karraymuxTMnij desertification rehadæanIykmµ ¬kareFVI[ eTACavalrehadæan¦ design karrcnatak;Etg/ bøg;/ ~ effect \T§iBlénbøg;/ ~ weight TMgn;bøg; design v. rcnatak;Etg designation letter lixit]eTÞsnam ¬GñktMNag>>>¦ desk study karsikSaenAkariyal½y detailed adj. lMGit/ ~ instructions bTbBa¢alMGit deteriorated Gn;KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ deterioration karGn;fy ¬KuNPaB/ éfø>>>¦ determine v. kMNt; detriment karxUcRbeyaCn_ detrimental Edl eFVIeGayxUcRbeyaCn_¼ bgáeRKaHfñak; devalue v. bBa©úuHtMélrUbiyvtßú ¬eFobnwg rUbiyvtßúÉeTot²¦ development karGPivDÆn_/ karlUtlas;/ ~

strategies yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_/ ~ aid CMnYyGPivDÆn_/ ~ project KMeragGPivDÆn_/ Development Triangle

Zone tMbn;GPivDÆn_RtIekaN deviation 1> kargakecj 2> KMlat devise n. Gc©½yTanCaGclnRTBü ¬tammrtksasn_¦ diagnosis n. eraKvinicä½y

diagram KMnUsbMRBYj differentiate v. Ejk differentiation karEjkeGayeXIjPaBxusKña digit elx/ single ~ inflation GtiprNa mantYelxEtmYyxÞg; digital EdlbgðajCaelx/ DIhSúItal; digitalised economy esdækic©erxUbnIykmµ dignitary \sSrCn dignity PaBéføfñÚr/ \sSrPaB dilemma n. sßanPaBRtUveFVICMerIsd¾Bi)ak dimension TMhM/ TidæPaB ¬énsPaBkarN_GVImYy¦ direct adj. pÞal;/ foreign ~ investment (FDI) vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ cost tMél plitpÞal;/ briyaTanpÞal;/ ~ exchange karedaHdUredaypÞal;/ ~ export karnaMecj edaypÞal;/ ~ tax Bn§pÞal; direct v. tMrg;Tis direction 1> Tis/ TisedA 2> esckþIENnaM/ provide ~ and guidance pþl;TisedA nigkarENnaM ¬[eFVIGVImYy¦ directive karcg¥úlTis/ bTENnaM/ ~ on wages and prices bTENnaMsþIBIebovtSr_nigéfø direct-lending schemes kmµviFI\NTanpÞal; director nayk director-general GKÁnayk/ deputy ~ GKÁnaykrg directory 1> bBa¢IrayeQµaH 2> ftdak;Tinñn½y ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦ direct-transit trade BaNiC¢kmµqøgkat;pÞal; disability BikarPaB disadvantage plvi)ak/ KuNvibtþi


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disadvantaged caj;eRbob/ ~ farmers ksikrTn;exSay disaggregation karbMEbkGgÁpSM disagree v. minRBmeRBog/ minÉkPaB/ minyl;Rsb disagreement n. karminRBmeRBog, in the event of ~ kñúgkrNIKµankarRBmeRBog disbursement karebIkpþl;¬R)ak;¦/ ~ account KNnIraymuxkarebIkpþl;R)ak;/ ~ schedule kalviPaKebIkpþl;R)ak; discharge 1> dkbNþwg/ ~ a bankrupt eGaybuKÁl)anrYcputBIPaBBIkS½yFn BIeRBaH )anTUTat;bMNulehIy 2> TUTat;bMNulTaMgRsug 3> bBaÄb; ¬buKÁlik¦ disciplinary action kardak;vin½y ¬kardak;eTasxagrdæ)al¦ disciplinary council RkumRbwkSavin½y ¬GñksMercdak;vin½yelIbuKÁlik¦ disciplinary sanction TNÐkmµxagvin½y/ to impose ~ dak;vin½y disciplinary transfer karpøas;ecjedaydak;vin½y disclaimer bTRbkasbdiesF ¬karTTYlxusRtUv/ siT§i >>>¦ discount 1> Gbhar ¬karcuHéfø¦/ cash ~ karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ to sell goods at a ~ lk;TinijcuHéfø 2> Gbharit ¬R)ak;cuHéføeGay¦ 3> cuHéfø discount a bill v. eFVIGbharrUbiyaNtþi ¬lk;rUbiyaNtþieGayFnaKar¦ discount bank FnaKarTij]bkrN_ TUTat;lixitbMNul

discount rate GRtaGbhar/ GRtacuHéfø discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;Kittamry³eBl discouraged worker Blkr)ak;Twkcitþ discretion qnÞanusiT§i ¬siT§isMerceBjelj¦/ at the ~ of the government CaqnÞanusiT§i rbs;rdæaPi)al discrimination karerIseGIg disequilibrium vismta/ PaBKµanlMnwg dishonoured bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþiEdlRtUv)anbdiesF dishonoured cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt bdiesdæ ¬minTUTat;¦ disillusion esckþIRsgakcitþy:agxøaMg disincentive eRKOgbg¥ak;Twkcitþ disinflation karbnßyGtiprNa disinvestment kardkTunQb;vinieyaK dismiss v. bBaÄb;BIIkargar/ edjecal/ dismissal n. karbBaÄb;BIIkargar dispatch n. karbBa¢Ún/ karEbgEck dispatch v. epJI/ bBa¢Ún ¬TMnij>>>¦ dispersion diagram düaRkambMEbkray disposable personal income cMNUl enATMenrrbs;buKÁl/ cMNUlbuKÁleRkaykat;Bn§ ¬]> R)ak;ExebIkykeTApÞH)an¦ dispose v. CMrHbBa©b; dispossess dkhUtrbs;RTBü disproportionate (amount of cash) vismamaRt ¬cMnYnsac;R)ak;¦ dispute vivaT/ CMelaH/ ~ settlement mechanism ynþkaredaHRsayvivaT


33

dissemination karpSBVpSay dissolution karrMlay distortion karERbRbYlxusPaBedIm distress (sale) edaymanFur³bnÞan;/ edaHT½l ¬karlk;¦ distribution karEckcay distribution of sample r)ayKMrUtag distribution, unequal wealth r)ayvismFn ¬karEckcayRTBüminesµIKña¦ disturbance karrMxan/ noise ~ karrMxan edaysMelg diversification cMruHkmµ/ BiBiFkmµ dividend PaKlaP divisible adj. EdlEckdac;/ GacEbgEck/ ~ letter of credit sar\NTanGacbMEbk)an division of labour karEbgEckBlkmµ docker kmµkrkMBg;Ep documentary collection 1> karRbmUlR)ak;eRkayeBl)anTTYlÉksar 2> karRbmUlÉksar documentary credit \NTanÉksar documentation 1> Éksar ¬TaMgGs;Tak;TinnwgerOgGVImYy¦ 2> karksagsMNMuÉksar documents against acceptance (D/A)

pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijeBlbBa¢ak;TTYlRBmCMBak; documents against payment (D/P) pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijenAeBlsgR)ak; dogma n. siT§anþ ¬CMenOrbs;mnusSmYyRkumEdl eKrMBwgfaGñkÉeTotTTYlykedayKµanCECktv:a¦ dollarisation duløarUbnIykmµ

domestic kñúgRsuk ¬rW kñúgRbeTs¦/ ~ assets (bank) RTBüskmµkñúgRsuk>/ ~ credit \NTan kñúgRsuk/ ~ demand tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk/ ~ income (DI) plTunkñúgRsuk/ ~ financing hirBaØb,Tan kñúgRbeTs/ ~ product (DP) plitplkñúgRsuk/ ~ savings sBa¢½yFnkñúgRsuk ~ supply karpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk/ ~ price stability sßirPaB éføkñúgRsuk/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµkñúgRsuk domicile n. lMenA/ ~ of origin lMenAedIm ¬lMenABIkMeNIt tamFmµtaKW lMenA«Buk¦ domiciled bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþi manbBa¢ak;Gas½ydæan domiciled in Cambodia manlMenApøÚvkarenAkm<úCa dominate v. RKbsgát; domino effect \T§iBldUmINU donation GMeNay donee bdiKÁahk donor Tayk/ Gñkpþl;CMnYy dormant adj. KµanskmµPaB/ ~ company Rkumh‘unKµanskmµPaB ¬kñúgmYykariybriecäT¦ dose xñatmaRta/ kMrit dossier sMNMuerOg double v. ekInmYyCaBIr double-deflation technique bec©keTsbRgYmsÞÜn double-entry bookkeeping viFIcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK doubtful debt \NeTyüsgS½y down payment R)ak;kk;/ R)ak;bg;dMbUg downgrade v bBa©úHtMél


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¬]> kñúgkarBüakrN_tMélsnøwkh‘un¦ downsize v. kat;bnßy downstream product plitpl xageRkam¼cugExS ¬ekItecjBIplitpledIm¦ downward tendency ninñakarfycuH dowry ekrþ×xagRsI draconian measures viFankartwgrwgsMebIm draft 1> esckþIRBag 2> rUbiyaNtþi/ bank ~ rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar ¬lixitbBa¢a[FnaKarebIkR)ak;¦ draft term lkçxNÐlixit draught animals (GB), draft

animals (US) stVGUsTaj draw lots v. cab;eqñat ¬edIm,IeRCIserIs¦ drawback n. cMNucminl¥ drawback n. Bn§KybgVilsgvij ¬enAeBl TMnijRtUv)annaMecjeTAvij¦ drawee bharit/ GñkeGayeKdkR)ak;/ GñkRtUv)anesñIeGaybg;R)ak; drawer bhar½k/ GñkdkR)ak; drawing account KNnIR)ak;beBaØI KµankalkMNt; drawing rights siT§idkR)ak; ¬siT§isMux©I¦ drop karFøak;cuH dual price system RbB½n§éføTVIk³/ RbB½n§éføBIr due 1> EdlCMBak; 2> Edldl;kMNt; due date \NRbtiTan/ éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak; due-card salakb½Rtpþl;TMnij dumping karcak;Kr/ karlk;bgçÚcéfø/ ~ duty Bn§Tb;Tl;nwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø duplication 1> kareFVI[eTVKuN 2> karRtYtKña ¬\tRbeyaCn_¦ durability PaBCab;lab;/ PaBzitezr

dutiable EdlRtUvbg;Bn§/ ~ goods TMnij RtUvbg;Bn§¼Cab;Bn§ duty Bn§ ¬BiessBn§Ky nigGakrBiess¦/ ad valorem ~ Bn§yktaméfø/ customs ~ Bn§Ky/ excise ~ GakrBiess/ ~ paid price éføKitTaMgBn§ duty Parkic©/ ~ bound Cab;Parkic© duty-free EdlrYcBn§/ ~ goods TMnijrYcBn§ duty-paid goods TMnijbg;Bn§ehIy DVD DIvIDI ¬fasvIedGU¦ dwindle v eFVIrMls;bnþicmþg² dynamic adj. DINamik/ Edlman famPaB¼snÞúH dynamics n. DINamik/ famPaB dynamism DINamIs/ famPaB/ snÞúHkMlaMg E, e earmark v. élTuk ¬sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦ earned fees kMérrk)an earnest R)ak;kk;/ kMNt; earning capacity smtßPaBrkR)ak; earnings cMNUl/ kMér/ retained ~ R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk ¬Edlmin)anebIk[m©as;h‘unCaPaKlaPeT¦ ease, prices are inclined to éføman ninñakarfycuH easement esvPaB/ siT§ieRbIR)as;dIGñkdéT easy money policy eKalneya)ay sac;R)ak;gayRsYl ¬EdlsMrYlkarpÁt;pÁg; sac;R)ak;edIm,IBRgIkesdækic©¦


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easy terms of payment lkçxNÐTUTat; gayRsYl ecological equilibrium lMnwgeGkULÚsuI ecological tourism eGkUeTscrN_ ecological zone tMbn;eGkULÚsuI ecology eGkULÚsuI eco-national product (ENP) plitplbrisßanCati econometrics esdækic©maRtsaRsþ/ viC¢avas;Evgesdækic© economic énesdækic©/ ~ austeritytbkmµesdækic©/ kart,itet,ótxagesdækic©/ ~ blockade/embargo karh‘u¿B½T§esdækic©/ ~ conditions lkçxNÐesdækic©/ sPaBkarN_ esdækic©/ ~ conversion bMlas;esdækic© ¬BiessBIrcnasm<½n§eyaFamkrcnasm<½n§ esdækic©minEmneyaFa¦/ ~ cooperation shRbtibtþikaresdækic©/ ~ corridor rebogesdækic©/ ~ corridor RckTVar esdækic©/ ~ crisis vibtþiesdækic©/ ~ cycle vdþ esdækic©/ ~ downturn/recession karFøak;cuH esdækic©/ ~ efficiency RbsiT§PaBesdækic©/ ~ entity GgÁPaBesdækic©/ ~ forecast karBüakrN_esdækic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal; xagesdækic©/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkarT½resdækic©/ ~ pattern lMnaMesdækic©/ ~ integration smahrNkmµesdækic©/ ~ model KMrUesdækic©/ ~ philosophy TsSnviC¢aesdækic©/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayesdækic©/ ~ projection karKn;KUrxagesdækic©/ ~ sanction TNÐkmµ esdækic©/ ~ stabilisation programme

kmµviFIsßirPavUbnIykmµesdækic© economic cost-benefit analysis (ECBA) karviPaKcMNaynigplcMeNj xagesdækic© economical EdlsnSMsMéc economics viTüasaRsþesdækic© economies of scale esdækic©maRtdæan economist esdæviTU economise snSMsMéc economy esdækic©/ sMéc/ balance of national ~ tulüPaBesdækic©Cati/ black ~ esdækic©ggwt/ centrally planned ~ esdækic© EpnkarRbmUlpþúM/ decentralised ~ esdækic© vimCÄkar/ capitalist ~ esdækic©mUlFn/ free market ~ esdækic©TIpSaresrI/ planned ~ esdækic©Epnkar/ political ~ esdækic© neya)ay/ ~ car rfynþsuIsaMgtic/ ~ size xñatFM ¬lk;efakebIeFobnwgbrimaNva¦ education for all Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña Education Sector Support

Programme (ESSP) EpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;RTRTg;vis½yGb;rM

education service esvaGb;rM effective skþisiT§i effective date éf¶RbsiT§PaB effective demand tMrUvkarCak;Esþg effective rate of protection (ERP) GRtaKaMBarskþisiT§i effectiveness PaBskþisiT§i efficiency RbsiT§PaB efficient EdlmansmtßPaB/ Edlmanpll¥/


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~ worker kmµkrEdlmansmtßPaB elaborate y:agl¥itl¥n;/ briyayy:agl¥itl¥n; elasticity PaByWt/ EdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an/ ~ of supply and demand PaByWténkar pÁt;pÁg; nigtMrUvkar elderly Cncas;Cra electoral official m®nþIe)aHeqñat electrification GKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµ/ rural ~ fund mUlniFiGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµCnbT electronic adj. eGLicRtUnik element smasFatu eligibility for bank loans PaBGacTTYl )an\NTanBIFnaKar eligible EdlmansiT§i/ EdlGacTTYlyk)an elite Gñkzan³x<s; embargo karh‘¿uB½T§/ ninñivarN_ ¬]> karham Xat;mineGaynaMTMnijecj-cUl¦/ lift an ~ elIkkarh‘¿uB½T§ecj/ place an ~ dak;karh‘¿uB½T§ embezzlement karekgRbv½Ba© emergency PaB bnÞan;¼Gasnñ/ in case of ~ kñúgkrNIbnÞan;/ ~ aid CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ condition lkçxNÐPaBGasnñ/ ~ fund mUlniFise®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ loan kMcIse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ relief CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ tax Bn§visamBaØ emerging economies esdækic©kMBugegIbeT,Ig emerging markets TIpSarkMBugpuseT,Ig emission bnSay ¬]> ]sµ½nBul¦ emolument brilaP/ R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg emotional buying motive bMNgTij edayrMePIbcitþ emphasise v. sgát;F¶n;/ KUsbBa¢ak; employee nieyaCit/ ~ oriented Edlyk

citþTukdak;eTAelInieyaCit employer nieyaCk employment 1> kargar ¬eTogTat;manR)ak; kMér¦ 2> sßanPaBmankargareFVI/ ~ rate GRta GñkmankargareFVI 3>karCYl ¬[bMerIkargar eTogTat;¦/ ~ bureau kariyal½yrkkargar eGayeFVI/ ~ shock karb:HTgÁicxagkargar empower v. pþl;GMNac¼pþl;siT§iGMNac[ emulation karRbECgtamKMrUl¥ enact a law Gnum½tc,ab; encode v. sresrCaelxkUd ¬bkERbPasa samBaØeTACaelxkUd¦ encouragement karelIkTwkcitþ/ karCMruj end product plitplsMerc end result plsMerc endangered species RbePTesÞIrputBUC ending inventory sareBIP½NÐcugRKa endorse v. 1> KaMRT 2> carxñg ¬ Éksar¦ endorse v. (an expense) cuHTidæakar ¬bBa¢ak;yl;RBmelIcMNay¦ (French: viser) endorsee GñkmansiT§ieRbIR)as;lixitsñam tamcMNarxñg endorsement bidæielx/ cMNarBIxñg/ rUbiybdiePaK/ ~ for collection cMNarxñg ÉksaredIm,IRbmUlR)ak; endorser GñkeFVIbidæielx/ GñkcarxñgÉksar/ rUbiybdiePaKI endowment R)ak;pþl;[/ TayC¢Tan ¬R)ak; EbgEckCaeTogTat;sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦ energy conservation karsnSMsMécfamBl energy efficiency RbsiT§PaBfamBl enforce payment v. bgçMeGayTUTat;


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enforce v. dak;eGayRbtibtþi/ dak;bgçM[Gnuvtþ/ BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ ¬c,ab;¦/ enforcement (n) enforceable mantMélRbtibtþi/ Gacdak;bgMç [Gnuvtþ)an engage v. Bak;B½n§cUl

engagement karcUlRbLÚk engine of economic growth k,alma:sIunkMeNInesdækic© enhancement karelIksÞÜy enough RKb;RKan; enquiry esckþIesñI/ make enquiries saksYrB½t’man enrollment rate (school) GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron enterprise shRKas/ free ~ shRKasesrI ¬minenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ¦/ small-scale ~ shRKasxñattUc entertainment karkMsanþ/ ~ centre mNÐlkMsanþ entitle v. pþl;siT§i entity GgÁPaB/ legal ~ nItibuKÁl entrepreneur shRKin entrepreneurship shRKinPaB/ lkçN³ écñRbDitrksuI entry 1> elxna ¬KNenyü¦ 2> karcUl/ ~ point cMNuccUl/ RckcUl enumerator GñkcuHeFVIGegát/ GñksYrGegát ¬KYreRbI interviewer rW surveyor vij¦ environment brisßan/ ~ scan karemIl cMNucsMxan;kñúgbrisßan environmental adj. énbrisßan/ ~ impact

karb:HBal;brisßan/ ~ protection kic©karBarbrisßan/ ~ security snþisuxbrisßan envoy eRbsit¼ebskCnBiess equality smPaB/ income ~ smPaBén R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ benefit plRbeyaCn_esµIKña/ equalisation kareFVIeGaymansmPaB equation smIkar equilibrium lMnwg/ tulüPaB/ smta/ ~ price éfølMnwg equitable edaysmFm’/ esµIPaB equities h‘unFmµta equity n. RTBüm©as; ¬RTBüskmµ dk bMNUlcrnþ nigh‘unGnueRKaH¦ equity smFm’/ with ~ EdlmansmFm’/ ~ fund mUlniFismFm’ equity capital Tunm©as;h‘unFmµta equity of redemption siTi§ls; ¬rbs;kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk¦ equity participation PaKkmµ ¬cUlh‘un¦ equivalent smmUl/ esµIKña/ b:unKña/ ~ to smmUlnwg/ ~ value tMélsmmUl error el¥óg/ kMhus/ micäaelx/ ~ in measurement el¥ógkñúgkarvas;Evg escalation karrIkraldal ¬TMnas;¦/ kMeNInkartantwg escrow, in EdlrkSaTukkñúgédttIyCn essential Casarvnþ/ ~ goods TMnijCasarvnþ established business GaCIvkmµEdl cak;bJsehIy/ GaCIvkmµmanRsab; establishment 1> RKwHsßan 2> karbegáIt estate 1> dIkmµsiT§i ¬FM²¦


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2> RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlEdlsøab; estate agent Pñak;garrksuICYl rWlk;Gcln RTBü estate, real GclnRTBü estimate v. )a:n;sµan/ vaytémø estimated profit R)ak;cMeNj)a:n;sµan estimation bias lMeGogénkar)a:n;sµan ethics sIlFm’/ sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³ ¬RkmsIlFm’¦ ethnography CatiBn§úviTüa Eurodollar duløarGWr:ub ¬duløarepJIkñúgFnaKarenA eRkAshrdæGaemriksMrab;bMerIBaNiC©kmµkñúgGWr:ub¦ evaluation karvaytémø/ credit project ~ karvaytMélKMerag\NTan evasion (tax) kareKc ¬Bn§¦ even number elx Kt;KUr¼KUr event RBwtþikarN_/ ~ of default krNIKµan lT§PaBsg eventuality yfaehtu evidence Psþútag evolution karvivtþn_ evolving process dMeNIkarvivtþþin_ exacerbate eFVIeGayrwtEtF¶n;F¶r examine v. Binitü ex-ante price éføEpnkar ¬muneBlGnuvtþ Cak;Esþg¦ excavation kMNay ¬buraNviTüa¦ exceed v. elIs excess n. & adj. 1> el,Is/ sMNl; ¬fvika¦ 2> elIs/ ~ capacity smtßPaBelIs ¬tMrUvkarplit¦/ ~ reserve R)ak;bMrugelIs exchange 1> karedaHdUr/ karbþÚr/ karpøas;bþÚr ¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü

karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ dumping karlk;bMpøajGRta bþÚrR)ak;/ ~ gain/loss cMeNj¼kMhatelI karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ office kariyal½ybþÚrR)ak; 2> pSar/ kEnøglk;Tij/ stock ~ pSarh‘un exchange rate or rate of exchange GRtabþÚrR)ak;/ monthly average ~ GRta bþÚrR)ak;mFümRbcaMEx/ closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak; enAeBlbiT/ fixed ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;minERbRbYl¼ efr/ parallel market ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;TIpSar/ forward ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/ official ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;pøÚvkar/ spot ~ GRta bþÚrR)ak;dl;éd exchange, letter of (or bill of ) rUbiyaNtþi excise tax GakrBiess ¬c,ab;km<úCa³ Gakr BiesselITMnijnigesvamYycMnYn¦ excise tax revenues rC¢eTyücMNUl exclusive agent tMNagpþac;mux exclusive right siT§ipþac;mux executive adj. Edl Rbtibtþi¼Gnuvtþ/ ~ body/entity/unit esnaFikar/ ~ director naykRbtibtþi/ ~ committee KN³kmµaFikar Rbtibtþi/ ~ structure rcnasm<½n§Rbtibtþi/ ~ summary esckþIsegçb ¬segçbÉksar EdlEvgsMrab;fñak;dwknaMGan¦ executive n. 1> fñak;dwknaM/ chief ~ nayk Rkumh‘un 2> GMNacnItiRbtibtþi executive power GMNacnItiRbtibtþii ¬rdæaPi)al¦/ GMNacRbtibtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot dUcCaRkumRbwkSaXMu¦ exemption, tax karelIkElgBn§/ muFaPaB énBn§Gakr


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exert pressure v. dak;sMBaF/ eFVIkarekobsgát; existence GtßiPaB existing EdlmanRsab;/ ~ structure rcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab;/ ~ level of development kMrit manRsab;¼GtßiPaB énkarGPivDÆn_ exit point cMNucecj/ Rckecj ex-officio tamGMNacmuxgar ¬]> tam GMNac¼edaysar muxgarCahirBaØik Kat;RtUv køayCasmaCikénKN³kmµkarhirBaØvtßú¦ exogenous xageRkA/ negative ~ factors ktþaGviC¢manxageRkA expansion karBRgIk/ vibulkmµ/ vibulkar/vitßarkmµ expatriate (or expat) GñkcMeNalRsuk/ GaNikCn

expectation, rational karrMBwgsmehtuplexpected profit R)ak;cMeNjrMBwgTuk expend v. cMNay/ cay expenditure n. cMNay/ capital ~ cMNay CamUlFn/ current ~ cMNaycrnþ ¬cMNayCa RbcaMkñúgÉksarxøH¦/ ~ curve ExSekagcMNay expenses, administrative cMNayrdæ)al expenses, sundry cMNayepSg² experience n. bTBiesaFn_ experiment n. BiesaFn_ experimental learning cycle vdþeronsURtedaydkBiesaFn_ experimentation BiesaFnkmµ/ karBiesaFn_ expertise ekaslüvic½y expiration of a contract karputkMNt; énkic©snüa

explicit Cak;lak;/ ~ instruction bTbBa¢a Cak;lak; exploitation GaCIvkmµ/ ~ of natural resources kareFVIGaCIvkmµFnFanFmµCati exploration karrukrk/ oil ~ karrukrk eRbgkat exponential growth kMeNInGicSb:UNg;sIuEyl export v. & n. 1>naMecj 2>karnaMecj/ nIhr½N/ ~ article/item muxTMnijnaMecj/ ~ duty Bn§naMecj/ ~ subsidies ]btßmÖFn sMrab;karnaMecj/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑnaMecj/ ~ monopoly karnaMecjpþac;mux/ ~ tariff taragBn§naMecj/ ~ of workers karnaMecj Blkmµ exportation karnaMecj/ nIhr½Nkmµ exporter GñknaMecj/ nIharin exporting firm Rkumh‘unnaMecj exports TMnijnaMecj ex-post project evaluation karvay tMéleRkayeBlKMeragcb; exposure (banking) haniP½y/ large ~ haniP½yFM extended fund facility (EFF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm extension karbnþeBl ¬eGay¦ extensive adj. yfapl/ ~ agriculture ksikmµyfapl external accounts KNnIépÞeRkA external aid CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬RbeTs¦ external balance CBa¢IgTUTat;GnþrCati externalities 1> plb:HBal;mkBIeRkA


40

2> ktþaxageRkA extract sMrg; extraction karykecjmk/ karykEr:/ nisSarNkmµ extractive industry ]sSahkmµykEr: extradition btüab½n ¬karRbKl;CnCab;ecaTeTA[RbeTsepSg¦ extraordinary session sm½yRbCMuvisamBaØ extrapolation karKn;KUr extra-structural adjustment facility (ESAF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;EktMrUvbEnßm extrinsic reward rgVan;mkBIeRkA ex-warehouse priceéfø¬lk;¦ecjBIXøaMg ex-works/ex-factory price éfø ¬lk;¦ ecjBIeragcRk F, f fabric of peace, strengthen the BRgwgekasikasnþiPaBeGaypSarP¢ab;Kñal¥ face value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ facilitate v. CYysMrYl/ bgálkçN³gayRsYl facilities eRKOgsMrYlkar/ kEnøgsMrYlkar facility kargayRsYl/ ]bkrN_sMrYl/ extended fund ~ ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm fact GgÁehtu fact-finding mission ebskkmµEsVgrkkarBit factor ktþa/ ~ cost ktþatMél ¬BaküeRbIkñúg KNnICatisMedAdl;plitplKittaméføTIpSar bUk]btßmÖFn dkBn§pÞal;ecj¦/ primary ~ cost ktþatMélbzm/ primary ~ income

ktþacMnUlbzm/ primary ~ of production ktþaplitkmµbzm factual Cak;Esþg/ ~ situation sßanPaBCak;Esþg fad GVIEdleKniymmYyRKa² fail v. xkxan/ kS½yFn/ KµaneCaKC½y fair mansmFm’/ edayyutþiFm’/ RtwmRtUv/ principle of ~ competition eKalkarN_ RbkYtRbECgRtwmRtUv/ ~ price éføsmrmü fairness PaBsmrmü fait(s) accompli(s) RBwtþin½y ¬GVIEdl)an ekItehIy bþÚrElg)an¦ fall in prices karFøak;éfø fall sharply v. Føak;cuHy:agKMhuk ¬]> éfø plitpl¦ fallacious EdlbMPan; false adj. Ekøgkøay/ minBit falsify v. Ekøgkøay family allowance(s) viPaCn_RKYsar/ R)ak;]btßmÖRKYsar family business GaCIvkmµCalkçN³RKYsar family food production plitkmµ es,ógCalkçN³RKYsar family scale (fishing) ¬karensaT¦ CalkçN³RKYsar family well-being suxumalPaBRKYsar famine TurÖikS/ karGt;Xøan fancy k,ac;k,Úr/ hWuha fare éføQñÜlyanCMniH/ concessionary ~ éfø QñÜlGnueRKaH/ full ~ éføQñÜleBj/ half ~ éfø QñÜlBak;kNþal/ single/one way ~ éføeFVI dMeNIrEteTA rW Etmk/ return ~ (roundtrip ~) éføeFVIdMeNIreTAmk/ high/low season ~ éføQñl


41

x<s; rWTabtamrdUv farm ksidæan, ~ equipment brikçarksidæan farming rbrksikmµ/ extensive ~ kareFVI ksikmµtamEbbvibulvb,kmµ/ ksikmµyfapl/ intensive ~ ksikmµGtipl/ kareFVIksikmµtam EbbRbBlvb,kmµ far-sighted EdlemIleXIjEvgq¶ay FAS (free alongside ship) éføTMnijdwk dl;EKmnava fast selling items TMnijlk;dac;elOn fast-food restaurant ePaCnIydæan Gaharrh½s fauna rc¢³stV ¬BBYkstV¦ favor karGnueRKaH favourable GMeNaypl/ ~ conditions lkçxNÐGMeNaypl/ ~ trade balance CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµl¥ favouritism GnueRKaHniym fax TUrsar feasibility study karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an rW karsikSaBIsmiT§ilT§PaB feature lkçN³sMKal;/ vtßúniTÞsSn_ fee kMér/ esah‘uy/ licence ~ kMérGaCJab½NÑ feedback B½t’manRtLb; ¬B½t’manpþl;mkeGayvij¦ feet, foot hVIt/ hVÚt/ ¬rgVas;RbEvg¦ felony bT]Rkidæ fertility PaBmankUn/ ~ rate GRtamankUn feudalism skþiPUminiym fiduciary Cnkan;tMENgCaTITMnukcitþ/ abuse of ~ karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ

fiduciary currency rUbiyvtßú rW R)ak;Rkdas fiduciary loan kMcIKµanvtßúFana field expenditure cMnaycuHeFVIkardl;kEnøg FIFO (first in, first out) hVIúhVÚ ¬cUlmun ecjmun¦ filing 1> kartMkl;Tuk 2> kardak;CUnBinitü filing system RbB½n§erobcMÉksar fill in a form bMeBjTMrg;EbbbT final cugeRkay/ ~ goods plitplsMerc/ ~ output Fatuecj¼plitpl cugeRkay/ ~ consumption kareRbIR)as;cugeRkay/ ~ provisions Gvsanb,BaØtiþ ¬c,ab;¦/ ~ settlement karTUTat;pþac; finance officer m®nþIhirBaØvtßú finance v. pþl;hirBaØb,Tan/ pþl;Tun financial énhirBaØvtßú/ ~ accounting KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ ~ assistance CMnYy hirBaØvtßú/ ~ autonomy sV½yPaBhirBaØvtßú/ ~ appropriation R)ak;viPaCn_/ ~ charge/ cost bnÞúkcMNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ crisis vibtiþ hirBaØvtßú/ ~ forecast karBüakrN_hirBaØvtßú/ ~ institution sßab½nhirBaØvtßú/ ~ panic GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú/ ~ liquidation karCMrH hirBaØvtßú/ ~ pressure sMBaF hirBaØvtßú/ ~ rate of return GRtaTajcMNUlhirBaØvtßú/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;hirBaØvtßú/ ~ services esva hirBaØvtßú/ ~ shocks karb:HTgÁicxaghirBaØvtßú/ ~ self-sufficiency PaBm©as;karxaghirBaØvtßú/ ~ standing sßanPaBhirBaØvtßú/ CMhrhirBaØvtßú/ ~ year qñaMhirBaØvtßú/ kariybriecäT financial cost-benefit analysis (FCBA)


42

karviPaKcMNay nigplcMeNjhirBaØvtßú financial manager (French:

ordonnateur) GaNab½k/ principal ~ GaNab½k edImExS/ delegated ~ GaNab½kepÞrsiT§i financing hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ arm saxapþl; hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ modalities EbbbTpþl; hirBaØb,Tan finding rbkKMehIj/ lT§plrkeXIj/ KMehIj/ karrkeXIj fine v. & n. 1> pakBin½y 2> R)ak;pakBin½y finished goods/products plitpl sMerc fire insurance karFanar:ab;rgeRKaHGKÁIP½y firm GgÁPaBGaCIB/ shRKas firm offer karsnüalk;Cak;lak; firm sale karlk;pþac; ¬tamkic©snüaRtwmRtUv¦ fiscal énsareBIBn§/ ~ deficit »nPaB sareBIBn§/ ~ policy neya)aysareBIBn§/ ~ year qñaMsareBIBn§ fish culture/farming karciBa©wmRtI fisheries reform kMENTMrg;vis½yensaT nigClpl fisheries resource FnFanClpl fishery karensaT fishery zone EdnensaT/ reserved ~ EdnensaTbMrugTuk fishing lot LÚt_ensaT fixed Cab;lab;/ efr/ Gcl½t/ ~ asset RTBü skmµCab;lab;/ Gclkmµ/ ~ capital TunGcl½t/ Gclkmµ¬CamUlFn¦/ ~ cost/ expenses bnÞúkcMNayefr/ ~ deposit R)ak;beBaØIman kalkMNt;/ ~ rate GRtaefr ¬minERbRbYl¦ fixing of quotas karkMNt;kUta/ kardak;kUta

fixture eRKOgbMBak;Cab;/ fixtures and fittings eRKOgbMBak; ¬TaMgGcl½t nigcl½t Edllk;eTACamYynwgpÞH¦ flammable substance sarFatueqH flat sMEb:t/ rab/ qakar/ ~ fee kMérqaka/ ~ price éføqakar flaw ex©aH/ KuNvibtþi flawed Edlmanex©aH/ EdlmanKuNvibtþi flexible Edlbt;Ebn)an/ Tn;Pøn;/ ~ exchange rate GRtabþÚrR)ak; rs;¼Tn;Pøn; flight of capital lMhUrelOnecjmUlFn flimsy paper RkdaseBIelo ¬RkdasesþIg¦ float v. 1> GENþt/ 2> dak;[GENþt/ floating rate GRta ¬karR)ak;¦ GENþt floating capital TuunbgVil flooded forest éRBlicTwk floor price éføGb,brma flora rukçCati flotation of a new company karcab;epIþm ebIkRkumh‘unfµIedaylk;snøwkh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unenaH flow lMhUr/ karhUr flow chart tarag/ GgÁkarelx flow, stock snñiFiiicracr fluctuation kareLIgcuH¬éfø¦ FOB (free on board) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava FOB airport éføTMnijdwkdl;Gakasyandæan FOB shipment to destination éføTMnijdwkdl;eKaledA FOB trimmed éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava nigerobeGay FOB under tackle éføTMnijdwkdl;eRkamdgeyag


43

focal point cMNucRbsBV focus v. & n. 1> epþat 2> cMNucepþat following tameRkay/ ~ year qñaMeRkay ¬qñaMeRkayTI1¦ follow-up v. & n. tamdanbnþ food mðÚbGahar/ es,óg/ ~ price index snÞsSn_éfømðÚbGahar/ ~ products/stuffs plitples,óg food balance tulükares,óg ¬brimaN es,ógTaMgGs;Edlman eFobnwg cMnYnRbCaCn EdlRtUvciBa©wm¦ food for work es,ógsMrab;Blkmµ ¬]> GgárBlkmµ¦ food security snþisuxes,óg FOR (free on rail) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIpøÚvEdk force 1> kMlaMg 2> kMlaMgBlkmµ force majeure RbFanskþi force, come into cUlCaFrman/ manRbsiT§PaB forecast v. & n. BüakrN_ foreclose a mortgage v. bþwgGMNUs/ rwbGUskmµsiT§iGclnvtßúdak;Fana/ bþwgTamTar kmµsiT§i niekçbRTBü¼RTBübBa©aM ¬edaysareK min)ansgbMNultamkic©snüa¦ foregoing esckþIeTIbelIkeLIg

foreign breTs/ ~ accounts KNnIenA breTs/ ~ assets RTBüskmµbreTs/ RTBübeBaØI enAbreTs/ ~ balance CBa¢IgTUTat; GnþrCati/ ~ currency/exchange rUbiyvtßú breTs ¬rW rUbiyb½NÑ¦/ ~ exchange auction karedjéfø rUbiyb½NÑ/ ~ direct investment (FDI)

vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ inflows lMhUrcUlBI breTs ¬CMnYy/ rUbiyb½NÑ>>¦/ ~ liabilities (bank) RTBüGkmµbreTs/ ~ reserves FnbMrug breTs/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµ eRkARbeTs foreign-aid programme kmµviFICMnYybreTs foreign-trade turnover cMNUlBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs foreman emkar/ emRkum ¬Cag/ kmµkr¦ foresight karyl;dwgmun forest éRBeQI/ protected ~ areas tMbn;éRBkarBar/ ~ concession éRBsm,Tan/ coupe ~ éRBKub/ operable ~ éRBeQIGac eFVIGaCIvkmµ)an forest product/sub-product GnupléRBeQI forestry rukçsaRsþ forfeit money R)ak;Bin½y forfeit v. kat;ecj/ )at;bg; ¬CakarBin½y¦ forfeited to the government ¬RtUv)an¦ rwbGUsCasm,tþirdæ forgery karEkøg form RTg;RTay/ legal ~ rUbPaBKtiyutþ form (document) TMrg;kar ¬Éksar¦ form and legal concepts of the law TMrg; nig Kti énc,ab; formal pøÚvkar/ erobry/ ~ sector vis½y erobry formalities EbbbT/ TMrg;EbbbT/ TMrg;kar/ fulfil v. ~ bMeBjEbbbT formulation mission ebskkmµelIkmti forward mankalkMNt; ¬enAGnaKt¦/ ~ delivery karRbKl;mankalkMNt;/


44

~ price éfølk;mankalkMNt; forward v. bBa¢ÚnTMnij forwarding agency TIPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún forwarding, advice of lixitCUndMNwg bBa¢ÚnTMnij FOT (free on truck) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIrfynþ foul bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢Únminl¥ ¬EdlbBa¢ak;BIsßanPaBTMnijminl¥enAeBl m©as;navaTTYlva¦ foundation 1> RKwH/ mUldæanRKwH/ xøwmsar 2> mUlniFi founder n. sßabnik/ GñkbegIátRkumh‘un founder v. rlM/ TTYlbraC½y founding instrument ÉksarbegáIt ¬Rkumh‘un¦ frame Rkb/ Rkbx½NÐ framework Rkbx½NÐ franchise siT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬edIm,IeFVIGaCIvkmµ¦ franchisee GñkTTYlsiT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ franchiser Gñkpþl;siT§ieGayeRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ fraud karéKbnøM fraudulent EdléKbnøM free esrI/ ~ market economy esdækic© pSaresrI/ carriage ~ dwkeGayminKitéfø ¬GñkTijmin)ac;ecjéfødwkeT¦ free alongside ship (FAS) éfødwkTMnijdl;EKmnava free board and lodging Gaharnigsñak;enAeday\tbg;éfø free currency rUbiyvtßúTijlk;)anedayesrI ¬rdæKµandak;kMhitRtYtRta¦

free of charge eday\tbg;éfø free on board and trimmed (see FOB trimmed) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava nigerobeGay free on rail (see FOR) free on truck (see FOT) free will ¬eday¦ suT§citþ freedom of association esrIPaBksagsmaKm freehold property kmµsiT§iKµankalkMNt; freeze kk/ bgák/ wage freeze karbgák ebovtSr_ ¬mineGayeLIgcuH¦ freight éfødwkCBa¢Ún/ ~ forward éfødwkRtUv bg;edayGñkTij freight prepaid éfødwkCBa¢Ún)anbg;mun freight, ad valorem éfødwkCBa¢Únyktam éføTMnij frequency PaBjwkjab;/ eRhVkg; ¬]> viTüú¦ freshwater Twksab/ ~fisheries karensaTTwksab ~fish RtITwksab fringe benefits GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßm

frozen account KNnI p¥wb¼bBaÄb; frozen assets RTBüp¥ib/ RTBüCab;kþI frozen capital mUlFn p¥wb¼bBaÄb; fruitful EdlmanEpøpáa fuel eRKOgeqH/ \n§n³ full eBj/ Eq¥t/ sBVRKb;/ ~ price éføeBj ¬KµancuHéfø¦/ ~ capacity smtßPaBeBjelj full time work kargareBjem:ag fully fledged bank FnaKarmanRKb;esva ¬EdlFMFat;eBjrUbrag¦


45

full-right representative tMNageBjsiT§i fully paid up Edl)anTUTat;TaMgRsug function muxgar fund mUlniFi/ ~ accounting systems RbB½n§KNenyümUlniFi/ ~ flow lMhUrmUlniFi/ ~ raising karérGgÁasmUlniFi fund (French: provision) sMviFanvtßú ¬sMrab;TUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ fundamental adj. CaRKwH/ CamUldæan/ ~ research karRsavRCavCaRKwH funding agency/project TIPñak;gar¼ KMerag pþl;mUlniFi funds held in trust mUlniFibeBaØI ¬]> GgÁkar k EdleTIbbegáItfµI minTan;manKNnIenAFnaKar enAeLIy. TaykGacpþl;R)ak; eGayGgÁkar k edayepJIvacUl KNnIrbs;GgÁkar x Edlman TMMnak;TMngl¥CamYyxøÜn edIm,I[GgÁkarenHebIkpþl; bnþeTA[GgÁkar k¦ fungibility PaBEdlGacykeTACMnYsKña)an ¬rbs;nimYy²Kµan lkçN³¼tMrUvkar edIm,IsMKal; ecjBIKñaeT³ ]> EdkeKal¦/ fungible adj. fungibles TMnijGacføwg¼rab;>>>)an future value tMélGnaKt G, g gain n. & v. 1> kMeNIn/ capital ~ tMélelIs ¬elIkarlk;RTBüskmµCab;lab;¦ 2> ekIneT,Ig/ cMeNj ¬CaR)ak;¦ galloping inflation GtiprNaelatepøaH

gamble on the stock exchange v. elgEl,gTijdUrsnøwkh‘un gap KMlat garment industry ]sShkmµkat;edr garnishee n. ttiyCnGMNUs ¬GñkEdlCMBak; R)ak;dl;buKÁlmñak; ehIyEdlRtUvtulakarbBa¢a[ sgR)ak;eTAm©as;bMNulrbs;buKÁlmñak;enaH¦ gateway mat;Rck/ international comm-unication ~ mat;RckTUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati gather RbmUlpMúþ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) hÁat;/ kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBI taragBn§KynigBaNiC¢kmµ GDP (gross domestic product) pss ¬plitplkñúgRsuksrub¦ gem or gemstone t,ÚgmantMél gender eynD½r ¬tYnaTIbursRsþI¦ gene EhSn/ modify a gene EkécñEhSn general 1> TUeTA/ eKalkarN_ ¬kñúgRbkas>>¦/ ~ points (in law) kMNt;TUeTA/ ~ provisions bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA 2> GKÁ/ ~ director GKÁnayk general and administrative expenses cMNayTUeTA nigcMNayrdæ)al general inspector GKÁaFikar/ deputy ~ GKÁaFikarrg general inspectorate GKÁaFikardæan general ledger (accounting) esovePAFM general meeting mhasnñi)at general partner GñkcUlh‘unKµankMrit ¬TTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit¦ general regulations nItirYm


46

general rule, as a tamviFanTUeTA generality PaBTUeTA generalisation kareFVI[manlkçN³TUeTA Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA generally accepted accounting

principle (GAAP) eKalkarN_ KNenyümankarTTYlsÁal;TUeTA

genetic énEhSn/ ~ sequence lMdab;EhSn genetic modification (GM) karécñµEhSn/GM food GaharécñEhSn/ GM agricultureksikmµécñEhSn genome CINUm/ sMNMuEhSn genus BYk/ CMBUk ¬stV/ rukçCati >>>¦ geography, economic PUmiviTüaesdækic© geology PUKBÖsaRsþ gesture kayvikar gift GMeNay gilt-edged investments vinieyaKman suvtßiPaBx<s; ¬]> b½NÑrtnaKar¦ global adj. sakl/ srub/ ~ demand tMrUvkarsrub/ ~ social product plitpl sgÁmsrub/ ~ economic recession karFøak;cuHesdækic©Casakl globalisation of economy saklPavUbnIykmµesdækic© glossary sTÞanuRkm/ bTanuRkm glut eRcInkkkuj/ ~ the market eRcIn liclg;TIpSar GNP (gross national product) plitplCatisrub/ plTunCatisrub/ ~ deflator snÞsSn_britþprNaplitplCatisrub

goal eKaledA going concern GaCIvkmµmandMeNIrkar going price éføFmµta/ éføcrnþ going rate GRtaFmµta/ GRtacrnþ gold standard sþg;darmas/ ~ system RbB½n§bþÚrR)ak;tamsþg;darmas goods TMnij/ capital ~ TMnijmUlFn/ consumer/consumable ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;/ dry ~ RkNat;nigexaGav/ faulty ~ TMnij xUcKuNPaB/ finished ~ plitplsMerc/ free circulation ~ TMnijcracresrI/ luxury ~ TMnijRbNit/ household ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;kñúg pÞH/ manufactured ~ TMnijeFVIedaym:asuIn/ ~ and services TMnij nigesva/ ~ in bond TMnijenAXøaMgKy ¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ ~ in stock TMnijkñúgsþúk/ ~ left on hand TMnijRtUv )anbdiesFminTTYl/ ~ in transit TMnijqøg kat;/ ~ on consignment TMnijepJIeTAlk; goodwill 1> ekrþ×eQµaHCMnYj/ mUlniFiBaNiC¢kmµ 2> suqnÞ³ governance GPi)alkic©/ local ~ GPi)al kic©mUldæan government rdæaPi)al/ ~ and institutional accounting KNenyürdæaPi)al nigKNenyü sßab½n/ ~ agency sßab½nrdæ/ ~ securities sBaØab½NÑrdæaPi)al grace period (debt payment) efrevlaGnueRKaH grade (civil servant) fñak; grading karEbgEckKuNPaB grand plan bøg;cMbg


47

grand total srubrYm grandstanding karykkMBs; grant GMeNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ aid CMnYy\tsMNg graphics RkahVik/ BinÞúerxIy_ grassroots level kMritmUldæan grassroots organisation GgÁkarfñak;eRkam ¬kMritRbCaCn¦ gratuity R)ak;sKuN/ sT§aTan/ CMnUn ¬tbsñg¦ Greater Mekong Sub-region mhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ green revolution bdivtþn_ébtg greenhouse pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ effect bc©½y pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ gas ]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; grid bNþaj ¬RbTak;RkLa¦ gross dul/ srub/ ~ domestic product (GDP) plitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬pss¦/ ~ margin cMeNjdul/ Gb,hardul ¬Ca PaKryénéfølk;¦/ ~ national product (GNP) plitpl¼plTun Catisrub/~ price éfødul/ ~ negligence kareFVsRbEhsF¶n;F¶r ¬c,ab;¦/ ~ output Fatuecjdul/ ~ profit cMeNjdul/ ~ proceeds/receipts/returns cMNUldul/ ~ weight TMgn;dul groupage/grouped bill of lading vikáybRtdwkCBa¢Únsrub growth kMeNIn/ karlUtlas;/ ~ rate GRtakMeNIn GSP (Generalised System of Preferences) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA guarantee karFana/ vtßúFana/ ~ for a loanvtßFanasMrab;kMcI/ ~ of payment karFana

TUTat;/ ~ certificate or certificate of ~ b½NÑFanaKuNPaB/ quality ~ karFanaKuNPaB guaranteed bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþimankarFana guaranteed deposit fund R)ak;kk; guarantees and commitments under

signature (banking) karsnüatamhtßelxa guarantor GñkFana ¬]> elIGñkNamñak; kñúgkarsgbMNul¦

guardianship GaNaBüa)al

guideline eKalkarN_ENnaM guilt BiruT§PaB H, h habitual CaTMlab; hacker hak;K½r ¬GñklYceRCotcUleTAkñúg RbB½n§kMuBüÚT½rrbs;GñkdéT ¦ half Bak;kNþal/ first ~ of the 6th century Bak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI6 hallucination mmal/ karmmal hand bill xitþb½NÑ ¬b½NÑeXasnapSBVpSay EckeGaypÞal;éd¦ handicraft sib,kmµ/ vtßúeFVIedayéd/ ~ goods TMnijsib,kmµ handle cat;Ecg/ edaHRsay/ ~ a situation edaHRsaysßankarN_ handling (goods) karelIkdak; hard rwg/ lM)ak/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ twgEtg/ ~ bargain kartéfød¾twgEtg/ ~ cash


48

sac;R)ak;mankñúgéd hard disk (computer) fasrwg hardware eRKOgcRkF¶n;/ Faturwg ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦ harmonisation suxdumnIykmµ/ kareFVI[ manPaBcuHsMrugKña harmonised EdlrlUnKña harmony PaBsuxdumrmna harsh conditions lkçxNÐtwgEtg haulage éfødwkTMnij/ kardwkTMnij ¬tamrfynþ rW rfePøIg¦/ ~ cost (rates) éfødwkTMnij/ ~ company/firm Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij hazardous EdlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; head office kariyal½yFM/ TIcat;karFM head tax Bn§mnusS heading cMNgeCIg/ xÞg; ¬taragtulükar¦ headquarters (of a company) TIsñak;karkNþal health care karEfTaMsuxPaB healthy EdlmansuxPaBl¥/ ~ balance sheet taragtulükarEsþgplcMeNj/ ~ profitplcMeNjkñúgcMnYny:ageRcIn hearing svnakar heavy equipment brikçarFunF¶n; heavy industry ]sSahkmµFunF¶n; hedged ¬EdlRtUv)an¦karBarkarxatbg; heir TayaT ¬GñkTTYlmrtk¦ hereafter BIenHteTA hereby tamry³enH heritage mrtk/ national ~ ebtikP½NÐCati heterogeneity PaBminesµIsac; heterogeneous laycMruHKña/ visman/ visPaK ¬mindUcKña/ minesµIsac;¦

hidden adj. bgáb;/ ~ reserves FnbMrugbgáb; hierarchy zananuRkm high grade (ore) KuNPaBx<s; ¬Er:¦ high school viTüal½y/ junior ~ GnuviTüal½y high-tech (sector) bec©kviTüax<s; ¬vis½y¦ hindsight karyl;dwgtameRkay ¬KWman bTBiesaFn_edayRBwtþikarN_)anekIteLIgehIy¦ hire-purchase agreement kic©snüaCYl-Tijpþac;/ kic©snüaTijbNþak; historic/historical cost tMéltam RbvtþisaRsþ ¬tMélCak;EsþgkalBIeBlTijcUl¦ historical steps CMhanmanGtßn½yCaRbvtþisaRsþ hold in trust kan;kab;CakarepJITuk holder (of a cheque...) Gñkkan; holder in due course Gñkkan;kab;RtwmRtUv/ Kahkniy½t holding company Rkumh‘unhUlDij ¬kan; kab;Cag 50°énPaKh‘unkñúgRkumh‘unmYyeTot¦ home market pSarkñúgRsuk homelessness PaBKµanpÞHsMEbg home-made plitenA kñúgRsuk¼pÞH homogeneity PaBesµIsac; homogenous adj. sPaK/ esµIsac; ¬dUcKña¦ honorarium R)ak;sKuN horizontal epþk/ ~ coordination

karsMrbsMrYltamExSepþk ¬rW ExSTTwg¦ horticulture sakvb,kmµ/ kareFVIc,ardMNaM host government rdæaPi)alm©as;pÞH hot money (money moving frequently from one country to another) luyekþA household RKYsar/ RKY/ female-headed ~ RKYsarRsþIemRKY/ male-headed ~ RKYsar


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bursemRKY household equipment brikçareKhkic© household survey GegátRKYsar housing pÞHsñak;enA/ karpþl;pÞHsñak;enA/ pÞHsMEbg ¬xÞg;cMNay¦/ ~ loan kMcIsMrab; sg;¼TijpÞH human-capital investment vinieyaK TunmnusS humanism mnusSniym humanitarian assistance CMnYymnusSFm’ humanitarian relief karse®gÁaHEpñkmnusSFm’ humanity mnusSCati/ nrCati husbanding of resources karKitKUr sMécFnFan hydropower construction sMNg; varIGKÁisnI hyperinflation GtiprNaelatepøaH hypothesis smµtikmµ I, i idea KMnit ideal ]tþmKti idealised condition lkçxNÐsuRkitPaB identification GtþsBaØaNkmµ/ ~ mission ebskkmµ rksMKal;¼bMpusKMnit identify v. EsVgrkemIl/ rksMKal;/ sMKal; )antamPinPaK/ ideology menaKmn_viC¢a

idle TMenrecal/ KµaneRbIkar/ ~ capital TunKµaneRbIkar/ ~ time em:agTMenrecal ¬m:asuIneFVIkar)anEtKµandMeNIrkar¦ illegal adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ contract kic©snüa xusc,ab; illicit adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ alcohol Rsaxusc,ab; ill-will TuqnÞ³ ¬bMNgGaRkk;¦ imbalance GtulüPaB/ nantþþPaB imaginary profit cMeNjRbDit immaculate Ecs ¬fµI/ s¥at¦

immediate objective TisedAbnÞan; immediate payment karTUTat;Pøam² immediate supervisor GñkemIlkarxus RtUvpÞal; immobilise (finance) eFVIGclkmµ immoral GsIlFm’ immovable (property) n. GclnRTBü immunity 1> PaBsuaM ¬nwgCMgW¦ 2> GP½yÉksiT§i/ diplomatic ~ GP½yÉksiTi§ karTUt impact plb:HBal; impartial minlMeGog impartiality PaBminlMeGog/ GnaKti impeccable \tex©aH imperfection PaBmanex©aH/ GnibuNPaB impetus n. snÞúHCMruj implementation of a law karGnuvtþn_c,ab; implementing agency TIPñak;garGnuvtþ import karnaMcUl/ GahrN/ ~ duty Bn§ naMcUl/ ~ permit GaCJab½NÑnaMcUl/ ~ quota kUtanaMcUl


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importer GñknaMcUl/ Gaharin import-export GahrN-nIhrN/ karnaMecj-naMcUl imports TMnijnaMcUl/ vieTsP½NÐ impose taxes eGaybg;Bn§ impoundment karXat;cab;Tuk ¬rfynþ/ TUk>>>¦ impression cMNab;GarmµN_ improvement karEklMG/ suvuDÆikmµ impunity niTNÐPaB/ PaBrYceTas/ culture of ~ vb,Fm’niTNÐPaB impurity n. 1> PaBminsuT§ 2> GVIEdleFVI[minsuT§ ¬]> kkr¦ in good faith edayesµaHRtg; in post kñúgtMENg inaccuracy PaBminRtwmRtUv inaccurate adj. minRtwmRtUv inactive adj. Gskmµ inadequate minsmlµm inappropriate minsmRsb/ ~ aid CMnYy minsmRsb incapacity GsmtßPaB/ physical/mental ~ kar)at;bg;smtßPaBxag bBaØa¼kaysm,Ta incentive eRKOgelIkTwkcitþ/ karelIkTwkcitþ/ investment ~ karelIkTwkcitþvinieyaK inception karkekIt incertitude PaBminR)akd incessant Edl\tQb;Qr incidence n. karekItman/ ~ of tax bnÞúkBn§ ¬cMnYnR)ak;Bn§RtUvFøak;elIbuKÁlNamñak;enAcugbBa©b;¦ incident ]b,tþiehtu incidental bnÞab;bnSM inclusion karrab;bBa©Úl

inclusive Edlrab;bBa©Úl/ Cabriyab½nñ income cMNUl/ plTun/ bdilaP/ disposable ~ cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/ cMNUleRbI)anedayesrI/ private ~ cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_/ personal ~ cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn/ ~ account KNnIcMNUl/ ~ (collected) in advance cMNUl)anTTYlmun/ ~ per capita cMNUlkñúgmnusSmñak;/ ~ tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUl/ ~ statement r)aykarN_ cMNUl income-generating activities skmµPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUl income-outlay accounts KNnIcMNUl-cMNay incompatibility vismitPaB/ PaBmincuHsMrug incompetence GsmtßPaB inconvenience plvi)ak inconvertible currency rUbiyvtßúminGac bþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an incorporated cUlCaRkumh‘un/ )ancuHbBa¢I CaRkumh‘un incorporated company Rkumh‘un ¬CanItibuKÁleBjelj¦ increase v. & n. 1> ekIn 2> kMeNIn incremental EdlekInCadMNak;² indebtedness PaBCMBak;bMNul indefinite minCak;lak;/ KµankMnt; indemnify v. eFVIsMNg indemnity 1> sMNg karxUcxat¼CMgWcitþ 2> R)ak;bMNac; independent audit svnkmµÉkraCü in-depth suICMerA/ ~ evaluation karvaytMél suICMerA


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index snÞsSn_ indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ ¬]> eGay ebovtSr_ERbRbYleTAtamGtiprNa¦ indicator GaMgDIkaT½r/ sUcnakr indigenous people RbCaCnedIm indirect tax Bn§Rbeyal individual ÉktþCn/ buKÁl/ ~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgbuKÁl inducement eRKOgCMrujTwkcitþ industrialisation ]sSahUbnIykmµ industrious adj. ]sSah_¬Büayam¦ industry ]sSahkmµ/ rbr/ primary ~ ]sSahkmµvtßúFatuedIm/ secondary ~ ]sSahkmµEkécñ ¬BIvtßúFatuedImeTAplitpl¦/ light ~ ]sSahkmµFunRsal/ heavy ~ ]sSahkmµFunF¶n;/ extractive ~ ]sSahkmµ nisSarNkmµ ¬]> ]sSahkmµTajykEr:¦ inefficiency GRbsiT§PaB inequality vismPaB/ PaBminesµIKña/ income ~ vismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl infant mortality rate GRtamrN³kumar inference karsnñidæan inflammable goods TMnijGacqabeqH inflate bMe)a:g/ eFVIeGaymanGtiprNa/ inflated price éføbMe):ag ¬tMelIgx<s;eday Kµanehtupl¦ inflation GtiprNa/ ~ accounting KNenyü GtiprNa ¬éføRTBüskmµmanKitbBa©Úl GtiprNa¦/ ~ factor ktþaBRgIk/ ktþaGtiprNa inflationary gap KMlatGtiprNa inflationary period ry³eBlman

GtiprNa/ GtiprNakal inflexibility PaBrwgkMRBws/ PaBminrs;revIk inflict v. a penalty dak;eTasT½NÐ ¬]> cab;eGaybg;pakBin½y¦ inflow lMhUrcUl influential Edlman GnuPaB¼\T§iBl influx lMhUrKMhukcUl informal sector vis½yminerobry/ vis½y esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ information and communication

technology (ICT) bec©kviTüaB½t’man nigTUrKmnaKmn_

information technology (IT) bec©kviTüaB½t’man infrastructure ehdæarcnasm<½n§ infringe v. RbRBwtþxus/ elµIs ¬c,ab;/ kic©snüa>>> ¦/ infringement n. inheritance mrtk ¬GMBIGñksøab;¦ in-house adj. kñúgGgÁPaB/ ~ language training karbNþúHbNþalPasakñúgGgÁPaB initial adj. dMbUg/ ~ capital mUlFndMbUg ¬sMrab;cab;epþImGaCIvkmµ¦/ ~ price éfødMbUg initial outlay or initial capital outlay esah‘uybegáItshRKasdMbUg initial v. cuHhtßelxasegçb/ initialisation n. initiative KMnitpþÜcepþIm/ karpþÜcepþImKMnit injunction (judge's order) GFibBa¢a ¬bBa¢arbs;ecARkm¦

injustice GyutiþFm’ in-kind contribution viPaKTanCavtßú input n. FatucUl


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inquiry karsaksYr ¬B½t’man/ éfø>>¦/ letter of ~ lixitsaksYrB½t’man insensitivity 1> GevTyitPaB 2> PaBmincab;GarmµN_ insider trading karCYjdUrh‘uneday GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦ insolvency PaBminGacsgbMNul)an/ GsaFPaB inspect v. eFVIGFikarkic©/ RtYtBinitü inspection GFikarkic©/ ~ fee kMéresva GFikarkic©/ pre-shipment ~ GFikarkic©TMnijmun eBlpÞúk/ ~ certificate viBaØabnb½RtGFikarkic© inspectorate RkumGFikarkic© installation zbnkmµ/ karerobcMtMelIg/ ~ cost cMNaypÁMútMelIg instalment R)ak;sgbNþak;/ ~ system RbB½n§TUTat;bNþak; instalment sales credit or instalment

plan buying karlk;¼Tij edayTUTat;sg bNþak;

instalment shipment karbBa¢ÚnTMnijCabeNþIr² institutional finance hirBaØvtþúsßab½n institutionalisation sßabnUbnIykmµ institutionalise eFVIsßabnUbnIykmµ/ ksag Casßab½n instruction bTbBa¢a/ esckþIENnaM instrument briFan/ ]bkrN_/ negotiable ~ ]bkrN_TUTat; instrument of accession lixitUbkrN_ cUlCaPaKI instrument of ratification lixitUbkrN_énkarpþl;sc©ab½n

insufficiency PaBminRKb;RKan; insurance karFanar:ab;rg/ all risks ~ karFanar:ab;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT/ car ~ karFanar:ab;rgelIrfynþ/ life ~ karFana r:ab;rgelICIvit/ ~ agent Pñak;garFanar:ab;rg/ ~ certificate viBaØabnb½RtFanar:ab;rg/ ~ company Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rg/ ~ law c,ab;sþIBIkarFanar:ab;rg/ ~ policy b½NÑsnüa r:ab;rg/ ~ premium(s) buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg insured n. GñkRtUv)anFanar:ab;rg insurer GñkFanar:ab;rg intake karRsUbcUl intangible GrUbI/ ~ assets RTBüGrUbI integration smahrNkmµ/ karbBa©ÚlKña/ ~ of industry smahrNkmµ]sSahkmµ/ vertical ~ smahrNkmµbBaÄr integrity PaBs¥ats¥M/ territorial ~ bUrNPaBEdndI intellectual property kmµsiT§ibBaØa intelligible Edlyl;)an intensification RbBlkmµ/ RbBlvb,kmµ/ agricultural ~ RbBlvb,kmµksikmµ intensive Gtipl/ ~ agriculture ksikmµGtipl intention bMNg/ ectna interaction Gnþrkmµ interactive Gnþrskmµ inter-bank adj. GnþrFnaKar/ ~ settlement

system RbB½n§TUTat;GnþrFnaKar inter-censal decade TsvtSr_cenøaHCMerOn interdependence karBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk interest 1> plRbeyaCn_ 2> karR)ak;/


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compound ~ karR)ak;smas, high/low ~ karR)ak; x<s;¼Tab/ simple ~ karR)ak;samBaØ/ ~ due date éf¶KitkarR)ak;/ ~ period kalKitkarR)ak; interest rate GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ for savingsGRtakarR)ak;snSM interference kareRCotERCk integrate v. eFVIsmahrNkmµ/ dak;bBa©Úl/ ~ed pest management (IPM) viFankarcMruHEfTaMdMNaM interim sþITI/ beNþaHGasnñ intermediary project KMeragGnþrkarI intermediate goods TMnijGnþrkarI intermediate output FatuecjGnþrkarI/ plitplGnþrkarI intermediate technology bec©kviTüa fñak;kNþal intermediation GnþrkarIkmµ/ financial ~ GnþrkarIkmµhirBaØvtßú intern n. (see trainee) kmµsikSakarI internal épÞkñúg/ ~ affairs kic©karépÞkñúg/ ~ audit svnkmµépÞkñúg/ ~ control karRtYt BinitüépÞkñúg/ ~ rate of return (IRR) GRta TajcMNUlépÞkñúg/ ~ transfer bEgVrépÞkñúg international GnþrCati/ ~ standard sþg;dar GnþrCati/ ~ bidding/tendering karedjéfø CaGnþrCati/ ~ relations TMnak;TMngGnþrCati International Air Transport

Association (IATA) smaKm dwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakasGnþrCati

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati International Organisation for

Standardisation (ISO) GgÁkarGnþrCati xagsþg;darUbnIykmµ

internet GuinfWNit/ ~ -cafe salbMerIGuinfWNit intersect v. (graph lines) kat;Kña inter-sectoral Gnþrvis½y interview v. & n. 1> sMPas/ eFVIsMPas 2> bTsMPasn_/ semi-structured ~ bTsMPasn_Bak;kNþalerobry ¬eRbIbBa¢IsMnYr mYyPaK nigsYrEfmmYyPaK¦ interviewee n. GñkeqøIysMPasn_ interviewer n. GñksYrsMPasn_ intimidate v. bMPitbMP½y intra-cluster kñúgrgVg;kBa©úM intrinsic sCÄnþik³ introduction esckþIepþIm intuition GBÖnþjaN inundated forest (see flooded forest) éRBlicTwk invalidate v. cat;TukCaemaX³ invaluable adj. kat;éfømin)an

invasion karlukluy/ ~ of privacy karrMelaPsiTi§CaÉkCn inventory sareBIPNÐ½/ sþúk/ TMnij/ draw up an ~ eFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ inventory stock card b½NÑsþúk invest v. vinieyaK/ eFVIvinieyaK investigate v. esuIbGegát investment n. vinieyaK/ karbNþak;Tun/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑvinieyaK


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investor vinieyaKin/ GñkvinieyaK invisible adj. emIlmineXIj/ ~ assets RTBüGrUbI invoice vikáybRt involuntary Gectna/ \tbMNg involvement kar cUlBak;B½n§¼Bak;B½n§ IOU (I owe you) lixitTTYlCMBak; ¬xJúMCMBak;Gñk¦ irrecoverable Edl RbmUlmin)an¼ Tarmin)an irregular mineTogTat;/ minRbRktI irregularities (mistakes) PaBminRbRktI ¬kMhus¦

irrelevant EdlminTak;Tg irreversible adj. EdlminGacERbRkLas;)an irrevocable adj. minGacbdiesF)an/ ~ letter of credit sar\NTanminGac bdiesF)an irrigate v. eRsacRsB/ irrigation n. issuance kare)aHpSay ¬RkdasR)ak;¦ issue bank FnaKare)aHpSayRkdasR)ak; issue v. (a licence) ecj ¬GaCJab½NÑ¦/ currency issued rUbiyvtßúe)aHpSay issuing bank (for a letter of credit) FnaKarebIksar\NTan IT (Information Technology) bec©kviTüaB½t’man item 1> GIv:an;/ mux ¬TMnij¦ 2> xÞg;/ cancel an ~ (accounting) bdiesFelxna/ enter an ~ cuHelxna/ off-balance sheet items xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar

J, j jettison TMlak;GIv:an;ecalxøHedIm,IsMral ¬nava/ ynþehaH¦

job kargar/ white-collar ~ or office ~

kargarkñúgkariyal½y/ ~ description BiBN’ nakagar/ ~ design KMeragkargar/ bøg;kargar/ ~ grading/ranking cMNat;fñak;kargar/ ~ holder Gñkkan;kargar/ ~ lot TMnijcMruH mYydMu² eRcInGn;² niglk;efak²/ ~ rotation

karbþÚrevnkargar/ ~ specialisation

ÉkeTskmµkargar/ ~ title eQµaHkargar joblessness PaBGt;kargareFVI/ nikmµPaB joint (enterprise, committee) cMruH joint (liability) ¬karTTYlxusRtUv¦ rYmKña/ ~ and several liability karTTYlxusRtUv rYmKñanigerog²xøÜn joint account KNnIrYm ¬manm©as;KNnIBI 2nak;eLIgeTA¦

joint inter-ministerial committee KN³kmµaFikarcMruHGnþrRksYg joint owner m©as;kmµsiTi§rYmKña joint venture ¬KMerag¦ vinieyaKcMruH/ ~ enterprise shRKassmasPaBesdækic©cMruH joint-stock bank FnaKarrYmPaKh‘un joint-stock company (see public limited company) saCIvkmµRkumh‘unPaKh‘un


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journal 1> Tinñanub,vtþi ¬KNenyü¦ 2> sarB½t’man journal voucher b½NÑTinñanub,vtþi/ skçIb½RtcuHbBa¢I journalising karcuHTinñanub,vtþi judgement 1> karvinicä½y 2> salRkm ¬tulakar¦ judicial record lixitefáaleTas ¬tulakar¦ judicial reform kMENTMrg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’ judiciary GgÁecARkm jump-start cab;epþIm[)anqab; junk n. rbs;Gt;RbeyaCn_/ rbs;eGtcay juridical Ktiyutþi ¬EdlRsbtamc,ab; nig rebobrbbén c,ab;¼tulakar¦ jurisdiction Ednsmtßkic©/ yutþaFikar just adj. RtwmRtUv/ yutþiFm’ justification of a project kareFVIyutþikmµ KMerag/ karbgðajehtuplBItMrUvkareFVIKMerag justified (expense...) ¬cMNay>>>¦ man skçIkmµ justify eFVIyutþikmµ K, k key role tYnaTIKnøwH keynote address sunÞrkfaKnøwH kind, payment in karTUTat;Cavtßú

L, l label søak ¬sMrab;biTelIplitpl¦ labour Blkmµ ¬kargar rWBlkr¦/ casual ~ BlkmµGENþt ¬ry³eBlkargarxøI¦/ manual ~ htßkmµ/ organised ~ BlkmµcUlshCIB/ skilled ~ BlkmµmanCMnaj/ ~ card b½NÑ kargar/ ~ force kMlaMgBlkmµ/ ~ laws c,ab; Blkmµ/ ~ productivity plitPaBénBlkmµ/ ~ security snþisuxBlkmµ/ ~ turnover GRtabuKÁlikecj ¬BIGgÁPaB¦/ ~ union or trade union shCIB labourer Blkr/ day ~ TinikCn/ Blkr suIR)ak;éf¶ labour-intensive adj. eRbIBlkmµeRcIn/ GtiBlkmµ/ ~ industry ]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµ lack kgVH/ ~ of balance )at;tulüPaB/ ~ of confidence kgVHTMnukcitþ lading n. karpÞúkTMnij/ ~ port kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij laissez-passer lixitebIkpøÚv land dI/ dIFøI/ ~ alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§idI/ ~ conflict TMnas;dIFøI/ ~ degradation karcuH KuNPaBdI/ karxUcdI/ ~ dispute vivaTdIFøI/ ~ encroachment karrMelaPykdI/ ~ grabbing karT®nÞanykdI/ ~ owner m©as;dI/ ~ ownership kmµsiT§idIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI/ ~ survey GegátdIFøI/ zanKNit/ ~ restructuring karEkERbdIFøIeLIgvij/ ~ settlement dMeNaH RsaydIFøI/ ~ tenure karkan;kab;dI


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land dispute settlement committee KN³kmµaFikaredaHRsay)atuPaBdIFøI landless adj. KµandI landlessness PaBKµandIFøI landlocked country RbeTsKµanRcksmuRT landlord m©as; dI¼pÞH ¬EdlCYl[eK¦ landscape eTsPaB/ protected ~ tMbn;eTsPaBkarBar large-scale survey GegátRTg;RTayFM latent minTan;Cak;Esþg launch n. kardak;ecjCaelIkdMbUgnUv ¬]> plitplelITIpSar¦ law c,ab;/ draft ~ esckþIRBagc,ab;/ ~ of contract c,ab;énkic©snüa Law on Co-Statute of Civil Servants c,ab;sþIBI shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil Law on Financial Management c,ab;sþIBIhirBaØvtßúsMrab;karRKb;RKg Law on Social Security c,ab;sþIBIrbbsnþisuxsgÁm lawful Rsbc,ab; lawless EdlGt;c,ab; ¬Kµanc,ab;RKb;RKg rW KµankareKarBc,ab;¦ laws and regulations c,ab; nig bTb,BaØtiþ¼lixitbTdæan lawsuit erOgkþI lawyer Gñkc,ab;/ emFavI lay in stock v. bBa©ÚlXøaMg lay off v. bBaÄb;buKÁlik lay out v. cay ¬R)ak;¦ layout of letter TMrg;¼bøg; sMbuRt leader 1> GñkdwknaM/ popular ~ emxül;

2> plitpllk;dac;CageK/ market ~ plitpl¼Rkumh‘un naMmuxeKelITIpSar leading naMmuxeK/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkaT½rnaMmux eK ¬Edlbgðajninñakar)anmunGaMDIkaT½rÉeTot¦ lease Ptisnüa/ karCYl ¬edaymankic©snüa¦/ finance ~ PtisnüahirBaØvtßú ¬kñúgenHshRKas RtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúgtaragtulükar nig eFVIrMls;va¦/ operating ~ PtisnüaRbtibtþikar ¬kñúgenHshRKasminRtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúgtaragtulükareT¦ lease v. CYl/ ~ back CYlmkvij least developed countries (LDCs) RbeTslUtlas;ticCageK ledger (accounting) esovePAFM/ purchase ~ esovePAFMTij legacy 1> Gc©½yTanCaclnRTBü ¬tammrtksasn_¦ 2> Gc©½yTan ¬ekrþ×¦

legal tamc,ab;/ nItüanukUl ~ capital edImTun tamc,ab;/ ~ document Éksartamc,ab;/ ~ representative GñktMNagtamc,ab;/ ~ framework Rkbx½NÐc,ab;/ ~ decision

esckþIsMerctamc,ab;/ ~ reserves FnbMrug tamc,ab; legal effect GanuPaBKtiyutiþ legal entity/person nItibuKÁl legal substance (French: nature juridique) nItisarCati legal tender rUbiymaRta/ R)ak;Edlc,ab; TTYlsÁal; legality PaBtamc,ab;/ nItüanukUlPaB legalise v. eFVIeGayeTAtamc,ab;/


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eFVInItüanukUlkmµ legatee Gc©½yTanlaPI ¬GñkTTYlsñgmrtk tamry³mrtksasn_¦ legator Gc©½yTayk legislation c,ab;/ nItikmµ legislative power 1> GMNacnItibBaØtþi ¬sPa¦ 2> GMNacbBaØtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot dUcCa RkumRbwkSaXMu¦ legislative structure rcnasm<½n§nItibBaØtþi legislator GñkeFVIc,ab;/ nItiBn§ legislature 1> GgÁnItibBaØtþi ¬GgÁkareFVIc,ab;¦ 2> nItikal ¬énsPa¦ legitimate eBjlkçN³RtwmRtUv/ eBjc,ab;/ FmµanurUb lend v. eGayx©I lender GñkeGayx©I/ ~ of last resort Gñk[ x©ICacugeRkay lending institution sßab½n \NTan¼ [x©IR)ak; lessee Ptik³/ GñkCYl ¬BIeK¦ lessor PtibtI/ GñkCYleGay let v. CYl ¬pÞH/ kariyal½y >>>¦ letter lixit/ covering ~ (or US: cover ~) lixitGmÉksar/ ~ of attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i/ ~ of credit (L/C) lixit\NTan/ ~ of exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ of indemnity lixitFanasg/ ~ of intent lixitbBa¢ak;eKal bMNg/ lixitEsþgectna/ ~ of inquiry lixit saksYrB½t’man/ ~ of non-conviction lixit bBa¢ak;faKµaneTas level kMrit/ multi-level eRcInkMrit/ ~ of development kMritGPivDÆn_

lever Xñas; leverage KMnas;/ kareRbIkMcImankarR)ak;efr eTArksuIedIm,I)ancMeNjelIsBIkarR)ak; levy v. & n. 1> hUtBn§ 2> Bn§ ¬CaBiessBn§bEnßm¦ liabilities bMNul/ RTBüGkmµ/ meet one’s liabilities sgbMNulrbs;xøÜn liability 1> bMNul 2> karTTYlxusRtUv/ ~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgelIPar³TTYlxusRtUv liable adj. for TTYlxusRtUv ¬tamc,ab;¦ cMeBaH liaison TMnak;TMng/ sm<n§kar/ ~ office kariyal½yTMnak;TMng libel karsresrbrihaekrþ× liberal democracy and pluralism or

liberal multi-party democracy lT§iRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS

liberal profession viC¢aCIv³esrI liberality or liberal gift sT§aTan liberalisation esrIPavUbnIykmµ/ ~ of trade esrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate) GRtakarR)ak;rvagFnaKarBaNiC¢enATIRkugLúg licence GaCJab½NÑ/ lixitGnuBaØat licensed manGaCJab½NÑ/ RbtiRsut/ ~ bank FnaKarRbtiRsut licensed technology bec©kviTüaTijBIeK licensee Gñkkan;GaCJab½NÑ licit adj. RtUvc,ab; lien 1> R)atiePaKbMNul ¬vtßúdak;FanabMNul¦ 2> siT§iXat;Tuk life expectancy GayukalmFüm/ Gayurs;


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enAmFüm life or death issue bBaðasøab;rs; life skill bMNinCIvit life span Gayukal ¬BIeBlekItdl;søab;¦ lifestyle rebobrs;enA lifetime Gayukal/ mYyGayu LIFO (last in, first out) lIhVÚ ¬cUleRkay ecjmun¦ likelihood PaBTMng limit n. & v. 1> RBMEdn/ ~ of liability RBMEdnénkarTTYlxusRtUv/ 2> dak;kMritRBMEdn limitation n. kardak;kMritRBMEdn limited liability karTTYlxusRtUvmankMNt;/ ~ company Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit limited partner GñkcUlh‘unmankMrit ¬TTYlxusRtUvmankMrit¦ line (department) ¬mnÞIr¦ ExSbeNþay line item (budget) matika ¬fvika¦ line of credit or credit linekMrit\NTan link cMNgTak;Tg linkage karcgP¢ab;/ cMNgTak;Tg liquid assets RTBübþÚrykR)ak;)anrh½s liquid investments vinieyaKedaysac;R)ak; liquidate v. CMrH/ TUTat; ¬bMNul/ bBa¢I¦/ ~ a debt TUTat;bMNulTaMgmUl liquidation karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ karCMrHbBa¢I/compulsory ~ karCMrHbBa¢ICakatBVkic© ¬tam karsMercrbs;tulakar¦/ voluntary ~ karCMrH bBa¢Iedaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ report r)aykarN_CMrHbBa¢I liquidator GñkCMrHbBa¢I/ GñkRtYtBinitükar biTRkumh‘un liquidity 1> snÞnIyPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul

2> sac;R)ak;TMenr/ ~ ratio smaPaKsac;R)ak;TMenr liquidity (banking) sac;R)ak;nigRTBü gaybþÚrCasac;R)ak;/ total ~ rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2) list bBa¢I/ ~ price éføelIbBa¢I ¬kataLúk¦/ listed company Rkumh‘unEdlmansnøwkh‘un lk;-Tij enApSarh‘un litigation bNþwgvivaT/ karbþwgpþl; livelihood CIvPaB/ karrkciBa©wmCIvit/ lively y:agskmµ/ ~ market TIpSarman skmµPaBrs;revIk livestock stVciBa©wm ¬ykpl¦ living 1> CIvPaB/ karrs;enA/ ~ standard kMritCIvPaB/ cost of ~ cMnayRTRTg;karrs;enA load factor, passenger (air travel) GRtabMeBjekAGIGñkdMeNIr ¬tamynþehaH¦ loading and unloading of goods karpÞúk nigkarerITMnij loading capacity cMNuHpÞúk loading port EppÞúkTMnij loan kMcI/ \NeTyü/ bMNul/ bridging ~ kMcIpøas;pÞHfµI ¬enAeBlpÞHcas;lk;minTan;dac;¦/ soft ~ kMcIkarR)ak;Tab/ ~ at call kMcIKµankal kMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijeBleKTar¦/ personal ~ kMcIpÞal;xøÜn/ unsecured ~ kMcIKµankarFana/ ~ disbursed kMcI)anebIkpþl; loan service (interest payment) esvabMNul lobby v. ekogKr/ eXasnabBa©úHbBa©Úl local ¬én¦mUldæan/ kñúgRsuk/ ~ authority GaCJaFrmUldæan location TItaMg logging karkab;eQI/ illegal ~ karkab;eQI xusc,ab;


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logic tkáviC¢a/ LÚsuik logistics PsþúPar/ karpÁt;pÁg; logo rUbsBaØa long-life assets RTBüGayukalEvg long-term ry³eBlEvg/ TIXkal/ ~ liabilities bMNulry³eBlEvg loophole cenøaHRbehag/ tax ~ cenøaHRbehagén Bn§ ¬EdlGaceKecosvagminbg;Bn§edayRsbc,ab;¦ loose-leaf ledger esovePAFMsnøwkdac;BIKña loss kMhat/karxatbg;/ kar)at;bg;/ actual total ~ kMhatsrubCak;Esþg lot n. LÚt_/ fishing ~ LÚt_ensaT low-income group/households Rkum¼RKYsar manR)ak;cMNUlTab lump-sum R)ak;bg;TaMgdul/ ~ payment karTUTat;tamrebobem:Akar ¬rW qaka¦ lump-sum tax Bn§em:Akar luxury RbNit/ ~ goods TMnijRbNit/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµvtßúRbNit M, m M1 (money) rUbiyvtßú M2 (liquidity) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA macro- m:aRkU macroeconomic analysis karviPaKm:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomic stability sßirPaBm:aRkU esdækic© macroeconomics m:aRkUesdækic©

magnitude TMhM mail transfer karepÞr¬R)ak;¦taméRbsnIy_ mail, electronic sareGLicRtUnik/ GuIEml main adj. cMbg mainstream v. bRBa¢ab maintain v. accounting book kan;kab;bBa¢IKNenyü maintenance karEfTaM/ ~ expenses/ costs cMNayEfTaM major adj. cMbg/ sMxan; majority PaKeRcIn/ sMelgPaKeRcIn ¬e)aHeqñat¦ mala fide seller Gñklk;Edlmanl,ickl minl¥ maladministration karRKb;RKgGsmtßPaB mal-development karGPivDÆn_xusTMng malpractice rebobrbbminl¥/ kMhusqÁg malthusianism nibulniym/ m:al;Tusniym manage v. RKb;RKg/ cat;Ecg management karRKb;RKg/ ~ control karRtYtBinitükarRKb;RKg manager GñkRKb;RKg/ bNÑaFikar/ financial ~ GaNab½k managerial accounting KNenyüRKb;RKg managership PaBCaGñkRKb;RKg managing director naykRKb;RKg mandate n. 1> siT§iGMNac 2> GaNtþi mandate v. 1> pþl;siT§iGMNac 2> tMrUv/ the law mandates that... c,ab;tMrUvfa mandatory adj. Edlxanmin)an manifest nievTnb½NÑ/ bBa¢I GñkdMeNIr¼ TMnij dwkCBa¢Ún ¬tamynþehaH rW nava¦


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man-made disaster mhnþraybgáedaymnusS manner EbbbT manual 1> htßkmµ 2> esovePAk,Ün manufacture kmµnþsal manufactured goods TMnijkmµnþsal manufacturing kmµnþsalkmµ/ karplit ¬y:ageRcIn²edayeRbIm:asuIn¦ margin Gb,har/ kMrit/ m:aCIn/ ~ of error kMritel¥óg/ ~ of lending kMriteGayx©IR)ak;/ ~ of profit kMritR)ak;cMeNj marginal benefit plcMeNjÉktabEnßm ¬kñúgkarbegáInmYyÉktaplitpl¦ marginal cost éføedImÉktabEnßm ¬edIm,I plitbEnßmmYyÉktaplitplelIsEpnkar¦/ bnÞúkcMNaym:ahSúINal; marginal project KMeragbnÞab;bnSM marginal propensity to consume kMritTMenarénkareRbIR)as;bEnßm marginal propensity to save kMritTMenarénkarsnSMbEnßm marginal revenue cMNUlÉktabEnßm ¬BIkarlk;plitplbEnßmmYyÉkta¦ marginal utility plRbeyaCn_ÉktabEnßßm marginalisation m:aCInUbnIykmµ/ karRcan cUlsßanPaBKµansiT§iGMNac marginal-tax ratio smaPaKkMeNIn cMNUlBn§eFobnwgkMeNInplTunCatisrub marine xagsmuRT/ ~ concession Edn sm,TanTwkéRb/ ~ fisheries ensaTsmuRT/ ~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgpøÚvsmuRT mark down v. bBa©úHéfø mark up v. tMelIgéfø

market n. TIpSar/ black ~ pSarggwt/ capital ~ TIpSarTun ¬sMrab;vinieyaK¦/ ~ capitalisation tMélRkumh‘unKittam tMélTIpSarénsnøwkh‘un/ closed ~ TIpSarbiT ¬lk;[EttMNagpþac;mux¦/ open ~ TIpSarcMh ¬RKb;KñaGacTij¼lk;)an¦ ~ demand/need tMrUvkarTIpSar/ ~ economy esdækic©TIpSar/ ~ failure braC½yénTIpSar/ ~ forces kMlaMg TIpSar/ money/finance ~ TIpSarrUbiyvtßú ¬kMcIry³eBlxøI²¦/ ~ practice TMlab;TIpSar/ ~ price éføenATIpSar/ ~ saturation titßikmµ kñúgpSar/ PaBEq¥teBjedayTMnijénTIpSar/ ~ segmentation karEbgEckTIpSar/ ~ value tMélTIpSar ¬tMélenAéf¶enH¦/ tMélFanik/ ~ share/penetration cMENkTIpSar market v. lk;elITIpSar/ ~ a new product lk;plitplfµIelITIpSar marketable Gaclk;y:aggay marketing m:aXItTIg/ karbeBa©jlk;elITIpSar/ ~ chain ExScgVak; m:aXITIg¼TIpSar market-regulated economy esdækic©TIpSarerobry/ esdækic©niy½tTIpSar mark-up Gb,har marriage certificate sMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_ mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay ¬B½t’man¦ mass production karplitRTg;RTayFM master adj. eKal/ em/ ~ budget fvikaem/ ~ map EpnTIeKal/ ~ plan Epnkar¼bøg;eKal/ ~ sample KMrUtagem master’s degree fñak;GnubNÐit matching concept/convention eKalkarN_énPaBsuIKña


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material sMPar³/ RkNat; maternal mortality rate GRtamrN³matuPaB mature eBjv½y/ cas;TMu/ ~ economy esdækic©rIkcMerIneBjelj maturity bkáPaB/ PaBeBjv½y/ PaBcas;TMu/ kalvsan/ kalkMNt;/ date of ~ éf¶dl; kMNt; ¬sg¦ maximisation GtibrmanIykmµ mayor ecAhVayRkug mean (statistics) mFüm/ arithmetic ~ mFümnBVnþ/ geometric ~ mFümFrNImaRt means meFüa)ay/ ~ of production meFüa)ayplitkmµ measurability PaBGacvas;)an measure 1> TMhM/ rgVas; 2> viFankar/ economic ~ viFankaresdækic©/ fiscal ~ viFankarsareBIBn§ measurement of profitability karvas;EvgPaBmancMeNj mechanism 1> ynþkar 2> esnaFikar ¬sßab½n¦ mechanisation ynþkmµ/ ynþtUbnIykmµ media or mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay mediation karsMruHsMrYl mediator GñksMruHsMrYl medic n. GñkevC¢saRsþ medical ¬én¦ evC¢saRsþ/ ~ assistant CMnYyevC¢saRsþ medical aid n. GñkCMnYyevC¢saRsþ medical care (expense)

¬cMNay¦EfTaMsuxPaB medium mFüm/ ~ grade KuNPaBmFüm/ ~ term loan kMcIry³eBlmFüm meet CYb/ edaHRsay/ bMeBj ¬lkçxNÐ¦/ ~ a deficit bMeBj»nPaB meeting CMnYb/ karRbCMu/ ¬RbCMumhaCn MEFP (Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policy: for the IMF) GnusSarN³sþIBIeKalneya)ayesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú MFN (Most Favoured Nation clause) lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ membership smaCikPaB memorandum CMnYysµartI/ GnusSarN³/ ~ of association GnusSarN³begáItRkumh‘un/ lkçnþik³Rkumh‘un/ ~ of understanding (MOU) GnusSarN³RBmeRBog mental ability smtßPaBxagbBaØa mental job kargareRbIxYrk,al ¬EdlRtUvriHKit¦ mercantile adj. énBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ marine kgnavaBaNiC¢kmµ¬rbs;RbeTsNamYy¦/ ~ country RbeTs ¬mancMNUledaykareFVI¦ BaNiC¢kmµ mercantilism BaNiC¢kmµniym merchandising service establishment RKwHsßanesvakmµTMnij merchant BaNiC¢kr merger karrMlaybBa©ÚlKña ¬nUvRkumh‘unBIr rW eRcIn CaRkumh‘unmYy¦ merit kusl/ kuslkic©/ KuNsm,tþi message sar messenger narsar/ elxharI


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method viFI methodology viFIsaRsþ micro biology mIRkUCIv³ microcosm Gtisuxumelak micro-credit mIRkU\NTan microeconomics mIRkUesdækic© micro-finance mIRkUhirBaØvtßú middle class vNÑ³kNþal ¬rW vNÑ³KhbtI¦

middleman QµÜjkNþal/ KYkeC/ eCIgsar/ GnþrkarI migrant CncMNakRsuk/ nirRbevsn_ migrate v. from/to eFVIcMNakRsuk rW cakRsuk BI¼eTA migration cMNakRsuk/ BhiRbevsn_/ snþrRbevsn_ milestone 1> eKal ¬R)ab;cMgay¦ 2> RBwtiþkarN_sMxan; ¬kñúgdMeNIrkarvivtþn_énGVImYy¦ milieu mCÄdæan military eyaFa/ eyaFin/ ~ region eyaFPUmiPaK Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ mineral concentrate Er:cMraj; minicomputer kMBüÜT½rFuntUc minimisation Gb,brmaPavUbnIykmµ/ tax ~ kareFVI[bnÞúkBn§fycuHTabbMput minimise v. bnßydl;kMritGb,brma mining GaCIvkmµEr:/ karykEr: minor adj. & n. 1> tUctac/ bnÞab;bnSM 2> GnItiCn minority PaKtic/ Gb,PaK

misappropriation of public funds vitikmµ FnsaFarN³/ karekgRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ miscalculate v. KNnaxus miscellaneous epSg²/ KNnIcMNay{epSg²} misdemeanour bTmCÄwm ¬kMritTabCagbT]Rkidæ¦ mission ebskkmµ/ ~ letter lixitbBa¢a ebskkmµ/ ~ statement esckþIRbkasebskkmµ misunderstanding karyl;RcLM/ karyl;xus mixed economic entity GgÁPaBesdækic©cMruH mobilisation of private savings karekNÐRbmUlR)ak;snSMÉkCn mobilise v. ekNÐRbmUl/ RbEmRbmUl modality of investment EbbbTénkarvinieyaK mode n. m:Ud/ rebob model n. KMrU moderate adj. & n. 1> lµm ¬]> minefak minéfø¦ 2> mCÄnikCn modernisation TMenIbPavUbnIykmµ/ TMenIbkmµ modernise eFVITMenIbkmµ modification karEkERb/ kMENERb module m:UDIl modus operandi EbbbTRbtibtþikar momentum snÞúHeCOneTAmux/ kMlaMgrujRcan/ m:Um:g; monetarism rUbiyvtßúniym monetarisation of the deficit rUbiyvtßúnIykmµén»nPaB monetary adj. én rUbiyvtßú¼luy/ ~ policy neya)ayrUbiyvtßú/ ~ overhang rUbiyvtßúelIs tulüPaB/ ~ confidence TMnukcitþelIrUbiyvtßú/


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~ stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUnIykmµrUbiyvtßú/ ~ transaction RbtibtþikarKitCa luy¼rUbiyvtßúú money rUbiyvtßú/ luy/ ~ (M1) rUbiyvtßú (M1),~ (M2) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2), quasi- ~ rUbiy vtßúepSg²/ ~ in circulation rUbiyvtßúcracr/ ~ economy esdækic©rUbiyvtßú/ ~ laundering karlagluykxVk;/ ~ market TIpSarrUbiyvtßú ¬kMcIry³eBl xøI²¦/ ~ supply karpÁt;pÁg; rUbiyvtßú¼sac;R)ak;/ ~/funds at call rUbiyvtßú¼ mUlniFiEdlGacpþl;eGay)anPøam² moneylender \NTayk/ GñkrksuIcgkarR)ak; monitor v. XøaMemIl ¬ÉksarxøHeRbIBakütamdan¦ monoculture Ékvb,kmµ/ eFVIdMNaMmYymux monopolise v. eFVIpþac;mux monopoly n. PaBpþac;mux/ monopolistic adj. monthly RbcaMEx/ ~ statement r)aykarN_¼ sMrg;KNnI RbcaMEx/ ~ returns cMNUlRbcaMEx moral obligation katBVkic©pøÚvcitþ morality sIlFm’/ good ~ mansIlFm’l¥/ social ~ sIlFm’sgÁm morbidity PaBmanCMgWeFVIeGaysøab; mortgage niekçb/ GuIb:UEtk/ vtßúbBa©aMbMNul mortgagee mças;bMNulGuIb:UEtk/ niekçbKahk mortgager/mortgagor kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk most favoured nation (MFN) clause lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ motion of censure jtþibenÞas motivate v. CMrujTwkcitþ/ bMpusTwkcitþ movable (property) clnvtßú multi-disciplinary team RkumBhuCMnaj multilateral BhuPaKI/ ~ agreement kic©RBm

eRBogBhuPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance CMnYyBhuPaKI multinational BhuCati/ ~ corporation Rkumh‘unBhuCati multiple-shop undertakings Rkumh‘unmansaxaeRcIn multiplier emKuN multi-purpose allocation karélEcksMrab;eKaledAeRcIny:ag multi-stage eRcIndMNak;/ ~ design bøg;eRcIndMNak;/ ~ frame eRKageRcIndMNak;/ ~ sampling karykKMrUtageRcIndMNak; mutation n. rUbvivtþn_ mutatis mutandis EdlRtUvpøas;bþÚrtam karcaM)ac; mutual eTAvijeTAmk/ ~ assistance karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ benefit manplRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk/ mutual fund sgÁhFn mutual societies sgÁhsmaKm mutually supportive CYyRTRTg;KñaeTAvijeTAmk N, n nascent economy esdækic©kMBugcab;kMeNIt nation RbCaCati/ sgÁmCati national énCati/ ~ accounting KNenyü Cati/ ~ budget support ]btßmÖBIfvikardæ ¬]> cMeBaHfvikaextþ¦/ ~ bank FnaKarCati/


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~ debt bMNulCati ¬x©IedayrdæaPi)al¦/ ~ income plTunCati/ ~ Institute of Statistics viC¢asßanCatisßiti/ ~ patrimony ebtikP½NÐCati/ ~ product plitplCati/ ~ economic management karRKb;RKg esdækic©Cati nationality sBa¢ati/ ~ of ships sBa¢atinava nationalise v. eFVICatUbnIykmµ/ eFVICatikmµ nationwide TUTaMgRbeTs natural énFmµCati/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ FmµCati/ ~ asset RTBüsm,tþiFmµCati ¬FnFan FmµCatiGVImYy¦/ ~ disaster eRKaH¼mhnþray FmµCati/ ~ unemployment rate GRta nikmµPaBFmµCati/ ~ resource FnFanFmµCati/ ~ loss kar)at;bg; ÉkÉg¼edayFmµCati nature 1> FmµCati 2> critlkçN³ ¬rbs;mnusS¦ near-liquid asset or near money RTBüCitdUcrUbiyvtßú ¬RTBüskmµEdlGacbþÚrCa rUbiyvtßú)any:aggay¦ need tMrUvkar/ ~ for affiliation tMrUvkar edIm,Icgsm<½n§ needs tMrUvkar ¬caM)ac;CamUldæan¦/ ~ assessment study karvaytMélBItMrUvkar negation GviC¢mankmµ negative adj. GviC¢man/ ~ interest karR)ak; GviC¢man ¬GRtakarR)ak;TabCagGRtaGtiprNa¦ negligence kareFVsRbEhs/ gross ~ kareFVsRbEhsF¶n;F¶r negotiable adj. 1>Gaccrca)an/ ~ price éføGaccrca)an 2>GacCYjdUr)an/ ~ debt instrument rUbiyaNtþi\NeTyüGacCYjdUr)an/ ~ documents ÉksarykTUTat;)an/

~ instrument ]bkrN_TUTat; negotiate v. crca/ negotiation n. neocolonialism GaNaniKmniymEbbfµI net suT§/ sCÄtþikr/ ~ exports karnaMecjsuT§/ ~ cost tMél suT§¼sCÄtþikr/ ~ foreign assets RTBüskmµbreTssuT§/ ~ foreign current transfer (NFCT) karepÞrbreTscrnþsuT§/ ~ foreign factor income (NFFI) ktþaplTun breTssuT§/ ~ income cMNUlsuT§/ ~ indirect taxes (NIT) Bn§RbeyalsuT§/ ~ national product plTunCatisuT§/ ~ profit R)ak;cMenj suT§/ ~ present value (NPV) tMélbc©úb,nñ suT§/ ~ taxable income cMnUlCab;Bn§suT§/ ~ worth mUlniFipÞal;suT§/ tMélBitRTBüskmµsuT§ ¬RTBüskmµKittamtMélBitenATIpSar ehIydkbMNulcrnþ¦ network bNþaj neutralisation GBüaRkwtPavUbnIykmµ/ GBüaRkwtkmµ new international economic order

(NIEO) lMdab;esdækic©GnþrCatifµI newly fµI²/ ~ industrialised countries (NICs) RbeTseFVI]sSahUbnIykmµfµI newsletter RBwtþib½RtB½t’man next of kin jatiCitCageK NGO (non-government organisation) GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nine years basic education karGb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM nobility vNÑ³GPiCn nomenclature namvlI ¬matika¦/ muxTMnij nominal carwk/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrub


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carwk/ ~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak; carwk/ ~ value tMélcarwk nomination karEtgtaMg nominee GñkTTYlkarEtgtaMg/ ~ account KNnIkan;kab;kñúgnambuKÁlmñak;eTot non-commercial bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢ non-agricultural or non-farm

employment kargarminEmnksikmµ non-aligned movement clnamincUl bkSsm½<n§ non-compliance karminRbtibtþitam/ PaB minRsbtam non-concessional adj. minpþl;sm,Tan non-convertible currency rUbiyvtßúminGacbþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an non-delivery karminRbKl; non-discriminatory adj. minerIseGIg non-durables TMnijminKg;yUr ¬Gahar/ sarB½t’man>>>¦ non-food items TMnijminEmnGahar non-government organisation (NGO) GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al non-household sector vis½yminTak;Tg nwgRKYsar non-negotiable instrument ]bkrN_ minGacykeTATUTat;)an non-payment karminTUTat; non-performance karminGnuvtþn_/ karKµanlT§pl non-performing loan kMcIBi)akTar non-refundable adj. EdlminbgVilsgvij

non-resident GnivasnCn rW GnivasCn non-returnable packing sMbkevcx©b; minRbmUlvij non-tax features lkçN³minTak;TgnwgBn§dar non-taxable adj. minCab;Bn§/ ~ income cMNUlminCab;Bn§ non-timber forest products (NTFPs) GnupléRBeQI non-urban population RbCaCnminEmnGñkTIRkug norm bTdæan normalisation RbRktIPaBkmµ/ bktikmµ/ niy½tkmµ North, the (countries) ]tþrRbeTs ¬RbeTsGñkman¦ notarial deed lixitviBaØabnkmµ notary public sarkarI note sarxøI²/ lixit/ kMNt;sMKal;/ advice ~ lixitCUndMNwg/ bank/currency ~ Rkdas R)ak;/ covering ~ lixitGm/ credit/debit ~ lixit\NTan¼\NBn§/ delivery ~ lixit RbKl;TMnij/ dispatch ~ lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij/ promissory ~ b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüa noticeable change karERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal; notification karCUndMNwg/ ~ procedure nItiviFICUndMNwg notifying bank FnaKarCUndMNwg notion sBaØaN novation kic©RBmeRBogepÞrkic©snüa ¬[PaKITI3¦


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novelty adj. & n. PaB¼rbs; fµIEbøk NPRS (National Poverty Reduction Strategy) yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nuclear-family structures rcnasm<½n§ RKYsarsñÚl ¬«BukmþaynigkUn¦ null and void emaX³ nullification emaXkmµ/ nullify v. eFVI[ eTACaemaX³ nullity emaXPaB numeracy karecHelx numerator (fraction) PaKyk nutrition GaharUbtßmÖ

O, o obedience karsþab;»vaT object to v. CMTas;/ RbqaMg objection, have no Kµankaryl;Tas; objective n. & adj. 1> kmµvtßú/ TisedA 2> stüanum½t/ EdlQrelIkarBitCak;Esþg objectivity kmµvis½yPaB obligation katBVkic©/ be under ~ man katBVkic©/ meet one’s obligations sg bMNulrbs;xøÜn obligatory CakatBVkic©/ xanmin)an observation 1> karsegát ¬emIl¦ 2> esckþIsegát ¬karkt;sMKal;¦ observe v. segát observer GñksegátkarN_ obsolescence PaBhYssm½y

obsolete hYssm½y occupation 1> muxrbr 2> karkan;kab; occupancy rate (hotel) GRtasñak;enA ¬sNæaKar¦ occupational accident eRKaHfñak;enA eBlbMeBjkargar occupier Gñkkan;kab; oceanography saKrsaRsþ odd job kargarl¥itel¥ac odd number elxess offence bTelµIs/ eTaskmµ offer 1> kareGayéfø/ cash ~ karsMubg;Ca sac;R)ak; 2> karRbkaslk; ¬kñúgéføNamYy¦/ introductory ~ éføTak;m:Uy ¬cMeBaHplitpl fµI¦/ special ~ TMnijlk;efakBiess offer and demand karpþl;nigtMrUvkar off-farm employment kargareRkAksidæan officer m®nþI official pøÚvkar/ ~ confirmation esckþI bBa¢ak;CapøÚvkar/ ~ rate GRtapøÚvkar Official Gazette raCkic© ¬esovePA¦ official n. m®nþIpøÚvkar/ GñkpøÚvkar officialdom kariyaFibetyü offload v. CMruHecj ¬nUvGVImYyEdlxøÜn mincg;Tuk ]> snøwkh‘unelIstMrUvkar¦ offset v. b:Hb:Uvvij/ kat;kgvij offshore adj. eRkAeqñr ¬eRbgkat¦ off-the-job training karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar ombudsman m®nþIesuIbGegátBIkartv:a ¬cMeBaHsßab½nrdæ b¤GgÁkarFM²¦


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omission 1> karxkxan ¬min)aneFVI¦ 2> karkat;ecj 3> GVIEdl min)aneFVI rW kat;ecj omnibus adj. cMruHmux/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBogcMruHmux/ ~ bill of lading GBaØtb½RtrYm on an equal footing edayesµIPaBnigesµIsiT§i on the path of reform elImaKa’énkMENTMrg; onerous adj. Gs;esah‘uyeRcIn one-stop service esvaRckecjcUlEtmYy ongoing activity skmµPaBkMBug dMeNIrkar¼ RbRBwtþeTA on-the-job training karbNþúHbNþal P¢ab;nwgkargar open adj. cMh/ ~ economy esdækic©ebIk cMh/ ~ account KNnIcMh ¬kt;RtakarTij eCOedayGñkTijKµandak;vtßúFana¦ open balance smtulümanelx ¬minsUnü¦ open cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanqUt ¬b¤cMh¦ open credit \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana ¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦ open market pSarcMh/ pSaresrI/ ~ operations RbtibtþikarelIpSarcMh open policy eKalneya)ayebIkTUlay open the trade sector v. ebIkTUlayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ opening balance smtulüedImRKa opening bank (for letters of credit) FnaKarebIksar\NTan operating budget fvikaRbtibtþikar operating costs/expenses bnÞúkcMNay RbtibtþikarFmµta

operation Rbtibtþikar/ insurance ~ RbtibtþikarFanar:ab;rg operational costs bnÞúkcMNayRbtibtþikar operative system RbB½n§Rbtibtþikar operator Rbtibtþikr opinion eyabl;/ mti/ ~ poll karsÞg;mti opportunity kalanuvtþiPaB/ »kas opportunity cost tMél»kasRtUv)at;bg;/ tMélénkarlHbg; opposition 1> karRbqaMg rW CMTas; 2> bkSRbqaMg optical fiber cable ExSkabGubTic optimal allocation karélEckRbesIrbMput optimism suTidiæniym optimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµansuTidæi optimise v. eFVIeGay)anRbesIr ¬bMput¦ option CMerIs/ at your ~ tamCMerIsrbs;Gñk/ share ~ siT§iTijPaKh‘un ¬kñúgéføNamYyenA eBlNamYy¦ naGnaKt oral agreement/contract kic©RBmeRBog¼ kic©snüapÞal;mat; ¬minEmnCalaylkçN_GkSr¦ order 1> bBa¢a/ provincial/municipal ~ dIkaextþ¼Rkug/ 2> lMdab; 3> sNþab;Fñab;/ public ~ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ order for payment (French: mandat

de dépense) GaNtþiebIkR)ak;cMNay order form/slip b½NÑbBa¢aTij order, purchase b½NÑ¼kar bBa¢aTij ordinary share PaKh‘unsamBaØ ordnance yuT§P½NÐ/ unexploded ~


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yuT§P½NÐminTan;pÞúH organic agriculture ksikmµsrIragÁ organic/organisational law c,ab;erobcMGgÁkar organisation chart GgÁkarelx organisational structure rcnasm<½n§cat;taMg Organisation for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD) GgÁkarshRbtibtþikaresdækic© nigGPivDÆn_

orientation kartMrg;Tis oriented (orientated) tMrg;eTArk/ sMedA/ manninñakareTArk origin RbPBedIm/ edImkMeNIt/ bJsKl;/ certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtRbPBedIm TMnij/ country of ~ RbeTsRbPBedIm origin, zero point Kl;G½kS original cost tMélenAeBlcUl ¬tMélsMPar³eBlTijcUl¦ original invoice vikáybRtedIm originating bank FnaKarebIksar\NTan orthodox policy eKalneya)aysmµamti ¬RsmtamkarCMenO¼mtiCaTUeTA¦ outcome lT§pl outdated, out-of-date hYssm½y outflow lMhUrecj outgoing letters lixitecj outgoings cMNay outlays (financial) cMNay/ debt amortisation ~ cMNayrMls;bMNul outlet kEnøglk;ecj

outlook TsSnvis½y/ karRbemIlemIlGnaKt output Fatuecj/ plitpl/ final ~ Fatuecj sMerc¼cugeRkay output tax or VAT (value added tax) GakrelItMélbEnßm outreach kareQagdl;/ karQandl; outsource v. cuHkic©snüaxageRkA outstanding adj. enACMBak;/ ~ balance smtulüenACMBak;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt minTan;sgR)ak;/ ~ loans kMcIenACMBak; ~ student sisSBUEk outstanding obligations (debt) bMNulhYskalbriecäT outward-looking country RbeTsebIkcMh ¬eq<aHeTAxageRkA¦ overcapacity smtßPaBelIs ¬tMrUvkarplit¦ overcharge kMérykelIs ¬elIskMritsmrmü¦ overcontrol karRtYtBinitühYs overdraft 1> kardkR)ak;elIsR)ak;beBaØI 2> \NTankMNt;/ \NTanelIssmtulü ¬FnaKar¦ overdraft, to grant an GnuBaØat\NTanelIssmtulü overdue hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ bill lixit TarR)ak;hYskalkMNt;/ ~ loans R)ak;kMcI hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ payment karsgR)ak; hYskalkMNt;sg overfishing karensaTRtIhYsRbmaN overheads or overhead expenses/costs cMNay Rbeyal¼TUeTA ¬cMNayeTogTat; nig sMxan;² dUcCa QñÜlpÞH/ TUrs½BÞ/ sMPar³kariyal½y>>> EdlminTak;TgedaypÞal;nwgkarplit¦


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overheated economy esdækic©rt;ekþAeBk ¬kMeNInskmµPaBesdækic©EdleFVI[mankMeNIn GtiprNa¦ overlap RtYtKña/ KgKña overlook emIlrMlg overpopulation RbCaCneRcInhYs overproduction briplitkmµ/ karplitelIs overriding (in law) sMxan;CagGVIÉeTot over-sampling karykKMrUtagelIs overseas adj. enAbreTs/ ~ branches saxaenAbreTs oversight 1> karRbEhsePøcPøaMg 2> karemIlxusRtUvelI/ karTTYlbnÞúk overspending cMNayhYskMNt; overstaffed EdlmanbuKÁlikeRcInhYs overtime, work v. eFVIkarem:agbEnßm overview karBinitüCaTUeTA/ TsSn³rYm overwhelming majority PaKeRcInelIslb; owner m©as;/ m©as;kmµsiT§i/ kmµsiT§ikr/ ~ of the goods m©as;TMnij ownership kmµsiT§i/ PaBCam©as; P, p package kBa©b;/ ~ budget kBa©b;fvika/ pay/salary ~ kBa©b;ebovtSr_ ¬ebovtSr_ nig R)ak;]btßmÖepSg² sMrab;kargarGVImYy¦ ~ tour kBa©b;ExSTsSnkic© packaging (accounting) sMbkevcx©b; packing list bBa¢Ievcx©b;

¬bBa¢IbBa¢ak;karevcx©b;TMnij¦ packing, non-returnable sMbkevcx©b;minRmmUlykvij pact ktikasBaØa ¬kic©RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar¦ paddy RsUv/ ~ husking karkinRsUv/ ~ plots GMBkERs paid holidays éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_ paid-up capital mUlFn)anbg;CMrH ¬edImTunEdl)anbg;ehIy¦ panel of experts KN³CMnajkar panic karP½yep¥Il/ GehtuP½y/ financial ~ GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú paper loss/profit cMeNj¼xat elIRkdas ¬RTBü)ancuH¼ekIntMélb:uEnþminTan;)anlk;ecjeT¦ paper money luyRkdas/ RkdasR)ak; paperwork kargarRkdassñam par value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ ¬rW tMélcarwk¦ paradox brmti/ Rbtimti paradoxically EdlRbTaMgRbeTIsépÞkñúg paramedic n. GñkGmevC¢saRsþ paramedical adj. GmevC¢saRsþ parameter ):ar:aEm:Rt pare the budget v. bnßyfvikabnþicmþg² parent company Rkumh‘unem park ]Tüan/ national ~ ]TüanCati partiality n. PaBlMeGog ¬kñúgkarCYyKaMRT¦ participant n. GñkcUlrYm participate v. cUlrYm participation 1> karcUlrYm 2> PaKkmµ ¬karbNþak;Tun¦


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participatory poverty assessment (PPA) karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm participatory rural appraisal (PRA)karvaytMélCnbTedaymankarcUlrYm partner édKU/ smaKt/ GñkcUlh‘un partnership 1> PaBCaédKU 2> CMnYjh‘unKña part-time work kargarmineBjem:ag party (to the contract) PaKI ¬énkic©snüa¦ pass the test (education) eFVIetsþCab; passbook esovePAR)ak;beBaØI passive adj. Gkmµ passport lixitqøgEdn past-due debt bMNulhYs kalkMNt;¼ éf¶kMNt;sg patent RbkasnIyb½Rt ¬GnuBaØateGayRbkb GaCIvkmµ¦/ )a:tg;/ ~ licence b½NÑ):atg; patrimony ebtikP½NÐ/ RTBüsm,tþi/ ekrþ×mrtk ¬EdlmanCab;tmkBIxag«Buk¦ patron Gñk]btßmÖ/ emekIy/ bri)al pattern lMnaM/ KMrU/ trading ~ lMnaMeFVI BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ of rotation lMnaMvilpøas;bþÚrKña pawn v. bBa©aM pawnbroker kugsuI ¬bBa©aM¦ pay as you earn (PAYE) RbB½n§Bn§kat;TukelIR)ak;ebovtSr_ pay at sight sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar pay back v. sgvij pay n. ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ holidays with ~éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_/ leave without ~ karQb;sMrakKµanebovtSr_ pay off v. 1> TUTat;¼bg; pþac; 2> TUTat;R)ak;pþac; nigbBa©b;kargarGñkNamñak;

pay out v. TUTat;¼bg; R)ak;ecj pay up v. TUTat;sgR)ak;CMBak;eK payable adj. sg)an/ ~ to bearer sgeGayGñkkan;/ ~ to order sgtambBa¢a payback period 1> ry³eBlRtUvsgkMcIvij 2> ry³eBl RbmUlTun)anvij¼Rsg;edIm ¬)ancMeNjesµITundak;cuH¦ payee GñkRtUv)anbg;R)ak;[ payer Gñkbg;R)ak;¬[eK¦ paying bank FnaKarTUTat; paying business GaCIvkmµ¼CMnYj Edl pþl;cMeNj payment karTUTat;/ karbg;R)ak;/ karsgR)ak;/ ~ by instalments karsgbNþak; ¬]> tamEx¦/ ~ credit \NTanTUTat;/ ~ currency rUbiyvtßú TUTat;/ ~ in kind karTUTat;Cavtßú/ ~ systems RbB½n§TUTat;/ ~ mechanism ynþkarTUTat;/ ~ warrant GaNtþiebIkR)ak; payoff n. R)ak;bg;pþac; payout n. 1> R)ak;TUTat;ecj 2> R)ak;bg;CYy Rkumh‘unNamYy ¬]> edayrdæaPi)al¦ payroll bBa¢I¼tarag ebovtSr_ peace building karksagsnþiPaB pecuniary Tak;TgnwgR)ak;kas/ ~ motives ehtuplxagluykak; penalise v. Bin½y/ dak;eTas penalty eTasT½NÐ/ eTasbBaØtþi/ karpakBin½y pending accounts KNnIBüÜr ¬rg;caM karedaHRsay¦

pension esaFnnivtþn_/ R)ak;ruWERtt/ ~ fund mUlniFiesaFnnivtþn_


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pensioner GñkTTYlesaFnnivtþn_ per diem ¬R)ak;¦ cMNaytaméf¶ ¬Kittam cMnYnéf¶ nigtamFmµtamanGRtaesµIKñasMrab; buKÁlikRKb;kMrit¦ percentage PaKry perception sBaØaxn§/ cMNab;GarmµN_ performance TegVI/ karGnuvtþn_/ lT§pl/ ~ standard sþg;dar lT§pl¼Rbtibtþi performing EdldMeNIrkar/ ~ asset RTBüskmµdMeNIrkar/ non ~ asset RTBüskmµ mindMeNIrkar period ry³eBl/ GMLúgeBl/ RKa ¬KNenyü¦ periodic tamkalkMNt;/ eTogeBl/ samayik/ ~ control system RbB½n§RtYtBinitütamkal kMNt;/ ~ order system RbB½n§bBa¢aTijeTogeBl periodical n. kalikb½Rt ¬TsSnavdþI/ RBwtþib½Rt>>>¦ periodically edayeTogeBl periodicity samyikPaB perishable adj. EdlgayxUc¬KuNPaB¦/ ~ goods TMnijgayxUc perishables n. TMnijgayxUc perks (or perquisites) GtßRbeyaCn_ bEnßm ¬pþl;CabEnßmelIebovtSr_¦ permanent Gcié®nþy_/ ~ establishment RKwHsßanGcié®nþy_/ RKwHsßanCab;lab;/ ~ organ GgÁkarGcié®nþy_ permit lixitGnuBaØat/ Tidæakar/ building ~ lixitGnuBaØatsagsg;/ export/import ~ lixitGnuBaØatnaMecj¼naMcUl/ work ~ lixit GnuBaØateGayeFIVkar ¬sMrab;CnbreTs¦

perpetual inventory system RbB½n§sareBIP½NÐnirnþn_ perpetuity nic©PaB person buKÁl/ physical/natural ~ rUbvnþbuKÁl/ legal person/entity nItibuKÁl personal pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ consumption kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ effects sMPar³ eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ loan kMcIpÞal;xøÜn ¬sMrab; kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar rW pÞal;xøÜn minEmnsMrab; GaCIvkmµeT¦/ ~ property RTBüpÞal;xøÜn/ ~ revenue R)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl/ ~ selling kareXasnapSaylk;pÞal; ¬énbuKÁlmñak;¦/ ~ income tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl personal identification number (see PIN) personality 1> buKÁliklkçN³ ¬KYrkt;sMKal;¦ 2> Gñkl,Il,aj personnel buKÁlik/ ~ benefits GtßRbeyaCn_ pþl;eGaybuKÁlik perspective yfaTsSn_/ TsSnvis½y PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Techniques) bec©keTsBinitü vaytMélKMerag ¬rW kmµviFI¦ pessimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµanTuTidæi pesticides fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg petition jtþi petroleum eRbgkat/ eRbg\n§n³/ ~ security agreement kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI snþisuxeRbg\n§n³ petty cash sac;R)ak;bnþicbnþÜc/ ~ custodian Gñkkan;hibR)ak; ¬R)ak;tictYc¦/ ~ book esovePA cMNaytUctac/ ~ fund ebLa/ mUlniFisMrab;


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cMNaybnþicbnþÜc/ ~ voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa Ph.D. (degree) fñak;bNÐit phase n. dMNak;kal Phillips curve ExSekaghVIlIB ¬bgðaj TMnak;TMngrvagGRtaERbRbYlénR)ak;ebovtSr_ eTAnwgkMritnikmµPaB¦ phone card s½BÞb½Rt ¬katTUrs½BÞ¦ physical rUbvnþ/ Cak;Esþg/ ~ accounts KNenyürUbFatu/ ~ environment brisßan rUbvnþ/ ~ factor ktþarUbvnþ/ ~ infrastructure ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ/ ~ investment vinieyaK rUbvnþ ¬CasMPar³/ R)ak;kas>>¦/ ~ resources FnFanrUbvnþ ¬GaKar/ ]bkrN_>>¦ physical therapist GñkBüa)aledayclna phytosanitary PUtKamGnam½y piece rate GRtatamÉktaplit ¬kMérKittambrimaNplit)an¦ pilot project KMeragsakl,g PIN (personal identification number) elxsMKal;pÞal;xøÜn/ elxGtþsBaØaNbuKÁl pioneer industry ]sSahkmµQanmux pioneering work kargarQanmux¼ RtYsRtay pisciculture karciBa©wmRtI/ mcävb,kmµ pittance R)ak;cMNUld¾sþÜcesþIg

place kEnøg plan n. Epnkar/ five-year ~ EpnkarR)aMqñaM/ investment ~ EpnkarvinieyaK/ rolling ~ EpnkarrMkil planned economy esdækic©Epnkar planner GñkeFVIEpnkar/ EpnkarI

planning Epnkarkmµ/ kareFVIEpnkar/ karksagEpnkar plant n. 1> eragcRk 2> eRKOgm:asuIn plantation cMkar/ rubber ~ cMkarekAs‘U platform evTika/ kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs; KNbkS¦ playback karcak;eLIgvij ¬ExSGat;>>¦ pledge karsnüa/ R)ak;snüaeGay plenary session sm½yRbCMueBjGgÁ plot dILÚt_/ k,aldI plough back v. vinieyaKbnþ ¬nUvR)ak;cMeNj¦ pocket of poverty RcklðkmanPaBRkIRk polarisation, social PaB)ak;EbksgÁm/ karRbmUlpþúMCa ¬BIr¦RkummanKMnitpÞúyKña police record, copy of the lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;b:UlIs¦ policy brief segçbsMrab;eKalneya)ay policy formulation nimµitkmµ¼karksag eKalneya)ay policy framework Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

policymaker Gñkksag¼GñkkMNt; eKalneya)ay political platform (of a party) kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;KNbkS¦ poll n. kare)aHeqñat polling station kariyal½ye)aHeqñat pollutant n. sarFatubMBul pollution karbMBul/ air ~ karbMBulxül; polyculture kareFVIVdMNaMeRcInmux/ Bhuvb,kmµ population RbCaCn/ ~ growth rate GRta kMeNInRbCaCn/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayRbCaCn


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port of loading/shipment kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij portfolio investments vinieyaKCamUlb½Rt ¬PaKh‘unTaMgGs;rbs;vinieyaKinNamñak;¦ position 1> CMhr 2> tMENg/ vacant ~ tMENgTMenr positive adj. viC¢man/ ~ balance of payments CBa¢IgTUTat;viC¢man/ ~ cash flow lMhUrsac;R)ak;viC¢man ¬sac;R)ak;hUrcUlFMCag sac;R)ak;ecj¦/ ~ interest karR)ak;viC¢man ¬GRtakarR)ak;x<s;CagGRtaGtiprNa¦ possession karkan;kab;/ ePaK³ post CaeRkay/ ~ auditing svnkmµCaeRkay post a profit/loss RbkasCa saFarN³¼ pøÚvkar BI cMeNj rW kMhat post an entry/item to the ledger cuHelxnaeTAkñúgesovePAFM post-action controls karRtYtBinitü eRkayskmµPaB post-date v. cuHkalbriecäTGnaKt potential n. & adj. 1> skþanuBl 2> skþanuPUt potentiality skþanuPaB poverty PaBRkIRk/ TurKtPaB/ ~ reduction karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ ~ line bnÞat;RkIRk power GMNac/ siT§iGMNac/ kMlaMg/ GanuPaB power boat Lúgbut ¬GUb½r¦ power grid/network bNþajGKÁIsnI power of attorney lixitRbKl;siT§i practice karGnuvtþn_ Cak;Esþg¼RbcaM/ professional ~ RbRBwtþikmµviC¢aCIv³ practitioner GñkGnuvtþ ¬RbcaM¦

pragmatic adj. EdlKitBIlT§pl/ Edlmanpl pre- mun/ buer/ pre-Angkor buerGgÁr/ pre-crisis munvibtþi/ pre-action controls karRtYtBinitümunskmµPaB precarious path KnøgeRKaHfñak; precedent n. krNIyutþisaRsþ ¬tulakar¦ preceding mun/ ~ year qñaMmun ¬qñaMmunTI1¦ precious stones t,Úg ¬fµ¦ mantMél preclude RcanecalCamun pre-concession inventory sareBIP½NÐbuersm,Tan precondition buerlkçxNÐ ¬lkçxNÐRtUv bMeBjCamun¦ predictability n. PaBGacTsSn_Tay)an/ TsSlT§PaB predictable adj. GacTsSn_Tay)an preemption siT§iTijmuneK ¬nUvsnøwkh‘un ecjpSayfµIEfmeTot¦ pre-existing condition lkçxNÐmantaMgBImun pre-feasibility study karsikSamun karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an preference cMNUlcitþ preference share h‘unGnueRKaH ¬EdlCa erOy² KµansiT§ie)aHeqñateT b:uEnþTTYl)anPaK laPmunh‘unÉeTot nigRtUvsgmunh‘unFmµta kñúg krNIrMlayRkumh‘un¦ preferential EdlmansiTi§/ EdleKcUlcitþ ¬CagGVImYyeTot¦/ ~ creditor \NTayk mansiTi§TarbMNulmun/ ~ duty (tariff) GRta Bn§KyGnueRKaHBiess ¬Tab¦ pre-investment agency TIPñak;garBinitü


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lT§PaBmuneBlvinieyaK prejudice 1> buervinicä½y 2> kareFVI[xUcxatdl; preliminary adj. epþImmux/ ~ discussion karBiPakSaepþImmux premises GaKar nigdICitGaKar ¬kmµsiT§ikr EtmYy¦ premium buBVlaP/ at a ~ Edllk;)anéfø ¬elIsFmµta¦/ insurance ~ buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg prepaid expense cMNaybg;mun prepaid income cMNUlTTYlmun prerequisite buBVlkçxNÐ prescription bBaØtþi¼evC¢bBa¢a present v. bgðaj/ presenter Gñkbgðaj/ presentation bTbgðaj present value tMélbc©úb,nñ press release RbkasB½t’man prestige kitüanuPaB/ PaBefáIg/ ~ product plitplRbNitfáúMefáIg presumption karsnµtCamun/ sc©FarN_/ ~ of innocence sc©FarN_énnireTas pre-tax profit cMeNjmunbg;Bn§ prevalence eRbv:aLg;¼PaBCaTUeTA price éfø/ agreed ~ éføRBmeRBog/ all-in ~ éføsBVRKb;/ bargain ~ or cut ~ éføefakNas;/ list ~ éføelIbBa¢I¬kataLúk¦/ ~ and salary freeze karTb;éfø nigebovtSr_mineGayeLIg/ ~ discrimination karerIseGIgkñúgkarkMNt;éfø/ ~ list bBa¢Iéføø/ closing/opening ~ éføeBl ehobbiThag¼ebIklk;/ cost ~ éføedIm/ competitive ~ éføRbkYtRbECg/ fair ~ éfø yutþiFm’/ rock bottom ~ éføefakbMput/ selling ~ éfølk;/ ~ fixing karXubXitkMNt;éfø

prices to suit all pockets éføsmRsb nwglT§PaBTijrbs;RKb;Kña pricing karkMNt;éfø/ ~ system RbB½n§kMNt;éfø clearance ~ karkMNt;éføedIm,IbeBa©jTMnij primary bzm/ dMbUg/ ~ factor income ktþa cMNUlbzm/ ~ factor of production ktþa plitkmµbzm/ ~ health care (PHC) karEfTaM suxPaBbzm/ ~ needs tMrUvkarcaM)ac; CamUldæan/ ~ sampling unit (PSU) ÉktaykKMrUtag dMbUg/ ~ selection CMerIsdMbUg/ ~ stratification RsTab;nIykmµdMbUg/ ~ -sampling frame (PSF) eRKagykKMrUtagdMbUg primary education karGb;rMkMritbzm prime cost tMélplitpÞal; ¬KµanbUkcMnayTUeTA¦ principal (in power transfer) GaNtþiTayk principal accountant KNenyükredImExS ¬RksYghirBaØvtßú¦ principal insurance company Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgedIm principle of equality and mutual benefit eKalkarN_esµIPaBnigmanRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk prior adj. BImun/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBogBImun prioritise v. eFVIGaTiPavUbnIykmµ priority n. GaTiPaB/ have/take ~ over manGaTiPaBelI private company or privately owned

company Rkumh‘unÉkCn private income cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_ private investor vinieyaKinÉkCn ¬mnusSFmµtaEdlmanR)ak;vinieyaK¦ private economic entity


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GgÁPaBesdækic©ÉkCn privatisation ÉkCnnIykmµ/ ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ privilege 1> ÉksiT§i ¬GtßRbeyaCn_Biess¦ 2> buBVsiT§i ¬siT§iBiess¦ pro forma invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ proactive skmµRKb;RKg/ skmµRbyuT§ probability RbU)ab‘ÍlIet/ PvnIyPaB/ ~ sampling karykKMrUtagedayRbU)ab‘ÍlIet procedural law (French: code de procédure) c,ab;nItiviFI procedure nItiviFI proceeds R)ak;cMNUl/ pl/ net ~ cMNUlsuT§ process dMeNIrkar processing karEkécñ/ RbRBwtþkmµ/ karcat;Ecg ¬Tinñn½y>>¦/ certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; BIkEnøgEkécñ proclamation esckþIRbkas/ karRbkas procurement lT§kmµ/ karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ phasedMNak;kalpÁt;pÁg; producer plitkr/ ~ surplus plelIs)an dl;plitkr product plitpl/ ~ breadth cMnYnmuxplitpl/ ~ cycle vdþplitpl/ ~ depth Funplitpl ¬kñúgExSplitplnimYy²¦/ ~ line/ range ExS plitpl ¬plitplRbhak;RbEhlKña 1ExS¦/ ~ mix l,ayplitpl ¬plitplTaMgGs; Edldak;lk; rWplitedayshRKasNamYy¦ production plitkmµ/ ~ accounts KNnI plitkmµ/ ~ cost cMNayplitkmµ/ ~ line ExSsgVak;plitkmµ/ ~ system RbB½n§plitkmµ production-sharing contract (PSC)

kic©snüaEbgEckplitkmµ productive adj. manplitPaB/ ~ assets RTBüskmµmanplitPaB/ ~ ratio smaPaK plitPaB productivity plitPaB profession n. viC¢aCIv³/ medical ~ viC¢aCIv³ ¬xag¦ eBTü professional énviC¢aCIv³/ ~ fees esah‘uy viC¢aCIv³/ ~ secrecy karrkSasMgat;viC¢aCIv³ profile n. TMrg;/ rUbPaBTUeTA ¬]> énRkumh‘un cMeBaHsaFarNCn¦ profit cMeNj/ R)ak;cMeNj/ healthy ~ cMeNjeRcIn/ ~ margin GRtacMeNj/ Gb,har/ ~ sharing karEbgEckR)ak;cMeNj profit and loss account or profit and

loss statement (US) KNnIcMeNjxat KNnIlT§pl/ r)aykarN_cMNUlcMNay

profitability PaBmancMeNj programme of action kmµviFIskmµPaB progress vDÆnPaB/ PaBeCOnelOn/ CMenOn/ ~ report r)aykarN_CMenOn/ ~ payment karTUTat;tamdMNak;énCMenOnkargar/ in ~ kMBug eCOnelOn progressive personal income tax Bn§kMeNIntamfñak;elIcMNUlbuKÁl prohibition karhamXat; prohibitive adj. 1> Edlx<s;hYslT§PaB ¬éfø/ tMél¦ 2> EdlhamXat; ¬c,ab;¦ project KMerag/ ~ appraisal karvaytMél KMerag/ ~ cycle vdþénKMerag/ ~ formulation karksagKMerag/ ~ justification yutþikmµKMerag/


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~ proposal sMeNIKMerag/ ~ implementationkarGnuvtþn_KMerag/ projection karKn;KUrCamun proliferation karrIksay ¬cMnYn¦ promise to pay (French: engagement de dépense) karsnüacMNay promissory note b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüasg promotion 1> kartMelIgzan³ ¬buKÁlik¦ 2> karpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦ 3> karCMruj/ ~ of commercial interests karCMrujplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ promotional strategy yuT§saRsþpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦ prompt adj. Pøam²/ ~ cash R)ak;bg;dl;éd/~ delivery karRbKl;Pøam²/ ~ payment karTUTat;Pøam² proof Psþútag/ skçIkmµ propensity TMenar/ ]bnisS½y property RTBü/ sm,tþi/ RTBüsm,tþi/ kmµsiT§i/ dInigGaKar/ ~ insurance karFana r:ab;rgRTBüsm,tþi/ ~ tax Bn§elIRTBüsm,tþi¼ kmµsiT§i proportion n. smamaRt/ in ~ to smamaRtnwg proportional allocation karélEcksmamaRt proportional tax system RbB½n§Bn§smamaRt

proposal sMeNI/ project ~ sMeNIKMerag proprietor, proprietress, n. m©as;/ kmµsiT§ikr prosecution 1> bNþwgsaFarN³/ karbþwgecaT Rbkan; 2> Gyükar ¬PaKIedImecaTkñúgerOgRBhµTNÐ¦

prosecutor RBHraCGaCJa prospect niTsSn_ ¬karrMBwgTuk¦ prospecting licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;kar rukrk ¬eRbgkat/ Er:>>>¦ prospective buyer GñkTijkñúgkarrMBwg prospector Gñkrukrk ¬Er:>>>¦/ buersI prospectus briyayb½NÑ prosperity vibulPaB protection kic©¼kar karBar/ environment(al) ~ kic©karBarbrisßan protectionist measure viFankarkarBarplitplkñúgRsuk protocol 1> BiFIsar ¬Éksar¦ 2> BiFIkar ¬sMrab;BiFIepSg²¦

protracted war s®gÁamruaMér: provision 1>esckþIEcg/ bTb,BaØtþi rWbBaØtiþ ¬c,ab;¦/ final ~Gvsanb,BaØtþi/ transitional ~ Gnþrb,BaØtþi 2> viFankareRtom 3> vtßúpÁt;pÁg;/ sMviFanvtßú provision dealer, retail Gñklk;raynUv TMnijes,ógGahar provision reserve sMviFanFn provisional invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ proxy 1> GñkTTYlkarepÞrsiT§i/ GaNtþiKahk 2> ÉksarsiT§iRbTan/ lixitepÞrsiT§i 3> siT§iRbTan/ karepÞrsiT§i prudent monetary policy eKalneya)ayrUbiyvtßúRbugRby½tñ prudential measure viFankarRbugRby½tñ prudential rule viFanRbugRby½tñ


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public administration rdæ)alsaFarN³ public n. & adj. 1>saFarNCn/ general ~ saFarNCn 2>saFarN³/ ~ accounting/ accounts KNenyüsaFarN³/ ~ company or ~ limited company (PLC) Rkumh‘un PaKh‘un/ saCIvkmµ ¬manecjsnøwkh‘unlk;[ saFarNCn¦/ ~ finance hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³/ ~ adminstrative establishment RKwHsßan rdæ)alsaFarN³/ ~ entity GgÁPaBrdæ ~ ordersNþab;Fñab;saFarN³/ ~ proclamation esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³/ ~ sector vis½y saFarN³/ ~ utilities shRKaspÁt;pÁg;saFarN³¬pþl;esvasMrab;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³dUcCa Twk/ GKÁIsnI/ ]sµ½n/ TUrKmnaKmn_¦/ ~ works saFarN³kar public relations TMnak;TMngsaFarN³ publicise v. pSBVpSay ¬c,ab;¦ public-spirited EdlKitRbeyaCn_saFarNCn publish v. 1> e)aHBum<pSay 2> RbkaspSay/ RbkaspSayCasaFarN³ purchase ledger esovePAFMTij ¬kt;RtakarTijcUl¦ purchase v. & n. 1> Tij/ ~ on credit TijeCO 2> karTij purchaser GñkTij/ likely/prospective ~ GñkTijEdleKrMBwg purchasing power GMNacTij/ lT§kmµBl/ ~ of the currency GMNacTijénrUbiyvtßú purge visuT§ikmµ/ viercnkmµ/ karsMGitsMGag purify v. cMraj;eGaysuT§/ bnSúT§/ eRcaHsMGat purpose eKaledA

purposive sampling karykKMrUtagtam eKaledA Q, q qualification KuNvuDÆi/ kMritCMnaj/ KuNsm,tþixagCMnaj/ lkçN³sm,tþi qualified acceptance karTTYlRBm edaymanlkçxNÐ qualitative énKuNPaB/ ~ method viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbKuNPaB quality shipped KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ eBlpÞúk quality standard sþg;darKuNPaB/ bmanIyKuNPaB quantitative énbrimaN/ ~ method

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦tamEbbbrimaN quarrying GaCIvkmµ¬yk¦fµ quarter 1> RtImas/ 2> mYyPaKbYn/ 2nd ~ of 7th century mYyPaKbYnTI2énstvtSr_TI7 quarter-day éf¶RbKl;R)ak;¬QñÜl¦RbcaMRtImas quarterly adj. & adv. RbcaMRtImas quasi-money rUbiyvtßúepSg² quasi-public institution sßab½nsaFarN³Rbhak;RbEhl questionnaire bBa¢IsMnYr ¬sMrab;sMPasn_¦ quick ratio smaPaKrh½s quintile bBa©PaK ¬sßiti¦ quorum kUr:um ¬cMnYnmnusScaM)ac;sMrab;ebIkkarRbCMu¦ quota kUta/ fixing of ~ karkMNt;kUta/ ~

regime rbbkUta/ ~ sampling karykKMrUtagtamkUta


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quotation éføRbkas ¬enATIpSar¦/ karRbkas éfø/ share ~ karRbkaséføsnøwkh‘un/ keen ~ éføTak;Taj ¬KYreGaycg;Tij¦ quote v. & n. 1> kMNt;¼):an;sµan/ ~ in local currency kMNt;éføCarUbiyvtßúkñúgRsuk 2> éføkMNt; quoted company Rkumh‘uncUlpSarh‘un ¬snøwkh‘unmanlk;¼Tij enApSarh‘un¦ quoted price éfø)anRbkas quotient n. plEck R, r racism BUCsasn_niym raise v. 1> tMelIg/ ~ taxes tMelIgBn§ 2> ekNÐRbmUl/ érGgÁas ¬R)ak;¦ rally (price) eLIgéføvij ¬eRkayBI)ancuH¦ random écdnü/ ~ check karRtYtemIl écdnü/ ~ sample KMrUtagécdnü randomisation écdnünIykmµ range n. 1> RbeLaH/ price ~ RbeLaHéfø/ ~ of vision RbeLaH ¬cMgay¦ emIleXIj 2> cMnYnmux ¬plitplRbePTNamYy¦ 3> CYr ¬PñM¦ rank zan³/ zannþrs½kþi ¬m®nþIraCkar¦ rank v. eFVIcMNat;fñak; ¬tamlMdab;¦ ransom R)ak;elaHxøÜn rate GRta/ exchange ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;/ closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;enAeBlbiT/ forward ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/ ~ of interest GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ of return GRtaTajcMNUl/

spot ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;dl;éd rate éfø ¬Ékta¦ ratification karpþl;sc©ab½n/ sc©anumti rating kareFVIcMNat;fñak; tMél¼KuNsm,tþi/ performance ~ kareFVIcMNat;fñak;lT§plkargar ratio smaPaK/ Gnu)at/ ~ analysis karviPaKsmaPaK rational smehtupl/ sniTanIy/ ~ expectation karrMBwgsmehtupl rationale sniTanPaB/ ehtupl rationality sniTanPaB rationalisation sniTankmµ/ kareFVI[rwtEt manRbsiT§PaB/ ~ of civil servants sniTankmµm®nþIraCkar raw adj. eqA/ ~ data Tinñn½yeqA ¬minTan; viPaK¦/ ~ materials vtßúFatuedIm real Bit/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrubBit/ ~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak;Bit real estate/property GclnRTBü ¬dI nig ¼b¤ GaKar¦/ ~ agency TIPñak;garGclnRTBü realism R)akdniym reality n. tfPaB/ karBit realisation smiT§ikmµ/ smiT§ipl realise v. sMerc/ eFVIeGaysMerc realty GclnRTBü reasonable smrmü reassess v. vaytMéleLIgvij/ reassessment n. rebate 1> karcuHéfø ¬elI TMnijminRtUv)a:n;¼ karsgR)ak;munéf¶kMNt;¦ 2> kar bnßy¼cuH éfø ¬[GtifiCnEdlTijeRcIn¦ 3> karbgViltMél ¬mYyqñaMKitmþgCakardwgKuN


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dl;GtifiCn¦ receipt bgáan;éd/ lixitTTYl receiver GñkTTYl recession, economic karFøak;cuHesdækic© recidivism, case of krNIminragcal recipient GñkTTYl/ ~ country RbeTs TTYl ¬]> CMnYy¦ reciprocity bdikar/ PaBmaneTAmanmk recognise sÁal;/ TTYlsÁal;/ recognised RbtiRsut recommendation Gnusasn_/ mtipþaMepJI recompense v. & n. 1> sg ¬karxUcxat¦/ 2> sMNg reconcile v. bnSúI/ sMrbsMrYl/ pSHpSaeLIg vij/ reconciliation n. reconnaissance study karsikSaEsVgyl; reconversion karpøas;bþÚreLIgvij/ karerob cMeLIgvij record n. & v. 1> kMNt;Rta/ Rbvtþi/ ÉtTKÁkmµ ¬lT§plx<s;bMput¦/ ~ profits cMeNjx<s;bMputminFøab;man 2> kt;Rta recourse ])aRs½y ¬siT§irbs;Gñkkan;rUbiyaNtþi kñúgkartamTarsMNgBIGñkeFVIbidæielx¦ recoverable (debt) EdlGacRbmUlvij)an recovery 1> karykcUlvij ¬R)ak;bgáar¦ 2> karRbmUlmkvij/ ~ of debts karRbmUl R)ak;bMNulmkvij 3>karerIb ¬esdækic©¦ recreation (service) kMsanþ rectangular strategy yuT§saRsþctuekaN rectification karEktMrUv recurrent adj. mþgehIymþgeTot/

~ expenditure cMNaymþgehIymþgeTot recycling karEkécññeLIgvij red soil dIRkhm red tape kariyaFibetyü/ EbbbTniym redeem v. 1> sgpþac;/ ~ a debt sgbMNulpþac; 2> bþÚr¼lk; ykR)ak; ¬]>sBaØab½NÑ¦ redemption n. karsgpþac; ¬bMNul¦ rediscount bunGbhar ¬eFVIGbharmþgeTot¦ redistribution karEbgEckeLIgvij redress n. sMNg ¬karxUcxat/ CMgWcitþ¦ reduction karkat;bnßy/ budget ~ karkat;bnßyfvika redundancy programme kmµviFIbBaÄb; BlkredaykgVHkargar redundant adj. EdleRcInelIstMrUvkar rW KµanRbeyaCn_ re-election kare)aHeqñatsaCafµI reexportation karnaMecjbnþ/ bunnIhrNkmµ referee GaCJakNþal reference book esovePA eyag¼RsavRCav reference period RKa¼ry³eBl eKal referral hospital mnÞIreBTübEg¥k refinancing (loan) bunhirBaØb,Tan ¬kMcI¦ reflect v. qøúHbBa©aMg reforestation kardaMéRBeQIeLIgvij/ bunvnkar reform n. & v. 1> kMENTMrg; 2> EkTMrg; refund v. & n. 1> sgvij 2> R)ak;sgvij refusal karbdiesF/ karRbEkk/ ~ of acceptance karbdiesFkarTTYlRBm regardless edayminKitdl; regime rbb/ financial ~ rbbhirBaØvtßú


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region tMbn;/ sub-~ GnutMbn;/ military ~ eyaFPUmiPaK/ military sub- ~ tMbn;Rbtibtþikar swkrg regionalisation tMbn;PavUbnIykmµ register n.&v. 1> bBa¢I 2> cuHbBa¢I/ cuHbBa¢Ikar registered capital mUlFn)ancuHbBa¢I ¬CapøÚvkar¦ registered letter/parcel lixit¼kBa©b;beBaØI GnusiT§i registered office (of a company) TIcat;karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar registrar m®nþIcuHbBa¢I ¬Gñkkan;kab;bBa¢I¦ registration n. karcuHbBa¢I/ ~ certificate viBaØabnb½RtcuHbBa¢I/ ~ number elxcuHbBa¢I regressive tax system RbB½n§Bn§fycuH ¬fyGRtaenAeBlcMnUlekIneLIg¦ regular adj. eTogTat;/ ~ income R)ak;cMNUleTogTat; regularity PaBeTogTat;/ niytPaB regularisation niytkmµ regularly edayeTogTat; regulate v. RKb;RKgeday bTbBa¢a¼ bTb,BaØtþic,ab; regulations bTbBa¢a ¬lixitbTdæan kñúg ÉksarxøH¦/ commune ~ dIkaXMu/ general ~nItirYm/ internal ~ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg regulator niytkr rehabilitation karsþareLIgvij/ nItism,Ta/ ~ project KMerag nItism,Ta¼sþareLIgvij/ ~ of finances karsþarhirBaØvtßúeLIgvij reimburse v. sgvij ¬R)ak;Edl)ancMNay¦ reimbursement karsgvij reinsurance ¬kar¦ Fanar:ab;rgbnþ

reinvest v. 1> vinieyaKbnþ ¬vinieyaKR)ak; cMenjeTAkñúgGaCIvkmµvij¦ 2> vinieyaKeLIgvij reject v. & n. 1> Rcanecal 2> vtßúRcanecal ¬eRBaHminRtUvsþg;dar¦ related ¬Cab;¦ Tak;Tg¼Tak;Tin relation TMnak;TMng relative adj. EdleFob/ ~ price éføeFob relative advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFob relative majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn edayeFob ¬)ansMelgeRcInCagebkçCnmñak;eTot¦ relative n. sac;jati/ jatiBn§ relativity saebkçPaB ¬PaBmanTMnak;TMng¦/ rWLaTIvIet release v. beBa©j/ edaHElg/ bn§Úr ¬sMBaF¦ relevant adj. EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ institution sßab½nBak;B½n§ relief n. CMnYy/ tax ~ karGnueRKaHBn§/ ~ assistance CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan; relinquish bgVileGayvij/ e)aHbg; remainder sMNl; ¬GVIEdlenAsl;¦ reminder n. lixitrMlwk ¬]> [mkbg;Bn§¦ remission of taxes karbgVilsgR)ak;Bn§ ¬Edl)anbg;elIs¦ remittance karepJIR)ak;ecj/ visC¢na/ karepÞrR)ak; remote area tMbn;dac;Rsyal removal from a government office dkecjBImuxtMENgGVImYykñúgrdæaPi)al remunerate v. pþ;l;laPkar remuneration laPkar/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;Ex/ R)ak;QñÜl/ R)ak;bMNac; renew v. a licence bnþGaCJab½NÑ renewable energy famBlkekIteLIgvij


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rent v. & n. 1> CYl 2> R)ak;QñÜl ¬sMxan; elIGclnRTBü ¦ rental 1> R)ak;QñÜl ¬GclnRTBü nig clnRTBü¦ 2> karCYl renter GñkCYlBIeK reorganisation karerobcMeLIgvij repatriation matuPUminivtþn_ repayment n. karsgvij/ R)ak;sgvij/ ~ schedule tarageBlsgR)ak; repeat order karbBa¢aTijEfmeTot ¬nUvmuxTMnijdEdl¦ repercussion (of an incident) RbtiXat replacement investment vinieyaKbnøas; replacement value tMélpøas;ecj ¬pøas;rbs;mYyedayrbs;mYyepSgeTot¦ replenish v. bMeBjeLIgvij replicate eFVIcMlgtam/ eFVIsaCafµI ¬tamlMnaMdUcKña¦ report r)aykarN_/ annual ~ r)aykarN_ RbcaMqñaM/ market ~ r)aykarN_éføTMnijenATIpSar representative tMNag/ GñktMNag/ authorized ~ GñktMNagmansiT§iRbTan reproductive adj. énkarbnþBUC/ ~ healthsuxPaBbnþBUC repurchase karTijykvij reputation ekrþ×eQµaH/ kitþinam/ good ~ kitþisBÞ request v. & n. 1> esñI 2> sMeNI require v. tMrUv[ ¬eFVIGVImYy¦/ required reserves R)ak;bMrugtamkartMrUv ¬]/ kñúgc,ab;¦ requirement kartMrUv

resampling karykKMrUtagsaCafµI reschedule (a loan) eFVIkalviPaKfµI rescind v. a contract lubecalkic©snüa rescue v. & n. 1> se®gÁaH 2> karse®gÁaH research v. & n. 1> RsavRCav 2> kar RsavRCav/ ~ and development (R & D) karRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_ researcher GñkRsavRCav/ associate ~ GñkRsavRCavrg/ fellow ~ GñkRsavRCav/ senior ~ GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s; reserve FnbMrug/ zbnIyPNÐ/ ~ of value FnbMrugmantémø/ ~ ratio smaPaKFnbMrug/ ~ requirement account KNnIFnbMrug katBVkic©/ ~ requirements kartMrUvFnbMrug/ ~ tranche PaKFnbMrug reserve fund mUlniFibMrug reserve member (of a committee) smaCikbMrug ¬énKN³kmµaFikar¦ reserved bMrugTuk/ ~ forest éRBbMrugTuk reserve, Tonle Sap biosphere zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab residence nivasdæan/ nivasndæan resident nivasCn¼nivasnCn/ Gñksñak;enA/ non- ~ GnivasCn¼GnivasnCn resident representative tMNagRbcaMRbeTs residual value tMélsMNl; resignation karlaElgBItMENg resolution n. 1> esckþIsMerccitþ ¬énGgÁRbCMu¦/ 2> karedaHRsay/ conflict ~ karedaHRsayTMnas; resort rmNIydæan/ ~ site mNÐlkMsanþ/


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kEnøgrmNIydæan resource FnFan/ ~ consumption kareRbIR)as;FnFan resource-rent tax (RRT) Bn§CYlFnFan response bias lMeGogkñúgcMelIy response rate GRtaeqøIytb responsibility karTTYlxusRtUv responsible, to hold cab;eGayTTYlxusRtUv responsiveness n. kar¼PaB eqøIytb restoration n. karsþarCYsCul[dUcedIm restraining force kMlaMgbg¥ak; restrict v. dak;kMhit/ ~ credit dak;kMhit elI\NTan restriction n. kMhit/ kardak;kMhit/ trade ~kMhitBaNiC¢kmµ restructured loan kMcI)anerobcMeLIgvij ¬BnüaeBlsg¦ resumption of exports karbnþnaMecj eLIgvij ¬eRkay)anp¥akmYyry³¦ retail outlet hag¼kEnøg lk;ray retail, to sell lk;ray retailer, retail dealer Gñklk;ray retail-trade business GaCIvkmµ¼ BaNiC¢kmµ lk;ray retained earnings R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk retained imports TMnijnaMcUlsMrab;eRbI R)as; ¬kñúgRsuk¦ retention of staff karrkSaTukbuKÁlik ¬kMueGayeKecjBIGgÁPaB¦ retiree nivtþCn retirement karcUlnivtþn_ retirement pension esaFnnivtþn_

retrenchment karkat;bnßy ¬cMnay¦ retroactive Rbtiskmµ/ ~ effect \T§iBl Rbtiskmµ retrospection karRkeLkemIleTAGtItkal return 1> R)ak;cMNUl 2> lixitRbkas/ tax ~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§/ nil ~ lixitRbkas sareBIBn§EdlKµanbMNulBn§RtUvbg; return on investment ratio smaPaK cMNUleFobnwgTunvinieyaK return, rate of GRtaTajcMNUl returnable pack(ag)ing sMbkevcx©b; RbmUlvij¼epJITuk returned cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtbBa¢ÚnRtLb; returns 1> TMnijbBa¢ÚnRtLb; 2> cMNUlBIvinieyaK revaluation karvaytMéleLIgvij revealed comparative advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFobBinitüeXIj revenue cMNUl/ R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayxagcMNUl/ unearned ~ cMNUlTTYlmun reverse an entry v. cuHbRBa©aselxna/ eFVIRbtiRkanþelxna reversible EdlGacERbRkLas;)an review karBinitüeLIgvij/ ~ mission ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij/ for ~ and decision/approval edIm,IBinitü nigsMerc revise v. EksMrYl/ revised plan Epnkar EksMrYl revocable letter of credit sar\NTanGaclubvij)an revoke a licence dkhUtGaCJab½NÑ ¬mkvij¦


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revolving fund Tuncl½t reward n. & v. 1> rgVan; 2> pþl;rgVan; right n. & adj. 1> siT§i 2> RtwmRtUv right of first refusal siT§ibdiesFTImYy right of way siT§iqøgkat; ¬dIeK¦ right to the lease siT§iPtisnüa ¬siT§iénkic©snüaCYl¦ riot n. & v. 1> kub,kmµ 2> eFVIkub,kmµ rise v. & n. 1> ekIn 2> kMeNIn risk haniP½y/ PaBRbfuyRbfan/ eRKaHP½y/ at owner’s ~ haniP½yr:ab;rgedaym©as; ¬TMnij¦/ ~ consideration karBicarNaBI haniP½y/ ~ taking karh‘anRbfuynwghaniP½y/ aggregate credit ~ haniP½y\NTansrub rival n. KURbECg road tax Bn§pøÚv role play sMEdg ¬tY¦ roll over v. (loan) pþl;saeLIgvij ¬kMcI¦ rough estimate kar)a:n;sµanec,al² routine n. TMrg;kardEdl² row CYr/ CYrepþk ¬tarag¦ royalties sYy ¬rW kMérsYysar/ R)ak;bg;éfø QñÜleFVIGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;lk;sñaéd¦ rule viFan/ ~ of law nItirdæ ruling esckþIsMercCapøÚvkar ¬tulakar¦/ saldIka ¬tulakarkMBUl¦ ruling prices éføCak;Esþg run a factory ¬RKb;RKg¦ dMeNIrkareragcRk running costs cMNay ¬sMrab;¦ dMeNIrkar rush hour em:agmmajwk

S, s SAC (structural adjustment credit) \NTankMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ ¬rbs;FnaKar BiPBelak¦ safeguard v. KaMBar safety suvtßiPaB/ ~ net sMNaj;¼RbB½n§suvtßiPaB salary ebovtSr_/ R)ak;Ex/ starting ~ ebovtSr_ cab;epþImbMerIkar/ ~ index snÞsSn_ebovtSr_/ ~ loan (receivable) kMcIelIebovtSr_ sale karlk;/ cash ~ karlk;ykCasac;R)ak;/ for ~ lk; ¬sresrelIpøakRbkas¦/ ~ invoice vikáybRtlk;/ ~ contract kic©snüalk;/ ~ on credit karlk;eCO/ ~ on instalment plan karlk;eGaysgbNþak;/ ~ or return epJIlk; ¬Gñklk;rayTUTat;sgEtéføTMnijlk;dac; ehIybgVilTMnijenAsl;[Gñklk;dMuvij¦/ ~ proceeds/revenue cMNUlBIkarlk; sales R)ak;lk;)an/ cMnYnTMnijlk;)an/ ~ manager naykRKb;RKgkarlk;/ ~ mix sareBIP½NÐTMnijsMrab;lk;/ ~ promotion karpSBVpSaylk;/ ~ returns TMnijlk;min dac;bBa¢Únmkvij/ ~ tax Bn§elIcMNUllk;)an/ ~ value tMéllk;¬)an¦/ ~ volume cMnYn Éktalk; ¬)an¦ salesman Gñklk;/ tMNaglk; salination or salinisation karERbCaéRb ¬]> dIéRb¦ salvage v. & n. 1> RbmUlvij 2> rbs;)an


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BIkarRbmUl ¬BI GKÁIP½y/ navalic>>>¦ 3> kar se®gÁaH ¬nava b¤TMnijpÞúk¦ salvage/scrap value tMélRbmUl)anvij ¬eBlbeBa©jlk;rbs; rWeRKOgcRkcas;²¦ sample n. KMrUtag/ ):an;/ take a ~ v. ykKMrU tag/ ~ allocation karélEckKMrUtag/ ~ design bøg;KMrUtag/ ~ group RkumKMrUtag/ ~ overlap karKgKMrUtag/ ~ implementation karRsg; KMrUtag/ ~ selection kareRCIsKMrUtag/ ~ survey GegátKMrUtag sample v. ykKMrUtag/ sampled children kumar ¬RtUv)an¦ ykCaKMrUtag sampling karykKMrUtag/ ~ bias lMeGogyk KMrUtag/ ~ domain tMbn;ykKMrUtag/ ~ error el¥ógykKMrUtag/ ~ efficiency RbsiT§PaByk KMrUtag/ ~ frame eRKagykKMrUtag/ ~ rate GRta ykKMrUtag/ ~ variance v:arIy:g;ykKMrUtag sanction TNÐkmµ/ kmµvi)ak/ economic ~ TNÐkmµesdækic© sanction, with your Edl)ankarGnuBaØat BIelakGñk sanctuary TICMrk/ fish ~ kEnøgGPirkSBUCRtI/ wildlife ~ EdnCMrkstVéRB saturate v. ep¢ak/ eFVItitßikmµ saver GñksnSMR)ak;/ snñiFikark³ savings R)ak;snSM/ sBa¢½y/ ~ account KNnI snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ bank FnaKar snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ curve ExSekagR)ak;snSM/ ~ bank book esovePAebLasMéc saw mill eragcRkGareQI scale xñat/ TMhM/ fñak;/ maRtdæan ¬énEpnTI¦/ economies of ~ esdækic©maRtdæan

scarcity PaBkMr/ tnuPaB scenario esNarIy:U/ qak schedular tax Bn§viPaKtamRbePTcMNUl schedule, time tarageBl/ kalviPaK scheme eRKagkar scope visalPaB/ EdnGnuvtþ ¬c,ab;¦/ TMhM scrap product plitplkaksMNl; scrap/salvage value tMélRbmUl)anvij ¬BIkarbeBa©jlk;plitplkaksMNl;¦ sea-damaged EdlxUcxatedaysarTwk smuRT seal n. & v. 1> Rta 2> e)aHRtabiT ¬]> kugtWenIr¦/ sealed tender karedjéfø kñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit seaport kMBg;EpsmuRT seasonal tamrdUv/ manlkçN³rdUvkal seaworthiness lT§PaBeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT secondary bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ need tMrUvkar bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ data Tinñn½yRbPBTIBIr secondary school salamFümsikSa/ higher ~ salamFümsikSaTutiyPUmi/ lower ~ salamFümsikSabzmPUmi second-stage unit (SSU) ÉktadMNak;TIBIr secretariat elxaFikardæan secretary elxaFikar/ ~ general GKÁelxaFikar/ ~ of state rdæelxaFikar sector n. vis½y/ ~ -wide TUTaMgvis½y sectoral adj. tamvis½y/ ~ level kMritvis½y secured mankarFana/ assets fully ~ RTBü skmµmankarFanaeBjelj securities mUlb½Rt/ ~ market pSarmUlb½Rt


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security 1> snþisux/ food ~ snþisuxes,óg 2> karFana 3> rbs;Fana ¬R)atiePaK¦ 4> GñkFana Security Council (UN) RkumRbwkSasnþisux ¬Gsb¦ security, without edayKµanvtßúFana SEDP (Socio-Economic Development Programme) EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© seed n. RKab;BUC/ ~ capital Tun edIm¼BUC ¬edIm,I[)anduHdal¦/ ~ money R)ak; edIm¼BUC seizure karrwbGUs selection kareRCIs/ kareRCIserIs/ ~ error el¥ógkñúgkareRCIs/ ~ interval cenøaHeRCIs/ tentative ~ kareRCIsbeNþaHGasnñ self-determination sV½ysMerc self-employed people CnbMerIGaCIB[xøÜnÉgself-financing sV½yhirBaØb,Tan self-help approach viFIsaRsþCYyxøÜnÉg self-managing sV½yRKb;RKg self-regulating mechanism ynþkar sV½yEktMrUv self-reinforcing system RbB½n§sV½yBRgwg self-reliance PaBm©as;kar/ karBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉg self-sufficiency PaBGacpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉgRKb; self-sustaining sV½yRTRTg; self-weighting sV½yTMgn;/ ~ design bøg;sV½yTMgn;/ ~ sample KMrUtagsV½yTMgn; sell lk;/ ~ at auction lk;edjéfø/ ~ at a discount lk;cuHéfø/ ~ on credit lk;eCO/ ~ up RbmUllk;eRkayeBlkS½yFn/ ~ retail lk;ray

seller, best esovePAlk;dac;bMput seller, quick TMnijlk;dac;qab; ¬gaylk;;¦ selling karlk;/ ~ order bBa¢alk;/ ~ price éfølk; semi-autonomous Bak;kNþalsVy½t semiconductor GgÁFatuBak;kNþalcMlg ¬eGLicRtUnik¦ semi-finished product plitplBak; kNþalsMerc send back v. epJIRtLb;vij send for collection v. epJIeTARbmUlR)ak; sender GñkepJI senior adj. fñak;x<s;/ ~ minister eTsrdæm®nþI/ ~ officer m®nþIfñak;x<s; seniority GtItPaB/ promotion by ~ tMelIgfñak;tamGtItPaB sensitive issue bBaðaresIb sensitivity PaBresIb/ PaBqab;rMePIb/ PaBqab;ejac/ evTyitPaB/ ~ analysis viPaKénevTyiTPaB sensitise v. bMpuskarPJak;rlwk series of reports kMrgr)aykarN_ servant GñkbMerI/ civil ~ m®nþIraCkarsuIvil/ public ~ m®nþIraCkar service esva/ esvakmµ/ ~ fees kMéresva/ ~ contract kic©snüaesva/ ~ charge éføesva ~ industry ]sSahkmµesva service v. a debt sgkarR)ak; session sm½yRbCMu/ plenary ~ sm½yRbCMu eBjGgÁ set n. sMrab; ¬]> kUnesamYysMrab;¦/ bNþúM


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¬]> bNþúMeKaledA¦ settlement dMeNaHRsay/ karTUTat;/ final ~karTUTat;pþac;/ ~ bank FnaKarTUTat;/ ~ credit \NTanTUTat; several (liability) dac;BIKña/ erog²xøÜn ¬karTTYlxusRtUvminrYmKña¦ severance payment (or golden handshake) R)ak;bMNac;eBlQb;eFVIkar/ R)ak;ebIkpþac; sex worker GñkrksuIpøÚvePT share n. h‘un/ snøwkh‘un/ ~ market pSarh‘un share n. & v. 1> cMENk/ market ~ cMENk TIpSar 2> EckrMElk/ ~ experiences Eck rMElkbTBiesaFn_ shareholder Gñkkan;PaKh‘un/ PaKTunik³/ influential ~ PaKTunik³man\T§iBl sharing PaKkmµ/ karEbgEck shelter n. CMrk/ tax ~ CMrkecosBn§ shipped bill of lading GBaØatb½NÑdwk TMnijtamnava shipped quality KuNPaB¬TMnij¦eBlpÞúk shipping agent Pñak;garnavacr shipping company Rkumh‘unnavacr shipping note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij shop around v. rkemIlTMnij ¬éfø/ KuNPaB>>> edIm,ITij¦/ ERCTMnijemIl shoplifting karlYc\v:an;kñúghag shopping n. karedIrTijTMnij/ international ~ karBieRKaHéføCaGnþrCati short bill rUbiyaNtþikMNt;ry³eBlxøI short delivery karRbKl;TMnijxVH short notice, at CUndMNwgmunry³eBlxøI

short of, be v. xVHxat/ Gs; short term ry³eBlxøI/ ~ payoff plry³eBlxøI shortage kgVH/ karRkxSt;/ ~ in weight kgVHTMgn; short-change v. Gab; ¬R)ak;¦ xVH shortcoming kgVHxat shortfall kgVH ¬fvika¦/ cMnYnxVH short-season rice RsUvRsal show of hands n. kare)aHeqñatedayelIkéd sick leave karQb;sMrakeBlQW sick pay R)ak;]btßmÖeBlQW side effect plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM/ bc©½yrg sight bill/draft rUbiyaNtþibgðaj ¬bþÚryk R)ak;)anenAeBlbgðaj¦ sight payment karsgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar sight deposit R)ak;beBaØIGacebIk)antamsMeNI ¬edayBMucaM)ac;pþl;dMNwgmun[FnaKar¦ signatory htßelxI significance sar³sMxan; silting (of waterways) karduHdI silviculture rukçvb,kmµ simple samBaØ/ ~ entry elxnasamBaØ ¬mancuHKNnIEt 1KU¦/ ~ interest karR)ak; samBaØ ¬KitelIEtR)ak;edIm¦ simple random sampling karykKMrUtagécdnüsamBaØ simple response variance va:rIy:g;cMelIysamBaØ simple unbiased estimate kar)a:n;sµansamBaØminlMeGog simplification n. kareFVIsamBaØkmµ/ ~ of


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customs procedures kareFVIsamBaØkmµnItiviFIKy simplify n. eFVIeGaysamBaØ simulation kareFVIRtab;tam sine qua non condition lkçxNÐxanmin)an single entry (accounting) rebobcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK single indicator technique bec©keTsGaMgDIkaT½reTal single window RckecjcUlEtmYy sinking fund mUlniFidak;snSMbMrug ¬TwkR)ak; dkmkrkSaTukedayELky:ageTogTat; sMrab; edaHRsaytMrUvkarGVImYynaGnaKtdUcCasg bMNulCaedIm¦ Sino-Khmer Exµrkat;cin site TIkEnøg size TMhM skill CMnaj/ life ~ bMNinCIvit slogan Baküesøak slope of a curve/line cMeNatén ExSekag¼ bnÞat; sloppy adj. x¢Ix¢a/ ~ work kargarx¢Ix¢a slum n. sgáat;RkIRk¬rexkrxak¦/ ~ -dwellersGñkrs;enAkñúgsgáat;RkIRk slush fund hibexµA ¬begáItedaysMgat;¦ small-scale xñattUc SME (small and medium enterprise) shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm smoking gun PsþútagekþA² smooth adj. relag/ rlUn/ ~ operation dMeNIrkarrlUn ¬l¥¦

smuggler Gñkrt;Bn§ smuggling karrt;Bn§ social énsgÁm/ sgÁmkic©/ ~ cost bnÞúksgÁm/ karxatbg;xagsgÁmkic©/ ~ cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) karviPaKcMnay nigplcM enjxagsgÁmkic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal;sgÁm/ ~ insurance cost bnÞúkcMNayFanar:ab;rgsgÁm/ ~ justice yutþiFm’sgÁm/ ~ morality sIlFm’ sgÁm/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm/ ~ product plitplsgÁm/ ~ reintegration bunsmah rNkmµsgÁmkic©/ ~ safety net RbB½n§suvtßiPaB sgÁm/ ~ security/welfare (budget expenditure) R)ak;viPaCn_sgÁm/ ~ security snþisuxsgÁm/ ~ security contribution viPaKTansnþisuxsgÁm/ ~ status zan³ ¬kñúg¦ sgÁm/ ~ strictures bBaØtþisgÁm/ socio-economic adj. esdækic©-sgÁmkic©/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayesdækic©-sgÁmkic©/ ~ survey Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© sociology sgÁmviTüa soft currency rUbiyvtßúexSay ¬minGacbþÚrykrUbiyvtßúdéTeTot)an¦ soft goods TMnijvaynP½NÐ soft loan kMcImankarR)ak;Tab ¬TabCagGRta enATIpSar¦/ kMcIKµankarR)ak; soft market TIpSarmankarpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCag tMrUvkar soft repayment terms lkçxNÐsgGnueRKaH software (computer) sUhVEvr soil erosion kareRcaHdac;dI sole agency TIPñak;garpþac;mux


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sole agent/representative tMNagpþac;mux sole distributor GñkEbgEckpþac;mux sole proprietorship 1> ÉkkmµsiT§i 2> shRKasÉkbuKÁl solicitor Gñkc,ab; ¬PaKeRcIn CYyBieRKaH eyabl; nigerobcMÉksarxagc,ab;¦ solidarity n. samKÁIPaB solvency saFnPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul solvent saFnIy ¬EdlGacsgbMNul¦ sophisticated technology bec©kviTüa eCOnelOnnigsµúKsµaj sort v. erobtamlMdab; sound adj. RtwmRtUv/ RbkbedayKtibNÐit

sound the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar South, the TkSiNRbeTs¬RbeTsRk¦ sovereign immunity GP½yÉksiT§irdæ ¬siT§i rbs;rdæedIm,I)anrYcputBIkarbþwgTarsMNgxUcxat¦ sovereign risk haniP½yrdæaPi)alminGac sgR)ak; sovereignty GFibetyüPaB spatial sampling karykKMrUtagtamkEnøg

special drawing rights (SDR) siT§idkBiess special economic zone tMbn;esdækic©Biess special promotion zone (SPZ) tMbn; GPivDÆn_Biess speciality ÉkeTs/ rbs;Biess specialisation ÉkeTsnIykmµ/ CMnajnIykmµ specialised bank FnaKarÉkeTs specific period of time ry³¼kMNt; eBlCak;lak;

specification yfaRbePT specify v. bBa¢ak;/ kMNt;/ specified period kal kMNt;¼bBaØtþi specimen KMrUbgðaj/ bdirUb/ ~ signature KMrUhtßelxa speculation n. 1> karqk;»kasekgcMeNj ¬kñúgkarTij¼lk;¦/ oil ~ karqk;»kasekg cMeNjkñúgeRbgkat 2> karvaysµan/ pure ~ karvaysµansuT§saF spoilage n. 1> karxUcKuNPaB ¬rbs;hUb¦ 2> rbs;xUcKuNPaB spoils C½yP½NÐ/ vtßúrwbGUs)an spot price éføTijlk;dl;éd ¬TUTat; nig RbKl;TMnijPøam²¦ spouse shB½T§ spread, spreading n. karrIkraldal squeeze v. expenditure rwtt,itcMNay stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUbnIykmµ/ ~ policy neya)aysßirkmµ stability, economic sßirPaBesdækic© stable exchange rate GRtabþÚrR)ak;man sßirPaB staff buKÁlik stage n. dMNak;/ dMNak;kal stagflation (stagnation + inflation) kars<wkRTwgmanGtiprNa stagnation kars<wkRTwg/ GvDÆnPaB/ economic ~ kars<wkRTwgesdækic© stake PaKkmµ/ karcUlh‘un stakeholder GñkmanPaKh‘un/ GñkBak;B½n§ stamp duty Bn§Etm standard sþg;dar/ ~ cost tMélsþg;dar/


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~ deviation KMlatsþg;dar/ draft ~ sþg;dar RBag/ compulsory ~ sþg;darbBa¢a/ gold ~ sþg;dar¼xñat mas/ ~ of living or living standard kMritCIvPaB/ up to ~ dl;kMrit sþg;dar ~ operating procedures nItiviFI Rbtibtþikarsþg;dar standard-conversion factor (SCF) ktþabMElgsþg;dar standardisation sþg;darUbnIykmµ stand-by adj. eRtom/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBogeRtom/ ~ credit \NTaneRtom standing (bank) sþg;Dig¼sßanPaB/ bank of good ~ FnaKarmansþg;Digl¥ standing order lixitbBa¢aGcié®nþy_ ¬[ FnaKarepÞrR)ak;y:ageTogTat;eTAKNnImYy eTotrhUtdl;manbBa¢afµI¦ standpoint, from the economic tamTsSn³esdækic© staple product plitplmUldæan start-up cost esah‘uycab;epþIm state enterprise or state-owned

enterprise shRKasrdæ state general budget fvikaTUeTArbs;rdæ State Treasury rtnaKarCati statement esckþIRbkas/ r)aykarN_/ financial ~ r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú/ ~ of account sMrg;¼r)aykarN_ KNnI/ ~ of affairs bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeBlkS½yFn/ ~ of receipts and payments r)aykarN_cMNUl cMNay/ monthly ~ r)aykarN_RbcaMEx station of destination/origin sßanIy

eKaledA¼ecjdMeNIr statistics sßiti status sßanPaB/ zan³/ ~-inquiry agency TIPñak;garRsavRCavsßanPaBRkumh‘un/ ~ quo sßanPaBCak;EsþgkMBugman/ ~ symbol nimitþ sBaØasMKal;zan³ statute lkçnþik³/ co-~ of civil servants shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil statute of limitation GaCJayukal steadily CaeTogTat;/ CaCMhan² steering committee KN³kmµaFikar dwknaMkargar¼nayk stem n. edIm ¬cMENkeRkABIKl;Cab;b£s nig cugCab;søwk¦/ cassava ~ edImdMLÚgeQI ¬]> sMrab;eFVIBUC¦ step (in a process) CMhan ¬kñúgdMeNIrkar GVImYy¦/ ~ by ~ mYyCMhanmþg² stereotype n. pñt;KMnit stevedore kmµkrkMBg;Ep stevedoring karelIkdak;TMnijecjcUlk)a:l; stewardship n. karEfTaMRKb;RKg stiff price éfø x<s;¼x<s;eBk stimulate v. CMruj/ bMpus stipulate v. Ecg stock n. snøwkh‘un/ ~ exchange/market pSarh‘un stock n. sþúk/ snñiFi/ TMnij/ opening ~ sþúkedImRKa/ out of ~ Gs;BIsþúk/ ~ control karRtYtBinitüsþúk/ ~ in hand sþúkkñúgéd ¬mankñúghag¼XøaMg¦/ ~ in trade sþúkTMnij sMrab;lk;/ ~ turnover (ratio) GRtabgVilsþk


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¬kñúgmYyqñaM¦/ ~ lines muxTMnijkñúgXøaMg stock v. sþúk ¬TMnijTuklk;¦ stock, natural fish sþúkRtIFmµCati stockbroker KYkeCh‘un stockout n. Gs;BIsþúk ¬PaB¦ stockpile v. & n. sþúkeRcIn² ¬nUvGVImYy sMrab;eRbIenAéf¶eRkay¦ stocktaking kareFVIsareBIP½NÐ/ ~ sale karlk;LayLúgmuneBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ ¬edIm,I[ RsLHXøaMg¦ stopfiler (tax) Gñkdak;RbkassareBIBn§ min)anRKb;elIk storage karsþúk ¬Tukdak;GIv:an;kñúgXøaMg¦ storekeeper/shopkeeper m©as;hag straight-line depreciation method viFIrMls;esµIPaK strategic needs tMrUvkarCayuT§saRsþ strategist n. yuT§saRsþviTU/ GñkyuT§saRsþ strategy yuT§saRsþ stratification RsTab;nIykmµ stratum RsTab;/ ~ mean mFümPaKénRsTab; strike kUdkmµ stringent twgruwg/ ~ measures viFankartwgruwg strong market pSarxøaMg ¬TIpSarman GñkTijeRcIn¦ structural adjustment kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§/ ~ loan kMcIsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ structural adjustment facility (SAF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ structure n. rcnasm<½n§/ ~ of banking institutions rcnasm<½n§sßab½nFnaKar structured experience bTBiesaFn_man

lkçN³CaRbB½n§ student stipends R)ak;bMNac;sMrab;nisSit study tour TsSnkic©sikSa sub-class fñak;rg sub-classification cMNat;fñak;rg subcontract v. em:Akarbnþ/ cuHkic©snüabnþ subcontractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ/ GñkcuHkic©snüabnþ sub-decree GnuRkwtü subdivide v. Eckbnþ ¬KNnI/ Rkum>>¦ subjective choice CMerIsGtþenam½t sublet, sublease CYlbnþ sub-national adj. fñak;eRkamCati subordinate entity GgÁPaB eRkam»vaT¼ cMNuH subpoena v. & n. 1> ekaHsakSI ¬tulakar¦/ 2> dIkaekaHsakSI sub-product, forest GnupléRBeQI subrogation ])aeTskmµ/ kardak;CMnYs sub-sample KMrUtagrg subscribed capital mUlFn)ancuHeQµaH subscribing to securities briviskmµmUlb½Rt subscription kar Cav¼sMuCav/ ~ price éføCav subsectoral level kMritGnuvis½y subsidiary adj. rg/ ~ account KNnIrg/ ~ ledger esovePAFMrg subsidiary n. (company) buRtsm<½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unCag 50°¦/ wholly owned ~ saxa ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘un TaMgGs;¦ subsidise v. pþl;]btßmÖFn/ CYybMeBjxat subsidy, subvention n. ]btßmÖFn/


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R)ak;bMeBjxat subsistence agriculture ksikmµCIvRBwtþi/ ksikmµRKan;EtmYyrs; subsistence production plitkmµCIvRBwtþi/ karplitRKan;EtmYyrs; substance sarFatu substandard eRkamsþg;dar substantial adj. dMukMPYn/ ~ funding karpþl;fvikaCadMukMPYn subtotal srubrg succeeding stage dMNak;kalCabnþ successor Gñkbnþevn sue v. bþwg sum 1> TwkR)ak; 2> plbUk summit snñisITkMBUl sundry account KNnIcMruH supervise v. Binitütamdan supervision karBinitütamdan/ GaNaBüa)al/ under financial ~ of the Ministry of Economy and Finance eRkamGaNaBüa)alhirBaØvtßúénRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú supervisor GnurkS/ GñkBinitütamdan supervisory authority GaCJaFrGaNaBüa)al supplementary crop dMNaMrYmpSM supplemental budget fvika]bsm<½n§ ¬RbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßúénGgÁPaBrdæEdlmanlkçN³ ]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ EtBMuEmnCanItibuKÁl¦ supplementary bEnßm/ ~ schedule tarag¼Éksar B½t’manbEnßm supplier GñkpÁt;pÁg; supply 1> sMPar³pÁt;pÁg; 2> karpÁt;pÁg;/

karpþl;/ ~ and demand karpÁt;pÁg;nigtMrUvkar/ ~ curve ExSekagkarpÁt;pÁg; support v. & n. 1> KaMRT/ RTRTg;/ ~ service esvakmµKaMRT 2> kar KaMRT¼RTRTg; supporting document ÉksarGm ¬rdæ)al¦/ skçIb½Rt ¬KNenyü¦ Supreme Council of the Magistracy ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm surcharge éføykbEnßm/ Bn§ykbEnßmelI TMnijnaMcUl ¬edIm,ICYyCMrujplitkmµkñúgRsuk¦ surety n. 1> GñkFana 2> rbs;Fana surplus Gtierk/ pl elIs¼elIstMrUvkar surtax Bn§bEnßm survey n. & v. Gegát/ ~ area tMbn;Gegát/ ~ data Tinñn½yGegát/ ~ error el¥ógGegát/ ~ operation RbtibtþikarGegát/ general ~ GegátTUeTA survivability PaBGacrs;)an/ financial ~ PaBGacrs;)anxaghirBaØvtßú survivor CnenArs; suspend v. BüÜr/ p¥ak suspense account KNnIrg;caM ¬kt;RtaCa beNþaHGasnñnUvTwkR)ak;EdlKNenyükrmin Tan;dwgfa RtUvkt;cUlKNnIc,as;las;NamYy¦ suspension kar BüÜr¼p¥ak sustain v. RTRTg;/ self- ~ing sV½yRTRTg;/ ~ life RTRTg;CIvit sustainability cIrPaB sustainable adj. mancIrPaB/ ~ agriculture ksikmµmancIrPaB/ ~ development karGPivDÆn_mancIrPaB


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sympathy n. smancitþ ¬CYyKaMRT>>>¦ symptom eraKsBaØ/ nimitþehtu synchronisation smkalkmµ synergy famBlelIs)anBIkarpÁúMKña ¬]> karbBa©ÚlFnFanrksuICamYyKña edIm,I)an cMeNjeRcInCagenAedayELk²BIKña¦ synthetic products plitplsMeyaK system of proportional representationRbB½n§smamaRt ¬e)aHeqñat¦ systematic CaRbB½n§/ CayfaRkm/ ~ factor ktþaCaRbB½n§/ ~ land registration karcuHbBa¢I dIFøICaRbB½n§/ ~-risk phenomenon )atuPUt eRKaHfñak;manlkçN³CaRbB½n§/ ~ sampling karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§ systematise RbB½n§nIykmµ T, t table tarag tabulation karelIkCatarag take into account ykmkKit/ rab;bBa©Úl take stock v. eFVIsareBIP½NÐ take up references v. RbmUlBt’man take v. legal action against bþwgtam pøÚvtulakarcMeBaH/ GnuvtþviFanc,ab;cMeBaH take-home pay R)ak;cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/ ebovtSr_suT§ takeover karcUlRtYtRta ¬edayTijykCag 50°énPaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘un¦/ take over v. takings n. R)ak;TTYl)an ¬BIkarlk;kñúg ry³eBlNamYy¦

tangible assets RTBüskmµrUbI/ RTBürUbI target cMNucedA/ eKaledA/ Epnkar/ sales targets Epnkarlk; ¬tYelx¦ ~ group RkumeKaledA/ ~ market TIpSareKaledA tariff 1> bBa¢Iéfølk; 2> taragBn§Ky/ Bn§naMcUl task Parkic©/ ~ -oriented epþatelIParkic©/ ~ force Rkumkargar taste cMNUlcitþ tax Bn§/ Bn§dar/ back ~ bMNulBn§BIqñaMmun²/ emergency ~ Bn§visamBaØ/ ~ accounting KNenyüBn§dar/ ~ avoidance karecosvagBn§ ¬edayc,ab;mancenøaHRbehag¦/ ~ assessor Pñak;garkMNt;Bn§/ ~ base mUldæanykBn§/ ~ burden bnÞúkBn§/ ~ collection karRbmUlBn§/ ~ credit \NTanBn§/ ~ collector GñkRbmUl Bn§/ ~ evasion kareKcBn§ ¬elµIsc,ab;nigRtUv maneTasT½NÐ¦/ ~ exempt EdlelIkElgBn§/ ~ exemption karelIkElgBn§/ ~ holiday ry³eBlrYcBn§/ vismBn§/ ~ loophole cenøaH RbehagénBn§/ ~ moments »kashUtBn§/ ~ on profit Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNj/ ~ payment year qñaMbg;Bn§/ ~ rate GRtaBn§/ ~ rebate karbnßy Bn§/ ~ receipts/revenues cMNUlBn§/ ~ relief karbn§ÚrbnßyBn§/ ~ reduction karkat;bnßyBn§/ ~ revenues efforts or ~ effort kMlaMgcMNUl Bn§dar/ ~ treatment cMNat;kar¼RbRBwtþikmµ Bn§/ ~/taxation year qñaMCab;Bn§ tax v. hUtBn§/ ykBn§ taxable adj. 1> Cab;Bn§/ ~ income cMNUl Cab;Bn§ 2> EdlGachUtBn§)an taxpayer GñkCab;Bn§ technical assistance CMnYybec©keTs


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technical fix dMeNaHRsay¼Rckecj bec©keTs telegraphic address GasydæanTUrKmn_ telegraphic transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_ telex TUrBum< teller ebLakr temporary beNþaHGasnñ/ ~ cover b½NÑFana r:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ/ ~ unemployment nikmµkalik tenancy n. 1> ry³eBlCYl ¬GclnRTBü¦ 2> siT§ikan;kab; ¬GclnRTBüCYl¦ tenant GñkCYl ¬dI/pÞH>>>¦/ Ptik³/ ~ farmer ksikrCYldIeK tendency ninñakar/ rising ~ ninñakarekIneLIg tender karedjéfø ¬edIm,IeFVIkarpÁt;pÁg;¦ tender terms and conditions book esovePAbnÞúk ¬sMrab;edjéfø¦ tenderer Gñkedjéfø tendering karedjéfø ¬edaymandak;Éksar tMél):an;sµanlMGit¦ tenure 1> ry³eBlkan;kab;tMENg/ GaNtþi 2> siT§ikan;kab;tMENg¼RTBüsm,tþi 3> karkan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦ tenurial right siT§ikan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦ term GaNtþi/ry³eBl/ long ~ ry³eBlEvg/ TIXkal/ medium ~ ry³eBlmFüm/ short ~ ry³eBlxøI/ GcIrkal/~ in/of officeGaNtþi term-deposit account KNnIbeBaØIman kalkMNt; terminal contract kic©snüamankalkMNt; termination karbBa©b; ¬kargar¦/ karbBaÄb;

¬GaCIvkmµ¦ terms lkçxNÐ/ easy ~ lkçxNÐFUrRsal/ ~ and conditions of a contract xøwmsar niglkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of a contract lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of payment lkçxNÐ TUTat;/ ~ of reference lkçxNÐeyag ¬sMrab; epÞógpÞat;¦/ lkçxNÐkargar ¬kic©snüakargar¦/ ~ of sale lkçxNÐlk; territorial integrity bUrNPaBEdndI tertiary education ]tþmsikSa test n. & v. 1> etsþ 2> eFVIetsþ test the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar testament mrtksasn_ testimonial sMbuRtKaMRT ¬eGaycUleFVIkar¦ textile vaynPNÐ/ ~ industry ]sShkmµ vaynPNÐ theory RTwsþI think-tank Rkumpþl;KMnit third party PaKITIbI/ ttiyCn threshold n. kMritcab;ERbRbYl/ kaMQancUl thrift plan EpnkarsnSMsMéc tied aid CMnYymancMNg time eBl/ kal/ kalkMNt;/ ~ deposit R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ dimension TidæPaBxageBlevla/ ~ draft rUbiyaNtþi mankalkMNt;/ ~ frame Rkbx½NÐeBlevla/ ~ limit for delivery kalkMNt;RbKl;TMnij/ ~ policy b½NÑsnüaFanar:ab;rgmankalkMNt;/ ~ segment kMNat;eBl/ ~ table tarageBl/ ~ value tMéltameBl/ ~ work kargarKit em:ag ¬TUTat;kMértamcMnYnem:ag/ éf¶¦


94

timely return (of a cheque...) bgVilvijTan;eBl tip TwkEt ¬R)ak;[eRkA¦ title 1> cMNgeCIg 2> gar title deed b½NÑkmµsiT§i title, land b½NÑkmµsiTi§dI toll éføeRbIesva ¬]> eRbIpøÚv/ s<an ¦ tool ]bkrN_/ Rbdab;Rbdar top-down paradigm KMrUBIelImkeRkam total n. & v. srub/ grand ~ srubrYm/ subtotal srubrg track record n. RbvtþieCaKC½y-braC½y tracking kartamdanemIl trade BaNiC¢kmµ/ CMnYj/ GaCIB/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ balance CBa¢IgBaNiC¢ kmµ/ ~ barriersr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ deficit »nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ discount/terms karcuH éføkñúgGaCIB ¬eGayGñkRbkbrbrdUcKña¦/ ~ name eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha/ ~ reference TIsMGag bBa¢ak;xagGaCIB/ ~ representation tMNag BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky trade v. pøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµ/ eFVICMnYj trademark sBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ trade-off karedaHdUr ¬TMnij¦Kña trader QµÜj/ GñkCMnYj/ BaNiC¢kr trade union shCIB trading karCYjdUr/ kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ partner édKUBaNiC¢kmµ trading capital TunbgVil

trading losses kMhateFVIGaCIvkmµ ¬eBl R)ak;cMNUl)anticCagR)ak;cMNayecj¦

traditional CaRbéBNI/ ~ savings R)ak; snSMtamTMlab;/ ~ way of life rebobrs;enA CaRbéBNI traffic cracr/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;cracr trainee or intern (US) kmµsikSakarI/ Gñkhat;kar training karbNþúHbNþal/ on-the-job ~ karbNþúHbNþalP¢ab;nwgkargar/ off-the-job ~ karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar ¬]> enAmhaviTüal½y¦ transaction Rbtibtþikar/ kic©karCMnYj transfer v. & n. 1> epÞr 2> karepÞr/ bEgVr/ karepÞrR)ak;/ Gnub,Tan (French: cession), ~ deed lixitepÞr/ ~ payments R)ak;epÞrTUTat; ~ pricing kardak;éføedIm,IepÞrR)ak; transferable adj. GacepÞr)an/ ~ credit \NTanGacepÞr)an transferee n. Gnub,Tanik/ GñkRtUv)aneK epÞreGay transferor n. GñkepÞr ¬[eK¦ transformation (products...) karbMEbøg tranship or transship v. epÞrBIyan mYyeTAyanþmYyeTot ¬edIm,Idwkbnþ¦/ transhipment n. karepÞr transit qøgkat;/ ~ account KNnIqøgkat;/ ~ goods TMnijqøgkat;/ ~ passenger GñkdMeNIr qøgkat;/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;TMnijqøgkat; transitional adj. Gnþrkal/ ~ economy esdækic©Gnþrkal/ ~ measures viFankar Gnþrkal/ ~ period ry³eBlGnþrkal transmission karbBa¢Ún ¬sar¦ transnational corporation (TNC) Rkumh‘unrMlgCati


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transparency n. tMlaPaB transporter GñkdwkCBa¢Ún trauma n. rbYs ¬pøÚvkay rW pøÚvcitþ¦ travel agency TIPñak;gareTscrN_/ TIPñak;gar Kmnakar traveller’s cheque mUlb,Tanb½RteTscrN_ traveller’s letter of credit sar\NTan eTscrN_ travelling salesman Gñklk;cl½t treasurer n. hirBaØik/ rtnakr treasury rtnaKar/ ~ bill b½NÑrtnaKar ¬ry³kalxøICagmYyqñaM¦/ ~ bond b½NÑrtnaKar ¬ry³kalEvg¦ treatment n. RbRBwtþikmµ/ cMNat;kar/ karcat;Ecg treaty sn§isBaØa treble v. ekInmYyCabI trend ninñakar/ market ~ ninñakarTIpSar trial balance taragtulüPaB trickle-down effect plb:HBal;snSwm²/ plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM trillion, one (US) mYylanlan tripartite adj. RtIPaKI trust fund mUlniFimrtk ¬mUlniFiRKb;RKg edayRbtisiT§iCnsMrab;GtßKahk¦ trust fund facility (TFF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFimrtk trust letter lixiteCOTukcitþ trustee (one to whom a right has been assigned by will, gift... French: ayant cause) RbtisiT§iCn trustee in bankruptcy shbdiPaK ¬Gñk

RKb;RKgkarkS½yFnEdlEtgtaMgedaytulakar¦ trustee ordinance bTbBa¢a RbtisiT§iCn ¼Gñksñgkar trusteeship PaBTTYlxusRtUv trusteeship council RkumRbwkSaPi)alRbtisiT§iCn trustworthy EdlKYreGayTukcitþ T account KNnIRbePTGkSr T tuition class karsikSabg;éfø turning point cMNucbt; ¬eBlEdlman karpøas;bþÚr¦ turnkey contract kic©snüaesakñúgéd turnover plrbr/ plGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;cMNUl turnover rates of labour GRtaecjcUl énBlkr two-track approach viFIedaHRsayBIrpøÚv two-way eTVTis/ BIrpøÚv typical CatYy:ag U, u ultimate area unit (UAU) ÉktatMbn;cugeRkay ultimate goal eKaledAcugeRkay ultimate sampling unit (USU) ÉktaykKMrUtagcugeRkay ultimatum n. »sanvaT unaccountable adj. 1>minGacBnül;)an 2> KµanKNenyüPaB/ minTTYlxusRtUv unaccounted for adj. )at;edayKµankarBnül;


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unaided edaykMlaMgpÞal;xøÜn unaltered Edl\tpøas;bþÚr unanswered EdlKµancMelIy unascertained goods TMnijRcbUkRcbl; ¬minTan;EbgEcktamRbePT¦ unavailing efforts karRbwgERbgKµan)anpl unbalanced budget fvikaKµantulüPaB ¬man»nPaB¦ unbanked cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan; dak;cUlKNnIFnaKar unbiased \tlMeGog uncalled capitalmUlFnminTan;ehA ¬[bg;¦ uncashed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan; ebIkykR)ak; unclaimed EdlBMuRtUv)anTamTar uncleared goods TMnijminTan;qøgKy uncontrollable expenses cMNayRKb; RKgmin)an uncrossed/open cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt KµanqUt undated KµancuHéf¶Ex/ ~ bond b½NÑTTYl sÁal;bMNulKµankalkMNt; undercoverage (insurance) karFana r:ab;rgdNþþb;minsBV undercut v. lk;efakCag underdeveloped countries RbeTsGn;fy/ RbeTsGnaPivDÆn_ underemployed 1> KµankargareFVIeBj elj/ ~ capital TuneRbImin)aneBjelj 2> GñkKµankargareFVIeBjelj underlease (see sublease) CYlbnþ undermanager bNÑaFikarrg

undermentioned manerobrab;dUcxageRkam underproduction 1> karplitminRKb;tMrUvkar 2> karplitmineBjkMlaMg underrate v. vaybenßak undersell v. 1> lk;efakCag ¬KURbECg¦ 2> lk;eRkamtMél ¬edIm¦ undersigned, the GñkcuHhtßelxa ¬BIeRkam¦/ htßelxI understanding karyl;dwg/ karyl;Kña eTAvijeTAmk/ snÞidæPaB/ good ~ karyl;dwg l¥/ memorandum of ~ GnusSarN³RBmeRBog underwrite v. 1> CYyFana 2> CYyr:ab;rg underwriter GñkFana undisclosed income cMNUl\tRbkas/ cMNUllYclak; undivided profits R)ak;cMeNjminEbgEck undoubted eday\tsgS½y unearmarked fund mUlniFiKµanélTuk edayELk unearned fees kMérminTan;rk)an unemployed adj. & n. 1> Gt;kareFVI 2> GñkGt;kareFVI/ nikmµCn unemployment PaBGt;kareFVI/ nikmµPaB/ seasonal ~ nikmµPaBtamrdUv/ temporary ~ nikmµkalik/ ~ benefit R)ak;]btßmÖcMeBaH nikmµPaB/ ~ rate GRtanikmµPaB unendorsed EdlKµanbBa¢ak;xagxñg unequal wealth distribution r)ayvismFn unexpected fall karFøak;cuH\trMBwgTuk unexpended balance smtulüminTan;cMNay unexpired cost (accounting)


97

tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü unfair KµansmFm’/ minyutþiFm’ unfavourable minGMeNaypl/ ~ conditions lkçxNÐminGMeNaypl unfilled order b½NÑbBa¢aTijmin)anGnuvtþ unfit for work EdleFVIkarminekIt unforeseen adj. min)anRbemIleXIj/ \tRBagTuk ¬cMNay¦ unfounded adj. KµanmUldæan unification n. karbRgYbbRgYm/ ÉkPavUbnIykmµ unified rYmEtmYy/ ~ as one rYmKñaCaFøúgmYy uniformity lkçN³ÉkPaB unify v. bRgYbbRgYm unilateral ÉketaPaKI unincorporated mincUlCaRkumh‘un unintentionally edayGectna unionisation karcUlshCIB unit 1> Ékta/ ~ of analysis ÉktaviPaK/ ~ of account ÉktaKit/ ~ price/rate éføÉkta 2> GgÁPaB united rYbrYmKña unknown (factor, quantity...) GBaØat unlawful elµIsc,ab;/ ~ means meFüa)ay elµIsc,ab; unlimited liability karTTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit unloading karerITMnij unmarketable, unmerchantable Edllk; minecj¼mindac; unpaid (cheque) ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦minTUTat; unpaid balance smtulüminTan;TUTat; unpaid capital TunminTan;)anbg;

unproductive assets RTBüskmµKµan plitPaB unqualified acceptance karTTYlRBm eday\tsMéc unquestionable KµanGVIKYrq¶l; unrecorded adj. min)ankt;Rta unregistered Edlmin)ancuHbBa¢I unremunerative adj. Kµan)anpl/ KµancMeNj unrestricted random sample KMrUtagécdnüKµankMNt; unsafe adj. KµansuvtßiPaB unserviceable adj. minGaceRbIR)as;)an unsettled adj. minnwgn ¬FatuGakas¦/ min Tan;edaHRsay ¬vivaT¦/ minTan;sg ¬bMNul¦ unskilled adj. KµanCMnaj/ ~ labour BlkmµKµanCMnaj unstable adj. KµansßirPaB unstratified sampling karykKMrUtag KµanRsTab; unsuccessful adj. min)aneCaKC½y unsuitable adj. minsmRsb

untied aid CMnYy\tcMNg up and down eLIgehIycuH up to date (information) adj. Tan;eBl update v. eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB ¬kñúgÉksarxøH eFVIcrnþkar¦ upgrade v. tMelIg smtßPaB¼KuNPaB/ eFVI[RbesIr upheaval karvwkvr/ claclxøaMg upkeep (expenses) cMNayEfTaM


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upper credit tranche PaK\NTanxagelI upward tendency ninñakareLIg urbanisation nKrUbnIykmµ/ Ministry of Land Management, Urbanisation and Construction RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; urgent bnÞan;/ ~ needs tMrUvkarbnÞan; useful life (accounting) GayukaleRbI R)as; ¬énRTBüskmµ¦

user costs bnÞúkcMNaycMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as; ¬kñúgkareRbIR)as;GVImYy dUcCa fñl;>>>¦ usual supplier m:UypÁt;pÁg;CaRbcaM usurer RBwT§ikr ¬GñkykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦ usury RBwT§ikmµ ¬karykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦ utensil Rbdab;RbdareRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH ¬BiesskñúgpÞH)ay¦ utilities karpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ utility company Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ ¬Rkumh‘un Twk ePøIg esvakmµsMxan;² sMrab; saFarN³Cn¦

V, v vacancy kEnøg¬eFIVkar¦TMenr vaccine fñaMbgáar validate v. pþl;suBlPaB/ bBa¢ak;faBit validity suBlPaB/ PaBmantMél/ ry³kal mantMél valorem (see ad valorem) valuable goods TMnijmantMél

valuables n. vtßúmantMél valuation ekaslvic½y/ karkMNt;tMél value added (VA) tMélbEnßm value added tax (VAT) GakrelItMél bEnßm ¬Gtb¦ value date éf¶KitkarR)ak; value n. & v. 1> tMél 2> vaytMél value, declared tMél)an Rbkas¼ raykarN_¼RbtievTn_ variable n. & adj. 1> Gefr 2> ERbRbYl variance (statistics) v:arIy:g; variation bMErbMrYl/ karERbRbYl vault cash sac;R)ak;kñúgXøaMg vehicle yan/ motor ~ yanynþ velocity of circulation el,Ón ¬én¦ cracr velocity of money el,ÓncracrrUbiyvtßú vendee GñkTij vendor Gñklk; verbal (widely used in error for “oral”) pÞal;mat;/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog pÞal;mat;/ ~ warning karRBmanpÞal;mat; verbally (used in error for “orally”) edaypÞal;mat; vertical bBaÄr/ ~ programme kmµviFIbBaÄr ~ communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tgtam ExSbBaÄr/ ~ integration smahrNkmµbBaÄr ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ vested interest plRbeyaCn_cak;b£s veteran (soldier) GtItyuT§Cn viability PaBGacrs;)an vibration rMj½r


99

vicious circle n. GnÞak;vilvg; ¬Gt;Rckecj¦ vicious cycle n. GnÞak;Cavdþ video vIedGU video CD suIDI vIedGU view TsSn³/ karyl;eXIj village development committee

(VDC) KN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_PUmi violate v. rMelaP ¬c,ab;>>>¦ violence higSa/ GMeBIhigSa virtue KuNFm’ visible adj. ¬Gac¦emIleXIj/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµrUbI vision ckçúvis½y visual control karRtYtBinitüedayeRbIEPñk vocation ]bnisS½y/ to have a ~ for man]bnisS½ykñúgkar>>> vocational training karbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIIv³/ ~ center mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³¼]bnisS½y void adj. emaX³/ null and ~ emaX³ volume of exports (or imports) brimaNTMnijnaMecj ¬rWnaMcUl¦ voluntary adj. edaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ restriction/limitation kardak;kMrit¼kMhit edaysµ½RKcitþ vote kare)aHeqñat/ ~ of confidence kar e)aHeqñatTukcitþ/ kare)aHeqñatsMEdgkarTukcitþ vote-counting station kariyal½yrab;snøwkeqñat voter registration station kariyal½y cuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat voting right siT§ie)aHeqñat

voucher sMeNA/ b½NÑtMNagR)ak;/ b½NÑcMMnay vulnerability PaBgayrgeRKaH W, w wage ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;QñÜl/ ~ rise (US: raise) eLIgebovtSr_/ ~ and price controls karRtYtBinitüebovtSr_nigéfø/ ~ earner GñkeFVIkarykebovtSr_/ Ptikar/ ~ freeze karbgákebovtSr_ ¬mineGaycuHeLIg¦/ ~ indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ebovtSr_ ¬pSarP¢ab;nwgGRtakMeNIncMNayRTRTg;CIvPaB¦/ ~ scale taragkaMebovtSr_/ ~ work kargarsuIR)ak;kMér waive v. lHbg;siT§i ¬]> edIm,IeFVIkartva:¦/ ~ tax eGayrYcBn§ waiver n. 1> karlHbg;siT§i/ karelIkElg 2> Éksar lHbg;siT§i¼elIkElg warehouse XøaMg/ PNÐaKar warehouseman qµaMXøaMg warehousing karTukdak;TMnijkñúgXøaMg warning karRBman/ kardas;etOn warrant 1> dIka 2> b½NÑGnuBaØat/ ~ of attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i warrantee GñkTTYl)ankarFana warrantor GñkFana warranty karFana war-risk insurance karFanar:ab;rg haniP½ybgáedays®gÁam wastage karx¢Hx¢ay


100

waste kaksMNl;/ liquid ~ kaksMNl;rav/ solid ~ kaksMNl;rwg watershed TICMral waterways pøÚvTwk weak market pSarexSay ¬minsUvmanGñkTij¦ wear and tear karswkric weighted average mFümPaKsmta welfare state rdæmanKitKUreRcInxagsgÁmkic©/ suxevTn_RbeTs well GNþÚg/ drilled ~ GNþÚgxYg/ ring ~ GNþÚgdak;lU wetlands dIesIm ¬dITMnabmanTwkdk;edayGenøI¦ white book esovePAs white-collar worker nieyaCit/ buKÁlik kariyal½y whole TaMgmUl/ TaMgGs; wholesale karlk;dMu/ ~ price éfølk;dMu/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu wholesaler Gñklk;dMu wildlife stVéRB/ ~ sanctuary EdnCMrkstVéRB will 1> qnÞ³ 2> mrtksasn_ wilful damage karxUcxatbgáeLIgeday ectna windfall profit cMeNjPøam²\trMBwgTuk winding up 1> karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦ 2> karCMrHbBa¢I winner GñkQñH/ C½ylaPI withdraw v. dk/ dkxøÜn/ ~ an order lubecalkarbBa¢aTij/ ~ money dkR)ak; ¬BIKNnI¦ withholding tax Bn§kat;Tuk/ ~ payable Bn§kat;TukRtUvbg;

work kargar/ GVIEdleFVI)an/ sñaéd/ ~ in progress (WIP) kMBugplit ¬RTBükMBug plit KWtMéleFVI)anenAcugRKa¦ work out v. KNna work v. eFVIkar/ ~ full time eFVIkareBj em:ag/ ~ overtime eFVIkarem:agbEnßm/ ~ part time eFVIkarmineBjem:ag work, art sñaédsil,³ worker 1> Blkr 2> kmµkr workforce kMlaMgBlkmµ ¬BlkrTMagGs; kñúgkariyal½y rW eragcRk¦ working capital TunbgVil/ Tuncl½t working condition lkçxNÐkargar working day éf¶eFVIkar working group Rkumkargar working paper ÉksarBiPakSa ¬r)aykarN_sikSaRsavRCavBIerOgGVImYy¦ workman kmµkr work-related illness CMgWbNþalBIkargar workshop 1> eragCag/ 2> sikçasala/ vKÁGnuvtþ writ dIkabgÁab; ¬tulakar¦ write down v. kt;RtabBaú©HtMélRTBüskmµ ¬kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦ write v. off a debt lubbMNul ¬ecjBIbBa¢I¦ write-back (of provisions...) karykvijnUv ¬sMviFanFn>>> kñúgKNenyü¦ written, in writing CalaylkçN_GkSr


101

Y, y yardstick xñat year (fiscal, financial...) qñaM/ kariybriecäT ¬sareBIBn§/ hirBaØvtßú>>>¦ year on year qñaMelIqñaM/ BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM/ ~ change bMErbMrYlqñaMelIqñaM ¬bMErbMrYleFob nwgeBldUcKñaénqñaMmun¦ yield Tinñpl young people RbCaCnv½yekµg/ RsTab;yuvv½y Z, z zero population growth (ZPG) kMeNInRbCaCnkMritsUnü zone tMbn;/ hSÚn/ core ~ tMbn;sñÚl/ buffer ~ tMbn;RTnab;/ inter ~ GnþrtMbn; zoning karEbgEcktMbn;



PaKTI 2 Exµr-Gg;eKøs

Part Two: Khmer – English

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

105

k kk/ bgák freeze, bgákebovtSr_ ¬min[cuHeLIg¦ wage freeze

kkkuj/ PaB bottleneck

kk; v. deposit

kk;/ R)ak; n. deposit, ~ mun advance deposit kekIt/ kar inception

kgVl; n. concern

kgVH n. lack, ~ tulüPaB lack of balance,

~ TMnukcitþ lack of confidence

kgVH n. shortage, ~ TMgn; shortage in weight kgVH ¬]> fvika¦ shortfall

kgVHxat n. shortcoming ( characteristics/ quality of sth or s.o)

kBa©b;fvika package budget

kBa©b;ebovtSr_ ¬ebovtSr_ nigR)ak;]btßmÖepSg² sMrab;kargarGVImYy¦ pay/salary package

kBa©b;ExSTsSnkic© package tour kBa©úM cluster, smasFaturYmCa ~ cluster of elements kNþal adj. central, FnaKar ~ central bank kt;Rta n. record

kt;Rta/ Edlmin)an unrecorded

kt;Rtaxag\NTan v. credit

kt;Rtaxag\NBn§ v. debit

kt;RtabBaú©HtMélRTBüskmµ ¬kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦

v. write down

kt;sMKal;/ KYr[ noticeable, karERbRbYl ~ noticeable change ktikasBaØa ¬kic©RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar¦ pact

ktþa factor

ktþacMNUlbzm primary factor income

ktþaeFVIeGaymansßirPaBCasV½yRbvtþi built-in stabilisers ktþabMElgsþg;dar standard-conversion factor (SCF)

ktþaplTunbreTssuT§ net foreign factor income (NFFI) ktþaplitkmµbzm primary factor of production ktþarUbvnþ physical factor

ktþþatMél factor cost, ~ bzm primary factor cost k®nþkTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer basket

kEnøg place

kEnøg ¬eFVIkar¦ TMenr vacancy

kEnøglk;ecj outlet

kmµkr worker, workman

kmµkrkMBg;Ep docker, stevedore

kmµnþsal manufacture, TMnij ~ manufactured goods kmµnþsalkmµ manufacturing

kmµvtßú n. objective

kmµviFICMnYybreTs foreign-aid programme

Economic Lexicon Part 2 sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

106

kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;KNbkS¦ political platform, platform

kmµviFIbBaÄb;BlkredaykgVHkargar redundancy programme

kmµviFIskmµPaB programme of action

kmµviFI\NTanpÞal; direct-lending schemes

kmµvi)ak ¬m> TNÐkmµ¦ sanction

kmµvis½yPaB objectivity

kmµsikSakarI trainee or intern (US)

kmµsiTæi ownership

kmµsiT§i/ kar)anmkCa acquisition

kmµsiT§ikr rW m©as; owner, proprietor (of a house, business...)

kmµsiT§iKµankalkMNt; freehold property

kmµsiT§idIFøI land ownership

kmµsiT§ibBaØa intellectual property

kmµsiT§iRsbc,ab; legal ownership

krNIKµanlT§PaBsg event of default

krNIbnÞan;/ kñúg in case of emergency

krNIyutþisaRsþ n. ¬tulakar¦ precedent

ksag/ CalkçN³ constructive, karTieton ~ constructive criticism

ksageKalneya)ay/ kar policy formulation ksagCasßab½n v. institutionalise

ksag¼eFVI BiesssMrab;GtifiCnNamñak; custom-built/made

ksikmµ agriculture, RksYg ~ rukçaRbmaj;

nigensaT Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries ksikmµRKan;EtmYyrs; ¬m> CIvRBwtþi/ ksikmµ¦ subsistence agriculture

ksidæan farm, brikçar ~ farm equipment

ksipl rW plitplksikmµ agricultural product ksi-BaNiC¢kmµ agribusiness

ksi-]sSahkmµ agro-industry

kaksMNl; waste, ~ rav liquid waste, ~ rwg solid waste katBVkic© obligation, man ~ to have the

obligation, Ca ~ obligatory

katBVkic©/ Ca compulsory, karRtYtBinitü ~ compulsory inspection kat;kg v. deduct

kat;kgecj/ Gac adj. deductible, ~ BIcMnUl Cab;Bn§ tax deductible

kat;Kña v. intersect (graph lines)

kat;ecj ¬CakarBin½y¦ forfeit

kat;éfømin)an adj. invaluable

kat;bnßy/ kar reduction, curtailment,

~ fvika budget reduction, ~ PaBRkIRk poverty reduction

kat;bnßycMnay/ kar expense reduction, retrenchment kat;sg/ Bn§Ky duty drawback

katalIkr catalyst, tYnaTICa ~ catalyst role


107

kataLúk ¬esovePA¦ catalogue

kan;/ Gñk holder, ~ mUlb,Tanb½Rt holder of a cheque kan;kab;/ kar possession kan;kab;/ kar ¬]> cUleTArs;enAelIdILÚt_¦ occupation

kan;kab;CakarepJITuk hold in trust

kan;kab;dI/ kar land tenure

kan;kab;tMENg/ ry³eBl tenure

kan;kab;RtwmRtUv/ Gñk holder in due course

kan;kab;EfTaM/ Gñk caretaker (of a motor vehicle) kan;kab;bBa¢IKNenyü v. maintain accounting book kan;criya v. behave

kan;bBa¢I/ Gñk bookkeeper

kan;Baküsnüa v. abide by a promise

kab;eQI/ kar logging, ~ xusc,ab; illegal logging kayvikar gesture

kargar work

kargar ¬eTogTat;manR)ak;kMér¦ employment

kargar/ eQµaH job title

kargarkñúgkariyal½y office job, white-collar job

kargarRkdassñam paperwork

kargarKitem:ag ¬TUTat;kMértamcMnYn em:ag/ éf¶¦

time work

kargareCIgsar brokerage

kargareRbIxYrk,al ¬EdlRtUvriHKit¦ mental job

kargareBjem:ag full-time work

kargarmineBjem:ag part-time work

kargarl¥itel¥ac odd job

karedaHRsay resolution, ~ TMnas; conflict resolution karEtl cartel

karbdiesFc,ab;rdæ civil disobedience

karR)ak; interest, ~ smas compound

interest, ~ x<s;¼Tab high/low interest,

~ samBaØ simple interest, kalKit ~

interest period, GRta ~ interest rate karR)ak;)anKitbEnßm accrued interest

karR)ak;mkTl;bc©úb,nñ interest to date

karR)ak;minTan;sg back interest

karR)ak;viC¢man positive interest (interest rate higher than inflation rate) karR)ak;GviC¢man ¬GRtakarR)ak;TabCagGRta GtiprNa¦ negative interest karBar/ kic©¼kar- protection, ~ brisßan environment protection karBarkarxatbg; ¬EdlRtUv)an¦ hedged

karsikSakrNI ¬b¤krNIsikSa¦ case study

kariybriecäT financial year

kariybriecäT ¬sareBIBn§/ hirBaØvtßú>>>¦ year


108

(fiscal, financial...) kariyaFibetyü bureaucracy, red tape, officialdom

kariyal½y bureau, ~ kargar employment

bureau GñkeFVIkar ~ bureaucrat

kariyal½yKNenyü accounting office

kariyal½ycuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat voter registration station kariyal½ytMNagRbcaMRbeTs country-representative office

kariyal½yFM head office

kariyal½ye)aHeqñat polling station

kariyal½ybþÚrR)ak; exchange office

kariyal½ypþl;B½t’manBIkitþinam ¬énshRKas>>>¦credit bureau

kariyal½yrkkargareGayeFIV employment agency kariyal½yrab;snøwkeqñat vote-counting station kariyaelxanukar ¬m> kariyal½y/ GñkeFVIkar¦ bureaucrat kal kMNt;¼bBaØtþi specified period

kalkMNt; deadline

kalkMNt; time, rUbiyaNtþiman ~ time draft

kalkMNt;RbKl;TMnij time limit for delivery

kalbriecäT date

kalbriecäTGnaKt/ cuH v. post-date

kalvsan maturity

kalviPaK schedule/timetable

kalviPaKfµI/ eFVI reschedule (loan)

kalaTikrN_sniTanIy_ ¬m> rMMBwgsmehtupl/kar¦

kalanuvtþiPaB opportunity

kalikb½Rt ¬TsSnavdþI/ RBwtþib½Rt>>>¦ periodical

kic©karCMnYj transaction

kic©RBmeRBogepÞrkic©snüa ¬[PaKITI3¦ novation kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBItaragBn§Ky nigBaNiC¢kmµ ¬hÁat;¦ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) kic©snüa contract, ~ lk;¼kargar contract of

sale/work, buKÁlikrdæCab; ~ contract public

employee, Cab;¼eRkam ~ adj. under

contract, cuH ~ v. contract, GñkcuHkic©snüa contractor kic©snüa/ c,ab;én law of contract

kic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSr deed

kic©snüaCYlTijpþac; ¬rW kic©snüaTijbNþak;¦ hire-purchase agreement kic©snüaTij-lk; bargain and sale

kic©snüabnþ/ cuH subcontract, Gñk ~ subcontractor kic©snüaEbgEckplitkmµ production-sharing contract (PSC) kic©snüamankalkMNt; terminal contract

kic©snüalk; ¬TMnij¦ sale contract

kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ business


109

cooperation contract (BCC)

kic©snüaesva service contract

kic©snüaesarkñúgéd turnkey contract

kitþinam reputation, credibility

kitþisBÞ good reputation

kitüanuPaB prestige

kinRsUv/ kar paddy husking

kiriyamayaT conduct

kugtWn½r container

kugsg;s‘us consensus

kugs½rsüÚm consortium

kugsuI ¬bBa©aM¦ pawnbroker

kub,kmµ n. riot, eFVI ~ v. riot

kumµúynisþ communist

kulalPaCn_ ceramics, plitpl ~ ceramic product kusl merit , good deed

kuslkic© good deed, charity

kUd/ elxkUd code, kardak;elx ~ coding, kar bkRsay ~ ¬ERbCaPasaFmµtavij¦ decoding

kUdkmµ strike

kUta quota, karkMNt; ~ fixing of quotas

kUtanaMcUl import quota

kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk mortgagor/ mortgager

kUnesovePApSBVpSay brochure

kUr:um quorum

ekItdMNalKña/ kar ¬RBwtþikarN_¦ concurrence

ekItman/ kar incidence

ekIn v. increase, rise ekInCadMNak;²/ Edl incremental

ekInmYyCabI v. treble

ekInmYyCaBIr v. double

ekIneLIg v. gain

ekogKr v. lobby

ekobsgát; v. exert pressure

ekgRbv½Ba©/ kar embezzlement

ekgRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³/ kar misappropriation of public funds ekNÐRbmUl v. mobilise

ekNÐRbmUlR)ak;snSMÉkCn/ kar mobilisation of private savings ekrþ×eQµaH reputation

ekrþ×eQµaHCMnYj n. goodwill

ekrþ×mrtk heritage, patrimony

ekrþ×xagRsI dowry

Ek/ kar ¬Bakü¼elx¼bBa¢IKNenyü>>>edaykar ekaslub rW karsresrRtYt>>>¦ alteration

Ekécñ/ kar ¬plitpl¦ processing, viBaØabnb½Rt bBa¢ak;BIkEnøgEkécñ certificate of processing

EkécññeLIgvij/ kar recycling

EktMrUv v. adjust, KNnI ~ adjustment

account, ktþa ~ adjustment factor (AF),


110

tMél ~ adjustment value, elxna ~ adjusting entries (accounting)

EktMrUv/ kar rectification

EkTMrg; v. reform

EkERbdIFøIeLIgvij/ kar land restructuring

EklMG/ kar improvement

EksMrYl adj. revised, Epnkar ~ revised plan

ekaslvic½y expertise, valuation

ekasikasnþiPaBeGaypSarP©ab;Kñal¥/ BRgwg strengthen the fabric of peace kMcIKµankalkMNt; ¬eBlTarRtUvsg¦ demandloan

kMcIKµanvtßúFana fiduciary loan

kMcI¼R)ak;kMcI loan, ~ pøas;pÞHfµI bridging loan,

~ karR)ak;Tab soft loan, ~ KµankarFana unsecured loan, ~ KµankalkMNt; loan at

call (pay back when required), ~ )anebIk pþl; loan disbursed

kMcIEdlm©as;bMNulGacTarykvij)anPøam money at call kMcIenACMBak; outstanding loan

kMcIpÞal;xøÜn personal loan

kMcIBi)akTar non-performing loan

kMcImankarR)ak;efreTArksuI/ kareRbI leverage

kMcImankarR)ak;Tab/ kMcIKµankarR)ak; soft loan

kMcImanrbs;bBa©aM collateral loan

kMcIsMrab;sg;¼TijpÞH housing loans

kMNt; v. determine, fix, specify

kMNt;/ naéf¶Edl)an on appointed days

kMNt;kUta/ kar fixing of quotas

kMNt;Rta n. record

kMNt;éfø¼éføkMNt; CarUbiyvtßúkñúgRsuk v. & n. quote in local currency

kMNt;TUeTA general points (in text of law)

kMNt;RbePTTMnij/ kar categorisation of goods kMNt;Bn§/ Gñk assessor of taxes

kMNt;RBMRbTl;/ kar demarcation (boundary)

kMNt;sMKal; note

kMNt;sMGag ¬Fanar:ab;rg¦ cover note (insurance) kMNay n. excavation

kMeNIt/ GRta birth rate

kMeNIn growth, increase, rise, gain,

GRta ~ growth rate

kMeNInkartantwg ¬TMnas;¦ escalation

kMeNIntamfñak;/ GRtaBn§ progessive tax rate

kMeNInRbCaCnkMritsUnü zero population growth (ZPG) kMENtMrUv adjustment

kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ structural adjustment, kMcIsMrab; ~ structural adjustment loan

kMENTMrg; n. reform, ~ dIFøI land reform,

~ RbB½n§yutþiFm’ judicial reform, ~ Bn§dar


111

fiscal reform, ~ vis½yensaT nigClpl fisheries reform

kMENERb modification

kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij port of loading/shipment

kMBg;EpBaNiC¢kmµ commercial port

kMBg;EpsmuRT seaport

kMBugcab;kMeNIt nascent, esdækic© ~ nascenteconomy

kMBugdMeNIrkar/ skmµPaB ongoing activity

kMBugplit ¬xÞg;KNnIsMrab;kt;RtaRTBükMBug plit¦ work in progress (WIP)

kMBüÚT½rFuntUc minicomputer

kMr/ PaB scarcity

kMrgr)aykarN_ series of reports kMrit level, dose, margin, eRcIn ~ multi-

level, ~ eGayx©IR)ak; margin of lending,

~ R)ak;cMeNj margin of profit, ~ suvtßiPaB

safety margin, ~ GPivDÆn_ level of development kMriteKal benchmark

kMritcab;ERbRbYl ¬m> kaMQancUl¦ threshold

kMritCIvPaB standard of living, living standard kMritCMnaj qualification

kMritTMenarénkareRbIR)as;bEnßm marginal propensity to consume kMritTMenarénkarsnSMbEnßm marginal

kMritRBMEdn/ dak; v. limit, kar ~ limitation

kMritmUldæan local/grassroots level

kMritmUldæanénkareRbIR)as; base level of consumption

kMrityl;dwg level of understanding, cognitive level kMritel¥óg margin of error

kMér earnings, ~ rk)an earned fees

kMér fee, ~ GaCJab½NÑ licence fee

kMéreCIgsar brokerage

kMéreCIgsarFanakarTUTat; del credere commission kMérykelIs ¬elIskMritsmrmü¦ overcharge

kMéresva service fees

kMéreCIgsar commission, karlk;yk ~ commission sale

kMéreCIgsar/ yk v. charge a commission

kMlaMg force, power, ~ TIpSar market forces kMlaMgpÞal;xøÜn/ eday adj. unaided

kMlaMgBlkmµ labour force, workforce, force

kMlaMgrujRcan momentum

kMsanþ ¬esva¦ recreation (service)

kMsanþ/ kar entertainment, mNÐl ~ entertainment centre

kMhat loss, ~ Cak;Esþgsrub actual total

loss, ~ srubsuT§ absolute total loss


112

kMhateFVIGaCIvkmµ ¬eBlR)ak;cMNUl)anticCag R)ak;cMNayecj¦ trading losses kMhab;énsarFatu/ kMrit concentration level of a substance kMhit n. constraint

kMhit/ kardak;kMhit restriction,~ én\NTan credit restrictions

kMhit/ dak; v. restrict, ~ elI\NTan restrict credit kMhusqÁg malpractice

kaMQancUl n. threshold

ekaHsakSI v. ¬tulakar¦ subpoena

kñúgtMENg in post

kñúgrgVg;kBa©úM intra-cluster

kñúgRsuk domestic, RTBüskmµ ~ domestic

assets (bank), \NTan ~ domestic

credit, tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; ~ domestic demand/supply kñúgRsuk ¬m> mUldæan¦ local

k,ac; n. ¬]bkrN_buraNsMrab;Kitelx¦ abacus

k,aldI ¬m> dILÚt_¦ plot

k,alma:sIunkMeNInesdækic© engine of economic growth RkdasR)ak; ¬luyRkdas¦ bank note, paper money RkdaseBIelo flimsy paper

RkdassñamBaNiC¢kmµ commercial paper

RkNat; cloth, material

Rkb frame

Rkbx½NÐ cadre, ~ m®nþIraCkar public cadre, ~

Pñak;garrdæ)al cadre of administrative agent

Rkbx½NÐ framework, frame, ~ c,ab; legal

framework, ~ eBlevla timeframe

Rkm code, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ commercial code

RkmsIlFm’ code of conduct/ethics

RkLabBa¢I court clerks

RkeLkemIleTAGtItkal/ kar retrospection

RkahVik graphic

RkIRk/ PaB poverty, karkat;bnßy ~ poverty

reduction, bnÞat;RkIRk ~ poverty line

Rkwtü decree

Rkumkargar working group, task force

RkumKMrUtag sample group

RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg board of management

RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ Constitutional Council

RkumRbwkSaPi)al board of directors

RkumRbwkSaPi)alRbtisiT§iCn trusteeship council RkumRbwkSavin½y ¬GñksMercdak;vin½yelIbuKÁlik¦ disciplinary council RkumRbwkSavinieyaK board of investment (BOI) RkumRbwkSasnþisux Security Council (UN)

Rkumpþl;KMnit think-tank

RkumBhuCMnaj multi-disciplinary team


113

Rkumh‘un company, ~ Gnamik joint stock

company, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ trading company,

~ buRtsm<½næ affiliated or associated

company, ~ TTYlxusRtUvmanx½NÐsIma limited liability company, ~ TTYlxus RtUvKµankMNt; unlimited company, ~ saxasubsidiary company Rkumh‘un ¬CanItibuKÁleBjelj¦ incorporated company Rkumh‘un/ cUlCa incorporated

Rkumh‘un/ c,ab; companies act

Rkumh‘uncUlpSarh‘un ¬KWmansnøwkh‘unlk;-Tij enApSarh‘un¦ listed/quoted company

Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit limited liability company Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgedIm principal insurance company Rkumh‘unbiTCit ¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unmanticnak; Nas;¦ close company

Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkþab;PaKh‘unticCag 50°¦ affiliated/associated company

Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ ¬Twk/ ePøIg>>>¦ utilitycompany Rkumh‘unBhuplitpl conglomerate

Rkumh‘unPaKh‘un public company or public limited company (PLC) Rkumh‘unem parent company

Rkumh‘unrYmPaKh‘un joint-stock company

Rkumh‘unrMlgCati transnational corporation (TNC) Rkumh‘unsikSaKMeragbøg; architectural company

Rkumh‘unhUlDij holding company

Rkumh‘unnavacr shipping company

Rkumh‘unGnamik ¬m> saCIvkmµ¦ RkumGayu age group

RkumGñkmanKMnitdUcKña like-minded groups

eRkam/ xag downstream, plitpl ~ rW plitplcugExS downstrem product

eRkam»vaT/ GgÁPaB subordinate entity

eRkamsþg;dar sub-standard

eRkay/ Ca post, svnkmµ ~ post auditing

eRkay/ tam following, qñaMeRkay rW qñaMbnÞab; following/next year eRkA/ ktþaxag rW plb:HBal;mkBIeRkA externalities eRkAksidæan/ kargar off-farm employment

eRkARbB½n§ ¬rW eRkApøÚvkar¦/ vis½yesdækic© informal sector køasuik/ TsSn³Ebb classical view

køib club, ~ ]sSahkmµtMbn; regional industry club

Ekøg/ kar forgery

Ekøgkøay false

kS½yFn/ PaB bankruptcy, karrYcputBI ~ discharge in bankruptcy


114

ekSRtviTU agronomist

ekSRtsaRsþ rW ekSRtviTüa agronomy

x x ¬xTI1/ xTI2>>> ¦ clause

xkxan fail, xkxanmin)anTak;Tg fail to contact xkxan ¬min)aneFVI¦/ kar omission

xn§b,maNrUbiyvtßú ¬m> rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs;¦ monetary aggregate

xn§b,aT aggregation

xageRkA exogenous, ktþaGviC¢man ~ negative exogenous factors xatbg;/ kar loss

xatbg;srub/ kar total loss, dead loss,

~ Cak;Esþg actual total loss

xanmin)an¼katBVkic© adj. compulsory, mandatory xitþb½NÑ ¬b½NÑeXasnapSBVpSayEckeGay pÞal;éd¦ hand bill

xuTÞkal½y cabinet, ~ KN³rdæm®nþI political cabinet xusc,ab; illegal, kic©snüa ~ illegal contract

xusc,ab; illicit, Rsa ~ illicit alcohol

xUcxat/ kar damage

xUcxatedaysarTwksmuRT/ Edl sea-damaged

xUcxatbgáeLIgedayectna/ kar wilful

damage xUcxat/ ¬R)ak;¦ sMNgcMeBaHkar damages

xUcKuNPaB/ kar ¬rbs;hUb¦ spoilage

xUcRbeyaCn_/ kar detriment

xUcRbeyaCn_/ EdleFVIeGay detrimental

xYb¼CMu¼vdþ cycle

xMRbwgxñHExñg/ kic© endeavour

x©I/ sMux©I v. borrow, karx©Ibul borrowings,

Gñk ~ borrower

x¢Ix¢a sloppy, kargar ~ sloppy work

x¢Hx¢ay/ kar wastage

ex©aH/ flaw, defect Edlman ~ flawed, defective, faulty

xÞg; item, ~ eRkAtaragtulükar off-balance sheet items xÞg;/ xÞg;bBaÄr ¬tarag¦ column

xÞg; ¬taragtulükar¦ heading

xñgTl;xñg back to back, \NTan ~ back to back credit xñat ¬]> EpnTI¦ scale

xñat ¬sMrab;vas;Evg¦ yardstick

xñattUc small-scale

xñatmaRta dose

xñatmas gold standard

Exµrkat;cin Sino-Khmer

xøwmsar content

xøwmsar niglkçxNÐ énkic©snüa terms and


115

conditions of a contract xVH/ cMnYn shortfall

xVHxat/ karpÁt;pÁg;mankar deficient supply

xVHTMgn;/ PaB deficiency in weight

ExSekag curve, ~ cMNay expenditure

curve, ~ eRbIR)as; consumption curve,

~ pÁt;pÁg;srub aggregate supply curve ExSekaghVIlIB Phillips curve (relationshipbetween rate of change of money wage and rate of unemployment) ExScgVak; chain, ~ m:aXITIg¼TIpSar marketing chain ExSbeNþay/ mnÞIr line department

ExSbBaÄr/ karR)aRs½yTak;Tgtam vertical communication ExSplitkmµ ¬tMelIgeRKOgcRk¦ assembly line

ExSepþk¼ExSTTwg/ karsMrbsMrYltam horizontal coordination

exSay/ rUbiyvtßú weak/soft currency

K KgKña¼RtYtKña overlap

KN³kmµkar commission

KN³kmµkaresIubGegát board of inquiry

KN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_PUmi village development committee (VDC) KN³kmµaFikar committee, ~ RtYtBinitü committee of inspection, ~ Gcié®nþy_

KN³kmµaFikarcMeBaHkic© ad hoc committee

KN³CMnajkar panel of experts

KNna v. calculate, work out

KNnaxus miscalculate

KNnaéføedIm/ kar costing

KNnaGtüaNU calculus

KNnI account, ~ épÞkñúg domestic account,

~ )anEksMrYl account amended, ~ enAmin Tan;sg outstanding account, ~ RtUvsg

account payable, ~ RtUvTar account

receivable, esovePA ~ account book,

m©as; ~ account holder, sMrab;EtsgcUl ~ account payee only KNnI mUlFn¼Tun capital account

KNnIkan;kab;kñúgnambuKÁlmñak;eTot nominee account KNnIcrnþ current account

KNnIcMNUl-cMNay income and expense accounts, income-outlay accounts, appropriation accounts KNnIcMruH sundry account

KNnIcMh ¬kt;RtakarTijeCOedayGñkTij Kµandak;vtßúFana¦ open account

KNnIQb;eRbI rW KNnIgab; dead account

KNnIFnaKar bank account


116

KNnIenAbreTs foreign accounts

KNnIRbePTGkSr et T account

KNnIR)ak;tMkl;Fana deposit guaranty account KNnIpat;Tat; clearing account

KNnIépÞeRkA external accounts

KNnIrg subsidiary account

KNnIrg;caM suspense account

KNnIrYm ¬manm©as;KNnIBI 2nak;eLIgeTA¦ joint account KNnIlT§pl profit and loss account

KNnIGtifiCn ¬m> KNnIRtUvTar¦ trade account receivable

KNnIeCO charge/credit account

KNenyü accounting (US), accountancy

(GB), bookeeping, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial

accounting, ~ Bn§dar tax accounting,

vdþ ~ accounting cycle, RKa ~ accounting period, bøg; ~ accounting plan, éfø ~

accounting price, RbB½n§ ~ accounting

system, karviPaK ~ accounting analysis r)aykarN_ ~ accounting statement KNenyü éføedIm¼viPaK cost accounting

KNenyükr accountant, ~ rdæTTYlsÁal; chartered accountant, certified public accountant (US)

KNenyükredImExS principal accountant (Ministry of Economy and Finance)

KNenyükic© accountancy

KNenyüRKb;RKg managerial accounting

KNenyüCati national accounting

KNenyübrisßan ecological accounting

KNenyüPaB accountability, TamTar ~ BI demand accountibility from

KNenyüPaB/ Kµan adj. unaccountable

KNenyürdæaPi)al nigKNenyüsßab½n government and institutional accounting KNenyüsaFarN³ public accounting/ accounts KN³RbtiPU delegation

KN³emFavI bar association

KN³rdæm®nþI Council of Ministers

KtibNÐit/ Rbkbeday sound

Ktiyutþi ¬Rsbtamc,ab; nigrebobrbbén c,ab;¼ tulakar¦ juridical, lixitsñam ~ legal document Ktiyutþi/ rUbPaB legal form

Kn;KUr/ kar extrapolation

Kn;KUrCamun/ kar projection

KnøgeRKaHfñak; precarious path

KnøwH/ tYnaTI key role

KnøwH/ sunÞrkfa keynote address

KmnaKmn_B½t’man communication of information Ky customs, Pñak;gar ~ customs agent,


117

TIcat;karKynigrdæakr Customs Department,

buKÁl¼Rkumh‘un EdlnaMTMnijqøgkat; ~ customs broker Kl;mUlb,TanbR½t cheque stub

Kl;G½kS origin, zero point

KhbtI bourgeois, vNÑ³ ~ bourgeoisie ormiddle class

Kab;CYn ¬Kña¦/ kar coincidence

Kahkniy½t holder in due course

KitKUrbegáItfµI v. conceptualise

Kitdl;/ edaymin regardless

KitbEnßm/ cMNUl)an accrued income

KIb bale

KuNFm’ virtue

KuNPaB quality, grade, karEbgEck ~

grading, ~ eBlpÞúk quality shipped or

shipped quality, viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbb ~ qualitative method (of analysis) KuNPaBx<s; ¬Er:¦ high grade (ore)

KuNvibtþi shortcoming, disadvantage

KuNvibtþi flaw, Edlman ~ flawed

KuNvuDÆi ¬smtßPaBkñúgCMnaj¦ qualification

KuNsm,tþixagCMnaj qualification

KURbECg rival

KUsbBa¢ak; v. emphasise

KYkeC broker, middleman

KYkeCh‘un stockbroker

KYbpSM combine, ~ CamYyKñanUvBaNiC¢kmµ nig karkMsanþ combine business and pleasure

KYr)anTTYl\NTan/ PaB credit worthiness

eKcBn§/ kar tax evasion

eKcUlcitþ ¬CagGVImYyeTot¦/ Edl preferential

eKhkic©/ brikçar household equipment

éKbnøM adj. fraudulent

éKbnøM/ kar fraud

eKal base, GRta ~ base rate

eKal ¬R)ab;cMgay¦ milestone

eKal/ RKa¼ry³eBl reference period

eKalkarN_ ¬kñúgRbkas¦ general (in a Prakas)

eKalkarN_KNenyümankarTTYlsÁal;TUeTA generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP)

eKalkarN_ENnaM guideline

eKalkarN_énPaBsuIKña matching concept/ convention

eKalkarN_esµIPaB nigmanplRbeyaCn_eTAvij eTAmk principle of equality and mutual benefit eKalKMnit concept

eKal¼em/ EpnTI master map

eKaledA purpose, goal

eKaledA target, Rkum ~ target group,

TIpSar ~ target market


118

eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) eKalneya)ay policy, Rkbx½NÐ ~ policy framework

eKalneya)ayebIkTUlay open policy

eKalneya)ayrUbiyvtßúRbugRby½tñ prudent monetary policy eKalneya)aysac;R)ak;gayRsYl easy money policy KMnas; leverage

KMnit idea

KMnitécñRbDit creativity, creative thinking

KMnitpþÜcepþIm initiative

KMnitviPaK analytical thinking

KMnitevocevr bad faith

KMnUrsßiti chart

KMnUstaglk; sale chart

KMrU model

KMrUtag sample, yk ~ v. sample, take a

sample, Rkum ~ sample group, karRsg; ~

sample implementation, ~ Kg sample

overlap, karyk ~ sampling, kareRCIs ~

sample selection, Gegát ~ sample survey,

KMrUtagécdnü random sample, ~ KµankMNt; unrestricted random sample KMrUtagécdnüsamBaØ/ karyk simple random sampling KMrUtagCMerOn census sample

KMrUtagem master sample

KMrUtagrg subsample

KMrUtagsV½yTMgn; self-weighting sample

KMrUbgðaj specimen

KMrUBIelImkeRkam top-down paradigm

KMrUhtßelxa specimen signature

KMerag project, karvaytMél ~ project

appraisal, karksag ~ project formulation,

karGnuvtþn_ ~ project implementation,

sMeNI ~ project proposal

KMeragkksÞH project indigestion

KMeragbnÞab;bnSM marginal project

KMeragsakl,g pilot project

KMlat gap, deviation

KMlatmFüm ¬m> KMlatsþg;dar¦

KMlatsþg;dar standard deviation (statistics)

KMehIj finding

KaMRT v. support, endorse, esvakmµ ~ support service

KaMRT/ bBa¢ak;KaMRT v. back up, bBa¢ak;KaMRT karGHGag back up a claim

KaMRT/ Gñk backer

KaMRTxaghirBaØvtßú/ kar financial backing, financial assistance

KaMBar v. safeguard

KµankargareFVIeBjelj adj. underemployed,


119

Gñk ~ n. underemployed

KµankareyaKyl;Biess/ karlk; arm’s length sale KµanRcksmuRT/ RbeTs landlocked country

KµandI landless, PaB ~ landlessness

KµaneRbIkar idle, Tun ~ idle capital

KµanplitPaB/ RTBüskmµ unproductive assets

KµanélTukedayELk/ mUlniFi unearmarked fund

KµanGVIKYrq¶l; unquestionable

RKbdNþb;/ kar¼TMhM coverage

RKbsgát; v. dominate

RKb;RKg v. manage, nayk ~ managing director RKb;RKg/ kar management, karRtYtBinitükar ~ management control RKb;RKgeday bTbBa¢a¼bTb,BaØtþic,ab; v. regulate RKb;RKgedayxøÜnÉg/ kar self-managing

RKb;RKgmin)an/ cMNay uncontrollable expenses RKb;RKgGsmtßPaB/ kar maladministration

RKb;RKan; enough

RKb;RKan;/ PaBmin insufficiency, deficiency

RKb;RCugeRCay adj. comprehensive,

karviPaK ~ comprehensive analysis

RKa ¬KNenyü¦ period

RKaeKal reference period

RKwH foundation

RKwH/ karRsavRCavCa fundamental research

RKwHsßan establishment

RKwHsßan ¬CMnYj¦ business concern

RKwHsßanrdæ)alsaFarN³ public adminstrative establishment RKwHsßansaFarN³ public establishment

RKwHsßanesvakmµEkécñ processing-type service establishment RKwHsßanGcié®nþy_ permanent establishment

RKUeBTüCnbT barefoot doctor

RKYsar family, karensaTCalkçN³ ~ family scale fishing RKYsar household, ~ RsþIemRKY female-headed

household, ~ bursemRKY male-headed household

RKYsaredIm original family

eRKOgeRbIR)as; appliance

eRKOgeqH fuel

eRKOgbriePaK food items

eRKOgbMBak; ¬TaMgGcl½t nigcl½t Edllk;eTA CamYynwgpÞH¦ fixtures and fittings

eRKOgbMBak;Cab; fixture

eRKOg]bePaK-briePaK ¬m> sMPar³pÁt;pÁg;¦ supply

eRKagkar scheme

eRKageRcIndMNak; multi-stage frame


120

eRKagelImUldæantMbn; area-based frame

eRKagykKMrUtag sampling frame, ~ dMbUg primary-sampling frame (PSF) eRKaHfñak;/ EdlRbkbeday hazardous

eRKaHfñak;enAeBlbMeBjkargar occupational accident eRKaHFmµCati natural disaster

eRKaHGKIÁP½y fire risk

KøInik clinic

X Xat;cab;Tuk/ kar ¬rfynþ/ TUk>>>¦ impoundment XubXitkMNt;éfø/ kar price fixing

eXasnaTak;TajkarKaMRT v. canvass

eXasnabBa©úHbBa©Úl v. lobby

eXasnapSaylk;pÞal;/ kar ¬énbuKÁlmñak;¦ personal selling Xñas; lever

XøatBIsPaBedIm/ kar aberration

XøaMemIl v. monitor

XøaMg warehouse

XøaMg/ karTukdak;TMnijkñúg warehousing

XøaMg/ qµaM warehouseman

XøaMgsþúkTMnijRKb;RKgedayPñak;garKy bonded warehouse

g gakecj/ kar deviation

gayxUc perishable, TMnij ~ perishable goods gayeCO/ PaB credulity

gayrgeRKaH adj. vulnerable, Blkr ~ vulnerable worker gayrgeRKaH/ PaB vulnerability

gayRsYl/ kar facility

gar title

c ckçúvis½y n. vision

cg v. bind

cgRkg v. compile

cgP¢ab;/ kar linkage

cg¥úlTis/ kar directive

cenøaHCMerOn/ TsvtSr_ inter-censal decade

cenøaHeRCIs selection interval

cenøaHRbehag loophole, ~ énBn§ tax loophole

crca v. negotiate, kar ~ n. negotiation

crca)an/ Gac negotiable, éfø ~ negotiable price crcaBIkartMelIgR)ak;QñÚlrvag nieyaCit nig nieyaCk/ kar (free) collective bargaining

crcaCa rYm¼smUhPaB/ kar collective


121

bargaining crnþkar/ eFVI ¬m> bc©úb,nñPaB/ eFVI¦ update

crnþþ adj. current, cMNay ~ current expenditures cracr circulation, ~ Tun circulation of

capital, ~ TMnij circulation of goods

cracr traffic, sNþab;Fñab; ~ traffic order

crit character

clnvtßú movable (property)

clnaTun/ karepÞrTun capital movement

cak;Kr/ kar dumping cak;eLIgvij/ kar ¬ExSGat;>>>¦ playback (tape...)

caj;eRbob disadvantaged

cat;Ecg v. organise, handle, manage, dispose cat;EcgTinñn½y/ kar data processing

cat;fñak; v. classify

cat;TukCaemaX³ v. invalidate

cab;eqñat v. draw lots

cab;epþIm/ esah‘uy start-up cost

cab;GarmµN_/ PaBmin insensitivity

cab;eGayTTYlxusRtUv v. hold responsible

cay ¬R)ak;¦ spend, expend, lay out

carxñg ¬Éksar¦ endorse v.

carxñg ¬Éksar¦/ Gñk endorser

carxñgcMh blank endorsement

carwk nominal, tMél ~ nominal value

carwkCaduløarGaemrik ¬]> mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ denominated in US$

cas;TuM/ PaB maturity

ciBa©wmCIvit/ karrk livelihood

ciBa©wmRtI/ kar pisciculture, fish culture, fish farming cIrPaB sustainability

cIrPaB/ man sustainable, ksikmµ ~

sustainable agriculture, karGPivDÆn_ ~ sustainable development cugeRkay last, ultimate, eKaledA ~ ultimate goal cugeRkay/ kareRbIR)as; final consumption

cugExS/ plitpl downstream product

cugRKa/ sareBIP½NÐ ending inventory

cugecaT defendant

culøesdækic© ¬m> mIRkUesdækic©¦

cuHkalbriecäTGtItkal v. antedate

cuHkalbriecäTGnaKtelImUlb,Tanb½Rt date a cheque forward cuHkic©snüa ¬em:Akar[Gñk¦ xageRkA v. outsource

cuHKuNPaBdI/ kar land degradation

cuHéf¶Ex/ Kµan undated

cuHéfø v. discount, lk; ~ sell at a dicount,

GRta ~ discount rate


122

cuHéfø v. lower the price, decrease in price

cuHéfø/ kar ¬elITMnijminRtUv)a:n; rW karsgR)ak; munéf¶kMNt;¦ rebate

cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ karlk; cash discount cuHéføeGaytamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ cMnYn cash rebate cuHTabbMput v. bottom out

cuHTidæakar ¬elIcMNay¦ rW GnuBaØatcMNay authorise payment cuHTinñanub,vtþi/ kar journalising

cuHbBa¢I register, kar ~ registration, elx ~

registration number, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ registration certificate cuHbBa¢I/ Edlmin)an unregistered

cuHbBa¢Ika ¬m> cuHbBa¢I¦ v. register

cuHbBa¢IKNenyü/ kar bookkeeping

cuHbRBa©aselxna v. reverse an entry

cuHbuerkalbriecäT v. ¬m> cuHkalbriecäT GtItkal¦ antedate, backdate

cuHelxna enter an entry (journal)

cuHelxna v. post an item (ledger), ~ eTAkñúg esovePAFM post an item to the ledger

cuHsMrugKña/ kareFVI[manPaB harmonisation

cuHhtßelxaFanaelIvikáybRt v. back a bill

cuHhtßelxaBIeRkam/ Gñk undersigned n.

cuHhtßelxasegçb v. initial

cUlCaRkumh‘un/ min unincorporated

cUlCaFrman v. come into effect/force

cUlCasmaCik/ kar accession

cUléd/ kar complicity

cUlRbLÚk/ kar engagement

cUlmunecjmun Fifo (first in, first out)

cUlrYm v. participate, kar ~ participation

cUlrYm/ karGPivDÆn_edaymankar participatory development cUlh‘un/ kar stake

cUleRkayecjmun ¬lIhVÚ ¦ Lifo (last in, first out) ecosvagBn§/ kar tax avoidance

ecjcMNayCYs v. defray

ecj¼ecjpSay v. issue, ecjGaCJab½NÑ issue a licence ectna intention

Eckcay/ kar distribution

Eckdac;/ Edl ¬elx¦ divisible

Eckbnþ v. ¬KNnI/ Rkum>>>¦ subdivide

EckrMElk v. share, ~ bTBiesaFn_ share experiences

Ecg v. stipulate

EcgxagelI/ dUcman above-mentioned

Ecs ¬fµI/ s¥at¦ adj. immaculate

écdnü adj. random, KMrUtag ~ random


123

sample, karRtYtemIl ~ random check

écdnünIykmµ randomisation

ecaTRbkan;edaymin)anbgðajPsþútag/ kar allegation

ecAhVay boss, EdlcUlcitþRtYtRtaeK bossy

cMkar plantation, ~ ekAs‘U rubber plantation

cMNg/ CMnYyman tied aid

cMNgeCIg title, heading

cMNgTak;Tg link, linkage

cMNakRsuk migration

cMNat;kar n. treatment

cMNat;fñak; classification, eFVI ~ classify v.

RbB½n§eFVI ~ system of classification

cMNat;fñak; tMél¼KuNsm,tþi/ kareFVI rating

cMNat;fñak; ¬tamlMdab;¦/ eFVI v. rank

cMNat;fñak;kargar job ranking/grading

cMNat;fñak;rg subclassification

cMNab;GarmµN_ impression, perception

cMNay expense, cost, ~ énkarRbmUl Tinñn½y cost of data collection

cMNay v. expend, spend

cMNay n. expenditure, expense, ~ Ca mUlFn capital expenditure, ~ crnþ current

expenditure, ~ rdæ)al admistrative

expenses, ~ epSg² sundry expenses

cMNay n. outlays (financial),

~ rMls;bMNul debt amortisation outlays

cMNay/ smtulüminTan; unexpended balance

cMNayRKb;RKg)an controllable expenses

cMNaycuHeFVIkardl;kEnøg field expenditure cMNayCamUlFn capital expense

cMNayCYs/ ecj v. defray

cMNaytaméf¶/ ¬R)ak;¦ per diem

cMNayEfTaM maintenance expense, upkeep expenses cMNayTUeTA ¬cMNayeTogTat; nigsMxan;²Edl minTak;TgedaypÞal;nwgkarplit¦ overheads, overhead charges cMNayTUeTA nigcMNayrdæ)al general and administrative expenses cMNayRTRTg;karrs;enA cost of living

cMNaybg;mun prepaid expense

cMNaybEnßm additional expense, aftercost

cMNay)anKitbEnßm accrued expense

cMNayeRbIR)as; consumption expenditures cMNayhYskMNt; overspending

cMNarxñg endorsement, ~ ÉksaredIm,I RbmUlR)ak; endorsement for collection,

GñkmansiT§ieRbIR)as;lixitsñamtam ~ endorsee

cMNuccUl entry point

cMNucecj exit point


124

cMNucedA target

cMNucENnaM guideline

cMNucbt; ¬eBlEdlmankarpøas;bþÚr¦ turning point cMNucRbsBV focal point

cMNucepþat n. focus

cMNucminl¥ drawback

cMNucrYcedIm break-even point

cMNuH ¬vtßúpÞúk¦ capacity

cMNuH/ GgÁPaB subordinate entity

cMNuHpÞúk loading capacity

cMNUl income, earnings, ~ eRkaykat;Bn§ after-tax income, ~ Cab;Bn§suT§ net taxable

income, ~ pÞal;xøÜn personal income,

~ eRkaykat;Bn§ disposable income, ~ eRkA BIebovtSr_ private income, ~ )anTTYlmun income collected in advance, ~ kñúgmnusS mñak; per capita income, ~ suT§ net income,

KNnI ~ income account, r)aykarN_ ~ income statement cMNUl revenue, ~ crnþ current revenue,

eKalneya)ayxag ~ revenue policy,

~ TTYlmun unearned revenue,

cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_ private income

cMNUlcitþ preference, taste

cMNUlcMNay/ r)aykarN_ profit and loss statement

cMNUlCamUlFn capital revenue

cMNUldul gross proceeds/receipts/returns

cMNUlTTYlmun ¬KWRtUveyageTAbBa©Úlkñúg kariybriecäTeRkay²¦ deferred revenue or unearned revenue

cMNUlTab low-income, RKYsarman ~ low income households cMNUlenATMenrrbs;buKÁl rW cMNUlbuKÁl eRkaykat;Bn§ ¬]> R)ak;ExrebIkykeTApÞH)an¦ disposable personal income cMNUlbuKÁl/ R)ak; personal income/revenue

cMNUlBIkarlk; sale revenue/proceeds

cMNUlBIvinieyaK returns

cMNUl\tRbkas undisclosed income

cMNUlÉktabEnßm marginal revenue

cMeNj ¬CaR)ak;¦ v. gain

cMeNj/ PaBman profitability

cMeNj rW R)ak;cMeNj profit

cMeNj¼xat elIRkdas paper loss/profit

cMeNjxat/ KNnI profit and loss account

cMeNjxat/ r)aykarN_ rW r)aykarN_cMNUl cMNay/ profit and loss statement

cMeNjx<s;bMputminFøab;man record profits

cMeNjeRcIn healthy profit

cMeNjdul gross profit

cMeNjPøam²\trMBwgTuk winfall profit

cMeNjmunbg;Bn§ pre-tax profit


125

cMENk n. share

cMENkTIpSar market share/penetration

cMeNaténExSekag slope of a curve

cMeNalRsuk/ Gñk ¬m> GaNikCn¦ expat

cMeNHeFVI know-how

cMnYnmux range, ~ plitpl product range

cMbg adj. major, main

cMraj;/ Er: mineral concentrate

cMraj;eGaysuT§ v. purify

cMruH ¬shRKas/ KN³kmµaFikar>>>¦ joint

cMruHkmµ diversification

cMruH¼smasPaBesdækic©cMruH/ shRKas joint venture cMruHGnþrRksYg/ KN³kmµaFikar joint inter-ministerial committee cMlgtam/ eFVI v. replicate

cMelIy/ EdlKµan unanswered

cMh open, pSar ~ open market

cMehH ¬kareqH¦ combustion

écñRbDitrksuI/ lkçN³ entrepreneurship

c,ab; law, esckþIRBag ~ draft law, ~ nig bTb,BaØtþi laws and regulations, ~ sþIBIsh lkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil law on Co-Statute

of Civil Servants, ~ sþIBIhirBaØvtßúsMrab;kar RKb;RKg law on Financial Management, ~

sþIBIrbbsnþisuxsgÁm law on Social Security

c,ab;kic©snüa contract law

c,ab;Rkumh‘un companies act

c,ab;edIm ¬snøwkedIm¦ original, vikáybRt ~ original invoice c,ab;TTYlsÁal;/ R)ak;Edl legal tender

c,ab;nItiviFI procedural law (French: code de procédure) c,ab;bEnßm ¬RbcaMtMbn;¦ by-laws

c,ab;RbqaMgnwgRtwsþ anti-trust law

c,ab;Blkmµ labour law

c,ab;rdæb,evNI civil law

c,ab;erobcMGgÁkar organic/organisational law

c,ab;sþIBIkarFanar:ab;rg insurance law

c,ab;sþIBIc,ab;bEnßm law on addendum

c,ardMNaM/ kareFVI horticulture

ec,al²/ kar)a:n;sµan rough estimate

Rck channel

Rckecj exit

RckecjcUlEtmYy single window, one stop shop

Rckecjbec©keTs technical fix

RcklðkmanPaBRkIRk pocket of poverty

Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña consolidated, B½t’man ~

consolidated information, kar ~ nUvtarag tulükar consolidation of balance sheets

RcbUkRcbl;/ kar¼PaB confusion, chaos

RcLMbl; confusing


126

Rcanecal v. reject, vtßú ~ ¬eRBaHminRtUvkar¦ reject RcanecalCamun preclude

eRcInkkkuj adj. glut

eRcInkMrit multi-level

eRcInliclg;TIpSar glut the market

eRcInelIstMrUvkar/Edl adj. redundant

eRcaHdac;dI/ kar soil erosion

eRcaHsMGat v. purify

q qk;»kas v. capitalise

qk;»kasekjcMeNj/ kar speculation,

~ kñúgeRbgkat oil speculation

qnÞ³ will

qnÞanusiT§i ¬siT§isMerceBjelj¦ discretion,

Ca ~ rbs;rdæaPi)al at the ~ of the government qak stage, scenario, ~ neya)ay political scene/arena

qakar flat, kMér ~ flat fee, éfø ~ flat price

qab;rMePIb/ PaB sensitivity

Eqkeqr/ kar check

eqA raw, Tinñn½y ~ raw data

qñaM year, ~ eKal base year, ~ sareBIBn§ fiscal year, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial year

qñaM/ KitelImUldæanRbcaM annualized

qñaMelIqñaM ¬eFobnwgry³eBldUcKñaénqñaMmun¦ year

on year, bMErbMrYl ~ year on year change

qøgkat; transit, KNnI ~ transit account,

TMnij ~ transit goods, GaCJab½NÑsMrab;TMnij ~

transit licence, GñkdMeNIr ~ transit passenger

qøgkat;RBMEdn/ BaNiC¢kmµ cross-border trade

eqøIytb/ kar n. response, GRtaeqøIytb

response rate, PaBeqøIytb responsiveness

eqøótykcMeNj v. capitalise

eqøótykcMeNjBIelI cash in on

qøúHbBa©aMg v. reflect

q¥wgxñg/ ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬ehdæarcnasm<½n§ eKal¦ backbone infrastructure

Eq¥teBjedayTMnijénTIpSar/ PaB market saturation

C CECkedjedal/ kar ¬]> enAsPa¦ debate

CBa¢IgTUTat; balance of payments, »nPaB¼ Gtierk ~ balance of payments deficit/ surplus CBa¢IgTUTat;GnþrCati external balance, foreign balance CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ balance of trade

Cncas;Cra elderly

CncMNakRsuk migrant


127

CnCab;ecaT n. accused

CnenArs; survivor

CnbreTs alien, c,ab;sþIBI ~ alien act

CnrYmCati compatriot

CnsuIvil n., énCnsIuvil adj. civilian

Clpl aquatic product, FnFan ~ aquatic resources Clyan boat, esovePAskmµPaB ~ boat log book Clvb,kmµ aquaculture

C½yP½NÐ ¬rbs;EdldeNþIm rW bøn;BIeK¦ booty, spoils

C½ylaPI winner

Cak;lak; explicit, bTbBa¢a ~ explicit instruction Cak;lak;/ PaB specificity, accuracy

Cak;lak;/ ry³eBl specific period of time

Cak;Esþg actual, karRbKl; ~ actual

delivery, karbBa©aTij ~ actual order,

karlk;TMnij ~ actual selling of goods

Cak;Esþg factual, sßanPaB ~ factual situation Cak;Esþg/ tamkar de facto

Cak;Esþg/ minTan; latent

Cak;Esþg/ viFankar concrete measure Cati adj. national, fñak;eRkam ~ sub-national level

CatiBn§úviTüa ethnography

CatUbnIykmµ¼Catikmµ/ eFVI v. nationalise

CaRbcaM/ cMNUl ¬m> cMNUlcrnþ¦ current revenue Camun/ karpþl;dMNwg advance notice

Cav¼sMuCav/ kar subscription, éføCav subscription price Cavtßú/ viPaKTan in-kind contribution

CINUm ¬CIvsaRsþ¦ genome

CIv³cMruH bio-diversity

CIvRBwtþi/ ksikmµ subsistence agriculture

CIvPaB livelihood or living

CIvm:as biomass

CIv]sµ½n biogas

CIvit/ mYy lifetime, bTBiesaFn_kñúg ~ a lifetime of experience

CUndMNwg/ kar notification, nItiviFICUndMNwg notification procedure CUndMNwg/ FnaKar advising bank

CUndMNwgmunry³eBlxøI short notice

CUnB½t’man/ lixit advice note

CUneyabl;/ lixit advice note

CYjdUr/ kar trading

CYjdUr)an/ Gac negotiable, rUbiyaNtþi \NeTyü ~ negociable debt instrument

CYjdUrh‘unedayGñképÞkñúg/ kar ¬EdldwgB½t’man sMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦ insider dealing, insider trading


128

CYbTak;Tg/ kar contact, mnusSsMrab;CYb Tak;Tg contact person

CYyFana v. underwrite, Gñk ~ underwriter

CYybMeBjxat v. subsidise, kar ~ subsidisation

CYr ¬PñM¦ range

CYr/ CYrepþk ¬tarag¦ row

CYl ¬edaymankic©snüa¦ v. lease, ~ mkvij

lease back, karCYl lease n.

CYl v. ¬pÞH/ kariyal½y>>>¦ let

CYl v. ¬pÞH/ rfynþ/ >>>¦ rent

CYl v. ¬rfynþ/ Blkr>>>¦ hire

CYl/ kar rental

CYl/ ry³eBl n. ¬GclnRTBü¦ tenancy

CYl/ Gñk ¬dI/ pÞH>>>¦ tenant, ksikrCYldIeK tenant farmer CYlbnþ sublet, sublease

eCIgsar ¬rW eCIgsarCMnYj¦broker, middleman

eCO/ PaBKYreGay credibility

eCOnelOn progress, kMBug ~ in progress

eCOnelOneTAmux/ kar advancement

eCOnelOnnigsµúKsµaj/ bec©kviTüa sophisticated technology

eCaKC½y/ min)an unsuccessful

CMu¼xYb¼vdþ cycle

CMgWbNþalBIkargar work-related illness

CMTas;/ kar objection, Kµan ~ no objection

CMTas;tva:nwgesckþIsMerc contest a decision

CMnaj skill

CMnajnIykmµ ¬m> ÉkeTsnIykmµ¦ specialisation CMnUn n. present

CMnYj trade, dealing, ~ Rsbc,ab; fair dealing

CMnYj/ kic©kar business, kareFVI ~ business undertaking CMnYj/ eFVI v. trade

CMnYjEdlpþl;cMeNj paying business

CMnYjh‘unKña partnership

CMnYb meeting

CMnYy aid, assistance, kic©RBmeRBogpþl; ~

aid agreement, ynþkarsMrbsMrYl ~ aid

coordination mechanism, kmµviFI ~ aid

programme, ~ esdækic© economic aid

CMnYykar assistant, KNenyükr ~ assistant accountant CMnYybec©keTs technical assistance (TA)

CMnYybreTs foreign aid

CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬RbeTs¦ external aid

CMnYymnusSFm’ humanitarian assistance

CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan; emergency aid/relief

CMnYysµartI memorandum

CMnYy\tcMNg untied aid

CMnYy\tsMNg grant aid


129

CMnYs/ kardak; subrogation

CMnYsKña)an/ PaBGacykeTA fungibility

CMenOn progress, r)aykarN_ ~ progress report CMBak;/ Edl due

CMBak;/ enA ¬kMcI¦ outstanding

CMBak;bMNul/ PaB indebtedness

CMBUk chapter

CMBUk ¬RkumstV/ rukçCati¦ genus

CMrk shelter, ~ ecosBn§ tax shelter

CMruj v. boost, motivate, stimulate, promote

CMrujTwkcitþ/ kar motivation

CMrujTwkcitþ/ eRKOg inducement

CMrujplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ/ kar promotionof commercial interests CMerIs option

ykKMrUtagKµanRsTab;/ kar unstratified sampling CMerIsdMbUg primary selection

CMerIsepSgeTot alternative

CMerIsmankarRtYtBinitü controlled selection

CMerOn census, ~ RbCaCn population census

CMrH ¬bBa¢I/ bMNul¦ v. liquidate

CMrHkþI v. adjudicate

CMrHbBa©b; v. dispose

CMrHbBa¢I/ kar liquidation, r)aykarN_ ~

liquidation report, kar ~CakatBVkic© compulsory liquidation, kar ~ edaysµ½RK citþ voluntary liquidation

CMrHhirBaØvtßú/ kar financial liquidation

CMelaH quarrel

CMhr position

CMhrhirBaØvtßúúú financial standing

CMhr\NTan credit status

CMhan ¬kñúgdMeNIrkarGVImYy¦ step, CaCMhan²

steadily, mYyCMhanmþg² step by step

eRCIs v. select, sort

eRCIs/ kar selection, el¥ógkñúg ~ selection

error, cenøaHeRCIs selection interval,

~ beNþaHGasnñ tentative selection

eRCIsKMrUtag/ kar sample selection

eRCIserIs/ kar selection

eRCotERCk/ kar interference

ERCTMnijemIl shop around

Q Qb;/ kar cessation, karbBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ cessation of business

Qb;sMrakKµanebovtSr_/ kar leave without pay

Qb;sMrakeBlQW/ kar sick leave

QaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBog v. come to an agreement


130

Qanmux/ ]sSahkmµ pioneer industry

eQagdl;/ kar outreach

QñH/ Gñk winner

QµÜj trader

QµÜjkNþal middleman

eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ brand name

j jtþi petition

jtþibenÞas motion of censure

jatiCitCageK next of kin

jatiBn§ n. ¬m> sac;jati¦ relative

jwkjab;/ PaB frequency

Ejk v. differentiate

Ejk[eXIjPaBxusKña/ kar differentiation

d dkxøÜnecj back out, ~ BIkic©snüa back out from a contract dkecjBImuxtMENgGVImYykñúgrdæaPi)al removal from a government office dkbNþwg discharge

dkR)ak; ¬BIKNnI¦ withdraw money

dkR)ak;/ Gñk drawer

dkR)ak;/ GñkeGayeK drawee

dkR)ak;elIsR)ak;beBaØI/ kar overdraft

dkhUt v. revoke, ~ GaCJab½NÑ ¬mkvij¦ revoke a licence dkhUt v. ¬rbs;RTBü¦ confiscate, dispossess

dg;suIet density

dNþb;minsBV/ karFanar:ab;rg undercoverage (insurance) dl;kMNt;/ Edl due

dl;kMNt; ¬sg¦/ éf¶ maturity date

dl;éd/ éføTijlk; spot price

dak;ecjCaelIkdMbUgnUv/ kar ¬]> plitplelI TIpSar¦ launch

dak;CUnBinitü/ kar filing

dak;eTas v. penalise

dak;R)ak;enAFnaKar v. bank

dak;mUlb,Tanb½RteGayRbB½n§FnaKarcat;kar epÞrR)ak; clear a cheque

dak;vin½y v. impose disciplinary sanction,

kar ~ disciplinary action

dak;snÞsSn_/ kar indexation

dak;sMBaF v. exert pressure

dac;xat absolute, sMelg ¬e)aHeqñat¦ PaKeRcIn

~ absolute majority vote, ]tþmPaB ~ absolute advantage dac;Rsyal/ tMbn; remote area

das;etOn/ kar warning


131

dI rW dIFøI land

dIkmµsiT§i ¬FM²¦ estate

dIka warrant

dIkaekaHsakSI subpoena

dIkaextþ¼Rkug provincial/municipal order (written instruction) dIkaXMu commune regulation(s)

dIkabgÁab; ¬tulakar¦ writ

dIRkhm red soil

dIdaMduH cultivated land

dIFøI/ én agrarian, kMENTMrg;dIFøI agrarian reform

dIesIm ¬dITMnabmanTwkdk;edayGenøI¦ wetlands

dILÚt_ plot

dIGacdaMduH arable land

dwkCBa¢Ún v. & n. transport

dwkTMnij ¬tamrfynþ rW rfePøIg¦/ kar haulage,

éfø ~ haulage cost

dwknaMkargar/ KN³kmµaFikar steering committee

dwgsÁal;/ kar awareness

dul gross

duløarGWr:ub Eurodollar

duløarUnIykmµ dollarisation

duHdI/ kar silting (of waterways)

dUcmanEcg ¬kñúgc,ab;¦ as provided, as stated, set forth

dUmINU/ \T§iBl domino effect

edIm ¬rukçCati¦ trunk, stem

edIm/ RbCaCn indigenous people

edImecaT plaintiff, claimant

edImTuntamc,ab; legal capital

edjecal/ kar dismissal

edjéfø v. bid

edjéfø/ kar bid, auction, karlk; ~ auction sale

edjéfø/ kar ¬edIm,IeFVIkarpÁt;pÁg;¦ tender

edjéfø/ kar ¬edaymandak;ÉksartMél ):an;sµanlMGit¦ tendering

edjéfø/ Gñk tenderer

edjéføkñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit/ kar sealed tender edjéføCaGnþrCati/ kar international bidding/ tendering edjéføedayRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk/ kar DCB ( Domestic Competitive Bidding) edjeCIgKña/ PaB ¬m>RbkYtRbECg/ PaB¦ competitiveness

EdndI/ GaCJaFr territorial authority EdnCMrkstVéRB wildlife santuary

EdnensaT fishery zone, ~ bMrugTuk reserved fishery zone EdnrgTwkePøóg catchment area Ednsmtßkic©¼yutþaFikar jurisdiction

Ednsm,TanTwkéRb marine concession


132

EdnGnuvtþ ¬c,ab;¦ scope

édKU partner, PaBCa ~ partnership

édKUBaNiC¢kmµ trading partner

duM/ karTij bulk buying

dMukMPYn/ karpþl;fvikaCa substantial funding

dMNak;/ dMNak;kal stage, phase

dMeNIrkar process

dMeNIrkar/ ¬Edl¦ performing, RTBüskmµ ~ performing asset, RTBüskmµmin ~ non-performing asset dMeNIrkar/ cMNay ¬sMrab;¦ running costs

dMNaMeRcInmux/ kareFVIV polyculture

dMNaMmYymux/ kareFVI monoculture

dMNaMrYmpSM supplementary crop

dMNaMlk;ykR)ak; cash crop

dMeNaHRsay n. settlement, ~ dIFøI land

settlement, ~ bec©keTs technical fix

dMeNaHRsayRbkbedaykareyaKyl; ¬min)ac;eTAtulakar¦ amicable settlement

dMeNIrkareTAmux/ kMBug ¬CMnYj¦ to be a going concern dMeNIrkareFVIGaCIvkmµ/ kic© conduct of business

dMbUg initial, mUlFn ~ initial capital, éfø ~initial price

daMéRBeQIeLIgvij/ kar reforestation

edaHdUr ¬TMnij¦ Kña/ kar trade-off

edaHdUredaypÞal;/ kar direct exchange

edaHdUrTMnijnwgTMnij ¬karpøas;bþÚrTMnijKñaeday mineRbIluy¦ barter

edaHdUrenApSarh‘un/ kar stock-exchange dealings edaHT½l/ karlk; distress sale

edaHElg v. release

edaHRsay handle, ~ sßankarN_ handle a situation edaHRsay/ kar resolution, ~ TMnas; conflict resolution

z zbnkmµ ¬m> erobcMtMelIg/ kar¦ zbnIyPNÐ ¬m> FnbMrug¦ reserve

zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab Tonle Sap biosphere reserve zan³ rank

zan³ status, nimitþsBaØasMKal; ~ status symbol

zanKNit land survey

zannþrs½kþi ¬m®nþIraCkar¦ rank

zananuRkm hierarchy

D DIy:aRkam rW KMnUsbMRBYj n. diagram

DIvIDI ¬fasvIedGU¦ DVD


133

DIhSúItal; ¬EdlbgðajCaelx¦ digital

t tkáviC¢a logic

ttiyCnGMNUs n. garnishee

ttiyCn third party

tfPaB reality

téfø v. bargain

tnukmµ depletion

tnuPaB ¬m> kMr/ PaB¦ scarcity

tbkmµ austerity, ~ esdækic© economic austerity tv:a v. protest, complain

tv:a/ kar protest, claim

ts‘Umti/ kar advocacy

tamkalkMNt; adj. periodic, RbB½n§RtYtBinitü ~ periodic-control system, RbB½n§bBa¢aTij ~periodic-order system

tamc,ab; legal, edImTun ~ legal capital,

esckþIsMerc ~ legal decision, GñktMNag ~

legal representative, eFVI[eTA ~ legalise,

PaB ~ legality

tamdan ¬m> XøaMemIl¦ monitor

tamdanbnþ follow-up v. & n.

tamdanemIl/ kar tracking

tamEtGMeBIcitþ arbitrary

taméfø/ Bn§yk ad valorem duty

tamry³enH hereby

tamGMNacmuxgar ex-officio

tarag table, spreadsheet, chart, flow

chart, karelIkCa ~ tabulation

taragkaMebovtSr_ wage scale

taragKNnI chart of accounts

taragtulükar balance sheet, xÞg;eRkA ~

off-balance sheet items, éf¶eFVI ~ balance sheet date taragtulükarsrub ¬bUkcUlEfmnUvbuRtsm<½n§>>¦ consolidated balance sheet taragtulüPaB trial balance

taragBn§Ky customs tariff, tariff

tarageBl¼kalviPaK schedule, ~ sgR)ak; repayments schedule taragGnueRKaHBn§KymanRbsiT§iPaBrYm Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) titßikmµ ¬m> Eq¥teBj>>>¦ saturation, ~ kñúgpSar market saturation, eFVI ~ v. saturate

twgEtg hard, kartéfød¾ ~ hard bargain

twgruwg/ viFankar stringent measure

tulakar court of justice

tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ commercial court

tulükarfvika/ eFVI v. balance the budget

tulükares,óg food balance

tulüPaB balance


134

tUctac adj. minor

tY ¬rfynþ¦ body (car)

tYy:ag/ Ca typical

tYGgÁ actor, ~ esdækic© economic actor

etsþ n. test, eFVI ~ v. test

etsþCab;/ eFVI pass the test (education)

EtgtaMg/ kar nomination, appointment,

accreditation, GñkTTYl ~ nominee, kartaMgs‘ubkñúgzannþrskþiCaPñak;garrdæ)al permanent appointment to the rank of administrative agent tMkl;Tuk/ kar filing

tMkl;R)ak;¼kk; v. deposit

tMNag rW GñktMNag representative, ~

mansiT§iRbTan authorised representative

tMNagkarBarkþI attorney

tMNagRbcaMRbeTs resident representative

tMNagpþac;mux sole representative, exclusive/sole agent tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ commercial traveller

tMNageBjsiT§ full-right representative

tMENg position, ~ TMenr vacant position

tMbn; area, Ékta ~ area unit

tMbn; region, Gnu ~ sub-region, ~ Rbtibtþikar swkrg military sub-region

tMbn; zone, ~ sñÚl core zone, ~ RTnab; buffer zone, Gnþr ~ inter zone

tMbn;/ karEbgEck zoning

tMbn;RtYtBinitüKy ¬tMbn;EdlKyGactamcab; TMnij)an¦ customs territory

tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

tMbn;PavUbnIykmµ regionalisation

tMbn;ykKMrUtag sampling domain

tMbn;rab;bBa©Úl enumerator area (EA)

tMbn;rab;bBa©ÚlCMerOn census-enumeration area tMbn;esdækic©Biess special economic zone

tMbn;GPivDÆn_Biess special promotion zone (SPZ)

tMrg;Tis oriented (orientated), kar ~ orientation tMrg;Tis v. direct

tMrUv v. mandate, c,ab; ~ fa... the law mandates that.... tMrUv/ kar requirement, R)ak;bMrugtam ~ required reserves tMrUvkar demand, need, ~ Cak;Esþg effective

demand, ~ ¬én¦TIpSar market demand,

~ edIm,Icgsm<½n§ need for affiliation

tMrUvkar ¬caM)ac;CamUldæan¦ needs, karsikSa vaytMélBI ~ needs assessment study,

~ caM)ac; basic needs, ~ CamUldæanrbs;mnusS basic human needs (BHN) tMrUvkar/ ExSekag demand curve


135

tMrUvkar/ minsUvman be in poor demand

tMrUvkar nigkarpÁt;pÁg; demand and supply

tMrUveGay v. ¬eFVIGVImYy¦ require

tMlaPaB transparency

tMelIg v. raise, ~ Bn§ raise tax

tMelIg KuNPaB¼ smtßPaB v. upgrade

tMelIgzan³/ kar ¬buKÁlik¦ promotion (of an employee) tMelIgéfø v. increase price, mark up

tMél cost, value, ~ elIs¼xVH capital gains/loss (accounting)

tMél/ karkMNt; valuation

tMél/ TMnijman valuable goods

tMél/ ry³kalman validity

tMél/ vay¼eGay v. value

tMélkñúgbBa¢I rW tMélKNenyü book value, carrying value

tMélRkumh‘unKittamtMélTIpSarénsnøwkh‘un market capitalisation

tMélxVH capital loss (accounting)

tMélKNenyü book value

tMélcarwk nominal value

tMélcuHelIb½NÑ rW tMélcarwk face value, par value, nominal value tMéltamRbvtþisaRsþ ¬tMélCak;EsþgkalBIeBl TijcUl¦ historic/historical cost

tMéltameBl time value

tMélTijcUl ¬m> tMéltamRbvtþisaRsþ¦ historical cost tMélTIpSar market value

tMélFanik ¬m> tMélTIpSar¦ market value

tMélenAeBlcUl ¬tMélsMPar³eBlTijcUl¦ original cost tMélbc©úb,nñ present value, ~ suT§ net present value (NPV) tMélbEnßm value added (VA)

tMélRbmUl)anvij scrap/salvage value

tMél)an Rbkas¼RbtievTn_ declared value

tMélplitpÞal; ¬KµanbUkcMnayTUeTA¦ direct production cost, prime cost tMélpøas;ecj ¬pøas;rbs;mYyedayrbs;mYy epSgeTot¦ replacement value

tMéllk; ¬)an¦ sales value

tMélelIs ¬elIkarlk;RTBüskmµCab;lab;¦ capital gain

tMélsþg;dar standard cost

tMélGnaKt future value

t,itet,ót/ kar¼PaB austerity, ~ xagesdækic© economic austerity

t,Úg rW t,Úg ¬fµ¦ mantMél gem or gemstone

Rta n. seal

Rtab;tam/ kareFVI simulation/imitate

RtIPaKI adj. tripartite

RtImas quarter

RtwmRtUv correct, right, just, fair, sound


136

eKalkarN_RbkYtRbECg ~ principle of fair competition RtwmRtUv/ PaB correctness, accuracy

RtwmRtUv/ min inaccurate, PaB ~ inaccuracy

RtUvc,ab; licit

RtUvpøas;bþÚrtamkarcaM)ac;/ Edl mutatis mutandis RtYtKña¼KgKña overlap

RtYtKña ¬\tRbeyaCn_¦/ kar duplication

RtYtRta v. control

RtYtRta/ cUl v. ¬edayTijykCag 50°én PaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘un¦ takeover, kar ~ n. takeover RtYtBinitü control, inspect, GñkRtYtBinitü controller RtYtBinitükarbþÚrR)ak;/ kar exchange control

RtYtBinitüeRkayskmµPaB/ kar post-action control(s) RtYtBinitüxaghirBaØvtßú/ Gñk (financial) comptroller RtYtBinitüedayeRbIEPñk/ kar visual control

RtYtBinitüénPñak;garKy/ kar customs examination RtYtBinitüebovtSr_nigéfø/ kar wage and price controls RtYtBinitümunskmµPaB/ kar pre-action control(s) RtYtBinitüsþúk/ kar stock control

RtYtemIl/ kar check, ~ nigføwgGMNac checks

and balances RtYsRtay¼Qanmux/ kargar pioneering work

eRtom/ kic©RBmeRBog stand-by agreement

eRtombMrug backup

t¥ÚjEt¥r v. complain

f ftcMlg/ kar duplication

ftdak;Tinñn½y ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦ n. directory

fycuH/ kar decrease

fycuHtamkareRbIR)as;/ RTBü depletive asset

fytMél depreciate

fvika budget, \NTan ~ budget credit,

mUlniFi ~ budget fund, karRtYtBinitü ~ budget control fvikaKµantulüPaB ¬man»nPaB¦ unbalanced budget fvikaTUeTArbs;rdæ state general budget

fvikanIykmµ budgetarization, budget

preparation, naykdæan ~ nig hirBaØkic© department of budgetarization and finance fvikaRbtibtþikar operating budget

zan³ ¬kñúg¦ sgÁm social status

famBlelIs)anBIkarpÁMúKña synergy

fasrwg hard disk (computer)

efr/ éfø constant price


137

efrevlaGnueRKaH grace period (debt repayment) EfTaM/ cMNay upkeep expenses

EfTaMRKb;RKg/ kar stewardship

EfTaMsuxPaB ¬cMNay¦ medical care (expense)

EfTaMsuxPaB/ kar health care, ~ bzm primary health care (PHC)

EfTaM/ kar maintenance, cMNay ~ maintenance costs éf¶kMNt;/ dl; by the due date

éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_ holidays with pay or paid holidays éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak; date of maturity, duedate

éf¶TUTat; account day

éf¶TUTat;bBa¢I/ éf¶CMrHbBa¢I settlement day

éf¶eFVIkar working day

éf¶RbKl;R)ak; ¬QñÜl¦RbcaMRtImas quarter- day éf¶rYcput ¬Bn§¦ day-release

fñak; class, ~ eGkUnUmI¼CMnYj¼elxmYy ¬ekAGI ynþehaH¦ economy/business/ first class

fñak; grade (civil servant)

fñak;x<s; ¬zan³kargar¦ senior, m®nþI ~ senior officer fñak;qøg cross class

fñak;rg sub-class

fñaMbgáar vaccine

fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg pesticides

fµmantMél precious stones

fµIEbøk/ Edl¼PaB¼rbs; adj. & n. novelty

éfø n. price, ~ efakNas; bargain/cut price,

~ efakbMput rock bottom price, ~ RBmeRBog

agreed price, ~ lk; selling price

éfø adj. dear, expensive

éfø/ kMNt; v. price, kar ~ pricing, RbB½n§ ~ pricing system

éfø ¬RtUvbg;¦ charge, éføbnÞb; ¬RtUvbg;¦ room charge

éfø ¬lk;¦ ecjBIXøaMg ex-warehouse price

éfø ¬lk;¦ ecjBIeragcRk ex-works price, ex-factory price éfø ¬Ékta¦ unit price, rate

éføx<s;hYsRbmaN ¬éføkab;eqA¦ price cut to the bone éføKitTaMgBn§ duty paid price

éføeKal basic price

éføcrnþ current price, tarag ~ current price list éføCak;Esþg ruling prices

éføQñÜl ¬yanCMniH¦ fare, ~ x<s;¼Tab tamrdUv high/low season fare, ~ eFVIdMeNIrEteTA rWEtmk single/one way fare

éføQñÜlenACMBak; back rent

éføQñÜlGnueRKaH concessionary fare


138

éfødwkCBa¢Ún freight, ~ )anbg;mun freight prepaid éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkTTYl freight/ carriage forward éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI carriage paid

éfødwkCBa¢ÚnyktaméføTMnij ad valorem freight éfødul gross price

éføedIm cost price, cost, ~ TMnijlk;ecj

cost of goods sold, ~ plitkmµ manufacturing cost éføedImÉktabEnßm marginal cost

éføedIm,IbeBa©jTMnij/ karkMNt; clearance pricing éføEdlGacTijdUr)an accessible price

éføefakdl;)at ¬éføefakNas;¦ rock bottom price éføTak;m:Uy introductory offer

éføTMnijdwkdl;EKmnava FAS (free alongside ship) éføTMnijdwkdl;eKaledA FOB shipment to destination éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava FOB (free on board)

éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava nigerobeGay FOB trimmed éføTMnijdwkdl;elIpøÚvEdk FOR (free on rail)

éføTMnijdwkdl;elIrfynþ FOT (free on truck) éføTMnijdwkdl;Gakasyandæan FOB airport

éføTMnijdwkdl;eRkamdgeyag FOB under tackle éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún CIF (cost, insurance, freight) éføTMnijbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún cost and freight (C & F) éføTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer price

éføTMnijeBlehobbiThag closing price

éføRTRTg;CIvPaB cost of living

éfø Fmµta¼crnþ going price

éføeFob relative price

éføenATIpSar rW éføTIpSar market price

éføenARBMEdn border price

éfø)anRbkas quoted price

éføRbkas ¬enATIpSar¦ quotation

éføRbkaslk; offered price

éføRbkYtRbECg competitive price

éføeRbIesva ¬]> eRbIpøÚv/ s<an>>>¦ toll

éføeBj full price ( no discount)

éfømanninñakarfycuH prices are inclined to ease éføykbEnßm surcharge

éføyutþiFm’ fair price

éfølk; selling price

éfølk; ¬efak edayKittamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;¦ cash price éføelI/ kar[ ¬edIm,IRbECgTij¦ counter-offer


139

éføelIRkb ¬éfølk;raycuHelIRkbesovePA/ TsSnavdþI>>>¦ cover price

éføelIbBa¢I ¬kataLúk¦ list price

éføsBVRKb; ¬éføKitbBa©ÚlRKb;mux³ TMnij/ Fanar:ab;rg/ dwkCBa¢Ún>>>¦ all-in price

éføsmRsbnwglT§PaBTijrbs;RKb;Kña prices to suit all pockets éføesva service charge

éføGtibrma ceiling price

éføGnueRKaHdl;GñkTij buyer's price

éføÉkta unit price, rate

T TkSiNRbeTs ¬RbeTsRk¦ south countries

TegVI performance

TNÐkmµ sanction, ~ esdækic© economic sanction

TNÐkmµxagvin½y disciplinary sanction

TNÐit ¬GñkCab;Bn§naKar¦ convict

TTYl/ Gñk receiver

TTYl/ Gñk ¬]> CMnYy¦ recipient, RbeTsTTYl ¬CMnYy¦ recipient country

TTYlxusRtUv/ kar responsibility, liability

TTYlxusRtUv/ PaB trusteeship

TTYlxusRtUv ¬tamc,ab;¦ cMeBaH liable for

TTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit/ kar unlimited liability

TTYlxusRtUvmankMNt;/ kar limited liability

TTYlTMnij/ Gñk consignee

TTYlRBm v. ¬lixitpøas;bþÚr/ rUbiyaNtþi¦ accept

(a bill of exchange), lixitbBa¢ak;kar ~

notification of acceptance, viBaØabnb½Rt ~

acceptance certificate, bgðajlixitedIm,I sMukarbBa¢ak; ~ present a bill for acceptance

TTYlRBmedaymanlkçxNÐ/ kar qualified acceptance TTYlRBmeday\tsMéc/ kar unqualified acceptance TTYlRBmTaMgRsug/ kar absolute acceptance

TTYlsÁal; v. acknowledge, ~ karTTYl mUlb,Tanb½Rt acknowledge receipt of a cheque TTYlsÁal;/ kar recognition, accreditation

Tn;exSay/ ksikr weak farmers, disadvantaged farmers

Tn;Pøn; flexible

T®nÞanykdI/ kar land grabbing

Tb;éfønigebovtSr_mineGayeLIg/ kar price and salary freeze Tb;sáat; v. curb

TliTÞPaB ¬m> RkIRk/ PaB¦ poverty

TsPaK decile n. (statistics), decimal

adj., elx ~ n. decimal

TsvtSr_/ CMerOnRbCaCnRbcaM decennial population census


140

TsSn_lT§PaB n. rW PaBGacTsSn_Tay)an predictability

TsSn³ view, TsSn³rYm overview

TsSnkic©sikSa study tour

TsSnviC¢aesdækic© economic philosophy

TsSnvis½y outlook, perspective

TsSn³esdækic©/ tam from the economic standpoint TsSnaTan concept, conception

Tak;Tg¼Tak;Tin/ Cab; related

Tak;Taj adj. attractive, éfø ~ GtifiCn attractive price

TajcMNUl/ GRta rate of return

Tan;eBl ¬B½t’man¦ up to date (information)

TabCagéføedIm below cost

TamTar sMNgkarxUcxat¼R)ak;b:Hb:Uv v. claimcompensation TamTar/ kar demand, claim

TamTar/ EdlBMuRtUv)an unclaimed

TamTar/ Gñk claimant

TamTarKNenyüPaBBI demand accountability from

Tayk donor

TayC¢Tan endowment

TayC¢Tan allowance, ~ eGaydl;rMls; depreciation allowance

TayaT ¬GñkTTYlmrtk¦ heir

Tar ¬RbmUlR)ak;¦ collect payment, kar ~

collection, TIPñak;garTarbMNul debt collection agency Tarmin)an/ Edl irrecoverable

Tal;Rck/ PaB deadlock, TMlay ~ break the deadlock

Tij purchase, ~ eCO purchase on credit,

Tij/ kar ~ purchase

Tij/ Gñk buyer, purchaser, vendee

Tijykvij buy back, repurchase

TidæPaBxageBlevla time dimension

Tidæakar/ cuH ¬GnuBaØatcMNay¦ endorse v. (an expense) (French: viser) TinikCn ¬m> BlkrsuIR)ak;éf¶¦ day labourer

Tinñn½y data, bBa©Úl ~ v. enter data,

mUldæan ~ n. database

Tinñn½y eqA¼minTan;viPaK raw data

Tinñn½yRbPBTIBIr secondary data

Tinñpl yield

Tinñanub,vtþi journal (accounting) , b½NÑ ~ journal voucher Tis direction

TisedA direction, pþl;TisedAnigkarENnaM provide direction and guidance TisedA n. objective

TIkEnøg site

TIXkal ¬m> ry³eBlEvg¦ long term

TIcat;karKy customs house


141

TIcat;karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar registered office (of a company)

TIcat;karFM head office

TICMrk sanctuary

TICMral watershed TItaMg location

TIRbwkSa adviser (advisor), ~ hirBaØvtßú financial adviser TIpSar market, ~ rUbiyvtßú money/finance

market, ~ biT closed market

TIpSarkMBugpuseT,Ig emerging market

TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgcuHéfø bear market TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgeLIgéfø bull market TIpSarpþac;mux monopoly/captive market

TIpSarmankarpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCagtMrUvkar soft market TIpSarrUbiyvtßú money market

TIpSar\NTan credit market

TIPñak;gar agency, ~ CMnYy aid agency, ~

BinitülT§PaBmuneBlvinieyaK pre-investment agency

TIPñak;garKmnakar travel agency

TIPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún forwarding agency

TIPñak;gareTscrN_ travel agency

TIPñak;garpþac;mux sole agency

TIPñak;garrUbiyvtßúkNþal central-monetary

agency TIsMGagbBa¢ak;BIxagFnaKar bank reference

TIsñak;karkNþal ¬énRkumh‘un¦ headquarters

TwkédGn; bad workmanship

TwkEt ¬R)ak;eGayeRkA¦ tip

TwkR)ak; amount, sum, ~ dul gross

amount, ~ énvikáybRt amount of invoice Twksab freshwater, karensaT ~ freshwater

fisheries RtI ~ freshwater fish

Tukcitþ/ karrMelaPesckþI abuse of trust

Tukcitþ/ EdlKYreGay trustworthy

TuqnÞ³ ill-will

TudæPaB ¬karminRBmcUlxøÜneTAtulakar¦ contumacy

TutIyta duplicate (copy)

TuTidæi/ kar)a:n;sµan pessimistic estimate

Tun capital

Tun edIm¼BUC ¬edIm,I[)anduHdal¦ seed capital TunbgVil ¬rW Tuncl½t¦ circulating/working/ trading capital, revolving fund Tunecj/ dk v. decapitalise

TunbMrug capital reserves

TunmnusS/ vinieyaK human-capital investment TunminTan;)anbg; unpaid capital

Tunm©as;h‘unFmµta equity capital


142

TunvinieyaKpSgeRKaHfñak; risk capital (venture capital) TunGcl½t fixed capital

TuBVlPaB ¬m> bBa©úHKuNPaB/ kar¦ degradation

TurKtPaB poverty

TurÖikS famine

TUk boat

TUTat;/ kar settlement, ~ pþac; final

settlement, FnaKarTUTat; settlement

bank, \NTanTUTat; settlement credit

TUTat;/ karmin non-payment

TUTat;/ éf¶ account day

TUTat;/ min adj. unpaid (cheque)

TUTat;Camun/ kar advance payment

TUTat;Cavtßú/ kar payment in kind

TUTat;¼bg; R)ak;ecj v. pay out

TUTat;¼bg; pþac; v. pay off

TUTat;tamdMNak;énCMenOn ¬kargar¦/ kar progress payment TUTat;tamFnaKar/ kar bank clearing

TUTat;tamrebob em:Akar¼qaka/ kar lump-sum payment TUTat;TaMgRsug/ Edl)an fully paid up

TUTat;bMNulTaMgRsug liquidate/discharge a debt TUTat;R)ak;EdlBMuTan;)ansg/ eFVIkar clearing the arrears

TUTat;sgR)ak;CMBak;eK v. pay up

TUeTA general

TUeTA/ PaB generality

TUTaMgRbeTs nationwide

TUrKmn_/ Gasydæan telegraphic address

TUrBum< telex

TUrsar fax

TUlMTUlay adj. comprehensive

eTogTat; adj. regular, R)ak;cMNUl ~

regular income, PaB ~ regularity

eTogTat;/ Ca steadily

eTogTat;/ eday regularly

eTogTat;/ min irregular

eTogeBl/ eday periodically

eTsrdæm®nþI senior minister

eTsPaBkarBar/ tMbn; protected landscape eTas T½NÐ¼bBaØtþi penalty

eTaskmµ offence

eTasT½NÐ/ dak; v. impose/inflict a penalty

eTAvijeTAmk mutual, karCYyKña ~ mutual

assistance, manplRbeyaCn_ ~ mutual benefit TMgn;dul gross weight

TMgn;nicl rW TMgn;gab; dead-weight

TMgn;bøg; design weight

TMng/ PaB likelihood


143

TMnak;TMng relation, liaison,

TMnak;TMng relation, liaison, kariyal½y ~

liaison office, ~ saFarN³ public

relations, ~ GnþrCati international relations TMnak;TMngCMnYjpþac;mux dealership

TMnas; n. conflict, ~ dIFøI land conflict,

~ plRbeyaCn_ conflict of interest

TMnij goods, ~ eRbIR)as; consumer/

consumable goods, ~ eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH household goods, ~ eFVIedaym:asuIn

manufactured goods, ~ RbNit luxury

goods, ~ xUcKuNPaB faulty goods, ~

qøgkat;¼kñúgsþúk¼epJIeTAlk; goods in transit/ in stock/ on consignment TMnij nigesva goods and services

TMnijKµanGñkTTYl goods in abeyance

TMnijgayxUc n. perishables

TMnijRcbUkRcbl; ¬minTan;EbgEcktamRbePT¦unascertained goods TMnijdwktamnava cargo

TMnijEdlKyXat;Tuk clearance inwards

TMnijEdlputBIKyBinitü clearance outwards TMnijnaMcUl imports

TMnijnaMcUlsMrab;eRbIR)as; ¬kñúgRsuk¦ retainedimports

TMnijnaMecj exports, mux ~ export article/item TMnijbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH air cargo/freight

TMnijminKg;yUr ¬Gahar/ sarB½t’man>>>¦ non-durables TMnijmUlFn rW TMnijCaTun ¬TMnijsMrab;plit TMnijepSg²eTot¦ capital goods

TMnijlk;dac;qab; ¬gaylk;;¦ quick seller

TMnijlk;efakBiess special offer

TMnijlk;mindac;bBa¢Únmkvij sales returns, returns

TMnijGacføwgrWrab;)an fungibles

TMnukcitþ/ Cnkan;tMENgCaTI fiduciary

TMnukcitþelIrUbiyvtßú monetary confidence

TMenIbPavUbnIykmµ¼TMenIbkmµ modernisation,

eFVI ~ modernise

TMenrecal idle, em:ag ~ idle time

TMenar propensity

TMrg; profile

TMrg; nig Kti énc,ab; form and legal concepts of the law TMrg;kar formalities

TMrg;kar ¬m> nItiviFI¦ procedure

TMrg;kar ¬Éksar¦ form (document)

TMrg;kardEdl² n. routine

TMrg;EbbbT formalities

TMrg;EbbbT/ bMeBj fill in a form


144

TMrg;sMbuRt layout of a letter

TMlak;GIv:an;ecalxøHedIm,IsMral ¬nava/ ynþehaH¦ jettison

TMlab;/ Ca habitual

TMlab;¼rebobrbb TIpSar market practice

TMlayPaBTal;Rck/ kar breakthrough

TMhM size, dimension, magnitude

TMenomTMlab;Ep custom of the port (COP)

TMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmµ commercial usage

TaMgmUl whole

RTg;RTay form

RTRTg; v. sustain, support, sV½y ~ self-

sustain, ~ CIvit sustain life

RTRTg;KñaeTAvijeTAmk/ CYy mutually supportive

RTnab;; buffer, tMbn; ~ buffer zone

RTBüCitdUcrUbiyvtßú ¬RTBüskmµEdlGacbþÚrCa rUbiyvtßú)any:aggay¦ near-liquid asset or near money RTBübeBaØIenAbreTs ¬m> RTBüskmµbreTs¦ foreign assets RTBümUlFn capital asset, cMNayelI ~ capital expenditure/investment/outlayRTBüm©as; equities

RTBürYmsM)ac;bþIRbBn§ ¬Cam©as;rYmKña¦ community property RTBüskmµ asset, ~ crnþ current asset,

~ Cab;lab; fixed asset, capital asset,

~ CarUbiyb½NÑ foreign assets (bank)

RTBüskmµbreTs foreign assets, ~ suT§ net foreign assets

RTBüskmµsuT§/ tMélBit net worth ( asset based on the present market value deducts current liabilities) RTBüsm,tiþrYmKña co-property

RTBüsm,tþi rW RTBü property, asset, Bn§elI RTBüsm,tþi¼kmµsiT§i property tax, ~ RTBü sm,tþiFmµCati natural asset

RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlEdlsøab; estate

RTBüGkmµ liabilities, ~ crnþ current liabilities RTBüGacbþÚrykR)ak;)anrh½s liquid assets

RTwsþI theory

TVIk³/ RbB½n§éfø dual price system

eTVTis two-way

eTVbT ¬m> CMerIs¦

eTVPaK/ karcuHbBa¢I double entry bookeeping,

viFIcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK double-entry

eTVPaKI/ CMnYy bilateral aid/assistance

F F¶n;F¶r/ eFVIeGayrwtEt exacerbate

FnFan resource, kareRbIR)as; ~ resource

consumption, karKitKUrsMéc ~ husbanding of resources


145

FnFanClpl fisheries resource

FnFanRTBürYm common property resources (CPR) FnFanFmµCati natural resource

FnFanrUbvnþ ¬GaKar/ ]bkrN_>>>¦ physical resources

FnFanesenTik genetic resources

Fnb½Rt ¬m> RkdasR)ak;¦ banknote

FnbMrug reserve, ~ mantémø reserve of

value, KNnI ~ katBVkic© reserve

requirement account, kartMrUv ~ reserve

requirements, PaK ~ reserve tranche

FnbMrugtamc,ab; legal reserves

FnbMrugbreTs foreign reserves

FnlaP annuity, CIv ~ life annuity

FnvDÆPaB ¬m> vibulPaB¦ FnvinÞ ¬m> cMeNj/ PaBman¦ FnaKar bank, ~ kNþal central bank, ~

TTYlR)ak;beBaØI deposit money bank, ~

Cati national bank, ~ epJIR)ak; bank of

deposit, FnaKarik banker

FnaKarqøgeqøIy correspondent bank

FnaKarCUndMNwg notifying bank, advisingbank FnaKarTij]bkrN_TUTat;lixitbMNul discount bank FnaKarTUTat; paying bank

FnaKarebIksar\NTan issuing/opening/ originating bank (letter of credit) FnaKare)aHpSayRkdasR)ak; issue bank

FnaKarmanRKb;esva fully fledged bank

FnaKarrYmPaKh‘un joint stock bank

FnaKar sBa¢½y¼snSM savings bank

FnaKarGBaNiC¢ non commercial bank

FnaKar\NTan credit bank

FnaKarÉkeTs specialised bank

FnaKarik banker FmµnuBaØ charter

FmµnuBaØPaB constitutionality

FmµanurUb ¬m> eBjc,ab;¦ legitimate Frman/ cUlCa come into force

FatucUl input

Fatuecj output, ~ cugeRkay¼sMerc final

output, ~ GnþrkarI intermediate output

FatupSM component

Faturwg hardware (computer)

Fana/ kar guarantee, warranty, ~ TUTat; guarantee of payment, ~ KuNPaB quality

guarantee, rUbiyaNtþiman ~ garanteed bill of exchange Fana/ R)ak; bail (money deposited to free sb from detention until the trial), b½NÑFana bail bond

Fana/ mankar secured, RTBüskmµ ~


146

eBjelj assets fully secured

Fana/ rbs; collateral, security, guarantee,

~ sMrab;R)ak;kMcI guarantee for a loan

Fana/ Gñk warrantor, guarantor

Fana/ GñkTTYl)ankar warrantee

FanakarTUTat;/ R)ak; ¬bUkbEnßmsMrab;¦ del credere

Fanar:ab;rg insurance, Pñak;gar ~ insurance

agent, Rkumh‘un ~ insurance company, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ insurance certificate

Fanar:ab;rg/ kar insurance, ~ eTAvijeTAmk

mutual insurance, ~ RTBüsm,tþi property

insurance, ~ bEnßm additional insurance,

~ pøÚvsmuRT marine insurance, ~ elIeRKaH fñak; accident insurance, ~ elICIvit life

insurance, ~ elIPar³TTYlxusRtUv liability

insurance, ~ haniP½yRKb;RbePT all-risks

insurance, ~ haniP½ybgáedaysRgÁam war-

risk insurance, ~ eRKaHGKÁIP½y fire insurance Fanar:ab;rgdNþb;minsBV/ kar undercoverage(insurance) Fanar:ab;rgbnþ/ ¬kar¦ reinsurance

Fanik/ tMél ¬m> tMélTIpSar¦ Furkic© business

FurCn businessman/woman

Fur³bnÞan;/ edayman distress, karlk; ~ distress sale Føak;cuH/ kar drop

Føak;cuHy:agKMhuk v. ¬]>éføplitpl¦ fall sharply/abruptly Føak;cuHyWt²/ kar decline

Føak;cuHesdækic©/ kar economic recession/

downturn, ~ Caskl global economic recession Føak;¼Føak;cuH v. decrease, karFøak;éfø decrease in price Føak;éfø v. depreciate

Føak;éfø/ kar fall in prices, price decrease

eFVIkareBjem:ag v. work full-time

eFVIkarminekIt/ Edl unfit for work

eFVIkarmineBjem:ag v. work part time

eFVIkarem:agbEnßm v. work overtime

eFVIEkøgkøay/ kar falsification

eFVIcMNakRsuk rW cakRsuk BI¼eTA v. migrate from/to eFVItam ¬m> Rbtibtþitam¦ comply

eFVIviPaCn_ v. ¬m> élEck¦ allocate

eFVIskmµPaBrYmKña v. ¬edIm,IsMerceKaledAGVI mYy¦ act in concert

eFVIGc©½yTanCaclnvtßú v. bequeath

eFVIeGaymansmPaB/ kar equalisation

eFVsRbEhs/ kar negligence, ~ F¶n;F¶r gross negligence


147

n nKrUbnIykmµ urbanisation, RksYgerobcM EdndI ~ nigsMNg; Ministry of Land Management, Urbanisation and Construction (MLMUC) nBVnþ arithmetic, mFüm ~ arithmetic mean

neya)ay/ kmµviFI ¬rbs;KNbkS¦ political platform (of a party) neya)ayrUbiyvtßú monetary policy

neya)aysareBIBn§ fiscal policy

nrCati ¬m> mnusSCati¦ anthropology nantþþPaB ¬m> GtulüPaB¦ namkrN_GaCIvkmµ business name

namb½NÑ business card

namvlI ¬matika¦ nomenclature

nayk director, GKÁ ~ director-general

naykRkumh‘un chief executive

naykRKb;RKg managing director

naykrg deputy manager

nayTun capitalist

narsar messenger

narakrN_/ TukCa v. abrogate

navaPNÐ cargo

nikmµkalik temporary unemployment

nikmµCn ¬m> GñkGt;kareFVI¦ n. unemployed

nikmµPaB ¬m> Gt;kareFVI, PaB¦ unemployment,

R)ak;]btßmÖcMeBaH ~ unemployment benefit,

~ tamrdUv seasonal unemployment

nikçitP½NÐ deposit, ~ Fana guaranteed deposit niekçb mortgage

niekçbKahk mortgagee

nic©PaB perpetuity

niCatUbnIykmµ denationalization

nitüanukUlPaB legality

niTNÐPaB impunity, vb,Fm’ ~ culture of impunity

niTsSn_ prospect

niT§½n ¬m> kS½yFn¦ bankrupt

niT§nPaB ¬m> PaBkS½yFn¦ bankruptcy

ninñakar tendency, ~ fycuH downward

tendency, ~ ekIneLIg rising/upward tendency ninñakar trend, ~ TIpSar market trend

ninñakarneya)ay political affiliation

ninñivarN_ ¬m> h‘u¿B½TÐu/ kar¦ nibulniym Malthusianism

nimitþsBaØasMKal;zan³ status symbol

nimitþehtu symptom

nimµabnkmµ ¬m> sßabtükmµ¦ architecture

nimµitkmµ policy formulation


148

niytkmµ regionalisation, normalisation

niytkr regulator

niytPaB regularity

niymmYyRKa²/ GVIEdleK fad

niyamkar ¬ry³TTwg/ ry³beNþay¦ coordinates nieyaCk employer

nieyaCit employee, EdlykcitþTukdak;eTA elI ~ employee oriented

nirnþrPaB continuity

nirRbevsn_ ¬m> CncMNakRsuk¦ migrant

nivtþCn retiree

nivtþn_/ karcUl retirement

nivasCn rW nivasnCn resident

nivasdæan rW nivasndæan residence

nievTnb½NÑ manifest, manifesto nisSnÞ/ ]bkrN_ derivative instrument (banking) nisSnÞvtßú by-product

nisSarNkmµ extraction, ~ FüÚgfµ coal extraction

niharin ¬m> naMecj/ Gñk¦ exporter

nItikmµ legislation

nItikal ¬sPa¦ legislature (parliament)

nItibuKÁl legal entity/person

nItiBn§ ¬m> GñkeFVIc,ab;¦ nItirdæ rule of law

nItirYm general regulations

nItiviFI procedure, ~ eGayx©IR)ak; lending procedures

nItiviFIRbtibtþikarsþg;dar standard operating procedures nItism,Ta rehabilitation, KMerag ~ rehabilitation project nItisarCati legal substance (French: nature juridique) nItüanukUl legal

nItüanukUlkmµ/ eFVI v. legalise, authenticate

nItüanukUlPaB legality nIrP½y ¬m> suvtßiPaB¦ safety

nIhr½N export, ]btßmÖFn ~ export subsidy nIhr½Nkmµ ¬m> naMecj/ kar¦ nuy n. bait, eRbIluyCa ~ use money as a bait ensaT/ kar fishery, fishing

ensaTRtIhYsRbmaN/ kar overfishing

ensaTsmuRT marine fisheries

enAKrminTan;eFVI/ kargar backlog

naMcUl import, GaCJab½NÑ ~ import permit,

Gñk ~ importer, Bn§ ~ import duty

naMcUl¼naMecj edaypÞal;/ kar direct import/export naMecj export, GaCJab½NÑ ~ export licence,

Bn§ ~ export duty, taragBn§ ~ export tariff,


149

BaNiC¢kmµ ~ export trade

naMecj/ kar exportation or export, ~ pþac;muxmonopoly export, ~ Blkmµ export of workers naMecj/ Gñk exporter, Rkumh‘unnaMecj exporting firm naMecjbnþ/ kar re-exportation

naMmuxeK leading, GaMgDIkaT½r ~ leading indicator naMmuxeKelITIpSar/ plitpl¼Rkumh‘un market leader naMeGay v. prompt

b bktikmµ ¬m> RbRktIPaBkmµ¦ bkáPaB maturity

bkSRbqaMg opposition (party)

bg;Casac;R)ak;/ karsMu cash offer

bg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn v. bail out

bg;R)ak;eBlbBa¢aTij cash with order (CWO) bgálkçN³gayRsYl v. facilitate

bgák freeze, kar ~ ebovtSr_ ¬mineGaycuHeLIg¦/ wage freeze

bgáb; hidden, FnbMrug ~ hidden reserves

bgáan;éd receipt

bgáarkMeNIt/ kar contraception

begáIt/ kar creation, establishment

begáItR)ak;cMNUl/ skmµPaB income-generating activities

bgçMeGayTUTat; v. enforce payment bgçMeGayGnuvtþ/ dak; v. enforce

bgÁrTuk v. accumulate, rMls; ~ accumulated depreciation

bRgYbbRgYm v. unify, kar ~ unification

bgViltMél/ kar ¬mYyqñaMKitmþgCakardwgKuN dl;GtifiCn¦ rebate

bgVilTun/ kar circulation of capital

bgVilvijTan;eBl timely return (of a

cheque,...) ¬nUvmUlb,Tanb½Rt/>>>¦

bgVilsgR)ak;Bn§/ kar ¬Edl)anbg;elIs¦ remission of taxes

bgVilsgvij/ Edlmin non-refundable

bgVileGayvij v. relinquish

bgVwk/ kar coaching

bEgVrépÞkñúg internal transfer

bgðaj v. present

begðIy/ kar completion bg¥g;/ kar check, bg¥g;karnaMcUl put a check on imports bg¥ak;/ kMlaMg restraining force

bg¥ak;Twkcitþ/ eRKOg disincentive

bEg¥k/ mnÞIreBTü referral hospital


150

bc©½yrg side effect

bec©keTs technique, ~ bRgYmsÞÜn double-

deflation technique, ~ GaMgDIkaT½reTal single indicator technique bec©keTsBinitüvaytMél KMerag¼kmµviFI PERT(Programme Evaluation and Review Techniques)

bec©kviTüax<s;/ vis½y high-tech sector

bec©kviTüa technology, ~ fñak;kNþal

intermediate technology, ~ TijBIeK licensed technology, ~ EbbepSg alternative technology, ~ B½t’man information technology (IT), ~ B½t’man nigTUrKmnaKmn_ information and communication technology (ICT) bc©úb,nñPaB/ eFVI v. update

bcäakal/ kñúg a posteriori

bcäaCn descendant

bBa©PaK ¬sßiti¦ quintile

bBa©b; ¬kargar¦/ kar termination

bBa©aM v. pawn

bBa©Úl ¬Kña¦/ kar amalgamation

bBa©ÚlXøaMg put in warehouse, lay in stock

bBa©ÚlCasaxa ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ kar absorption

bBa©úuHtMélrUbiyvtßú/ kar devaluation

bBa©úHKuNPaB/kar degradation

bBa©úHtMél v. ¬]> kñúgkarBüakrN_tMélsnøwk

h‘un¦ downgrade

bBa©úHéfø v. mark down

beBa©j v. release

beBa©jedImTun/ Gñk backer

bBa¢r counter, ~ lk;TMnij selling counter

bBa¢a order, b½NÑ¼kar bBa¢aTij purchase order bBa¢ak; v. specify

bBa¢ak;/ FnaKar confirming bank

bBa¢ak;xagxñg/ Kµan unendorsed

bBa¢ak;CaBaküeBCn_ articulate

bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm v. corroborate

bBa¢ak;fa)anTTYl/ esckþI acknowledgement (of receipt) bBa¢ak;faBit v. validate

bBa¢ak;éfø/kar confirmation of price

bBa¢ak;nUvkarbBa¢aTij/ kar confirmation of order bBa¢aTij/ kar buying order

bBa¢aTijdMu bulk order

bBa¢aTijEfmeTot/ kar ¬muxTMnijdEdl¦ repeat order bBa¢alk; selling order

bBa¢I list

bBa¢I n. register, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ commercial register bBa¢IexµA blacklist


151

bBa¢IKNenyü books of accounts

bBa¢IeQµaHGñkkan;sBaØab½NÑrbs;Rkumh‘un register of debenture bBa¢Iéfølk; tariff

bBa¢ITMnijdwkCBa¢Ún cargo list

bBa¢IbUkRtYt cumulated list

bBa¢IR)ak;ecjcUl cash book (CB)

bBa¢IrayeQµaH directory

bBa¢Ievcx©b; packing list

bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeBlkS½yFn statement of affairs bBa¢IsMnYr ¬sMrab;sMPasn_¦ questionnaire

bBa¢I GñkdMeNIr¼TMnijdwkCBa¢Ún ¬tamynþehaH rW nava¦ manifest

bBa¢Ún ¬sar¦/ kar transmission

bBa¢Ún¼bBa¢ÚnTMnij v. dispatch, kar ~ n. dispatch bBa¢ÚnRtLb; v. return, mUlb,Tanb½Rt ~

returned cheque, TMnij ~ returns

bBa¢ÚnTMnij forward goods v.

bBa¢ÚnTMnij/ kar consignment, lixit ~ consignment note bBa¢ÚnTMnij/ Gñk consignor

bBa¢ÚnTMnijCabeNþIr²/ kar instalment shipment bBaÄb; ¬buKÁlik¦ discharge

bBaÄb;/ KNnI blocked account

bBaÄb; ¬GaCIvkmµ¦/ kar termination

bBaÄb;buKÁlik lay off

bBaÄb;BIIkargar v. dismiss, kar ~ dismissal

bBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ/ kar cessation of business

bBaÄr/kareFVIsmahrNkmµ vertical integration (company)

bBaØtþi prescription

bBaØtþi rW bTb,BaØtþii provision (law)

bBaØtþisgÁm social strictures

beBaØI/ bgáan;édTTYlR)ak; deposit receipt

beBaØI/ RbkasnIyb½Rt certificate of deposit beBaØI/ R)ak; deposit, ~ crnþ demand

deposit, ~ snSM savings deposit

beBaØIcrnþ/R)ak; demand deposit bRBa¢ab v. mainstream

bRBa©as/ cuH contra-transfer

bBaðaRbQm challenge

bBaðasøab;rs; life or death issue

bdikar reciprocity

bdiekaslvic©½y counter valuation

bdiKÁahk donee

bdiduløarUbnIykmµ de-dollarisation

bdiniy½tkmµ/ eFVI v. deregulate

bdiPaK counterpart, ~ bdiPaK contra account

bdiPaKI counter party


152

bdirUb specimen

bdilaP ¬m> cMNUl¦ income

bdivtþn_ébtg green revolution

bdivaTkmµ contradiction

bdiesF/ kar refusal, ~ karTTYlRBm refusal of acceptance bdiesFbgÁab;munecal n. countermand

bdiesF)an/ minGac irrevocable,

sar\NTan ~ irrevocable letter of credit

bdiesFelxna cancel an entry (accounting) bznP½NÐ apparatus

bzm primary, tMrUvkar ~ primary need

bNþak;Tun/ kar ¬m> vinieyaK¦ investment

bNþaj grid

bNþaj network, grid, ~ GKÁIsnI power grid/network

bNþaleGay v. cause, prompt

bNþwg rW BakübNþwg complaint

bNþwgvivaT litigation

bNþwgsaFarN³ prosecution

bNþúM set ( a set of goals)

bNþúHbNþal/ kar training, ~ P¢ab;nwgkargar on-the job training, ~ dac;BIkargar ¬]> enAmhaviTüal½y¦ off-the job training

bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIIv³/ kar vocational training

beNþaHGasnñ temporary, interim,

b½NÑFanar:ab;rg ~ temporary cover,

rdæaPi)al ~ interim government

bNÐit/fñak; Ph.D. degree

b½NÑkmµsiT§i title deed, ~ dI land title

b½NÑkmµsiT§iykCakarmin)an bad title

b½NÑkargar labour card

b½NÑcMNay voucher, ~ ebLa cash voucher or petty-cash voucher, ~

mUlb,Tanb½Rt cheque voucher

b½NÑCMBak;R)ak; promissory note

b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij bill of lading (B/L)

b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas air bill of lading, airway bill, air-consignment note b½NÑdwkCBa¢Únminl¥ foul bill of lading

b½NÑtMNagR)ak; voucher

b½NÑRtYtBinitürbs;Ky clearance certificate b½NÑTTYlTMnij delivery receipt

b½NÑTTYlRBmedayFnaKar bank acceptance b½NÑFanaKuNPaB certificate of guarantee

b½NÑFanar:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ temporary cover (insurance) b½NÑFanar:ab;rgelIhaniP½yRKb;RbePT full cover (insurance)

b½NÑbBa¢aTij order form/slip

b½NÑbBa¢aTijmin)anGnuvtþ unfilled orders


153

b½NÑbBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnij delivery order

b½NÑbþÚrR)ak; letter of exchange

b½NÑpÞúkTMnijRtwmRtUv ¬KµankMNt;RtaBITMnij xus¼xUceT¦ clean bill of lading

b½NÑpÞúkTMnijnava bill of lading (B/L)

b½NÑrtnaKar treasury bond

b½NÑsgR)ak; acquittance roll

b½NÑsnüaFanar:ab;rgmankalkMNt; time policy b½NÑsnüar:ab;rg insurance policy

b½NÑ snüasg¼CMBak;R)ak; promissory note

b½NÑsresrepJIR)ak; deposit slip

b½NÑsac;R)ak; cash card

b½NÑsMeNA\NTan credit slip

b½NÑGnuBaØat warrant

b½NÑ\NTan credit card

bNÑaFikar manager, ~ rg undermanager

bt;Ebn)an/Edl flexible

btüab½n extradition

bTdæan norm

bTENnaMsþIBIebovtSr_nigéfø directives on wages and prices bTbgðaj presentation

bTb,BaØtiTUeTA general provisions

bTbBa¢a instruction, regulations, ~ épÞkñúginternal regulations bTbBa¢a RbtisiT§iCn¼Gñksñgkar trustee

ordinance bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg by-laws (see also articles of association), internal rules bTBiesaFn_ experience

bTmCÄwm ¬kMritTabCagbT]Rkidæ¦ misdemeanour bTelµIs offence

bTelµIsc,ab;Ky customs breach

bTelµIsRBhµT½NÐ crime

bTsMPasn_ n. interview, ~ Bak;kNþal erobry semi-structured interview

bT]Rkidæ felony

bnþ/ dMNak;kalCa succeeding stage

bnþBUC/ énkar adj. reproductive, suxPaB bnþBUC reproductive health

bnþeBl ¬eGay¦/ kar extension

bnþrhUt rW bnþCab; adj. continuous

bnþevn/ Gñk successor

bnþeLIgvijnUvkarnaMecj/ kar ¬eRkay)anp¥ak mYyry³¦ resumption of exports

bnþGaCJab½NÑ v. renew a licence

bnßy ¬éfø/ Bn§¦ n. abate, kar ~ abatement

bnßydl;kMritGb,brma v. minimise

bnßyfvikabnþicmþg² v. pare the budget

bnßyéfø/ kar ¬cMeBaHGtifiCnEdlTijeRcIn¦ rebate

bEnßm additional, supplementary,


154

buBVlaP ~ additional premium bEnßm/ GVIEdl addendum, c,ab;sþIBIc,ab; bEnßm law on addendum

bnÞan; urgent, immediate, kñúgkrNI ~ in

case of emergency, tMrUvkar ~ urgent

need, TisedA ~ immediate objective

bnÞab;bnSM secondary, incidental, minor,

tMrUvkar ~ secondary need

bnÞúk burden,~ Psþútag burden of proof,

~ Bn§ tax burden

bnÞúkcMNay ¬rW bnÞúk¦ charge, cost,

~ cMeBaH GñkeRbIR)as; user costs, ~ Fana r:ab;rgsgÁm social-insurance cost,

~ Rbtibtþikar operational costs, ~ m:ahSúI Nal; marginal cost, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial charge/cost bnÞúkBn§ tax burden

bnÞúkBn§fycuHTabbMput/ kareFVIeGay tax minimisation bnÞúksgÁm social cost

bn§Úr v. ¬sMBaF¦ release

bnøM/ Gñk ¬]> Bn§¦ defrauder

bnSay ¬]> ]sµ½nBul¦ emission

bnSúT§ v. purify

bnSúI ¬Kña¦ v. catalyse

bnSúI v. reconcile

bmaNnIykmµ ¬m> sþg;darUbnIykmµ¦ standardisation

bmaNPaK ¬m> kUta¦ quota

bmaNIykrN_/eFVI ¬m> bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm¦ corroborate bmanIyKuNPaB rW sþg;darKuNPaB quality standard breTs foreign, RTBüGkmµ ~ foreign

liabilities (bank), RTBüskmµ ~ suT§ net foreign assets brmti paradox

braC½y/ TTYl v. founder

brikb, speculation, ~ esdækic© economic speculation

brikarN_ ¬m> bribT¦ context

brikçarFunF¶n; heavy equipment

briBaØab½Rt/ fñak; bachelor's degree

britþprNa deflation, KMlat ~ deflationary

gap, snÞsSn_ ~ deflator, eFVI ~ esdækic© deflate the economy

briFan apparatus, instrument

bribT/ brikarN_ context

bri)al boss, patron

briplitkmµ overproduction

brimaN quantity, viFIsaRsþviPaKtamEbb ~ quantitative method

brimaNTMnijnaMecj ¬rW naMcUl¦ volume of exports (or imports)


155

briyaTan cost

briyaTanpÞal; direct cost

briyab½nñ/ Ca ¬m> rab;bBa©Úl/ Edl¦ inclusive

briyayb½NÑ prospectus

brilaP ¬m> R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg¦ emolument brivcäkarI ¬m> CMnYykar¦ assistant

briviskmµmUlb½Rt subscribing to securities

brisßan environment, plb:HBal; ~

environmental impact, kic©karBar ~

environmental protection, snþisux ~

environment security, karemIlcMNuc sMxan;kñúg ~ environment scan

brisßanrUbvnþ physical environment

brihaekrþ×/ karsresr libel

bhar½k drawer

bharit drawee

)ak;Twkcitþ/ Blkr discouraged worker

)ak;Ebk/ GIva:n; ¬minrab;CaRTBüskmµeTenA eBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ¦ breakages

)ak;EbksgÁm/ PaB social polarisation

)a:tg;/ b½NÑ patent licence

)a:tg;/ Bn§ business licence tax

)at;edayKµankarBnül; adj. unaccounted for

)at;bg;/ kar loss

)at;bg;smtßPaB/ kar incapacity, ~ xag bBaØa¼

kaysm,Ta mental/physical incapacity

)at;bg;GñkmanCMnaj/ kar brain drain

)at;bg;ÉkÉg ¬edayFmµCati¦ natural loss

)atuPaBdIFøIøI land dispute, KN³kmµkaredaH Rsay ~ land dispute settlement committee )atuPUteRKaHfñak;manlkçN³CaRbB½n§ systematic-risk phenomenon )anKitbEnßm accrued, cMnUl¼cMnay karR)ak; ~ accrued interest income/expense

)anbg;Bn§/ Edl duty paid, TMnij)anbg;Bn§ duty-paid goods

)a:n;sµan v. estimate, R)ak;cMeNj ~ estimated profit )a:n;sµansamBaØminlMeGog/ kar simple unbiased estimate ):ar:aEm:Rt parameter

bidæielx ¬m> cMNarxñg¦ endorsement bidæielx/ GñkeFVI ¬m> carxñg ¬Éksar¦/ Gñk¦ endorser biTKNnI v. close an account

biTCit/ esdækic© ¬rdæRtYtRtatwgruwgelIBaNiC¢kmµ nighirBaØvtßú¦ closed economy

biTbBa¢I/ kar closing the books

buKÁl person, individual, karFanar:ab;rg ~

individual insurance, , rUbvnþ ~

physical/natural person, nIti ~ legal person/entity


156

buKÁlik personnel, staff, GtßRbeyaCn_pþl; eGay ~ personnel benefits

buKÁlik ¬rdæ¦ Cab;kic©snüa contract (public) employee buKÁlikkariyal½y office personnel, white-collar worker buKÁlikeRcInhYs/ Edlman overstaffed

buKÁlikrdæ government employee

buKÁliklkçN³ ¬KYrkt;sMKal;¦ personality

buRtsm<½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unCag 50°¦ subsidiary (company) bunvnkar ¬m> kardaMéRBeQIeLIgvij¦ reforestation bunsmahrNkmµxagsgÁmkic© social reintegration

bunhirBaØb,Tan refinancing (loan)

buBVCn ancestor

buBVlkçxNÐ prerequisite

buBVlaP premium, bonus, ~ Fanar:ab;rg

insurance premium, ~ bEnßm additional premium buBVsiT§i privilege (special right)

buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkeGaymun¦ advance, R)ak; ~ advance money, ~ edaymanvtßúFana advance on securities, ~ sMGagelIÉksar advance on documents bursRsþI/ tYnaTI ¬m> eynD½r¦ gender

buer pre-, ~ GgÁr pre-Angkor, ~ lkçxNÐ

precondition buervinicä½y prejudice

buersm,Tan/ sareBIP½NÐ pre-concession inventory buersI ¬m> Gñkrukrk Er:>>>¦ prospector bunnIhr½N re-export

bunnIhr½Nkmµ re-exportation

bUksrubKNnI v. balance an account

bUrNPaBEdndI territorial integrity

ebIkRkumh‘unfµIedaylk;snøwkh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unenaH/ karcab;epIþm flotation of a new company

ebIkcMh ¬eq<aHeTAxageRkA¦/ RbeTs outward-looking country

ebIkTUlayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ open the trade sector ebIkpþl;R)ak;/ kar disbursement, KNnIray mux ~ disbursement account, kalviPaK ebIkpþl;R)ak; disbursement schedule

ebovtSr_ salary, wage, pay, kMcIelI ~ ¬RtUvTar mkvij¦ salary loan, snÞsSn_ ~ salary index

~ cab;epþImbMerIkar starting salary

ebovtSr_/ bBa¢I¼tarag payroll

ebovtSr_/ GñkeFVIkaryk wage-earner

eb bale (of cloth, cotton ... )

ebtikP½NÐ patrimony, ~ Cati national patrimony/heritage ebskkmµ mission, lixitbBa¢a ~ mission


157

letter, esckþIRbkas ~ mission statement,

~ BinitüeLIgvij review mission, ~ elIk mti formulation mission, ~ EsVgrkkarBit fact-finding mission ebLa petty-cash fund

ebLakr/ ebLaFikar cashier, teller (in a bank) EbgEckR)ak;cMeNj/ kar profit sharing

EbgEck v. divide, apportion, distribute,

kar ~ Blkmµ division of labour, R)ak; cMeNjmin ~ undivided profits

EbgEckKuNPaB/ kar grading

EbgEckPaKh‘un/ kar allotment of shares

EbgEckeLIgvij/ kar redistribution

EbbbT formalities, bMeBj ~ fulfil formalities

EbbbT manner

EbbbTniym red tape

EbbbTénkarvinieyaK modality of investment EbbbTRbtibtþikar modus operandi

EbbbTpþl;hirBaØb,Tan financing modalities

bMNg intention

bMNgGaRkk; ill-will

bMNinCIvit life skill

bMNul debt, kUn ~ debtor, em ~ debt

holder, smaPaK ~ debt ratio, ~ Cati national debt, ~ man¼Kµan dak;RTBüFana secured/unsecured debt, ~ Tarmin)an

irrecoverable debt, ~ Bi)akTar¼GaRkk; bad debt, ~ sgS½y doubtful debt

bMNul liability

bMNuledaHdUrnwgFmµCati debt-for-nature swaps bMNulyWty:avminTan;sg arrears

bMENgEck apportionment

bMEbkray/ düaRkam dispersion diagram

bMEbkGgÁpSM/ kar disaggregation

bMe)a:g inflate, éfø ~ inflated price

bMEbøg/ kar transformation (products ...)

bMpuskarPJak;rlwk v. sensitise

bMpusTwkcitþ v. motivate

bMBan v. contravene

bMBanelInItiviFI/ kar abuse of process

bMBul/ kar pollution, ~ xül; air pollution

bMeBjxat/ R)ak; subsidy, subvention

bMeBjTMrg;EbbbT fill in a form

bMeBjEbbbTKy ¬edIm,InaMcUl rW naMecjTMnij¦ clear goods through customs bMeBjeLIgvij v. replenish

bMeBjeGayKñµaeTAvijeTAmk/ Edl complementary bMPan;/ Edl fallacious


158

bMPitbMP½y v. intimidate

bMPøI clarify

bMrugxVH/ R)ak; deficient reserves

bMrugTuk reserved, éRB ~ reserved forest

bMerIGaCIBeGayxøÜnÉg/ Cn self-employed people bMErbMrYl n. variation

bMlas;esdækic© ¬BiessBIrcnasm<½n§eyaFamk rcnasm<½n§esdækic©minEmneyaFa¦ economic conversion b:HTgÁic/ kar shock, kar ~ xagkargar employment shock, kar ~ xaghirBaØvtßú financial shocks b:Hb:Uv/ kar compensation

b:Hb:Uvvij v. offset

e)aHeqñat/ kar vote, poll, ~ sMEdgkarTukcitþ vote of confidence

e)aHeqñatedayelIkéd/ kar show of hands

e)aHeqñatsaCafµI/ kar re-election

e)aHeqñateLIgvij/ kar by-election ( to replace an elected official who has died or resigned) e)aHeqñateGayKNbkSepSg/ kar ¬eRkABI KNbkSxøÜn¦ cross-voting

e)aHRtabiT v. seal

e)aHbg; v. abandon, relinquish

e)aHbg;/ kar abandonment, ~ muxCMnYj ¬GVI mYy¦ abandonment of a trade

e)aHbg;ecalkic©snüa/ kar ignore the contract, avoidance of contract e)aHbg;Parkic©/ kar dereliction of duty

e)aHR)ak;kak; v. coin (make coins out of metal) e)aHpSay/ rUbiyvtßú currency issued

e)aHpSay/ kar ¬RkdasR)ak;¦issuance

e)aHBum<pSay v. publish

bþwg TamTarRTBübBa©aM¼TamTarniekçbRTBü¼ GMNUs foreclose v. the mortgage

bþwg v. sue

bþwgecaTRbkan;/kar prosecution

bþwgtv:a/ Gñk complainant

bþwgtampøÚvtulakarcMeBaH v. take legal action against ebþCJa/ kar ¬karsnüadac;Nat;¦ commitment

bþÚr/ kar conversion, GRta ~ conversion price/rate bþÚr¼lk; ykR)ak; ¬]> sBaØab½NÑ¦ redeem

bþÚrevnkargar/ kar job rotation

RbkarFanaTUTat; del credere clause

Rbkas \NBn§¼\NTan debit/credit advice

Rbkas/ kar¼esckþI declaration, proclamation RbkasCa saFarN³¼pøÚvkar BI cMeNj¼kMhat post a profit/loss Rbkas¼RbtievTn_/ tMél)an declared value

Rbkaséfø/ kar quotation, ~ snøwkh‘un share


159

quotation RbkasFnaKar bank statement

RbkasnIyb½Rt¼)a:tg; ¬GnuBaØat[RbkbGaCIvkmµ¦ patent RbkaspSay rW RbkaspSayCasaFarN³ v. publish

RbkasB½t’man press release

RbkYt/ kar contest

RbkYtRbECgRtwmRtUv/ eKalkarN_ principle of fair competition RbkYtRbECg v. compete

RbkYtRbECg/ kar competition, ~ esrI free

competition, pSar ~ competitive

market, éfø ~ competitive price

RbkYtRbECg/ PaB competitiveness

RbEkkdac;Ghgáar/ kar flat denial

RbRktI/ PaBmin ¬mankMhus¦ irregularities (mistakes) RbRktI/ min irregular

RbRktIPaBkmµ normalisation

ERbRkLas;)an/ minGac adj. irreversible

ERbRkLas;)an/ Gac adj. reversible

RbKl; v. deliver, ~ enAkEnøg)anbg;Bn§ehIydelivered at duty paid, ~ enARBMEdn

delivered at frontier, ~ TMnijeBlmankar TUTat; delivery against payment, ~ TMnij tamdMNak;kal delivery by instalments,

kar ~ delivery, karmin ~ non-delivery

RbKl;eGay/ kar ¬]>kat;eGayeTAm©as;bMNul¦ cession

RbKl;kic©snüaeGay award a contract

RbKl;TMnijxVH/ kar short delivery

RbKl;TMnijRbKl;R)ak; cash on delivery (COD) RbKl;R)ak;eBl)anTTYlÉksar cash against document (CAD) RbcaMEx monthly, cMNUl ~ monthly income RbcaMqñaM annual, KMeragfvika ~ annual budget RbcaMRtImas quarterly adj. & adv.

RbcaMéf¶ daily, cMnUllk; ~ daily sales return

RbqaMg anti, mInRbqaMgmnusS anti-personnel mine

RbqaMg rW CMTas; opposition

RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø anti-dumping, Bn§ ~ anti-dumping duty RbCaCn population, eKalneya)ay ~ population policy RbCaCneRcInhYs overpopulation

RbCaCnedIm indigenous people

RbCaCnminEmnGñkTIRkug non-urban population

RbCaCnsamBaØ ordinary people, grassroots


160

RbCaCati nation

RbCanuvDÆn_ democratisation

RbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmµ democratisation

RbCaPiftik³ ¬m> GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ¦ demagogue

RbECg/ Gñk ¬éfø/ TIpSar>>¦ competitor

RbECgtamKMrUl¥/ kar emulation

RbCMu/kar meeting

Rbdab;Rbdar tool, ~ eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH ¬BiesspÞH)ay¦ utensil

RbDit/ cMeNj imaginary profit

RbNit luxury, TMnij ~ luxury goods,

BaNiC¢kmµvtßú ~ luxury trade

RbtiRkanþelxna/ eFVI reverse an entry, contra-transfer RbtiXat repercussion (of an incident)

RbtiTin calendar, time schedule, qñaM ~ calendar year Rbtibdivtþn_ counter-revolution

Rbtibtþi adj. executive, nayk ~

executive director, KN³kmµaFikar ~ executive committee

Rbtibtþi/ dak;eGay v. enforce, Gacdak; eGay¼mantMél ~ enforceable, kardak; eGay ~ enforcement

Rbtibtþikr operator

Rbtibtþikar operation, ~ Fanar:ab;rg insurance operation

Rbtibtþikar ¬CMnYj¦ transaction

RbtibtþikarelIrUbiyvtßú currency operation

RbtibtþikarKitCa luy¼rUbiyvtßú monetary transaction Rbtibtþitam v. comply, kar ~

compliance, karmin ~ non-compliance

RbtiPUkmµGMNac delegation of power

RbtiPUkmµGMNac/ eFVI v. delegate power

Rbtimti paradox

RbtievTn_ declaration, ~ Ky customs declaration

Rbtiskmµ retroactive, \T§iBl ~ retroactive effect RbtisiT§iCn trustee (one to whom a right has been assigned by will, gift... French: ayant cause) RbtiRsut authorised, recognised, licensed,

FnaKar ~ authorised bank, buKÁl ~ authorised person RbtiGaNtþi/ ecj n. countermand

RbfuyRbfan v. risk, take risk, PaB ~ n. risk

RbQmmuxKña/ kar confrontation, karRbCMu ~ confrontation meeting

RbeTslUtlas;ticCageK least developed countrries (LDCs)

RbeTsGn;fy underdeveloped countries

RbeTsGnaPivDÆn_ underdeveloped countries


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RbTaMgRbeTIsépÞkñúg/ Edl paradoxically

RbFan chairman, ~ GgÁRbCMu chairman of the meeting RbFanskþi force majeure, act of God

RbFansþITI acting chairman/chairwoman

RbB½n§/ Ca systematic, karcuHbBa¢IdIFøI ~ systematic land registration RbB½n§/ bTBiesaFn_manlkçN³Ca structured experience RbB½n§kat;R)ak;dak;shCIBedaynieyaCk checkoff RbB½n§éføBIr dual price system

RbB½n§TUTat; payment systems

RbB½n§TUTat;bNþak; instalment system

RbB½n§nIykmµ systematise

RbB½n§bþÚrR)ak;tamsþg;darmas gold-standardsystem RbB½n§Rbtibtþikar operative system

RbB½n§pSBVpSay ¬B½t’man¦ mass media

RbB½n§Bn§kat;TukelIR)ak;ebovtSr_ pay as you earn (PAYE) RbB½n§Bn§fycuH ¬fyGRtaBn§enAeBlcMNUl ekIneLIg¦ regressive tax system

RbB½n§Bn§smamaRt proportional tax system

RbB½n§erobcMÉksar filing system

RbB½n§smamaRt ¬e)aHeqñat¦ system of proportional representation

RbB½n§sareBIP½NÐnirnþn_ perpetual inventory system RbB½n§sV½yBRgwg self-reinforcing system

RbBlkmµ rW RbBlvb,kmµ/ intensification,

~ ksikmµ agricultural intensification

RbBlkmµedImTun ¬EdleRbITun¼m:asIun eRcIn¦ capital intensive RbéBNI/ Ca adj. traditional, rebobrs;enA ~ traditional way of life

RbRBwtþxus v. act wrongly, infringe

RbRBwtþi ¬xøÜn¦/ kar conduct

RbRBwtþikmµ n. treatment

RbPBedIm origin, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ certificate

of origin, RbeTs ~ country of origin

RbePT type, category

RbePTesÞIrputBUC endangered species

RbmaN approximately

Rbmaftulakar/ kar contempt of court

RbmUl/ kar collection, ~ bMNul debit collection RbmUl/ Gñk collector, ~ Bn§ tax collector,

~ R)ak; money collector, ~ Tijplitpl ksikmµ farm produce collector

RbmUl ¬Tar¦ min)an/ Edl irrecoverable

RbmUlmkvij/ kar recovery (debt)

RbmUlmkvij/ EdlGac recoverable (debt)

RbmUlR)ak; collect money, Pñak;gar¼FnaKar


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~ collecting agent/bank, esah‘uyCYy ~ collecting charge RbmUlR)ak;eRkay)anTTYlÉksar/ kar documentary collection

RbmUlpMúþ v. gather

RbmUlpþMú/ kar concentration, ~ dIFøI land concentration RbmUlpþúM/ tYelx n. aggregate

RbmUlB½t’man v. collect information, take

up references, ~ mkBinitüeRbobeFob collate

RbmUlvij salvage

RbmUlÉksar/kar documentary collection

RbemIleXIj/ min)an unforeseen

RbemIlemIlGnaKt/ kar outlook

RblgRbECg/ kar competitive examination

Rbvtþi background, record, ~ eCaKC½y¼ braC½y track record

RbvtþisaRsþ/ CMhanmanGtßn½yCa historical steps

Rbevsn_/ Psþútag admissible evidence

RbsiT§PaB efficiency, éf¶ ~ effective date

RbsiT§PaBcMNay/ Edlman cost-effective

RbsiT§PaBfamBl energy efficiency

RbsiT§PaB/ eFVIeGayrwtEtman v. rationalize

RbsUtikmµ/ GRta ¬m> kMeNIt/GRta¦ birth rate

RbesIr ¬bMput¦/ eFVIeGay)an optimize

RbesIr/ eFVIeGay v. upgrade

RbesIrbMput/ karélEck optimal allocation

RbesIreLIg/ kareFVIeGay amelioration

R)aRs½yTak;Tg/ kar communication

RbEhl approximately

RbEhsePøcPøaMg/ kar oversight

RbeLaH range, ~ éfø price range, ~

¬cMgay¦emIleXIj range of vision

R)akdkñúgcitþ/ PaB assurance

R)akdniym realism

R)ak; ¬rUbiyvtßú¦ money

R)ak; edIm¼BUC seed money

R)ak;kk; down payment/deposit

R)ak;kas/ Tak;Tgnwg pecuniary, ehtupl xagluykak; pecuniary motives

R)ak;kMér wage, pay, kargarsuI ~ wage work

R)ak;Ex salary, ~ minTan;bg; back pay

R)ak;x©ImanR)ak;karx<s; dear money

R)ak;gab; rW R)ak;minykeTAeFVIkarrksIu dead money R)ak;cMNUl income, proceeds, ~ suT§ net income/proceeds

R)ak;cMNUld¾sþÜcesþIg pittance

R)ak;cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§ take home pay

R)ak;cMeNj profit, ~ suT§ net profit, ~

rkSaTuk retained earnings


163

R)ak;QñÜl ¬Blkr¦ wage

R)ak;QñÜl ¬GclnRTBü nigclnRTBü¦ rental

R)ak;QñÜl ¬sMxan; GclnRTBü¦ rent

R)afñad¾elIslub/ kar ¬m> mhicäta¦ ambition

R)ak;TUTat;ecj ¬]> edayRkumh‘unFanara:b;r:g¦ payout R)ak;Fana bail cover

R)ak;bg;CYyRkumh‘unNamYy ¬]> BIrdæaPi)al¦ n. payout R)ak;bg;dl;éd prompt cash

R)ak;bg;dMbUg down payment

R)ak;bg;TaMgdul lump-sum

R)ak;bg;pþac; payoff

R)ak;bEnßm bonus, ~ sMrab;RTRTg;CIvPaB cost of living bonus

R)ak;beBaØI deposit, ~ mankalkMNt; fixed deposit R)ak;beBaØIkMBugepÞr deposit in transit

R)ak;beBaØIcrnþ call deposit

R)ak;beBaØI;enAFnaKar bank deposit

R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt; time deposit, fixed

deposit, KNnI ~ time deposit account

R)ak;beBaØIGacebIk)antamsMeNI ¬min)ac;R)ab; FnaKarCamun¦ sight deposit

R)ak;buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkmun¦ cash advance

R)ak;bMNac; remuneration

R)ak;bMNac;eBlQb;eFVIkar severance

payment, golden handshake

R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg emolument

R)ak;bMNac;sMrab;nisSit student stipends

R)ak;bMrug)anx©I ¬EdlFnaKarnana)anx©IBI FnaKarkNþal¦ borrowed reserves

R)ak;bMrugelIs excess reserve(s)

R)ak;pþl;bEnßmsMrab;kargarmaneRKaHfñak; danger money R)ak;Bin½y forfeit money

R)ak;ruWERtt ¬m> esaFnnivtþn_¦ pension

R)ak;elIsxVH ¬bnþicbnþÜckñúgebLa¦ cash over and short R)ak;viPaCn_ financial appropriation

R)ak;viPaCn_sgÁm social welfare/security

R)ak;sKuN gratuity, honorarium

R)ak;snüaeGay pledge

R)ak;snSMtamTMlab; traditional savings

R)ak;sMNgRbcaMqñaM annuity

R)ak;Gab; change, change fund

R)ak;]btßmÖ benefit, ~ éføBüa)al medical benefit R)ak;]btßmÖ ¬BIbþIeTARbBn§ rW BIRbBn§eTAbþI eRkayeBlElgKña¦ alimony

R)ak;]btßmÖRKYsar family allowance(s)

R)ak;]btßmÖeBlQW sick pay

R)atiePaK ¬m> rbs;Fana¦ security

R)atiePaKbMNul ¬vtßúdak;FanabMNul¦ lien


164

R)afñad¾elIslub/ kar ambition

RbwgERbgKµan)anpl/ kar unavailing efforts

RbugRby½tñ/ viFankar prudential measure

RbU)ab‘ÍlIet probability

eRbIR)as; v. consume, TMnij ~ consumer

goods, GñkeRbIR)as; consumer

eRbIR)as;/ kar consumption, ~ kñúgRsuk domestic consumption

eRbIR)as;)an/ EdlminGac unusable, unserviceable eRbIGs;/ kar depletion

eRbgkat petroleum

eRbgeqA crude oil

eRbg\n§n³ petroleum, kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI snþisux ~ petroleum security agreement

eRbv:aLg;¼PaBCaTUeTA prevalence

eRbsit¼ebskCnBiess envoy

ERbRbYl adj. variable

ERbRbYl/ kar variation

ERbRbYlxusPaBedIm/ kar distortion

éRb/ karERbCa ¬]> dIéRb¦ salination or salinisation bøg; n. plan, design, ~ KMrUtag sample

design, ~ GaCIvkmµsµúKsµaj complex business plan

bøg;kEnøg ¬rcna¼erobcM¦ layout

bøg;KNenyüTUeTA chart of general

accounting bøg;cMbg grand plan

bøg;eRcIndMNak; multi-stage design, ~

minsamBaØ complex multi-stage design

bøg;sMbuRt layout of letter

bøg;sV½yTMgn; self-weighting design

bøúk block

p pl proceeds

pl elIs¼elIsBItMrUvkar surplus

pl/ EdlKµan)an unremunerative

pl/ Edlman adj. pragmatic

plEck n. quotient

plcMeNjkñúgcMnYny:ageRcIn healthy profit

plcMeNjÉktabEnßm ¬kñúgkMeNInmYyÉkta plitpl¦ marginal benefit

plTun income

plTunkñúgRsuk domestic income (DI)

plTunCati national income

plTunCatisrub ¬m> plitplCatisrub¦ gross

national product (GNP), ~Bit real GNP

plTunCatisuT§ net national product

plb:HBal; impact, ~ xagesdækic© economic impact, ~ xagsgÁmkic©© social impact


165

plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM trickle-down effect, side effect plbUk sum

plRbeyaCn_ interest, ~ cak;b£s vested interest plRbeyaCn_esµIKña equality benefit

plRbeyaCn_ÉktabEnßßm marginal utility

plrbr turn over, sales

plry³eBlxøI short-term payoff

plelIs)andl;plitkr producer surplus

plvi)ak bad consequence, disadvantage, inconvenience

plsMerc end result

plGaCIvkmµ ¬m> plrbr¦ turnover

plitkmµµ production, KNnI ~ production

accounts, cMNay ~ production cost,

ExSsgVak; ~ production line, RbB½n§ ~

production system, kic©snüaEbgEck ~ production-sharing contract (PSC), ~

CIvRBwtþi subsistence production, ~ es,óg CalkçN³RKYsar family food production

plitkr producer

plitkñúgRsuk locally made

plitRTg;RTayFM/ kar mass production

plitenApÞH homemade

plitpl commodity, KNnI ~ commodity

accounts, ~ ksikmµCamUldæan basic

commodities

plitpl product, ExS ~ ¬plitplRbhak; RbEhlKñamYyExS¦ product line/range,

cMnYnmux ~ product breadth, Fun ~ ¬kñúgExS plitpl¦ product depth, l,ay ~

¬plitplTaMgGs;Edldak;lk; rW pliteday shRKasNamYy¦ product mix

plitplkaksMNl; scrap product

plitplkñúgRsuk domestic product, ~ srub ¬pss¦ gross domestic product (GDP)

plitplCati national product, ~ srub gross national product (GNP) plitplbnÞab;bnSM by-product

plitplbrisßanCati eco-national product (ENP) plitplRbNitfáúMefáIg prestige product

plitplsgÁm social product

plitplsMerc final product/goods, finished products/goods

plitples,óg food products/stuffs

plitPaB productivity, smaPaK ~

productive ratio, ~ énBlkmµ labour

productivity, ~ énTun capital productivity

plitPaB/ man adj. productive, RTBüskmµ ~ productive assets

plitminRKb;RKan;/ kar underproduction

pss ¬plitplkñúgRsuksrub¦ GDP (gross domestic product)


166

pak¼pakBin½y/ R)ak; fine

pat;ecj v. deduct, kar ~ deduction

pakBin½y/ kar fine

pat;rMls;/eRkay)an after deducting depreciation pasukPaB comfort

putkMNt;énkic©snüa/ kar expiration of a contract Epnkar n. plan, ~ vinieyaK investment

plan, GñkeFVI ~ planner

Epnkar/ kareFVI¼ksag planning

Epnkarkmµ ¬m> eFVIEpnkar/ kar¦ planning EpnkareKal master plan

EpnkarcMNUlcMNaysac;R)ak; cash budget

EpnkarTukGnuvtþCayfaehtu contingency plan EpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;RTRTg;vis½yGb;rM Education Sector Support Programme (ESSP) Epnkarlk; ¬tYelx¦ sales target

EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© Socio-Economic Development programme (SEDP)

EpnkarI n. planner

EppÞúkTMnij loading/lading port

pÁt;pÁg;/ kar¼sMPar³ supply, GñkpÁt;pÁg; supplier pÁt;pÁg;nigtMrUvkar/ kar supply and demand

pÁt;pÁg;rUbiyvtßú/ kar money supply

pÁt;pÁg;saFarN³/ kar utilities

ep¢ak v. saturate

epJI v. dispatch

epJIRtLb;vij v. send back

epJITuk/ kar ¬dak;TMnijeGayGñkepSgkan;kab; EtGñkenaHBMuEmnCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT¦ bailment

epJIeTAbuKÁlCaeRcIn/ Edl circular, b½NÑ\NTan epJIeTARKb;saxa ¬énFnaKarEdlecjva¦ circular letter of credit epJIeTARbmUlR)ak; v. send for collection

epJIR)ak; v. deposit money (in a bank),

b½NÑsresr ~ deposit slip

epJIR)ak;/ Gñk depositor

epJIR)ak;ecj/ kar remittance

epJIlk; sale or return (the retailer pays only for the sold goods and returns the remaining to the wholesaler) pþl;CMnYy/ Gñk donor

pþl;Tun finance v.

pþl;nigtMrUvkar/ kar offer and demand

pþl;nUvkarR)ak; v. bear interest

pþl;eyabl;/ Edl advisory, muxgarpþl; eyabl; advisory function

pþl;rgVan;eGay v. award

pþl;sc©ab½n/ kar ratification

pþl;saeLIgvij ¬\NTan¦ v. roll over


167

pþl;siT§i v. give right, entitle

pþl;siT§iGMNac v. empower, mandate

pþl;siT§iGMNac/ kar empowerment

pþl;eGay/ R)ak; endowment

pþl;eGaymun/ R)ak; advance money

pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijenAeBlsgR)ak; documents against payment (D/P) pþac;kar/ GMNac¼RbeTskan;rbb autarchy pþac;mux/ eFVI v. monopolise, PaBpþac;mux monopoly pþac;mux/ GñkEckcay sole distributor

pþac;mux adj. ¬éfø¦ monopolistic (price)

epþImmux adj. preliminary, karBiPakSa ~ preliminary discussion

epþk adj. horizontal

epþat v. focus

pþúM/ kar rW karpþúMGgÁpSM aggregation

pþMúcUlKña v. agglomerate

pþÜcepþImKMnit/ kar initiative

pÞal; rW edaypÞal; adj. direct

pÞal;/ GñkemIlkarxusRtUv immediate supervisor pÞal;xøÜn personal, kareRbIR)as; ~ persoal

consumption, sMPar³eRbIR)as; ~ personal

effects, RTBü ~ personal property

pÞal;mat; verbal, oral, kic©RBmeRBog ~ verbal agreement

epÞr v. transfer, lixit ~ transfer deed, R)ak; ~ TUTat; transfer payments, kardak;éføedIm,I ~

R)ak; transfer pricing, kar ~ transfer

epÞr ¬kmµsiT§i¦/kar rW ÉksarepÞr conveyance,

lixitepÞrkmµsiT§iGclnRTBü deed of conveyance epÞr ¬R)ak;¦taméRbsnIy_/ kar mail transfer

epÞr ¬eGayeK¦/ Gñk transferor

epÞrkmµsiT§i/ lixit ¬BIkUnbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul¦ deed of assignment epÞrkmµsiT§iGclnRTBü/ lixit deed of conveyance

epÞrkmµsiT§i/ kar transfer of ownership,

alienation, ~ dI land alienation epÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSarmYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér/

kar arbitrage

epÞr)an/ Gac transferable, \NTan ~ transferable credit epÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_/ kar telegraphic/ cable transfer epÞrR)ak;enAFnaKar/ kar bank transfer

epÞrBIyanmYyeTAyanmYy v. ¬edIm,Idwkbnþ¦ tranship or transship

epÞrsiT§i/ lixit proxy

epÞreGay/ GñkRtUv)aneK transferee

epÞrGMNac transfer power, delegate power epÞógKñaeTAvijeTAmk cross check


168

epÞógpÞat;FnaKar/ kar bank reconciliation

épÞkñúg internal, svnkmµ ~ internal audit,

kic©kar ~ internal affairs

pÞúk nig erITMnij/ kar loading and unloading of goods pÞúyKña/ PaB contradiction, contrast

pÞHkBa©k; greenhouse, bc©½y ~ greenhouse

effect, ]sµ½n ~ greenhouse gas

pÞHsMEbg/ PaBKµan homelessness

pÞHsMEbg ¬xÞg;cMNay¦ housing

pÞHsñak;enA/ karpþl; housing

pñt;KMnit n. stereotype

Epñk section, category

pøakFug bin tag

pøas;ecjedaydak;vin½y/ kar disciplinary transfer pøas;bþÚr/ kar change

pøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµ v. trade

pøas;bþÚreLIgvij/ kar rW karerobcMeLIgvij reconversion

pøÚvkar/ Ca adj. official, formal, esckþI bBa¢ak; ~ official confirmation

pøÚvkar/ Gñk¼m®nþI n. official

pøÚvcitþ/ katBVkic© moral obligation

pøÚvc,ab;/ tam de jure

pøÚvTwk waterways

pøÚveTAdl; road to, access road, access

Epøpáa/ Edlman fruitful

pSBVpSay ¬c,ab;>>>¦ v. publicise

pSBVpSay ¬tamviTüú >>>¦ v. broadcast

pSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦/ kar promotion (of a product) pSBVpSay/ kar dissemination

pSayBaNiC¢kmµ v. advertise, kar ~

advertisement, advertising, yuT§nakar ~ advertising campaign pSarkñúgRsuk domestic/home market

pSarxøaMg ¬TIpSarmanGñkTijeRcIn¦ strong market pSarexSay ¬minsUvmanGñkTij¦ weak market

pSarggwt black market, éfø ~ black market price pSarTun capital market

pSarh‘un stock market, stock exchange

pSa‘¿nwgGakasFatufµI v. acclimate

epSg² ¬eQµaHKNnIcMnay¦ miscellaneous

pSHpSa v. conciliate, kar ~ conciliation

pSHpSaeLIgvij v. reconcile, kar ~ reconciliation p¥ak v. suspend, adjourn

p¥ak/ kar suspension

p¥ib/ KNnI blocked account

p¥wb rW bBaÄb; rW bgák frozen, KNnI ~ frozen

account, RTBü ~ rW RTBüCab;kþI frozen assets


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B BRgIk/ kar expansion

BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ v. enforce

B½t’manRtLb; feedback

B½t’manbEnßm/ tarag¼Éksar supplementary schedule Bn§ ¬CaBiessBn§bEnßm¦ n. levy

Bn§ ¬Biess Bn§Ky/ GakrBiess¦ duty

Bn§ n. tax, ~ elIR)ak;cMeNj tax on profit,

~ visamBaØ emergency tax, Pñak;garkMNt; ~

tax assessor, karecosvag ~ ¬edayc,ab;man cenøaHRbehag¦ tax avoidance, karRbmUl ~

tax collection, \NTan ~ tax credit,

kareKc ~ ¬elµIsc,ab;nigRtUvmaneTasT½NÐ¦ tax evasion, elIkElg ~ adj. tax exempt,

karelIkElg ~ tax exemption, vism ~ rW ry³eBlrYc ~ tax holiday, cenøaHRbehagén ~ tax loophole, »kashUt ~ tax moments,

karbg; ~ tax payment, qñaMbg; ~ tax

payment year, GRta ~ tax rate, karbnßy ~ tax rebate, cMNUl ~ tax revenues, tax

receipts, karkat;bnßy ~ tax reduction,

karbn§Úrbnßy ~ tax relief, cMNat;kar ~ rW RbRBwtþikmµ ~ tax treatment, GñkRbmUl ~

tax-collector Bn§/ Cab; adj. taxable, liable to tax, qñaM ~ tax year or taxation year, cMNUl ~

taxable income, Gñk ~ taxpayer Bn§/ minCab; non-taxable adj. cMNUl ~ non-taxable income Bn§/ yk rW hUtBn§ v. tax, impose tax

Bn§ ¬Ky/ GakrBiess¦/ EdlRtUvbg; dutiable/ TMnijRtUvbg;Bn§ dutiable goods

Bn§kat;Tuk withholding tax, ~ RtUvbg; withholding tax payable

Bn§Ky customs duties (or dues)

Bn§Kykat;sg duty drawback

Bn§CYlFnFan resource-rent tax (RRT)

Bn§dar tax, KNenyü ~ tax accounting,

kMlaMgcMnUl ~ tax revenues efforts or tax effort

Bn§dar/ lkçN³minTak;Tgnwg non-tax features

Bn§Etm stamp duty

Bn§naMcUl import duty, tariff

Bn§bEnßm surtax

Bn§)ankMNt; assessed taxes Bn§Rbeyal indirect tax

Bn§pÞal; direct tax

Bn§pøÚv road tax

Bn§RBlanynþehaH airport tax Bn§mnusS head tax


170

Bn§em:Akar lump-sum tax

Bn§yktaméfø ad valorem duty

Bn§ykbEnßmelITMnijnaMcUl surcharge

Bn§elIcMNUllk;)an sales tax

Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUl income tax

Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl personal income tax

Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjRkumh‘un corporation tax (GB) Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjbEnßm additional profit tax (APT)

Bn§elIRTBübuKÁl capital levy

Bn§viPaKtamRbePTcMNUl schedular tax

Bn§Gakr tax

Bn§úPaB n. ¬PaBdUcKña rW manTMnak;TMngCamYyKña¦ affinity Bnül;)an/ EdlminGac adj. inexplicable, unaccountable BnüakMeNIt/ kar birth spacing

BnüaeBl/ kar delay, pþl; ~ v. grant a delay

BnüaeGay)anyUr ¬eFVIGVImYyedIm,IBnüaeBl RBwtþuikarN_/ esckþIsMerc>>>¦ buy time

BenøÓn v. accelerate Blkmµ labour, kMlaMg ~ labour force,

~ GENþt casual labour, ~ cUlshCIB

organised labour, ~ manCMnaj skilled

labour, ~ KµanCMnaj unskilled labour

Blkr labourer, worker, ~ suIR)ak;éf¶ day

labourer, ~ GENþt ¬ry³eBlxøI¦ casual labourer Blrdæ citizen

Bhikar boycott

BhiRbevsn_ ¬m> cMNakRsuk¦ migration

BhuCati multinational, Rkumh‘un ~ multi-national corporation

BhuPaKI multilateral, CMnYy ~ multilateral

assistance, kic©RBmeRBog ~ multilateral agreement Bhuvb,kmµ polyculture

Bak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI6 first half of the 6th century Bak;kNþalsMerc/ plitpl semi-finished product Bak;kNþalsVy½t semi-autonomous

Bak;B½n§ adj. concerned, relevant, RksYg ~

concerned ministry, sßab½n ~ relevant institution Bak;B½n§ v. involve

Bak;B½n§¼cUlBak;B½n§/ kar involvement Bak;B½n§/ Gñk stakeholder

Bak;B½n§cUl engage v.

Baküesøak slogan

BaNiC¢ commercial, FnaKar ~ commercial bank BaNiC¢kmµ commerce, trade, kic©RBmeRBog

~ trade agreement, CBa¢Ig ~ trade balance,


171

r)aMg ~ trade barriers, »nPaB ~ trade

deficit, eQµaH ~ trade name, tMNag ~ trade

representation, trade representative, sBaØa~ rW pøaksBaØa ~ trademark, ~ qøgkat;pÞal; direct-transit trade, ~ lk;dMu wholesale

trade, ~ rUbI visible trade, ~ eRkARbeTs foreign trade

BaNiC¢kmµ adj. commercial, shRKas ~ commercial enterprise BaNiC¢kmµ adj. mercantile, kgnava ~

mercantile marine, RbeTs ~ mercantile country BaNiC¢kmµ/ kareFVI trading

BaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs/ naykdæan Department of Overseas Trade

BaNiC¢kr trader, dealer, merchant

BaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ commercialisation, eFVI ~ v. commercialise

Ban;lan billion

BikarPaB disability

BicarNa/ kar consideration, kMBugBinitü ~ under consideration Bit real, GRtakarR)ak; ~ real rate of interest,

kar ~ reality

BiFIkar ¬viFansMrab;BiFIepSg²¦ protocol

BiFIsar ¬Éksar¦ protocol

Bin½y v. penalise

Bin½yCaR)ak; v. fine

Bin½ysareBIBn§/ kar fiscal fine

Binitü v. examine

Binitü nigsMerc/ edIm,I for review and decision/approval BinitüKNnI v. check the accounts

BinitüCaTUeTA/ kar overview

Binitütamdan v. supervise, kar ~

supervision, Gñk ~ supervisor

BinitüeLIgvij v. review, kar ~ n. review

BinÞúerxIy diagram, chart, graphic

BiBN’na/ kar description

BiBN’nakargar job description

BiBiFkmµ ¬m> cMruHkmµ¦ diversification

BiPakSaedjedal/ kar deliberation

BiPakSabMpusKMnit/ kar brainstorming

BiruT§PaB guilt BiruT§ikCn culprit

Biess/ rbs; speciality

BiesaF v. experiment

BiesaFn_ rW karBiesaFn_ n. experiment, eFVI ~ v. experiment BiesaFnkmµ/ kardkBiesaFn_ experimentation BieRKaHeyabl;/ kar consultation, RkumBieRKaH eyabl; Consultative Group (CG)

BieRKaHeyabl;/ Gñk consultant


172

BIeRkameLIgelI/ karGPivDÆn_ bottom-up development BIenHteTA hereafter

BImun prior/ svnkmµ ~ prior auditing, kic©RBmeRBog ~ prior agreement BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM ¬m> qñaMelIqñaM ¦ year on year

BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM biannual

BIrpøÚv two-way

BwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ kar interdependence

BwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉg/ kar self-reliance

BwgBak;)an/ PaBGac dependability

BukrlYy adj. corrupt, GMeBI ~ corruption

BUCsasn_niym racism

BYk group, category

BYk genus (of animals, plants)

eBjc,ab; legitimate

eBjlkçN³RtwmRtUv legitimate, min ~ illegitimate eBjelj/ TuneRbImin)an underemployed capital eBjv½y adult, RbCaBlrdæ ~ adult citizen eBjv½y/ PaB maturity

eBl time, kMNat; ~ time segment

Bütierk ¬m> pÞúyKña/ PaB¦ contrast

BüakrN_ forecast v. & n., ¬kar¦ ~ esdækic© economic forecast, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial forecast

BüÜr/ kar suspension

BüÜr/ KNnI ¬caMkaredaHRsay¦ pending accounts

RBm v. consent, karyl; ~ n. consent

RBmeRBog/ krNIKµankar in the event of disagreement RBmeRBog/ kar agreement, accord RBmeRBog/ kic© agreement, ~ pÞal;mat; verbal agreement, ~ CaeKalkarN_ agreement in principle RBmeRBog/ éfø agreed price RBmeRBog/ min v. disagree RBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ kar deal

RBmeRBogCakBa©b;/ kar package deal

RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar/ kar official agreement, covenant

RBmeRBogCamYyKña v. agree together, come into line

RBman/ kar warning, ~ pÞal;mat; verbal warning

RBagTuk/ \t ¬cMNay¦ unforeseen

RBwtþikarN_ event

RBwtþin½y rW RBwtþn½y fait(s) accompli(s) RBwtþn½y/ tam de facto, karRKb;RKg ~ de facto management RBwtþib½Rt bulletin

RBwtþib½RtB½t’man newsletter

RBwT§ikmµ illegal interest, usury

RBwT§ikr ¬GñkykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦ usurer


173

RBYy)armÖ/ kar n. concern

éRBkarBar/ tMbn; protected forest areas éRBKub coupe-forest, felling area

éRBeQI forest, éRBeQI GaceFVIGaCIvkmµ)an operable forest éRBeQI/ karkab; deforestation

éRBlicTwk flooded forest éRBsm,Tan forest concession RBMEdnKy customs frontier

RBMEdnénkarTTYlxusRtUv limit of liability

RBHraCGaCJa prosecutor

P

PNÐaKar department store

PNÐaKar ¬m> XøaMg¦ warehouse

Ptik³ ¬m> GñkCYlBIeK¦ renter

Ptikar wage-earner

PtibtI ¬m> GñkCYleGayeK¦ person who rents out sth Ptisnüa n. lease (with a contract)

P½nþRcLM/ kar confusion, aberration

P½nþRcLM/ gay confusing

P½BVénCMerIs chance of selection

P½yep¥Il/ kar panic, ~ xaghirBaØvtßú financial panic PvnIyPaB probability

Psþútag proof, evidence, ~ TTYlyk)an admissible evidence

PsþútagekþA² smoking gun

PsþúPar logistics

PaKkmµ (equity) participation, stake, sharing PaKeRcIn majority

PaKeRcIndac;xat/ sMelg ¬e)aHeqñat¦ absolute majority vote PaKeRcInedayeFob/ sMelg ¬)ansMelgeRcInCag ebkçCnmñak;eTot¦ relative majority vote

PaKtic minority

PaKTunik³ capital contributor, shareholder,

~ man\T§iBl influencial shareholder

PaKEbg denominator (fraction)

PaKyk numerator (fraction)

PaKry percentage

PaKlaP dividend

PaKh‘un/ Gñkman stakeholder

PaKh‘unEdlTTYlPaKlaPeRkayeK deferred share PaKh‘unEdlmantMélenApSarh‘unesµIKñanwgtMél

cuHelIsnøwkb½NÑPaKh‘un share at par

PaKh‘unRtYtRta/ mancMENk to have a controlling interest (have more than 50% of total share of a company) PaKh‘unsamBaØ common stock, equities

PaK\NTanxagelI upper credit tranche


174

PaKI ¬énkic©snüa¦ party (to the contract)

PaKIcuHkic©snüa contracting party

PaKITTYlsar\NTan accredited party

PaKITIbI third party

Parkic© duty, Cab; ~ duty bound

Parkic© task, epþatelI ~ task-oriented

PUKBÖsaRsþ geology

PUtKamsaRsþ ¬karsikSaBIrukçCati¦ botany

PUtKamGnam½y phytosanitary

PUmiviTüaesdækic© economic geography

ePaK³ possession

ePaCnIydæanGaharrh½s fast-food restaurant

ePaCP½NÐ ¬m> mðÚbGahar¦ food items

P¢ab;katBVkic© binding

Pñak;gar agent

Pñak;garTTYlkMéreCIgsar commission agent

Pñak;garnavacr shipping agent

Pñak;garrksuICYl¼lk; GclnRTBü estate agent

Pøam² adj. prompt, karRbKl; ~ prompt

delivery, karTUTat; ~ immediate/prompt payment

m

mcävb,kmµ pisciculture

mCÄkar centralisation, kMNt;Rta ~

centralised record, esdækic© mCÄkar¼ RbmUlpþúM centralised economy

mCÄdæan milieu

mCÄdæanGñkKaMRT constituency

mCÄtþkmµ arbitrage, KN³kmµkar ~ arbitration committee mCÄtþkr arbiter

mCÄtþkr ¬xagBaNiC¢kmµ¦ arbitrator

mCÄtþkar/ eFVI v. arbitrate

mCÄtþvinicä½y arbitration

mCÄnikCn n. moderate

mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³¬rW ]bnisS½y¦ vocational training centre mCÄwm central, rdæ)al ~ central administration mNÐlkMsanþ entertainment centre

mNÐle)aHeqñat constituency

mti opinion, karsÞg; ~ opinion poll

mtipþaMepJI recommendation

mtþnkmµ ¬m> eRCIs/ kar¦ selection

mtþb,maN ¬m> GRtamrN³¦ mortality/death rate mFüm average, tMél¼éføedIm ~ average

cost, GRtakMeNIn ~ RbcaMqñaM average annual growth rate mFüm ¬TMhM/ KuNPaB>>>¦ medium (size, grade...) mFüm ¬sßiti¦ mean, ~ nBVnþ arithmetic


175

mean, ~ FrNImaRt geometric mean

mFümPaK average, mean, ~ smta weighted average mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi/ sBaØab½Rt baccalaureate (degree) meFüa)ay means, ~ dwkCBa¢Ún means of

transport, ~ plitkmµ means of production mnsikar conscience, Edlman ~ conscientious mnusSCati humanity

mnusSFm’ n. & adj. 1. humanity

2. humanitarian, GgÁkar ~ humanitarian organisation mnusSniym humanism

mnusSsaRsþ anthropology

menaKmviC¢a ideology

m®nþI officer

m®nþIRkbx½NÐ civil servant, government cadre m®nþIcuHbBa¢I ¬Gñkkan;kab;bBa¢I¦ registrar

m®nþIe)aHeqñat electoral official

m®nþIraCkar public servant, ~ sIuvil civil servant m®nþIesuIbGegátBIkartv:a ¬cMeBaHsßab½nrdæ b¤ GgÁkarFM²¦ ombudsman

mmajwk/ em:ag rush hour

mmal rW karmmal hallucination

mrNPaB/ R)ak;bMNac; death in service benefit

mrNPaB/ sMbuRt death certificate

mrtk heritage, inheritance

mrtksasn_ testament, will

mhnþrayenAsmuRT casualty at sea

mhnþraybgáedaymnusS man-made disaster

mhavinas cataclysm

mhasnñi)at general meeting

mhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ Greater Mekong Sub-region

mhicäta rW karR)afñad¾elIslub ambition

m:ak ¬TMnij¦ brand

m:aRkU macro-, m:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomics

m:aXItTIg¼karrkTIpSar marketing

m:aCIn¼rwm margin, m:aCInUbnIykmµ marginalisation m:aCin¼kMrit énR)ak;cMeNjsuT§ net profit margin (NPM) m:al;Tusniym Malthusianism

m:asuInebIkR)ak;sV½yRbvtþi ATM (automatic teller machine) mat;Rck n. gateway, ~ TUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati international communication gateway matika content

matika ¬fvika¦ line item (budget)

matuPUminivtþn_ repatriation

maRtdæan scale (of map), esdækic© ~ economies of scale


176

maRta article, provision (law)

mankalkMNt; ¬enAGnaKt¦ forward,

karRbKl; ~ forward delivery, éfølk; ~ forward price mankUn/ PaB fertility, GRtamankUn fertility rate manex©aH/ PaB imperfection

manCMgWeFVIeGaysøab;/ PaB morbidity

mantMélGnuvtþ binding

maneTAmanmk/ PaB reciprocity

manvKÁmanesñI/ skmµPaBesdækic© concerted economic action manRsab;/ Edl existing, rcnasm<½n§ ~ existing structure mabnkmµ ¬m> begáIt/ kar¦ creation, establishment micäaelx ¬m> el¥óg/ elxel¥óg¦ error mincuHsMrug/ PaB incompatibility

mincUlCaRkumh‘un un-incorporated

mincUlbkSsm½<n§/ clna non-aligned movement minCak;lak; indefinite, non-specific

minTTYlRBm/ kar default of acceptance

minTak;Tg/ Edl irrelevant

minTan;qøgKy/ TMnij uncleared goods

minTan;edaHRsay ¬vivaT¦ unsettled (dispute)

minTan;rk)an/ kMér unearned fees

minTan;sg ¬bMNul¦ unsettled (debt)

minTan;sresr blank (paper)

minR)akd/ PaB uncertainty, incertitude

minpøas;bþÚr/ PaB consistency

minEmnksikmµ/ kargar non-agricultural or non-farm employment minerobry/ vis½y informal sector

minlMeGog/ PaB impartiality

minl¥ adj. adverse

minsmRsb inappropriate, unsuitable,

CMnYy ~ inappropriate aid

minsuT§/ PaB impurity

minesµIKña adj. inequal

minGacsgbMNul)an/ PaB insolvency

minGMeNaypl adj. unfavourable,

adverse, ktþa ~ adverse factor

misSPaK ¬m> sµúKsaµj¦ complex, misSPaB complexity mIRkUCIv³ micro biology

mIRkUesdækic© microeconomics

mIRkUhirBaØvtßú micro-finance

mIRkU\NTan micro-credit

mux ¬TMnij¦ item

muxgar function

muxCMnYjFnaKar banking

muxTMnijkñúgXøaMg stock lines

muxrbr occupation


177

muxviC¢aFnaKar banking

muFaPaBénBn§Gakr ¬m> elIkElgBn§/ kar¦ tax exemption mun pre-, ~ vibtþi pre-crisis

mun preceding, qñaM ~ preceding year

m:Ud fashion, mode

m:UDIl module

m:Um:g; momentum

m:UypÁt;pÁg;CaRbcaM usual supplier

mUldæan local, GaCJaFr ~ local authority

mUldæan/ Kµan adj. unfounded

mUldæan/ Ca basic, kic©RBmeRBog ~ basic

agreement, karRsavRCav ~ basic research

mUldæan/ plitpl staple product

mUldæanRKwH foundation

mUldæanTinñn½y database

mUlFn capital, ~ Edl)anGnuBaØat authorised

capital, ~ p¥wb frozen capital, ~ Edl)anbg; paid in capital mUlFnkmµ/ eFVI v. capitalise

mUlFnniym capitalism

mUlFn)ancuHeQµaH subscribed capital

mUlFn)ancuHbBa¢I ¬CapøÚvkar¦ registered capital mUlFn)anbg;CMrH paid-up capital

mUlFn)anehA ¬)anbg;cUlRkumh‘unehIy¦ called-up capital

mUlFnpw¥¥b rW mUlFnbBaÄb; frozen capital

mUlFnPavUnIykmµ capitalisation

mUlFnminTan;ehA ¬[bg;¦ uncalled capital

mUlFnik capitalist

mUlniFi foundation

mUlniFi fund, RbB½n§KNenyü ~ fund

accounting systems, TIPñak;garpþl; ~

funding agency, lMhUr ~ fund flow,

smtulü ~ fund balance

mUlniFidak;snSMbMrug sinking fund

mUlniFibeBaØI fund held in trust

mUlniFibdiPaK counterpart fund

mUlniFibMrug reserve fund

mUlniFipþúM block fund

mUlniFipÞal;suT§ ¬RTBüskmµKittamtMélBitelI TIpSar ehIydkbMNulcrnþ¦ net worth

mUlniFiBaNiC¢kmµ n. goodwill

mUlniFimrtk ¬mUlniFiRKb;RKgedayRbtisiT§iCn sMrab;GtßKahk¦ trust fund

mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati International Monetary Fund (IMF) mUlniFisMrab;cMnaybnþicbnþÜc petty-cash fund

mUlb½Rt securities, pSar ~ securities market

mUlb,Tanb½NÑ cheque card

mUlb,TanbR½t cheque, ~ KµanR)ak;kñúgKNnI¼ KµanR)ak; dishonoured/bouncing/dud/


178

rubber cheque, ~ cMh blank cheque,

~ qUt crossed cheque, esovePA ~ cheque

book, ~ KµanqUt uncrossed cheque, ~ qUt Biess cheque crossed specially, ~ Kµan eQµaH bearer cheque or cheque to bearer,

~ eTscrN_ traveller’s cheque, ~ minTan; dak;cUlKNnIFnaKar unbanked cheque mUlb,TanbR½t r:ab;rgedayFnaKar¼FanacMnay certified cheque mUlmti/ kar consensus

mUlvicarN_ appreciation

mYyPaKbYn quarter, ~ TI2énstvtSr_TI7 2nd

quarter of 7th century emIlxusRtUvelI/ kar oversight

emIleXIj/ Gac adj. visible

emIlgay/ kar contempt

emIlmineXIj adj. invisible, BaNiC¢kmµ ~ invisible trade emIlrMlg overlook

em/ Rkumh‘un parent company

em/ fvika master budget

emkar foreman

emekIy patron

emRkum ¬Cag/ kmµkr¦ foreman

emxül; popular leader

emKuN multiplier

emKuNbMErbMrYl coefficient of variation

emFavI lawyer, barrister (British)

em:Akar/ Gñk contractor

em:Akarbnþ v. subcontract, Gñk ~ sub-contractor emaX³ void, null and void, eFVI[eTACa ~ v. nullify emaX³/ cat;TukCa v. invalidate

emaXkmµ annulment, nullification

emaXPaB nullity

m©as; owner, ~ dI land owner

m©as;/ PaBCa ownership

m©as;kmµsiT§i owner

m©as;kmµsiT§irYmKña co-owner, co-proprietor, joint owner m©as;kar/ PaB self-reliance

m©as;karxaghirBaØvtßú/ PaB financial self-sufficiency m©as;KNnIcrnþ current-account holder

m©as;dI¼pÞH ¬EdlCYleGayeK¦ landlord

m©as;bMNul creditor

m©as;bMNulGuIb:UEtk mortgagee

m©as;hag ¬tUc²¦ storekeeper, shopkeeper mþgehIymþgeTot recurrent, cMNay ~ recurrent expenditure mðÚbGahar food, snÞsSn_éfø ~ food price index


179

y

ykkMBs;/ kar grandstanding

ykKMrUtag v. sample

ykKMrUtag/ kar sampling, ~ KµanRsTab; unstratified sampling, ~ eRcIndMNak; multi-

stage sampling, ~ tamkEnøg spacial

sampling, ~ tamkUta quota sampling,

~ tameKaledA purposive sampling, ~ elIs over-sampling, ~ saCafµI resampling ykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§/ kar systematic sampling,

~ vil circular systematic sampling ykcUl bring in (assets as investment) ykecjmk/ kar ¬Er:¦ extraction

yktaméføTMnij/ éfødwkCBa¢Ún ad valorem freight ykmkKit take into account

ykvijnUv/ kar ¬sMviFanFn>>>kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦ write-back (of provisions...) yfaRkm/ Ca ¬m> CaRbB½n§¦ systematic

yfaTsSn_ perspective

yfaRbePT specification

yfapl adj. extensive, ksikmµ ~ extensive agriculture yfaPaB 1. authenticity 2. contingency

yfaPUt/ lixit authentic deed/act

yfaehtu eventuality

ynþkmµ/ ynþtUbnIykmµ mechanisation

ynþkar mechanism, ~ sV½yEktMrUv self-

regulating mechanism, ~ TUTat; payment mechanism ynþehaHCYldwkBiess ¬eCIgehaHehIrmin eTogTat;¦ charter plane

ynþehaHCMnYj commercial aircraft

yl;eXIj/ kar view

yl; RcLM¼xus/ kar misunderstanding

yl;dwgtameRkay ¬RBwtþikarN_¦/ kar hindsight yl;dwgmun/ kar foresight

yl;dwgl¥/ kar good understanding

yl;)an/ Edl intelligible

yl;RBm/ kar approval, agreement

yl;Rsb/ min v. disagree

yan vehicle, ~ ynþ motor vehicle

yIeha brand name

yWt/ PaB elasticity, ~ énkarpÁt;pÁg; nig

tMrUvkar elasticity of supply and demand

yWty:av/ kar delay, karRbKl;yWty:av delay in delivery yWty:avkñúgkarsgbMNul to be in arrears

yutþikmµ/ eFVI v. justify, kar ~ KMerag justification of a project yutþiFm’ ¬rW edayyutþiFm’¦ fair

yutþiFm’/ min unfair


180

yutþiFm’sgÁm social justice

yutþaFikar jurisdiction

yuT§nakar campaign, ~ lk;dUr sales campaign yuT§P½NÐ ordnance, ~ minTan;pÞúH unexploded ordnances yuT§viFIGaCIvkmµ business tactics

yuT§saRsþ strategy, ~ ctuekaN rectangular

strategy, Gñk ~ rW ~ viTU strategist

yuT§saRsþ/ Ca strategic, tMrUvkar ~ strategic needs

yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS) yuT§saRsþpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦ promotional strategy yuvv½y/ RsTab; young people

eynD½r gender

eyageTA carried forward (accounting)

eyagmk brought forward (accounting)

eyaFPUmiPaK military region

eyaFa ¬kgT½B¦ military

eyaFin ¬mnusS¦ soldier, military

eyabl; opinion

r

rkeXIj/ kar finding

rkemIlTMnij ¬éfø/ KuNPaB>>>edIm,ITij¦ shop around

rksMKal; v. identify, ebskkmµ ~ identification mission rkSa/ kar conservation

rkSaTuk/ kar keeping, custody

rkSaTuk/ R)ak;cMeNj retained earnings

rkSaTukkñúgédttIyCn/ Edl in escrow

rkSaTukenAXøaMgKy/ TMnij goods (held) in bond rkSaTukbuKÁlik/ kar ¬kMueGayeKecjBIGgÁPaB¦ retention of staff rkSasiT§i copyright

rgVan; n. reward, award, ~ mkBIeRkA extrinsic reward, pþl; ~ v. reward

rgVas; measuring tools, measure

rcnatak;Etg v. design, kar ~ n. design

rcnasm<½n§ structure, ~ cat;taMg organisational structure, ~ nItibBaØtþi legislative structure, ~ sßab½nFnaKar structure of banking institutions rcnasm<½n§RKYsarsñÚl ¬«BukmþaynigkUn¦ nuclear-family structure rc¢³stV¼BBYkstV fauna

rC¢eTyücMNUl excise tax revenues

rdUv season, tam ~ seasonal

rdUvkal/ tam rW manlkçN³rdUvkal adj. seasonal rdUvs¶b;skmµPaB ¬]> rdUvlk;TMnijminsUvdac;¦ dead season


181

rdæEdlKitKUreRcInBIkargarsgÁmkic© welfare state rdæFmµnuBaØ constitution

rdæ)al administration, cMNay ~

administrative expenses, GgÁPaBesdækic© ~ administrative-economic entity rdæ)alsaFarN³ public administration

rdæpþac;mux national monopoly

rdæshRKin corporate state

rdæGMNac ¬m> GaCJaFr¦ authority

rdæaPi)alm©as;pÞH host government

rdæaPi)alsMrab;RKb;RKgbeNþaHGasnñ caretaker government rtnvtßú 1. jewels, jewelry, precious stones 2. cash, liquid assets rtnakr n. treasurer

rtnaKar treasury, b½NÑ ~ treasury bill (short term: less than one year) or treasury bond (long term) rtnaKarCati State Treasury

rt;Bn§ v. smuggle, kar ~ smuggling, Gñk ~ smuggler rt;Bn§/ TMnij smuggled goods, contraband rbkKMehIj finding

rbb regime, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial regime

rbs;xUcKuNPaB spoilage

rbs;Fana surety

rbs;)anBIkarRbmUl ¬BIGKÁIP½y/ navalic>>>¦ salvage rbs;Gt;RbeyaCn_ useless thing, junk

rbs;eGtcay scraps, junk

r)ab; ¬karrab;¦ census

r)ay n. distribution, ~ KMrUtag distribution

of sample, ~ vismFn unequal wealth distribution r)aykarN_ report, statement, account, ~

KNnI statement of account, ~ RbcaM Ex¼ qñaM monthly/annual report, ~ Tij¼lk;TMnij

account purchases/sales, ~ FnaKar bank

statement, ~ erITMnij cargo outturn

report, ~ sþIBIRbeTs country report

rbYs n. ¬pøÚvkay rW pøÚvcitþ¦ trauma

rebog corridor, ~ esdækic© economic corridor rebob mode

rebobcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK single entry (accounting) rebobrbbminl¥ malpractice

rebobrs;enA lifestyle

rebobvar³ agenda

r)aMg barrier, ~ Bn§Ky customs/tariff

barrier, ~ minEmnBn§Ky non-tariff

barriers ( NTBs), dkr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ lift trade barrier


182

rmNIydæan resort, kEnøg ~ rW mNÐlkMsanþ resort site ry³eBl period, ~ RbmUlTun)anvij rW ~ Rsg;edIm payback period

ry³eBlxøI short term, kMcI ~ short term loan ry³eBlRtUvsgkMcIvij payback period

ry³eBlRbmUlbMNulCamFüm average collection period (ACP) ry³eBlmFüm medium-term, kMcI ~ medium-term loan ry³eBlEvg long-term, bMNul ~ long-term liabilities rlUn adj. smooth, dMeNIrkar ~ smooth operation rlUn/ PaB coherence

rlUnKña/ Edl harmonised

rlM v. founder

rs;)an/ PaBGac viability, survivability,

~ xaghirBaØvtßú financial survivability

rs;revIk lively, TIpSarmanskmµPaB ~ lively market rs;revIk/ PaBmin inflexibility

resIb/ bBaða sensitive issue

resIb/ PaB sensitivity

rehadæanIykmµ desertification

ragcal/ krNImin case of recidivism

raCkic© ¬esovePA¦ Official Gazette

rab;bBa©Úl v. include, kar ~ inclusion,

Edl ~ adj. inclusive

raymuxTMnij/ kar description of goods

rIkcMerIn/ kar advancement

rIkduHdaly:agrh½s boom, vis½ykMBug ~ booming sector rIkraldal/ kar ¬TMnas;¦ spread, spreading, escalation rIksay/ kar ¬cMnYn¦ proliferation

rwgkMRBws/ PaB inflexibility

rwtt,itcMNay v. squeeze expenditure

rwbGUs ¬ykRTBü¦ v. confiscate, seize,

kar ~ seizure

rwbGUskmµsiT§iGclnvtßúdak;Fana foreclose a mortgage v. rwbGUsCasm,tþirdæ/ RtUv)an forfeited to the government rWLaTIvIet¼PaBGacERbRbYl relativity

rukrk/ kar exploration, ~ eRbgkat oil exploration rukçCati plant, flora

rukçvb,kmµ silviculture

rukçsaRsþ forestry

ruaMér: chronic, PaBGt;kargareFVIraMuér: chronic unemployment rUb ¬TMnij¦ brand

rUbFatu/ KNenyü physical accounts

rUbPaBTUeTA profile (i.e of a company)


183

rUbvnþ physical, ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ~ physical infrastructure rUbvivtþn_ n. mutation

rUbsBaØa logo

rUbiybdiePaK ¬m> cMNarxñg¦ rUbiybdiePaKI ¬m> carxñg¬Éksar¦/ Gñk¦ rUbiyb½NÑ foreign exchange

rUbiyb½NÑxøaMg hard currency

rUbiymaRta legal tender

rUbiyvtßú currency, ~xøaMg hard currency,

~ exSay soft currency

rUbiyvtßú money, ~ cracr money in

circulation, esdækic© ~ money economy,

pSar ~ money market, ~ elIstulüPaB

monetary overhang, TMnukcitþelI ~

monetary confidence, neya)ay ~ monetary policy rUbiyvtßú rW R)ak;Rkdas fiduciary currency

rUbiyvtßú M1 money M1

rUbiyvtßú¼mUlniFi Gacpþl;eGay)anPøam² money (or funds) at call rUbiyvtßúTijlk;)anedayesrI ¬rdæKµandak;kMhit RtYtRta¦ free currency

rUbiyvtßúTUTat; payment currency, account currency rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2) total liquidity (M2)

rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs; monetary aggregate

rUbiyvtßúniym monetarism

rUbiyvtßúnIykmµ monetarisation, ~ én»nPaB monetarisation of the deficit rUbiyvtßúénkic©snüa currency of the contract

rUbiyvtßúbreTs foreign currency

rUbiyvtßúepSg² quasi-money

rUbiyvtßúminGacbþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦)an inconvertible currency rUbiyvtßúykmkKitKUr currency of account

rUbiyvtßúGacbþÚrykrUbiyvtßúepSg)an convertible currency rUbiyaNtþi bill/letter of exchange

rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar ¬lixitbBa¢aeGayFnaKar ebIkR)ak;¦ bank draft

rUbiyaNtþikMNt;ry³eBlxøI short bill

rUbiyaNtþiEdlRtUv)anbdiesF dishonoured bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþibgðaj sight bill (payable at sight) rUbII adj. tangible/ RTBüskmµ ~ rW RTBü ~ tangible assets rYceTas/ PaB impunity

rYcBn§/ Edl duty-free, TMnijrYcBn§ duty free goods rYcBn§/ eGay v. waive tax

rYbrYmKña adj. united

rYbrYmKña/ kar cohesion

rYm adj. collective, ksidæan ~ collective


184

farm, kmµsiT§i ~ collective ownership

rYmKña ¬karTTYlxusRtUv¦ joint, karTTYl xusRtUv ~ nigerog²xøÜn joint and several liability rYmKñaCaFøúgmYy unified as one

rYmcMENk v. participate

rYmEtmYy unified

rYmviPaKTan v. contribute

rYmsM)ac;/ kar cohesion

erITMnij/ kar unloading of goods

erIb/ kar ¬esdækic©¦ recovery (economy)

erIseGIg/ kar discrimination, ~

kñúgkarkMNt;éfø price discrimination

erIseGIg/ Edlmin non-discriminatory

erOgkþI lawsuit

erobcMtamlMdab; ¬Éksar¦ v. collate

erobcMtMelIg/ kar installation, cMNay pÁMútMelIg installation cost

erobcMeLIgvij/ kar reorganisation

erobcMeLIgvij/ kMcI)an ¬BnüaeBlsg¦ restructured loan erobtamlMdab; v. sort

erobry formal, vis½y ~ formal sector

erobrab;dUcxageRkam/ man undermentioned

erxUbnIykmµ digitalised, esdækic© ~ digitalised economy Er:/ karyk rW GaCIvkmµEr: mining

Er:cMraj; mineral concentrate

érGgÁas v. raise, ~ mUlniFi raise fund

érGgÁasmUlniFi/ kar fund raising

eraKvinicä½y n. diagnosis

eraKsBaØ symptom

eragcRk factory, plant

eragCag workshop

rMkil/ Epnkar rolling plan rMj½r vibration

rMxan/ kar disturbance, ~ edaysMelg noise disturbance rMBwgTuk ¬rW Edl ~¦ expected, R)ak;cMeNj ~

expected profit, eBlevla ~ expected time

rMBwgTuk/ karFøak;cuHmin unexpected fall

rMBwgsmehtupl/ kar rational expectation

rMePIbcitþ/ bMNgTijeday emotional buying motive rMls; depreciation

rMls;fyCalMdab;/ viFI declining balance method of depreciation rMls;bgçM/ viFIKit accelerated depreciation method rMls;bMNul n. amortisation of a debt

rMls;mUlFn capital amortisation

rMls;esµIPaK/ viFI straight-line depreciation method rMlay/ kar ¬Rkumh‘un¦ dissolution, liquidation, winding-up


185

rMlaybBa©ÚlKña/ kar ¬Rkumh‘unBIr rW eRcIn¦ merger

rMlwk/ lixit ¬]> eGaymkbg;Bn§¦ reminder letter rMElkGMNac v. delegate power

rMelaP ¬c,ab;>>¦ v. violate

rMelaPykdI/ kar land encroachment

rMelaPsiTi§CaÉkCn/ kar invasion of privacy

rMelaPesckþITukcitþ/ kar abuse of fiduciary

rMsay v. ¬kgT½B¦ demobilise

raMgxÞb;\T§iBl v. counterbalance

raMgsÞH/ PaB bottleneck

l

lk; v. sell, ~ xat sell at a loss, ~ edjéfø sell at auction, ~ eCO sell on credit

lk; rW sMrab;lk; ¬BaküsresrelIpøakRbkas¦ for sale lk;¼Tij edayTUTat;sgbNþak;/ kar instalment sales credit or instalment plan buying lk;/ kar sale

lk;/ Gñk seller, vendor

lk;eRkamtMél ¬edIm¦ v. sell below cost, undersell lk;eRkayeBlkS½yFn/ RbmUl v. sell up

lk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ kar cash discount

lk;eCO/ kar sale on credit, credit sale

lk;dac;tamkic©snüaRtwmRtUv/ kar firm sale

lk;dac;bMput/ esovePA best seller

lk;dMu/ kar wholesale, éfølk;dMu wholesale price lk;dMu/ Gñk wholesaler

lk;)anéfø ¬elIsFmµta¦/ Edl at a premium

lk;efakCag v. undercut (somebody’s price), undersell lk;bgçÚcéfø/ kar dumping, Bn§Tb;Tl;nwg ~ dumping duty lk;plitplelITIpSar v. market a product

lk;minecj/ Edl unmarketable

lk;ykCasac;R)ak;/ kar cash sale

lk;ykR)ak;Pøam/ kar cash down sale (can be paid in cash or cheque but not credit card) lk;y:aggay/ Gac marketable

lk;ray v. sell retail

lk;ray/ GaCIvkmµ¼BaNiC¢kmµ retail-trade business lk;ray/ Gñk retailer

lk;elITIpSar v. market

lk;LayLúgbegðIysþúk/ kar clearance sale

lk;LayLúgmuneFVIsareBIP½NÐ/ kar ¬edIm,I[ RsLHXøaMg¦ stocktaking sale

lk;eGaysgbNþak;/ kar sale on


186

instalment plan lkçxNÐ clause, ~ énkic©snüa clause of a contract lkçxNÐ condition, ~ eFVIkargar working

condition, ~ begáItkatBVkic© condition

precedent, ~ bBa©b;katBVkic© condition subsequent lkçxNÐ terms, ~ FUrRsal easy terms,

~ énkic©snüa terms of a contract, ~ TUTat; terms of payment, ~ eyag ¬sMrab;epÞógpÞat;¦terms of reference, ~ lk; terms of sale

lkçxNÐ/ PaBman conditionality

lkçxNÐ/ edayman conditional, karTTYl RBm ~ conditional acceptance

lkçxNÐxanmin)an sine qua non condition

lkçxNÐtwgEtg harsh conditions

lkçxNÐTUTat;gayRsYl easy terms of payment lkçxNÐFmµCati natural condition

lkçxNÐmantaMgBImun pre-existing condition lkçxNÐsgGnueRKaH soft repayment terms

lkçxNÐesdækic© economic conditions

lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause lkçxNÐ\NTan credit terms

lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ MFN (Most Favoured Nation clause)

lkçN³TUeTA/ kareFVI[man generalisation

lkçN³vinicä½y criteria, criterion

lkçN³sm,tþi qualification

lkçN³sMKal; feature

lkçnþik³ charter, statute, articles of association (UK), by-laws (US) lT§kmµ acquisition, procurement, eFVI ~ v. acquire lT§kmµBl ¬m> GMNacTij¦ purchasing power lT§pl result, outcome, performance

lT§pl/ karKµan non-performance

lT§pl/ EdlKitBI adj. pragmatic

lT§plkargar/ kareFVIcMNat;fñak; performance rating lT§plrkeXIj finding

lT§PaB/ Edlx<s;hYs prohibitive (i.e price or value) lT§PaBeTAdl; rW pøÚveTAdl; access

lT§PaBeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT seaworthiness

lT§PaB)aneRbIR)as; access

lT§PaBsgbMNul solvency

lT§iRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS liberal democracy and pluralism or liberal multi-party democracy lubbMNul ¬ecjBIbBa¢I¦ v. write off a debt

lak;elom v. conceal, karlak;elom concealment


187

lagluykxVk;/ kar money laundering

lanlan/ mYy one trillion

laPkar remuneration, pþl; ~ v. remunerate lay combine

laycMruHKña heterogeneous

laylkçN_GkSr/ Ca written, in writing

laElgBItMENg/ kar resignation

lixit letter, note, ~ ecj outgoing letter,

~ CUndMNwg advice note, ~ bBa¢ÚnTMnij

dispatch note, ~ \NTan¼ \NBn§ credit/debit note lixitKaMRTRKwHsßansaxa ¬kñúgkarrkx©IR)ak;¦ letter of comfort lixitqøgEdn passport

lixiteqøIyqøgGaCIvkmµ business correspondence lixitCUndMNwgkarRbmUlR)ak; collection advice lixitCUndMNwgbBa¢ÚnTMnij dispatch/shipment/ forwarding advice lixiteCOTukcitþ trust letter

lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;tulakar¦ judicial records lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;b:UlIs¦ copy of the police record lixitEføgsc©a ¬GHGagsc©PaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;¦ affidavit lixitTTYlCMBak; IOU (I owe you)

lixitTarR)ak; debt-collection letter

lixitbTdæan ¬m> bTbBa¢a¦ regulations

lixitbBa¢ak;eKalbMNg letter of intent

lixitbBa¢ak;faKµaneTas letter of non-conviction lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij shipping note

lixitebIkpøÚv laissez-passer

lixitbMNul debenture

lixitbþÚrykR)ak; ¬eBlbgðajFnaKar¦ demand bill/draft lixitRbkas declaration, return, ~ sareBI Bnæ tax declaration/return, ~ sareBIBn§ EdlKµanbMNulBn§RtUvbg; nil return

lixitRbKl;TMnij ¬eGayeTAGtifiCnCamYyKña nwgTMnij¦ delivery note

lixitepÞrsiT§i rW lixitRbKl;siT§i letter/power /warrant of attorney lixitpøas;bþÚr ¬m> rUbiyaNtþi¦ bill of exchange

lixitsYrB½t’man letter of inquiry

lixitGnuBaØat certificate/letter of approval lixitebskkmµ mission letter

lixitGnuBaØat permit, licence, ~ sagsg; building permit, ~ naMecj¼naMcUl

export/import permit, ~ eGayeFIVkar ¬sMrab;CnbreTs¦ work permit

lixitGnuBaØatBITIcat;karKy customs permit


188

lixitGmÉksar covering letter (GB), cover letter (US) lixit\NTan letter of credit, ~ Edl)an TTYlsÁal; acceptance letter of credit

lixit]eTÞsnam ¬GñktMNag¦ designation letter lixitUbkrN_cUlCaPaKI instrument of accession lixitUbkrN_énkarpþl;sc©ab½n instrument of ratification lixitUbkrN_sMrab;Kahk bearer instrument/ paper licTwk adj. inundated, éRB ~ inundated forest lukluy/kar invasion

lubecal v. abolish

lubecal v. cancel, ~ karbBa¢aTij cancel/

withdraw an order, karlubecal cancellation

lubecalkic©snüa rescind v. a contract

lubvij)an/ sar\NTanGac revocable letter of credit luy money, karlagluykxVk; money laundering luyekþA hot money (money moving from one country to another to get best interests...) luyRkdas paper money

lUtlas;/ kar growth, development

lYc\v:an;kñúghag/ kar shoplifting

elIkdak; ¬TMnij¦/ kar handling (goods)

elIkdak;TMnijecjcUlk)a:l;/ kar stevedoring

elIkTwkcitþ/ kar encouragement

elIkTwkcitþ/ eRKÓg¼kar incentive,

~ vinieyaK investment incentive

elIkTwkcitþ/ R)ak; incentive bonus

elIkElg/ kar exemption, waiver, ~ Bn§ tax exemption elIkElgeTas/ kar amnesty

elIkvarkal v. adjourn

elIksÞÜy/ kar enhancement

elIs v. exceed

elIs adj. excess, GIv:an; ~ TMgn; ¬CiHynþehaH¦ excess luggage elIs ¬tMrUvkarplit¦/ smtßPaB ~ overcapacity, excess capacity elIslb;/ PaKeRcIn overwhelming majority

elx/ karecH numeracy

elxna entry (accounting), ~ biTbBa¢I closing entries, ~ pÁúM compound entry,

~ samBaØ simple entry

elxnabRBa©as rW elxnabdiPaK ¬edIm,IlubecalnUv elxnamun¦ contra entry, counterpart entry elxsMKal;pÞal;xøÜn Personal Identification Number (PIN) elxharI messenger

elxGtþsBaØaNbuKÁl Personal


189

Identification Number (PIN) elxaFikar secretary, GKÁ ~ secretary

general, rdæ ~ secretary of state

elxaFikardæan secretariat

elgEl,gTijdUrsnøwkh‘un gamble on the stock exchange élEck v. allocate, FnFanEdl)an ~ allocated resources élEck/ kar allocation, ~ KMrUtag sample

allocation, ~ smamaRt proportional allocation élTuk ¬edayELk¦ v. earmark

elakniti civics

lMdab; order, ~ esdækic©GnþrCatifµI new international economic order (NIEO) lMdab;éf¶Ex/ tam chronological order

lMnwg equilibrium, éfø ~ equilibrium price lMnwg/ PaBKµan disequilibrium

lMenA domicile, ~ edIm domicile of origin, man ~ pøÚvkarenAkm<úCa domiciled in Cambodia lMnaM pattern, ~ vilpøas;bþÚrKña patern of

rotation, ~ esdækic© economic pattern

lM)ak difficult, hard

lMhUr flow

lMhUrKMhukcUl influx

lMhUrcUl inflow, ~ BIbreTs ¬CMnYy/ rUbiyb½NÑ>>>¦ foreign inflows

lMhUrecj outflow

lMhUrelOnecjmUlFn flight of capital

lMhUrsac;R)ak; cash flow, r)aykarN_ ~

cash flow statement, karviPaK ~ cash flow

analysis, ~ viC¢man positive cash flow

lMGit adj. detailed, bTbBa¢a ~ detailed instruction lMeGog bias, \t ~ unbiased, ~ kñúgcMelIy response bias, ~ énkar)a:n;sµan estimation

bias, ~ ykKMrUtag sampling bias

lMeGog/ PaB ¬kñúgkarCYyKaMRT¦ partiality

lMeGog/ min impartial

lHbg; ¬siT§i/ kartv:a>>>¦ give up or waive (right, claim...) lHbg;siT§/ kar waiver

elaHxøÜn/ R)ak; ransom

l,ickic©klminl¥/ Gñklk;Edlman mala fide seller el,Is n. excess

el,Óncracr velocity of circulation,

~ rUbiyvtßú velocity of money

lµm ¬]> minefakminéfø¦ adj. moderate

elµIs ¬c,ab;/ kic©snüa¦ v. infringe, kar ~ infringement elµIs v. contravene

elµIskic©snüa/ kar breach of contract

elµIsc,ab; unlawful, meFüa)ay ~


190

unlawful means elµIsvin½y/ kar breach of discipline

l¥itl¥n; rW briyayy:agl¥itl¥n; elaborate

el¥óg error, ~ kñúgkareRCIsKMrUtag sample

selection error, ~ kñúgkarvas;Evg error in

measurement, ~ b:Hb:UvKña compensating

errors, ~ EpñkTsSnaTan conceptual error,

~ ykKMrUtag sampling error

v

vKÁGnuvtþ workshop

vdþ cycle, ~ énPaBRkIRk cycle of poverty,

~ eronsURtedaydkBiesaFn_ experimental

learning cycle, ~ esdækic© economic cycle

vDÆnPaB progress, ~ smas compound growth vNÑ³ class, ~ sgÁm social class

vNÑ³kNþal ¬rW vNÑ³KhbtI¦ middle class

vNÑ³GPiCn nobility

vtßúFatuedIm raw material

vtßúFatueRbIR)as; consumables

vtßúFana/ edayKµan without security

vtßúniTÞsSn_ feature

vtßúbBa©aM object in pawn, collateral

vtßúpÁt;pÁg; supply, provision

vtßúmantMél valuables

vtßúrwb)an spoils

vb,Fm’ culture, ~ rYceTas culture of impunity v½yekµg/ RbCaCn young people

v:arIy:g; variance (statistics), ~ cMelIy Tak;Tin correlated response variance,

~ cMelIysamBaØ simple response variance vaTb,divaT rW vaTRbtivaT controversy

vaytMél/ kar appraisal, ~ CnbTedayman karcUlrYm participatory rural appraisal (PRA) vaytMél/ kar assessment, ~ PaBRkIRkeday mankarcUlrYm participatory poverty assessment (PPA) vaytMél/ kar evaluation, ~ KMerag\NTan

credit project evaluation, ~ eRkayeBl KMeragcb; ex-post project evaluation, ~

FnFan nigtMrUvkar demand and resource evaluation (DARE) vaytMéleLIgvij v. reassess, kar ~ reassessment, revaluation vaynPNÐ textile, ]sSahkmµ ~ textile industry vaynPNÐ/ TMnij textile, soft goods

vaybenßak v. underrate

vayBn§/ Gñk ¬m> kMNt;Bn§/ Gñk¦ assessor of taxes vaysµan/ kar speculation, ~ suT§saF pure


191

speculation varIvb,kmµ aquaculture

varIGKÁisnI/ sMNg; hydropower construction vas;)an/ PaBGac measurability

vas;EvgPaBmancMeNj/ kar measurement of profitability vikáybRt invoice, bill, ~ kMBugbBa¢Ún bill in

transit, ~ Ky customs invoice, ~ dwk CBa¢Únsrub groupage/grouped bill of

lading, ~ RtUvsg bill payable, ~ RtUvsg enAeBlbgðaj bill at sight, ~ beNþaHGasnñ pro forma invoice, ~ eGayRbmUlR)ak; bill

sent for collection, ~ lk; ¬TMnij¦ sale

invoice, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ commercial invoice

viC¢man/ CBa¢IgTUTat; positive balance of payments viC¢aCIv³ adj. professional, esah‘uy ~

professional fees, karrkSasMgat; ~ professional secrecy viC¢aCIv³esrI liberal profession

viC¢anaTIBlrdæ civics

viC¢asßanCatisßiti National Institute of Statistics (NIS) viBaØabnkmµ/ lixit notarial deed

viBaØabnb½Rt certficate, ~ TMgn; certificate

of weighing, ~ epJIR)ak; certificate of

deposit, ~ RbPBedImTMnij certificate of

origin, ~ bBa¢ak;BIkEnøgEkécñ certificate of

processing, ~ bBa¢ak;KuNPaB certificate

of quality, ~ bBa¢ak;suxPaBl¥ clean bill of

health, ~ BinitüeraKqøg certificate of

quarantine, viBaØabnb½RtGnusidæ certificate of registration vitikmµFnsaFarN³ ¬karekjRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþi saFarN³¦ misappropriation of public funds vitßarkmµ ¬m> BRgIk/ kar¦ expansion vieTsP½NÐ ¬m> TMnijnaMcUl¦ imports viTüal½y high school, Gnu ~ junior high school viTüasaRsþvas;Evgesdækic© econometrics

viTüasaRsþesdækic© economics, applied economics viFan rule, ~ RbugRby½tñ prudential rule

viFankar measure, ~ esdækic© economic

measure, ~ sareBIBn§ fiscal measure

viFankarkarBarplitplkñúgRsuk protectionist measure viFanTUeTA/ tam as a general rule

viFI method, ~ Tajehtupl deductive method viFIedaHRsayBIrpøÚv two-track approach

viFIsaRsþ approach, ~ CYyxøÜnÉg self-help approach viFIsaRsþ methodology


192

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbKuNPaB qualitative method viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbbrimaN quantitative method vinicä½y/ kar judgment

vinieyaK investment, Gñk ~ investor, GaCJa b½NÑ ~ investment licence, ~ saFarN³ public investment, ~ pÞal;BIbreTs foreign direct investment (FDI) vinieyaK rW eFVIvinieyaK invest

vinieyaK/ kardkTunQb; disinvestment

vinieyaKcMruH joint venture

vinieyaKCamUlb½Rt ¬PaKh‘unTaMgGs;rbs; vinieyaKinNamñak;¦ portfolio investment

vinieyaKbnþ v. ¬vinieyaKR)ak;cMeNjeTAkñúg GaCIvkmµvij¦ reinvest, plough back

vinieyaKbnøas; replacement investment

vinieyaKbreTs foreign investment

vinieyaKmansuvtßiPaBx<s; ¬]> b½NÑrtnaKar¦ gilt-edged investments vinieyaKrUbvnþ physical investment (materials, money...) vinieyaKCah‘un/ kar equity investment

vinieyaKeLIgvij v. reinvest

vinieyaKin investor

vinÞPaB ¬m> cMeNj/ PaBman¦ gain vibtiþ crisis, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial crisis, ~

bMNul debt crisis

vi)ak/ EdlCa consequential

vibulPaB prosperity

viPaK/ kar analysis, ~ BIéføedIm cost analysis,

~ eRKaHRbeTs country-risk analysis,

~ m:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomic analysis viPaKcMNaynigplcMeNj/ kar cost-benefit

analysis, ~ xagsgÁmkic© social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA), ~ xagesdækic© economic

cost-benefit analysis (ECBA), ~ hirBaØvtßú financial cost-benefit analysis (FCBA) viPaKTan contribution, ~ CasMPar³ contribution in kind viPaKénevTyitPaB sensitivity analysis

viPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;Kittamry³eBl discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis viPaCn_/ R)ak; financial appropriation/ allocation viPaCn_RKYsar family allowance(s)

vimCÄkar decentralisation, GMNac ~

decentralised power, eFVI ~ decentralise

viercnkmµ ¬m> visuT§ikmµ¦ purge

vivtþn_/ kar evolution, dMeNIkar ~ evolving process vivnkar ¬m> éRBeQI/ karkab;¦ deforestation

vivaT n. dispute, ynþkaredaHRsay ~

dispute settlement mechanism, ~ dIFøI land dispute


193

visC¢na ¬m> karepJIR)ak;ecj¦ remittance

visPaK/ visman heterogenous

vismta disequilibrium

vismFn/ r)ay unequal wealth distribution

vismPaB inequality, ~ énR)ak;cMNUl income inequality vismamaRt disproportionate, ~ cMnYnsac; R)ak; disproportionate amount of cash

vismitPaB incompatibility vishmCÄkar deconcentration

vis½y sector, TUTaMg ~ sectorwide, tam ~

sectoral, kMrit ~ sectoral level

vis½yminTak;TgnwgRKYsar non-household sector visaNU ¬m> vIrus¦ virus

visamBaØ/ sm½yRbCMu extraordinary session

visalPaB scope

visuT§ikmµ purge

viessanumanviFI ¬m> viFITajehtupl¦ deductive method viesaFnkmµ amendment (of a law, contract...) visMBaFesdækic© economic depression

vIedGU video

vIrus virus, ~ kMuBüÚT½r computer virus

vwkvr/ kar upheaval, ~ kñúgsgÁm social upheaval

evKBl ¬m> el,Óncracr¦ evC¢saRsþ adj. medical, CMnYy ~ medical

assistant, GñkCMnYy ~ medical aid, Gñk ~ medic evTyitkmµbBa©úHbBa©Úl/ eFVI v. lobby

evTyitPaB ¬sßiti¦ sensitivity, viPaKén ~ sensitivity analysis evTika forum, platform

Evgq¶ay/ EdlemIleXIj far-sighted

s

skmµ/ ya:g lively

skmµRKb;RKg proactive

skmµeT,Ig/ eFVIeGay v. activate

skmµRbyuT§ proactive

skmµPaB activity, ~ GaCIvkmµ business activity saklPavUbnIykmµesdækic© globalisation of economy

skçIkmµ proof

skçIkmµ/ cMNayman justified expense

skçIb½Rt supporting document (accounting)

skçIb½Rt ¬b½NÑcMNay¦ voucher

skçIb½RtcuHbBa¢I journal voucher

skçIb½Rt\NTan credit slip

skþanuBl n. potential


194

skþanuPaB potentiality

skþanuPUt adj. potential

skþiPUminiym feudalism

skþisiT§i effective, PaB ~ effectiveness

sg ¬karxUcxat¦ v. pay compensation, recompense sgkarR)ak; v. service a debt

sgtambBa¢a v. pay to order

sgtambBa¢a adj. payable to order

sgbNþak;/ kar ¬]> tamEx¦ payment by instalments sgbNþak;/ R)ak; instalment, RbB½n§ ~ instalment system sg)an payable

sgR)ak;CMBak; pay the balance

sgR)ak;CMBak;/ kar back payment

sgR)ak;bNþak;/ kar deferred payments

sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar pay at sight, kar ~ sight payment sgpþac; redeem, ~ bMNul redeem a debt

sgpþac;/ kar redemption, ~ nUvRTBüvinieyaKredemption of investment materials sgvij v. pay back, refund, reimburse,

kar ~ repayment, reimbursement

sgvij/ R)ak; repayment, refund

sgeGayGñkkan; v. & adj. 1. pay to bearer 2. payable to bearer sgát;cuH ¬TIpSar/ GarmµN_/ Qñan;RhVaMgrfynþ >>>¦

v. depress

sgát;F¶n; v. emphasise

sgáat;RkIRk ¬rexkrxak¦ slum, Gñkrs;enAkñúg ~ slum-dwellers

segát v. observe, esckþI ~ observation

segát ¬emIl¦/ kar observation

segçb/ esckþI ¬GtßbT¦ executive summary

segçbsMrab;eKalneya)ay policy brief

sgÁtPaB ¬m> suIKña/ PaB¦ consistency sgÁm society, ~ ksikmµ agrarian society,

~ suIvil civil society

sgÁmCati nation

sgÁmviTüa sociology

sgÁhFn mutual fund

sgÁhsmaKm mutual societies

sRgÁam/ sßanPaBsßitkñúg act of war

s®gÁam/ ehtuekIteLIgeday act of war

s®gÁamraMuér: protracted war

se®gÁaHEpñkmnusSFm’/ kar humanitarian relief

sgS½y/ eday\t undoubted

sc©karP½NÐ ¬m> vtßúbBa©aM¦ collateral, object in pawn sc©FarN_ presumption, ~ énnireTas presumption of innocence

sc©anumti ratification

sc©aRbNiFan oath of allegiance


195

sc©avIkrN_ confession

sCÄtþikr ¬m> suT§¦ net, tMél ~ net cost

sCÄnþik³ intrinsic

sBa¢½y savings, KNnI ~ savings account

sBaØa/ sBaØasMKal; ¬TMnij¦ brand

sBaØaxn§ perception

sBaØaN notion

sBaØab½NÑ bond ( issued by a company

to borrow money), Tinñpl ~ bond yield,

~ rdæaPi)al government bonds

sBaØab½NÑÑ debenture, Gñkkan; ~ debenture holder sBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ commercial mark

sNþab;Fñab; order, ~ saFarN³ public

order, ~ sgÁm social order

sNæan/ éfø shadow price

stüanum½t adj. ¬QrelIkarBitCak;Esþg¦ objective

stVciBa©wm ¬ykpl¦ livestock

stVéRB wildlife, EdnCMrk ~ wildlife sanctuary stVGUsTaj draft animals (US), draught animal (GB) sTÞanuRkm glossary, lexicon

sT§aTan liberality, liberal gift, generosity, gratuity

sT§aluPaB ¬m> gayeCO/ PaB¦ credulity

sniTankmµ rationalisation, ~ m®nþIraCkar rationalisation of civil servants sniTankmµ/ eFVI v. rationalize

sniTanPaB rationality, rationale

sniTanIy ¬m> smehtupl¦ rational snþrRbevsn_ ¬m> cMNakRsuk¦ migration snþiPaB/ karksag peace building

snþisux security, ~ Blkmµ labour security,

~ es,óg food security

snþisuxsgÁm social security, viPaKTan ~ social security contribution snÞna/ kar¼kic© rW snÞnakar conversation

snÞnIyPaB liquidity

snÞsSn_ index

snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer price index (CPI) snÞsSn_britþprNa pss GDP deflator

snÞsSn_ebovtSr_/ kardak; wage indexation

snÞidæPaB understanding, mutual understanding

snÞúHeCOneTAmux momentum

snÞúHCMruj n. impetus

sn§isBaØa treaty

snñidæan/ kar conclusion, inference

snñiFi stock

snñiFikark³ ¬m> snSMR)ak;/ Gñk¦ saver

snñi)at convention


196

snñisIT conference

snñisITkMBUl summit

snµtCamun presumption

snµtikmµ rW karsnµt convention

snüa/ kar promise, pledge

snüacMNay/ kar promise to pay (French: engagement de dépense) snüatamhtßelxa/ kar ¬FnaKar¦ guarantees and commitments under signature (banking) snüalk;Cak;lak;/ kar firm offer

snøwkdac;BIKña/ esovePAFM loose-leaf ledger

snøwkh‘un share, stock

snSM/ R)ak; savings, KNnIsnSM savings account snSM ¬R)ak;¦/ Gñk saver

snSMTukEtm/ kar collection of stamps

snSMsMéc economise

snSMsMéc/ Epnkar thrift plan

snSMsMécfamBl/ kar energy conservation sb,úrsFm’ charity

s½BÞb½Rt ¬katTUrs½BÞ¦ phone card

sPaK ¬m> esµIsac;¦ homogenous

sPapat;Tat; clearing house (banking)

sPaBaNiC¢kmµ chamber of commerce

smkalkmµ synchronisation

smta ¬m> lMnwg¦ equilibrium

smtulü balance, ~ edImRKa¼cugRKa opening/

closing balance, ~ TMnijnigesva balance

on goods and services, ~ enACMBak; outstanding balance, ~ manelx ¬minsUnü¦ open balance, ~ viC¢man¼GviC¢man positive/

negative balance, ~ minTan;TUTat; unpaid

balance, ~ \NTayI¼\Nayik credit/debit balance

smtßkic©/ man competent, GaCJaFr ~ competent authority smtßPaB capacity, kñúg ~ tampøÚvc,ab; in a

legal capacity, ~ plit production

capacity, ~ pÞúk load-carrying capacity,

~ eBjelj full capacity, ~ rkR)ak; earning

capacity, ~ elIs excess capacity

smtßPaB ¬eFVIGVImYy¦ capability

smtßPaB/ kar)at;bg; incapacity

smtßPaB/ man capable, efficient, kmµkr ~ efficient worker smtßPaBxagbBaØa mental ability

smtßPaBsgbMNulrbs;Gñkx©I credit rating

smFm’ equity, mUlniFi ~ equity fund,

~ sgÁm social equity

smFm’/ Kµan unfair

smFm’/ eday equitable

smFm’/ man fair, with equity

smPaKI counterpart


197

smPaB equality, ~ énR)ak;cMNUl incomeequality smmitþ n. comrade

smmUl equivalent, ~ nig equivalent to,

tMél ~ equivalent value

smrmü fair, reasonable, éfø ~ fair/

reasonable price, PaB ~ fairness

smlµm adequate

smlµm/ min inadequate

smRsb adj. appropriate, bec©kviTüa smRsb ~ appropriate technology

smRsb/ min inappropriate, unsuitable

smehtupl adj. rational, karrMBwg ~ rational expectation

sm½yRbCMu session, ~ eBjGgÁ plenary session smaKt partner

smaKm association, ~ dwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas GnþrCati International Air Transport Association (IATA)

smac½y ¬m> bgÁrTuk¦ accumulate

smac½yTun capital accumulation

smaCikbMrug reserve member (of a committee) smaCikPaB membership

smankmµ ¬kareFVIeGayRCYtRCab¦ assimilation

smancitþ sympathy

smaPaK ratio, karviPaK ~ ratio analysis

smaPaKkMeNIncMNUlBn§ eFobnwgkMeNIn plitplCatisrub marginal-tax ratio

smaPaKcMNUleFobnwgTunvinieyaK return on investment ratio

smaPaKplcMeNjeFobcMNay benefit-cost ratio

smaPaKbMNul debt ratio

smaPaKrh½s quick ratio

smaPaKsmlµménTun capital adequacy ratio smamaRt proportion, karélEck ~

proportional allocation, ~ nwg in proportion to

smayat ¬m> kUta¦ smasFatu element

smasPaK component

smasPaB composition

smahrNkmµ integration, ~ ]sSahkmµ integration of industry, ~ bBaÄr vertical

integration, ~ esdækic© economic integration

smitPaB ¬PaBcUlKñacuH¦ compatibility

smiT§ikmµ/ smiT§ipl realisation

smiT§ilT§PaB/ karsikSaBI feasibility study

smIkar equation

smuc©½y collection

smUhPaB collectivity


198

smUhPaB/ Ca collective, sñaéd ~ collective work smUhPavUbnIykmµ collectivisation

sm,Tan concession, ~ éRBeQI forest

concession, ~ éfø price concession

sm,Tan adj. concessional, concessionary

kMcIpþl; ~ concessional loan, lkçxNÐ ~ concessionary terms sm,Tan/ Edlminpþl; non-concessional

sm,Tanik concessionnaire, concession holder sm,rayikTan ¬m> tMélGnaKt¦ future value sm,rivtþn_ ¬m> pøas;bþÚr/ kar¦ change

sm<½n§kar liaison

sm<½n§PaB alliance

smµtikmµ hypothesis

smµamti/ eKalneya)ay orthodox policy

smµúxIkmµ ¬m> RbQmmuxKña/ kar¦ confrontation sresrCaelxkUd v. encode

sresrTak;TgxagCMnYj/ kar business correspondence

srIragÁ/ ksikmµ organic agriculture

srub total, aggregate, tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; ~ aggregate demand/supply

srub gross, plitplkñúgRsuksrub gross domestic product (GDP)

srub total, ~ rYm grand total, ~ rg subtotal svnkmµ audit, auditing, nItiviFI ~ auditing

procedures, GaCJaFr ~ Cati National

Auditing Authority, ~ BIeRkA¼épÞkñúg

external/internal audit, ~ ÉkraCü independent audit svnkr auditor, ~ ÉkraCü independent auditor svnakar hearing

svnakarRbtibkS ¬svnakarEdlKUkþItTl;Kña¦ adversary proceeding

shkmµsiT§i co-ownership, shkmµsiT§ikr co-owner, co-proprietor shkrN_ n. cooperative, BaNiC¢kmµ ~ cooperative trade shkar/ kic© collaboration

shkal rW shsm½y contemporary

shk,d ¬karrYmKMnitk,t;¦ conspiracy

shRkumh‘un cartel

shRKas enterprise, firm, ~ esrI free

enterprise, ~ xñattUc small-scale enterprise

shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm small and medium enterprise (SME) shRKaspÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ public utilities

shRKasrdæ ¬rW shRKassaFarN³¦ state-owned enterprise shRKin entrepreneur


199

shRKinPaB entrepreneurship shcugecaT co-defendant

shCIB trade union (GB), labour union (US) shCIB/ karcUl unionisation

shCIBhtßkr blue-collar union

shCIvin¼smmitþ n. comrade

shFn ¬RkumrdæFøab;enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs¦ commonwealth, shFnrdæÉkraCü commonwealth of independent states shbdiPaK ¬GñkRKb;RKgkarkS½yFnEtgtaMg edaytulakar¦ trustee in bankruptcy

shRbtibtþikar cooperation, eFVI ~ v.

cooperate, EdleFVI ~ cooperative adj.

shRbFan co-chair

shB½T§ spouse

shPaKkmµ/ maRta rW kic©snüacUlh‘un articleof copartnership shPaBRkumh‘un company union shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil co-statute of civil servants

shsm<½n§ correlation

shesvik colleague

sh\NTayk co-creditor

sehtu causal

sakl global

sakvb,kmµ horticulture

saksYr/ kar ¬B½t’man/ éfø>>>¦ inquiry, lixit ~ B½t’man letter of inquiry

saksYrB½t’man v. make enquiries

saxa ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unTaMgGs;¦ branch,

wholly owned subsidiary, ~ enAbreTs overseas branches

saxapþl;hirBaØb,Tan financing arm

saKrsaRsþ oceanography

sagsg;-GaCIvkmµ-epÞr build, operate, transfer (BOT)

sac;jati n. relative

sac;R)ak; cash, CMnYs ~ cash substitute,

~ enAFnaKar cash in bank, ~ bnþicbnþÜc petty cash, ~ bMrug cash reserves, ~ man kñúgéd hard cash

sac;R)ak;kñúg ebLa¼éd cash in hand (GB), cash on hand (US) sac;R)ak;kñúgXøaMg vault cash

sac;R)ak;nigRTBügaybþÚrCasac;R)ak; liquidity

saCafµI/ eFVI ¬m> cMlgtam/ eFVI¦ replicate

saCIvkmµ corporation

saCIvkmµ public company or public limited company (PLC) saFnPaB solvency

saFnIy ¬EdlGacsgbMNul¦ solvent

saFarN³ adj. public, GgÁPaB ~ public


200

entity, vis½y ~ public sector, esckþIRbkas CasaFarN³ ~ public proclamation

saFarN³kar public works

saFarNCn public, general public

saFarNCn/ EdlKitRbeyaCn_ public-spirited

saebkçPaB ¬PaBmanTMnak;TMng¦ relativity

samKÁIPaB solidarity

samBaØ ordinary, h‘un ~ ¬m> h‘unFmµta¦ ordinary share samBaØkmµ/ kareFVI simplification,

~ nItiviFIKy simplification of customs procedures

samyikPaB periodicity

samayik ¬m> tamkalkMNt;/ eTogeBl¦ periodic, timely samIbrivtþ alienator

sar message

sarkarI notary public

sarxøI² short message, note

sarFatu substance

sarFatueqH flammable substance

sarFatubMBul pollutant

sarB½t’man journal

sareBIBn§ adj. fiscal, RTBüskmµ ~ fiscal

asset, »nPaB ~ fiscal deficit, neya)ay ~

fiscal policy, qñaM ~ fiscal year

sareBIP½NÐ inventory, eFVIbBa¢I ~ draw up

an inventory

sareBIP½NÐ/ eFVI v. take stock, kar ~ stocktaking

sareBIP½NÐTMnijsMrab;lk; sales mix

sareBIP½NÐedIm qñaM¼RKa beginning inventory sarPaB/ kar confession

sarmÖ ¬m> RbkYtRbECg/ kar¦ competition

sarvnþ/ Ca essential, TMnij ~ essential goods

sar³sMxan; significance

sareGLicRtUnik/ GuIEml electronic mail or email sar\NTaneTscrN_ traveller’s letter of credit sar\NTanGaclubvij)an revocable letter of credit saracr circular

salRkm ¬tulakar¦ judgment

saldIka ruling (supreme court)

salakb½Rtpþl;TMnij due-card

sala kat;kþI¼CMrHkþI court or lawcourt

salamFümsikSa secondary school,

~ TutiyPUmi higher secondary school,

~ bzmPUmi lower secondary school

sala]T§rN_ apellate court

savta background

sikçasala seminar, workshop

sikSaenAkariyal½y/ kar desk study


201

sikSabg;éfø/ kar tuition class

sikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an/ kar feasibility study

sikSamunkarsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an/ kar pre-feasibility study sikSaEsVgyl;/ kar reconnaissance study

siT§anþ dogma

siT§i right, ~ bdiesFTImYy right of first

refusal, ~ e)aHeqñat voting right, ~ pþac;mux exclusive right siT§i/ Edlman eligible, ~ e)aHeqñat eligible to vote siT§i/ Edlman preferential, \NTaykman siT§iTarbMNulmun preferential creditor

siT§ikan;kab; n. ¬GclnRTBüCYl¦ tenancy

siT§iXat;Tuk lien

siT§icMlg copyright

siT§iqøgkat; ¬dIeK¦ right of way

siT§idkR)ak; ¬siT§isMux©I¦ drawing right,

~ sV½yRbvtþi automatic-drawing right

siT§idkBiess Special Drawing Rights (SDR) siT§iTijPaKh‘un ¬kñúgéføNamYyenAeBlNa mYy¦ naGnaKt share option

siT§iTijmuneK ¬nUvsnøwkh‘unecjpSayfµI EfmeTot¦ preemption

siT§iRbTan proxy

siT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬edIm,IeFVIGaCIvkmµ¦ franchise

siT§ieRbIR)as;dIGñkdéT easement

siT§iPtisnüa ¬siT§iénkic©snüaCYl¦ right to the lease siTi§ls; ¬rbs;kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk¦ equity of redemption siT§ieGayrksIupþac;muxtamEbbbTeK/ karpþl; business format franchising siT§iGMNac authority, power, mandate

siniT§Bl ¬kMlaMgpSarP¢ab;Kña¦ cohesion

sib,kmµ handicraft

sIlFm’ ethics, ~ viC¢aCIv³ ethics

sIlFm’ morality, man ~ l¥ good morality,

~ sgÁm social morality

swkerc/ kar wear and tear, depreciation

suRkitüPaB/ lkçxNÐ idealised condition

suxdumnIykmµ harmonisation

suxdumrmna/ PaB harmony

suxPaB/ karEfTaM health care

suxPaBl¥/ man adj. healthy

suxevTn_RbeTs welfare state

suxumalPaBRKYsar family well-being

suqnÞ³ n. goodwill

suTidiæniym optimism

suTidæi/ kar)a:n;sµan optimistic estimate

suT§ net, karnaMecj ~ net exports

suT§citþ/ eday free will

suBlPaB validity, pþl; ~ validate


202

suPnicä½½y common sense

surieyadI cadastre

suvtßiPaB safety, sMNaj; ~ rWRbB½n§ ~safety net suvtßiPaB/ Kµan unsafe

suvuDÆikmµ ¬m> EklMG/ kar¦ amelioration suivil adj. civil

suIKña/ PaB coherence, consistency

suICMerA/ karvaytMél in-depth evaluation

suIDI vIedGU video CD

suIDIr:m CD-Rom

suaM ¬nwgCMgW¦/ PaB immunity

sUk v. bribe

sUcnakr ¬m> GaMDIkaT½r¦ indicator

sUhVEvr software (computer programme)

sYy rW sYysarGakr royalties

sYrbBa¢ak;sakSIepÞógpÞat;nwgcMelIyeBlmun v. cross-examine esovePAk,Ün manual

esovePAcMNaytUctac petty-cash book

esovePAcMNayR)ak; cash-disbursement book

esovePAcMNUlR)ak; cash-receipt book

esovePAFnaKar bank book

esovePAFM ledger (accounting), general

ledger, ~ Tij purchase ledger, ~ rg subsidiary ledger esovePAbnÞúk ¬sMrab;edjéfø¦ tender terms

and conditions book esovePAbnÞúkénkarvinieyaK book of investment esovePAebLasMéc savings-bank book

esovePAR)ak;beBaØI passbook

esovePA eyag¼RsavRCav reference book

esovePAs White Book

esovePAsgR)ak; cash paid book

se®gÁaH v. rescue, kar ~ n. rescue

se®gÁaH/ kar salvage ( ship or cargos)

se®gÁaHRkumh‘unCYbkarlM)akxaghirBaØvtßú v. bail out se®gÁaHbnÞan; emergency, kMcI ~ emergency

loan, KMerag ~ emergency project, mUlniFi ~ emergency fund viFankar ~ emergency measures esckþIEcg provision (law)

esckþIENnaM instruction, direction

esckþIéføfñÚr dignity

esckþIeTIbelIkeLIg foregoing

esckþIRbkas statement

esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³ public statement/ proclamation esckþIepþIm introduction

esckþIRBag draft

esckþIsMerc decision, kareFVI ~ decision making,

GñkeFVI ~decision maker, ~ tamc,ab; legal

decision, ~RbkbedayKti rational decision


203

esckþIsMerccitþ ¬énGgÁRbCMu¦ resolution

esckIþsMercrbs;GaCJakNþal award

esdækic© economy, ~ kMBugegIbeT,Ig

emerging economies, ~ ggwt black

economy, ~ TIpSar market economy,

~ TIpSarerobry ¬rW ~ niy½tTIpSar ¦ market-

regulated economy, ~ TIpSaresrI free

market economy, ~ neya)ay political

economy, ~ ebIkcMh open economy,

~ eRbIR)ak;kas cash economy, ~ Epnkar planned economy, ~ EpnkarRbmUlpþúM centrally planned economy, ~ maRtdæan economies of scale, ~ mUlFn capitalist

economy, ~ rUbiyvtßú money economy,

~ vimCÄkar decentralised economy

esdækic©/ viTüasaRsþvas;Evg econometrics

esdækic©-sgÁmkic©/ Gegát socio-economic survey

esdækic©ÉkCn/ GgÁPaB private economic entity esdæBaNiC¢kmµ commercial dealing

esdæviTU economist

esNarIy:U scenario

esnaFikar executive body/entity/unit

esnaFikar ¬sßab½n¦ mecanism

esyümanH superiority complex

esrI free, pSar ~ free market, Rbtibtþikar elIpSar ~ open market operations

esrIPaBksagsmaKm freedom of association esrIPaBénBlrdæ civil liberty

esrIPavUbnIykmµ liberalisation, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ liberalisation of trade esvPaB easement

esva service, kic©snüa ~ service contract,

kMér ~ service fees, ]sSahkmµ ~ service

industry, ~ RckecjcUlEtmYy one-stop

service, ~ bnÞab;bnSM ancillary services,

~ bMNul loan service (interest payment),

~ hirBaØvtßú financial services, ~ Gb;rM education service

esvakmµ service

esvakmµTMnij/ RKwHsßan merchandising service establishment ess/ elx odd number

sesIr/ Edl complementary

esuIbGegát v. investigate

esaFnnivtþn_ retirement pension, pension,

mUlniFi ~ pension fund

esah‘uy expense, charge, ~ FnaKar bank charge esah‘uybegáItshRKasdMbUg initial outlay or initial capital outlay

sMxan;CagGVIÉeTot overriding (in text of


204

law) sMgat; confidential

sMécFnFan/ karKitKUr husbanding of resources

sMEdg ¬tY¦ role play

sMedA oriented (orientated)

sMNg ¬karxUcxat/ CMgWcitþ¦ compensation, redress, indemnity sMNg/ eFVI v. indemnify

sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat/ ¬R)ak;¦ damages

sMNl; ¬fvika¦ excess

sMNl; ¬GVIEdlenAsl;¦ remainder

sMNl;/ tMél residual value

sMNak ¬m> KMrUtag¦ sample

sMNUk n. bribe, sIu ~ take a bribe

sMNUmBr demand

sMeNI proposal, ~ KMerag project proposal

sMeNI n. request

sMeNA voucher

sMNMuerOg dossier

sMNMuÉksar/ karksag documentation

sMbkevcx©b; packing, packaging

(accounting), ~ RbmUlvij¼epJITuk returnable

packing, ~ minRbmUlvij non-returnable packing

sMbuRtkMeNIt birth certificate

sMbuRtKaMRT ¬eGaycUleFVIkar¦ testimonial

sMBaF n. pressure, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial

pressure, dak; ~ v. put pressure

sMPar³ material

sMPas/ eFVIsMPas v. interview

sMPasn_muneBlpþl;CMnYy pre-grant interview

sMeyaK/ plitpl synthetic products

sMrg; extract

sMrg;KNnI statement of account,

~ BIFnaKar bank statement

sMrg;GtßbT n. abstract

sMrab; set (e.g. a set of six chairs)

sMruHsMrYl/ kar mediation

sMruHsMrYl/ Gñk mediator

sMrYl/ CYy v. facilitate

sMrYl/ ]bkrN_ facility, ~ sMrab;mUlniFibEnßm

extended fund facility (EFF), ~ sMrab; EktMrUvbEnßm extra-structural adjustment facility (ESAF)

sMrYlkar/ eRKOg¼kEnøg facilities

sMerc final, end, pl ~ end result

sMerc v. decide, KMnUsedImeQIénRbB½n§ ~ decision-tree

sMerc/ eFVI[sMerc v. realise

sMelgeqñat vote

sMelgPaKeRcIn ¬e)aHeqñat¦ majority

sMviFanFn provision reserve (accounting)


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sMviFanvtßú provision (supply)

sMviFanvtßú ¬sMrab;TUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ fund (French: provision) sMGitsMGag/ kar ¬m> visuT§ikmµ¦ purge

saMjúaM complex, PaBsaMjúaM complexity

sÁal;/ TTYlsÁal; v. recognise

s¶ÜtEhg/ tMbn; arid area

sþg;dar ¬KuNPaB¦/ dl; up to standard sþg;dar standard, ~ GnþrCati international

standard, ~ bBa¢a compulsory standard,

~KuNPaB quality standard, ~ RBag draft standard sþg;darmas gold standard, RbB½n§bþÚr R)ak;tam ~ gold standard system sþg;darUbnIykmµ standardisation sþg;Dig standing (bank), FnaKarman ~ l¥ bank of good standing sþarCYsCuleGaydUcedIm/ kar restoration sþarhirBaØvtßúeLIgvij/ kar rehabilitation of finances sþareLIgvij rehabilitate, kar ~ rehabilitation,

KMerag ~ rehabilitation project sþITI interim sþúk inventory, b½NÑ ~ inventory stock card sþúk stock, ~ kñúgéd stock in hand, ~ cas; old stock, ~ eRcIn² stockpile, ~ edImRKa opening stock, ~ RtIFmµCati natural fish

stock, ~ TMnijsMrab;lk; stock in trade, ~

sMrab;Tb;Tl;karERbRbYl buffer stock sþúk/ kar ¬Tukdak;GIv:an;kñúgXøaMg¦ storage sþúk ¬Tuk¦/ kar stocking, stockpiling

sßanPaB status, TIPñak;garRsavRCav ~ Rkumh‘un status-inquiry agency sßanPaBKµansiT§iGMNac/ karRcancUl marginalisation sßanPaBCak;EsþgkMBugman status quo sßanPaBRtUveFVICMerIsd¾Bi)ak dilemma sßanIy station, ~ eKaledA station of

destination, ~ ecjdMeNIr station of origin sßabtükmµ architecture sßab½n institution, agency, ~ rdæ government

agency, ~ saFarN³Rbhak;RbEhl quasi-

public institution, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial

institution, ~ eGayx©IR)ak; lending

institution, ~ \NTan credit institution sßabnik founder sßabnikRkumh‘un company promoter sßabnUbnIykmµ institutionalisation, eFVI ~ institutionalise sßiti statistics sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUbnIykmµ stablilisation,

neya)ay ~ stabilisation policy, ~ rUbiyvtßú


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monetary stabilisation sßirPaB stability, ~ éføkñúgRsuk domestic

price stability, ~ esdækic© economic

stability, ~ m:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomicstability

sßirPaB/ EdlKµan unstable

sÞabsÞg; ¬mti¦ v. canvass

sÞabsÞg;TIpSar v. sound/test the market

sñak;enA/ GRta occupancy rate (hotel) sñaéd work, ~ sil,³ art work

sñÚl core, fvika ~ core budget, mUlniFi ~

core funding, FnFan ~ core resources

esñI v. request

esñI/ esckþI request, enquiry

esñóteBat ¬bEnø¦ baby corn

es,óg foodstuffs, food items

es,ógsMrab;Blkmµ ¬]> GgárBlkmµ¦ food for work s<wkRTwg/ kar stagnation, ~ esdækic© economic stagnation

s<wkRTwgmanGtiprNa/ kar stagflation (stagnation + inflation) sµ½RKcitþ/ karkat;bn§yeday voluntary restriction/limitation

sµúKsµaj complex, PaBsµúKsµaj complexity sµúKsµaj¼saMjúaM/ eFVIeGay v. complicate

esµIKña equal, equivalent

esµIPaB equality, equitable

esµIsac; homogenous

esµIsac;/ PaB homogeneity

esµIsac;/ min heterogenous

esµón clerk

esµaHRtg; bona fide, GñkTij ~ bona fide purchaser esµaHRtg;/ eday in good faith

esµaHsµ½RK/ kar ¬xagneya)ay¦ allegiance (politics)

Rsg;KMrUtag/ kar sample implementation

Rsgakcitþy:agxøaMg/ kar¼esckþI disillusion

RsTab; stratum, mFümPaKén ~ stratum mean RsTab;nIykmµ stratification, ~ dMbUg primary stratification RsTab;Er: n. deposit

Rsbc,ab; lawful

Rsbc,ab;/ min unlawful

RsbCamYy in compliance with

Rsbtamc,ab;/ eFVIeGay v. legalise

RsavRCav v. research, kar ~ n. research,

kar ~ nigGPivDÆn_ research and development (R & D) RsavRCavsMrab;Gnuvtþ/ kar applied research

RsUbcUl/ kar absorption, intake

RsUbyk/ smtßPaB absortive capacity


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RsUv paddy, karkin ~ paddy husking,

~ F¶n; late rice, ~ Rsal early rice, short-season rice eRsacRsB v. irrigate, kar ~ irrigation,

RbB½n§ ~ irrigation system

RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) RsuHRsYl/ kar compromise

søak ¬sMrab;biTelIplitpl¦ label

søab;rs;/ bBaða life or death issue

sV½yRKb;RKg self-managing

sVy½t autonomous, shRKas ~

autonomous enterprise, GgÁPaBesdækic© ~ autonomous economic entity sV½yTMgn; self-weighting

sV½yRTRTg; self-sustaining, self-supporting

sV½yPaB/ sVy½tPaB autonomy, sV½yPaB hirBaØvtßú financial autonomy

sV½yPi)alesdækic© economic autonomy

sV½ysMerc self-determination

sV½yhirBaØb,Tan self-financing

sV½yaFibetyü ¬esdækic©m©as;karxøÜnÉgpÞal; min BwgEp¥kelI karnaMecj-naMcUl rW CMnYyesdækic©¦ autarky (economy)

EsVgrkemIl v. identify

s¥at adj. clean, ynþkarGPivDÆn_ ~ clean development mechanism

s¥ats¥M/ PaB integrity

h

htßkmµ manual labour

htßekaslü craftsmanship

htßelxI signatory

h‘un share, karcUl ~ equity participation

h‘un/ PaKh‘un share, Gñkkan;PaKh‘un shareholder h‘unFmµta ordinary share, equities

h‘unGnueRKaH preference share hak;K½r ¬GñklYceRCotcUlkñúgRbB½n§kMuBüÚT½r GñkdéT¦ hacker

haglk;ray retail outlet

hat;kar/ Gñk trainee (GB), intern (US)

haniP½y exposure (banking), ~ FM large exposure haniP½y risk, karBicarNaBI ~ risk

consideration, ~ rdæaPi)alminGacsgR)ak; sovereign risk, ~ r:ab;rgedaym©as;¬TMnij¦

at owner’s risk, ~ \NTansrub aggregate credit risk hamXat;/ kar prohibition

hamXat;/ Edl adj. prohibitive (i.e by law)

higSa violence

hibexµA ¬begáItedaysMgat;¦ slush fund


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hirBaØb,Tan financing, ~ »nPaB deficit

financing, ~ kñúgRbeTs domestic

financing, ~ FnaKar bank financing

hirBaØb,Tan/ pþl;¼eFVI v. finance

hirBaØvtßú n. finance, KNenyü ~ financial

accounting, ~ saFarN³ public finance,

~ sßab½n institutional finance

hirBaØik n. treasurer

hInmanH inferiority complex

hUtBn§ v. tax, levy

hUr/ kar flow

hYskalkMNt;sg overdue, past-due, kMcI ~ overdue loan, bMNul ~ past-due debt

hYssm½y obsolete, outdated, PaB ~ obsolescence

ehdæarcnasm<½n§ infrastructure

ehtupl rationale

h‘¿uB½T§/ kar embargo, dak;¼elIk karh‘¿uB½T§ esdækic© place/lift an economic embargo

hÁat; ¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBItaragBn§Ky nig BaNiC¢kmµ¦ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) eRhVkg; ¬viTüú¦ frequency

hVIt/ hVÚt ¬rgVas;RbEvg¦ feet, foot

hVIúhVÚ Fifo (first in, first out)

EhSn gene, ksikmµécñ ~ GM agriculture,

karécñ ~ genetic modification, Ekécñ ~

modify a gene, lMdab; ~ genetic

sequence, sMNMu ~ genome, Gaharécñ ~ GM (genetically modified) food

L

Lúgbut ¬GUb½r¦ power boat

LÚt_ batch, elx ~ batch number

LÚt_/ dI plot of land

LÚsuik logic

eLIgcuH ¬éfø¦/ kar fluctuation

eLIgéfø¼tMél/ kar appreciation

eLIgéføvij ¬snøwkh‘un>>> eRkayBI)ancuHéfø¦ rally (price)

eLIgehIycuH up and down

G

Gkmµ adj. passive

GkçranuRkm rW vcnanuRkm dictionary

GKÁ general, GKÁelxaFikar secretary-general GKÁnayk director-general, GKÁnaykrg deputy director-general GKÁaFikar general inspector, ~ rg deputy general inspector GKÁaFikardæan general inspectorate


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GKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµ electrification

Gegát v. & n. survey, Tinñn½y ~ survey

data, Rbtibtþikar ~ survey operation,

el¥óg ~ survey error, ~ eKal benchmark

survey, ~ KMrUtag sample survey, ~ RKYsar household survey, ~ ¬Ca¦mUldæan baseline

survey, ~ dIFøI land survey, ~ TUeTA general

survey, ~ RTg;RTayFM large-scale survey,

~ RbCaCn population survey

Gegát/ GñkcuHeFVI surveyor

GgÁkar organisation, ~ sgÁm social organisation

GgÁkarfñak;eRkam ¬kMritRbCaCn¦ grassroots organisation GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al non-government organisation (NGO) GgÁkarelx organisation chart, flow chart GgÁkarshRbtibtþikaresdækic© nigGPivDÆn_ Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) GgÁkarGcié®nþy_ permanent organ

GgÁkarGnþrCatixagsþg;darUbnIykmµ International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) GgÁecARkm judiciary

GgÁc,ab; nig bTb,BaØtþi body of rules and regulations GgÁFatuBak;kNþalcMlg ¬eGLicRtUnik¦

semiconductor GgÁnItibBaØtþi legislature

GgÁpSM n. aggregate

GgÁPaB unit, entity

GgÁPaB/ kñúg in-house, karbNþúHbNþalPasa ~ in-house language training

GgÁPaBesdækic© economic entity, ~ cMruH mixed economic entity, ~ sVy½t autonomous economic entity GgÁPaBGaCIB firm

GgÁehtu fact

Gclkmµ ¬m> RTBüskmµCab;lab;/ GclnRTBü¦ immovable property Gclkmµ/ eFVI v. immobilise (finance)

GclnRTBü real estate

GclnRTBü ¬dI nig¼rW GaKar¦ immovable

property, real estate/property, TIPñak;gar ~ real-estate agency Gclnvtßú ¬m> GclnRTBü¦ immovable property Gcié®nþy_ permanent, RKwHsßan ~ permanent establishment GciéRnþy_/ lixitbBa¢a standing order

Gcirkal ¬m> ry³eBlxøI¦ short term Gectna adj. involuntary, unintentional Gc©½yTan ¬ekrþ×¦ legacy

Gc©½yTanCaclnvtßú ¬GMeNayclnvtßútamry³ mrtksasn_¦ n. bequest


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Gc©½yTanCaGclnRTBü n. ¬tammrtksasn_¦devise Gc©½yTanlaPI legatee Gc©½yTayk legator GcäinRTBü booty GBaØtb½NÑ/ GBaØtb½Rt bill of lading, ~

edaypÞal; direct bill of lading, ~ rYm omnibus bill of lading

GBaØat unknown (factor, quantity...)

GBaØatb½NÑpøÚvGakas rW b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas¦airway bill GaNaniKmniymEbbfµI neocolonialism GNþÚg well, ~ xYg drilled well, ~ dak;lU ring well GENþt floating, kmµkr ~ temporary worker,

Blkmµ ~ casual labour, GRta ~ floating

rate, GRtabþÚrR)ak; ~ flexible exchange rate

GENþt¼dak;eGayGENþt¼bENþt v. float Gt;kargareFVI/ PaB joblessness Gt;kareFVI adj. unemployed, Gñk ~ n.

unemployed, PaB ~ unemployment

Gt;c,ab;/ Edl ¬Kµanc,ab;RKb;RKg rW KµankareKarB c,ab;¦ lawless GtifiCn customer Gtifita clientele GtibrmanIykmµ maximisation GtiprNa inflation, ktþa ~ inflation factor,

KNenyü ~ inflation accounting, KMlat ~

inflationary gap, ry³eBlman ~ inflationary period GtiprNa/ karbnßy disinflation GtiprNaelatepøaH hyperinflation, galloping inflation GtiprNasnSwm² creeping inflation Gtipl intensive, ksikmµ ~ intensive agriculture GtiBlkmµ labour-intensive, ]sSahkmµ ~ labour-intensive industry Gtierk surplus Gtisuxumelak microcosm GtItPaB seniority, tMelIgfñak;tam ~ promotion by seniority GtItyuT§Cn veteran (soldier) GtulüPaB imbalance Gtþenam½t/ CMerIs subjective choice GtþsBaØaNkmµ identification GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ identity card GtßKahk ¬m> GñkTTYlpl¦ beneficiary, ~

Cayfaehtu contingency beneficiary GtßRbeyaCn_ benefit, ~ pþl;eGaybuKÁlik personnel benefits GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßm ¬pþl;CabEnßmelIebovtSr_¦ fringe benefits, perks (or perquisites) GtßiPaB existence GRta rate, ~ efr fixed rate, ~ Bn§ tax


211

rate, ~ GENþt floating rate GRtakarR)ak; interest rate, ~ carwk nominal

rate of interest, ~ snSM interest rate for savings GRtakarR)ak;rvagFnaKarBaNiC¢enATIRkugLúg Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate) GRtakMeNInRbCaCn population-growth rate

GRtaKaMBarskþisiT§i effective rate of protection (ERP) GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron enrollment rate (school) GRtaecjcUlénBlkr turnover rates of labour GRtacMNUlesdækic© economic rate of return

GRtacMeNj profit margin GRtaéføTIpSarRbcaMéf¶ current-market rate GRtaTajcMNUl rate of return, ~ épÞkñúg internal rate of return (IRR), ~ hirBaØvtßú financial rate of return GRtanikmµPaBFmµCati natural unemployment rate GRtanukUldæan civil status, esovePA ~ civil

status book, sMbuRt ~ certificate of civil status GRtabgVilsþúk ¬kñúg1qñaM¦ stock turnover (ratio) GRtabiT ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eBlbiTRbtibtþikar RbcaMéf¶¦ closing rate GRtabuKÁlikecj ¬BIGgÁPaB¦ labour turnover

GRtabMeBjekAGIGñkdMeNIr ¬tamynþehaH¦ passenger load factor GRtabþÚrR)ak; exchange rate, ~ dl;éd spot

exchange rate, ~ efr fixed exchange

rate, ~ TIpSar parallel market exchange

rate, ~ enAeBlbiT closing rate, ~ pøÚvkar official exchange rate, ~ mFümRbcaMEx

monthly average exchange rate, ~ man kalkMNt; forward exchange rate, ~ man sßirPaB stable exchange rate

GRtabþÚrrUbiyb½NÑepÞógpÞat; ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eFob tamrUbiyvtßúTI3 dUcCa duløar¦ cross rate, exchange cross rate GRtaRbCasaRsþ demographic rate (birth, death...) GRtapøÚvkar official rate

GRtaBn§KyGnueRKaHBiess ¬Tab¦ preferential duty (tariff) GRtamrN³ mortality rate, death rate, ~

kumar infant mortality rate, ~ matuPaB maternal mortality rate GRtaykKMrUtag sampling rate

GRtaGñkmankargareFVI employment rate

Gefr n. variable

GFikarkic© inspection, kMéresva ~ inspection

fee, Rkum ~ inspectorate, viBaØabnb½Rt ~

inspection certificate, ~ TMnijmuneBlpÞúk pre-shipment inspection


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GFikarkic©/ eFVI v. inspect GFibBa¢a ¬bBa¢arbs;ecARkm¦ injunction (judge’s order) GFibtI chairman

GFibetyüPaB sovereignty

Gn;KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ deteriorated (goods)

Gn;fy/ kar ¬KuNPaB/ éfø>>>¦ deterioration

Gn;fy/ PaB backwardness

GnaKti ¬m> minlMeGog/ PaB¦ impartiality GnibuNPaB ¬m> manex©aH/PaB¦imperfection

Gnimitþ ¬m> GaRs½yelI¦ contingent

GnivasCn/ GnivasnCn n. non-resident

GnItiCn n. minor

GnItiCnRbRBwtþelµIs n. delinquent

GnuRkwtü sub-decree

GnuBaØat v. authorise, tMNagmankar ~ rWtMNag mansiT§iRbTan authorised representative

GnuBaØat/ kar¼lixit authorisation, permission GnuBaØatBIelakGñk/ Edl)ankar with your permission/sanction GnubNÐit/ fñak; master’s degree

Gnu)at ratio

Gnub,Tan cession

Gnub,Tanik ¬GñkTTYl RTBüsm,tþi¼karEtgtaMg¼ siT§i¦ assignee, transferee

Gnub,TayI ¬Gñk epÞrRTBüsm,tþi¼eFVIkarEtgtaMg¦

assignor Gnub,vaT abstain

GnuRbFan vice-president, vice-chairman,

deputy chairman, ~ smaKm vice-president

of an association, ~ RkumRbwkSaPi)al vice-chairman of the board of directors GnupléRBeQI forest sub-product, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) GnuB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ commercial attaché

GnuPaB¼\T§iBl/ Edlman influential

Gnum½tc,ab; enact a law

GnurkS supervisor

GnuelameTAtam/ eday in accordance with

Gnuvtþ/ dak; v. apply

Gnuvtþ/ TIPñak;gar implementing agency

Gnuvtþn_/ karmin non-implementation, non-performance

Gnuvtþn_c,ab;/ kar implementation of a law

Gnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg/ kar practice

GnuviTüal½y junior high school

Gnuvis½y/ kMrit subsectoral level

GnusBaØa convention

Gnusasn_ recommendation

GnusiT§i/ lixit¼kBa©b; registered letter/parcel

GnusiT§i/ sar\NTan confirmed letter of credit

GnusSarN³ memorandum, ~ RBmeRBog memorandum of understanding (MOU)


213

GnusSarN³begIátRkumh‘un rW lkçnþik³Rkumh‘un memorandum of association (GB) or articles of incorporation (US) GnusSarN³sþIBIeKalneya)ayesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú MEFP (Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policy: for the IMF) GnueRKaH adj. favourable, concessional, concessionary GnueRKaH/ kar favor, GnueRKaHniym favouritism GnueRKaHBn§/ kar tax relief

Gnþrkmµ interaction

GnþrkarI adj. intermediary, KMerag ~

intermediary project, TMnij ~ intermediate goods GnþrkarI n. intermediary, middleman

GnþrkarIkmµ intermediation, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial intermediation Gnþrkal transitional, ry³eBl ~ transitional

period, viFankar ~ transitional measures,

esdækic© ~ transitional economy

GnþrFnaKar inter-bank, RbB½n§TUTat; ~ inter-bank settlement system Gnþrb,BaØtþi transitional provision (law)

Gnþrvis½y inter-sectoral

Gnþrskmµ interactive

Gnþray damage, ~ edaysarTwksmuRT damaged by seawater GnÞak;Cavdþ rW GnÞak;vilvg; ¬Gt;Rckecj¦ vicious cycle

GbNsBaØa deal

Gb;rMkMritbzm/ kar primary education

Gb;rMbec©keTs/ kar technical education

Gb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM/ kar nine years basic education

Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña education for all

Gbhar n. ¬karcuHéfø¦ discount, GRta ~

discount rate, ~ eKal basic discount

GbharrUbiyaNtþi/ eFVI v. ¬lk;rUbiyaNtþi eGayFnaKar¦ discount a bill

Gbharit n. ¬R)ak;cuHéføeGay¦ discount

Gb,PaK ¬m> PaKtic¦ minority

Gb,brma/ éfø floor price

Gb,brmaPavUbnIykmµ minimisation

Gb,ha margin, mark-up, ~ dul gross

margin, ~ suT§ net margin

GRbtibtiþPaBBaNiC©kmµ commercial impracticability GRbsiT§PaB inefficiency

GBaNiC¢/ FnaKar non-commercial bank

GBÖnþrjaN intuition

GBüaRkwtniym neutralism

GBüaRkwtPavUbnIykmµ/ GBüaRkwtkmµ neutralisation (of a country) GP½yÉksiT§i immunity, ~ karTUt diplomatic immunity


214

GP½yÉksiT§irdæ sovereign immunity

GPi)alkic© governance, ~ mUldæan local governance GPirkS/ kar conservation, ~ FmµCati conservation of nature, ~ dI soil

conservation, GPirkS adj. conservative

GPirkSBUCRtI/ kEnøg fish sanctuary

GPivDÆn_/ kar development, CMnYy ~

development aid, KMerag ~ development

project, yuT§saRsþ ~ development strategies GPivDÆn_xusTMng/ kar mal-development

GmevC¢saRsþ paramedical, Gñk ~ paramedic GyutPaB ¬m> vismPaB¦ inequality GyutiþFm’ injustice

Gyükar ¬PaKIedImecaTkñúgerOgRBhµTNÐ¦ prosecution Gyükar/ GgÁkar Department of Public Prosecution

GrUbI intangible, RTBü ~ intangible assets

GrUbIykmµ/ eFVI v. abstract

GvDÆnPaB stagnation

Gvsankfa n. ¬PaKbBa©b;énr)aykarN_¦ conclusion

Gvsanb,BaØtþi final provision (law)

GviC¢man negative, GviC¢mankmµ negation

GevTyitPaB insensitivity

Gskmµ inactive

GsT§a ¬m> KMnitevocevr¦ bad faith

GsmtßPaB incapacity, incompetence

Gs;BIsþúk/ PaB stockout

Gs;esah‘uyeRcIn/ Edl onerous

GsaFPaB ¬m> minGacsgbMNul)an/ PaB¦ insolvency GsIlFm’ immoral

GhrN-nIhrN import-export

GehtuP½y panic, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial panic

Gakb,kiriya behaviour

GakrBiesselITMnijnigesvamYycMnYn ¬rI Gakr Biess¦ excise tax or excise duty

GakrelItMélbEnßm ¬Gtb¦ value added tax (VAT) or output tax

GaKar nigdICitGaKar ¬kmµsiT§ikrEtmYy¦ premises

Gag ¬TenøemKgÁ¦ basin (e.g. of Mekong River) GacKNna)an computable

GacqabeqH inflammable, TMnij ~ inflammable goods GacTTYlyk)an eligible

GacTsSn_Tay)an adj. predictable

GacbMEbk)an adj. divisible, sar\NTan ~ divisible letter of credit GacpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉgRKb;/ PaB self-sufficiency

GaCIB career


215

GaCIB trade, karcuHéføkñúg ~ ¬edayGñkRbkb rbrdUcKña¦ trade discount/terms, TIsMGag bBa¢ak;xag ~ trade reference

GaCIvkmµ business, ~ CalkçN³RKYsar family

business, ~ QrelIkic©snüa contractual business GaCIvkmµ exploitation, kareFVI ~ FnFan FmµCati exploitation of natural resources

GaCIvkmµ ¬yk¦ fµ quarrying

GaCIvkmµmandMeNIrkar going concern

GaCIvkr businessman/woman

GaCJakNþal referee

GaCJaFr authority, ~ svnkmµCati National Auditing Authority

GaCJanukarI ¬m> tMNagmankarGnuBaØat¦ authorised representative

GaCJab½NÑ n. licence, ~ sMrab;karrukrk ¬eRbg kat¼Er:>>>¦ prospecting licence, man ~ adj. licensed

GaCJayukal statute of limitation

GaCJasala n. bailiff

GaNtþi term, tenure

GaNtþiKahk assignee, proxy, attorney (person appointed to act for another) GaNtþiTayk assignor, principal (in power transfer) GaNtþiebIkR)ak; payment warrant

GaNtþiebIkR)ak;cMNay order for payment

(French: mandat de dépense) GaNab½k financial manager (French:

ordonnateur), ~ edImExS principal

ordonnateur, ~ epÞrsiT§i delegated ordonnateur GaNaBüa)al guardianship, GaCJaFr ~ supervisory authority

GaNaBüa)al ¬Parkic©¦ supervision,

GaCJaFr ~ supervisory authority, eRkam ~

hirBaØvtßú énRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú under the financial supervision of the Ministry of Economy and Finance

GaNaBüa)al ¬mnusS¦ guardian

GaNikCn expatriate (or expat)

GaTiPaB priority, man ~ elI have/take priority over GaTiPavUbnIykmµ prioritisation, eFVI ~ prioritise GanuPaB power, authority, effect, influence GanuPaBKtiyutiþ legal effect

GabNsBaØa ¬m> RBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ kar¦ deal Gab; ¬R)ak;¦ xVH v. short-change

GaBah_BiBah_/ sMbuRt marriage certificate

Gayu age, Rkum ~ age group

Gayukal ¬BIeBlekItdl;søab;¦ lifespan

Gayukal rW mYyGayukal lifetime

GayukaleRbIR)as; ¬énRTBüskmµ¦ useful life (accounting)


216

GayukalmFüm ¬Gayurs;enAmFüm¦ life expectancy

GareQI/ eragcRk saw mill

Gasnñ/ PaB emergency, lkçxNÐ ~ emergency condition Gas½ydæan/ manbBa¢ak; domiciled, rUbiyaNtþi~ domiciled bill of exchange Gas‘an/ tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) GasasUnü/ karcat;TukCa annulment

GaRs½yelI ¬RBwtþikarN_GVImYyEdlGacekIteLIg b¤minekIteLIg¦ contingent

Gahar food, meal Gahar/ TMnijminEmn non-food items

Gaharnigsñak;enAeday\tbg;éfø free board and lodging

Gahar ¬eqA¦ evcx©b;Rsab; convenience food Gaharin importer

GaharUbtßmÖ nutrition

GicSb:UNg;sIuEyl/ kMeNIn exponential growth GuinfWNit internet, salbMerI ~ internet-cafe

GIv:an; goods, item

GuIb:UEtk mortgage

GubTic/ ExSkab optical fiber cable

eGkUeTscrN_ eco-tourism

eGkULÚsuI ecology, tMbn; ~ ecological zone,

lMnwg ~ ecological equilibrium

eGLicRtUnik electronic

eGayx©I v. lend

eGayéfø/kar offer

eGayTeT/ Edl ¬\tKitéfø¦ complementary

eGaybg;Bn§ v. impose taxes

GMNrKuN thank, appreciation

GMNac power

GMNacTij buying/purchasing power,

~ énrUbiyvtßú purchasing power of the currency GMNacniym authoritarianism

GMNacnItibBaØtþi ¬sPa¦ legislative power

GMNacnItiRbtibtþi the executive (government) GMNacbBaØtþi ¬sßab½neRkABIsPa dUcCa RkumRbwkSaXMu>>>¦ legislative power

GMNacRbtibtþi executive power

GMeNay donation, gift

GMeNaypl favourable, lkçxNÐ ~ favourable conditions GMeNaypl/ min unfavourable, FatuGakas ~ unfavourable weather GMeNaypldl; favourable/conducive to

GMeNayhirBaØvtúß grant

GMBkERs paddy plots


217

GMBavnav/ kar appeal

GMeBI ¬l¥ rW GaRkk;¦ deed

GMeBIhigSa rW higSa violence

GMLúgeBl period

GaMgDIkaT½r indicator

GHGag/ kar assertion, claim

Gñkksag¼GñkkMNt; eKalneya)ay policymaker Gñkkan;kab; occupier

Gñkkan;kargar job holder

Gñkkan;mUlb,Tanb½Rt bearer

Gñkkan;hibR)ak; ¬R)ak;tictYc¦ petty-cash custodian

Gñkkan;GaCJab½NÑ licensee

Gñkx©IR)ak;EdlKYreGayTukcitþ credit worthy borrower GñkKaMRT ¬nUvKMnit rW skmµPaB¦ proponent

GñkRKb;RKg manager, PaBCa ~ managership Gñkcat;karrg assistant manager

GñkcUlrYm participant

GñkcUlh‘un capital contributor

GñkcUlh‘unKµankMrit general partner

GñkcUlh‘unmankMrit limited partner (limited liability) Gñkc,ab; lawyer, solicitor

GñkCYl ¬BIeK¦ lessee, renter

GñkCYleGay lessor, person who rents out sth

GñkCMnYj businessman, trader

GñkCMrHbBa¢I liquidator

Gñkdak;RbkassareBIBn§min)anRKb;elIk stopfiler (tax)

Gñkdak;BaküsMu applicant, ~ ebIksar\NTan applicant for a letter of credit GñkdwkCBa¢Ún transporter

GñkdwknaM leader

Gñkzan³x<s; elite

GñkRtUv)ancat;taMgeGayRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi GñkkS½yFn assignee in bankruptcy

GñkRtUv)anFanar:ab;rg n. insured

GñkRtUv)anbg;R)ak;eGay payee

GñkRtYtBinitükarbiTRkumh‘un liquidator

GñkTTYl ¬lixit¦ addressee

GñkTTYlkarEtgtaMg nominee

GñkTTYlkarepÞrsiT§i proxy

GñkTTYlpl beneficiary

GñkTTYlsiT§iRbTan assignee

GñkTTYlsiT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ franchisee

GñkTTYlesaFnnivtþn_ pensioner

GñkTij purchaser, buyer, ~ kñúgkarrMBwg prospective buyer GñkFana surety, guarantor

GñkFanar:ab;rg insurer

GñkeFVIc,ab; legislator

Gñkbg;R)ak; ¬eGayeK¦ payer


218

GñkbegIát founder

Gñkbgðaj presenter

GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ demagogue

GñkbMerI servant

GñkRbKl;siT§i assignor

GñkepJI sender

Gñkpþl;siT§ieGayeRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ franchiser GñkepÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSarmYyedIm,Ieqøót

rkkMér arbitrageur

GñkBüa)aledayclna physical therapist

Gñkminsuxcitþ aggrieved person

Gñk lk;¼epÞrsiT§i eGayeK alienor

GñkrksuIcgkarR)ak; moneylender

GñkrksuIpøÚvePT sex worker

Gñkrukrk ¬Er:>>>¦ prospector

Gñklk; salesman

Gñklk;cl½t travelling salesman

Gñkl,IeQµaH n. celebrity

GñksegátkarN_ observer

Gñksñgmrtktammrtksasn_ legatee

GñkRsavRCav researcher, ~ rg associate

researcher, GñkRsavRCav ¬eBjsiT§i¦ fellow

researcher, ~ Can;x<s; senior researcher

Gñksøab; n. deceased

GñkGnuvtþ ¬RbcaM¦ practitioner

GñkeGayx©I lender, ~ CacugeRkay lender of last resort Gñk]btßmÖ sponsor, patron

GVIepSgeTotenAdEdl ceteris paribus (other things being equal) \NTan n. credit

\NTan/ kMrit credit line, credit limit, credit level \NTankMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ SAC (structural adjustment credit of the IMF)

\NTanKµankalkMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijenAeBl eKTar¦ call loan, call money

\NTanKµandak;vtßúFana open credit ( for good clients of the bank) \NTanCMnYj trade credit ( for enterprises which have trading relationship) \NTaneRtom stand-by credit

\NTanTUTat; payment credit

\NTanbUk credit plus (credit with financial and technical components) \NTanBn§ tax credit

\NTanBIFnaKar/ PaBGacTTYl)an eligibility for bank loans \NTanP¢ab;snüa ¬fvikardæ¦ committed credit (state budget) \NTanelIssmtulü ¬FnaKar¦ overdraft

(banking), GnuBaØat ~ to grant an overdraft \NTanvtßú credit in kind


219

\NTansac;R)ak; cash credit

\NTansMrab;TijTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer credit \NTanÉksar documentary credit

\NTayk n. creditor, credit provider

\NTayI adj. credit

\NeTyü claim, ~ elIrdæaPi)al claim on the government \NeTyüTarmin)an ¬xUc¦ bad debt

\NeTyüBi)akTar bad debt

\NeTyüsgS½y doubtful debt

\NRbtiTan ¬m> éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;¦ date of maturity, due date \NBn§ n. debit,kt;Rtaxag ~ v. debit,

kMNt;ehtu¼Rbkas ~ n. debit memo/ memorandum \Nvnþ debtor, borrower

\Nayik adj. debit, smtulü ~ debit balance

\tex©aH perfect, impeccable

\tcMNg/ CMnYy untied aid

\tQb;Qr/ Edl incessant

\tbg;éfø/ eday free of charge

\tbMNg unintentional, involuntary

\tpøas;bþÚr/ Edl adj. unaltered

\tRBagTuk ¬fvika¦ contingency

\T§iBlénbøg; design effect

\n§n³ fuel

\riyabf attitude

\riyabfesdækic© economic behaviour

\sSrCn dignitary

\sSrPaB dignity

]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm Supreme Council of the Magistracy

]tþmKti ideal

]tþmRbeyaCn_ best interest

]tþmPaB advantage

]tþmPaBRbECg competitive advantage

]tþmPaBeRbobeFob comparative/relative advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFobBinitüeXIj revealed comparative advantage

]tþmsikSa tertiary education/higher education ]tþmanuPaB/ sMelg ¬e)aHeqñat¦ deciding vote, casting vote ]eTÞsnam/ lixit ¬GñktMNag¦ designation letter ]tþrRbeTs ¬RbeTsGñkman¦ north countries

]T§rN_ appeal

]Tüan park, ~ Cati national park

]bkrN_ instrument, ~ TUTat; negotiable

instrument, ~ minGacykeTATUTat;)an non-negotiable instrument ]bkrN_ tool


220

]bkrN_sMrYlBiesssMrab;\n§n³ special oil facility ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;Tb;snñiFi buffer stock facility (BSF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;b:Hb:UvxaghirBaØvtßú compensatory financing facility (CFF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFimrtk trust fund facility (TFF) ]bkarI assistant

]bkarI ¬GñkTMnukbMrug/ Gñkp©úgepþIm¦ benefactor

]btßmÖ/ kar assistance

]btßmÖ/ R)ak; allowance, ~ RKYsar family allowance, alimony

]btßmÖTun/ kar capital assistance

]btßmÖFn subsidy, subvention

]btßmÖFn/ pþl; v. subsidise ]btßmÖBIfvikarrdæ national budget support (for provincial budget) ]bnaykrdæm®nþI deputy prime minister

]bnisS½y propensity

]bnisS½y vocation, man ~ kñúgkar>>> have a vocation for ]bePaK/ eRKOg tool, instrument, utensil,

~ nigeRKOgbriePaK basic necessities ]bsKÁ obstacle, barrier

]bsm<½n§/ fvika supplemental budget

(state)

]bharit/ eFVI brought in (assets as investment) ])aKmn_ ¬kar)anCakmµsiT§inUvvtßúrNb¦ accession

])aeTskmµ ¬m> CMnYs/ kardak;¦ subrogation

])aRs½y ¬siT§irbs;Gñkkan;rUbiyaNtþi kñúgkartamTarsMNgBIGñkeFVIbidæielx¦ recourse ]b,tþiehtu incident

]sSah_ rW ]sSah_Büayam industrious

]sShkmµkat;edr garment indutries

]sSahkmµ industry, ~ FunF¶n; heavy

industry, ~ FunRsal light industry,

~ vtßúFatuedIm primary industry, ~ Ekécñ secondary industry, ~ nisSarNkmµ rW ~ ykEr: extractive industry, ~ esva service industry

]sSahUbnIykmµ industrialisation, RbeTseFVI ~ fµI newly industrialised countries (NICs)

ÉkkmµsiT§i sole proprietorship

ÉkCn private, Rkumh‘un ~ private (or

privately owned) company, vinieyaKin ~ private investor ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ rW ÉkCnnIykmµµ privatization Ékta unit, ~ viPaK unit of analysis, ~ Kit

unit of counting or unit of account, éfø


221

~ unit price/rate

ÉktadMNak;TIBIr second-stage unit (SSU)

ÉktatMbn;cugeRkay ultimate area unit (UAU) ÉktatMélénRkdasR)ak; denomination

Éktalk; ¬)an¦/ cMnYn sales volume

ÉktaykKMrUtagcugeRkay ultimate sampling unit (USU) ÉktaykKMrUtagdMbUg primary sampling unit (PSU) ÉketaPaKI unilateral

ÉktþCn individual

ÉkTKÁkmµ record, bMEbk ~ break the record

ÉkeTs speciality

ÉkeTsnIykmµ specialisation, ~ kargar job specialisation ÉkbuKÁl/ shRKas sole proprietorship

Ékb,harPaB ¬m> Kab;CYn/kar¦ coincidence ÉkPaK/ karcuHbBa¢I single entry bookeeping

ÉkPaB/ kar agreement, concurrence

ÉkPaB/ min v. disagree

ÉkPaB/ lkçN³ uniformity

ÉkPavUbnIykmµ unification

Ékvb,kmµ monoculture

Éksar document, documentation, pþl; ~

RbKl;TMnijeBlbBa¢ak;TTYlRBmCMBak; documents against acceptance (D/A)

Éksartamc,ab; legal document

ÉksarbegáIt ¬Rkumh‘un¦ founding instrument ÉksarBiPakSa ¬r)aykarN_sikSaBIerOgGVImYy¦ working paper ÉksarykTUTat;)an negotiable documents Éksar lHbg;siT§i¼elIkElg waiver n.

ÉksarsMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij cargo document ÉksarGm supporting document (administration)

ÉksiT§i privilege (special benefit)

»kas opportunity, tMél ~ RtUv)at;bg; opportunity cost »nPaB deficit, ~ fvika budget deficit, ~

CBa¢IgTUTat; deficit of the balance of

payments, bMeBj ~ v. meet a deficit

»vaT/ karsþab; obedience

»vaT/ enAeRkam under the auspices (institution)

»sanvaT n. ultimatum

b£sKl; origin

final lexicon ek - cdri · 2019-01-02 · its meaning. the reason the lexicon contains many...

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