final presentation (iwac)

8/3/2019 Final Presentation (Iwac)

1/34

INTRODUCTION TOWORLD ART AND

CULTURE ASSIGNMENT-ROMAN CIVILISATION

BY-

RAHUL

VASWEE

ABHAI

VIDUSHI

AJAY


2/34

Introduction The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the

ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocraticform of government and large territorial holdings in Europeand around the Mediterranean.

The term is used to describe the Roman state during andafter the time of the first emperor, Augustus. This includesfrom about 44 BC to 1453 AD.

The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which preceded it, hadbeen weakened and subverted through several civil wars.

Several events are commonly proposed to mark thetransition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar'sappointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle ofActium (2 September 31 BC), and the Roman Senate'sgranting to Octavian the honorificAugustus (4 January

27 BC).


3/34


4/34

ENGLISH SAYINGS WITH ROMAN REFERENCES

Pyrrhic Victory

It comes from the a quote from King Pyrrhus of Epirus, an enemyof Rome, Another such victory over the Romans and we areundone!

Use it when you win but at a very large cost to yourself or your

team.

Veni, Vidi, Vici

It translates to I came, I saw, I conquered. It is what theRoman general Julius Caesar is supposed to have sent in amessage to the Roman Senate telling them he had swiftly takencare of business at the frontier.

Use it when someone asks you how you did on any test,performance, interview, etc. in which you dominated!


5/34

More English Sayings with Roman References

Ettu, Brute?

It literally translates to And you, Brutus?. It comes from a line inShakespeares Julius Caesar in which Julius Caesar is assassinated in theRoman Senate by senators including his closest friend Brutus.

Use it on your best friend when they backstab you (hopefully not literally).

Crossing the RubiconRoman law forbid any general from bringing a Roman army into themainland of Italy since it would signal a military takeover. The law madethe crossing of the Rubicon River the border not to be crossed.

Use it when you or someone else does something they cant take back, when

they cross the point of no return.

Nero fiddled while Rome burned!

Nero was one of the worst Roman emperor when told that a large fire wasraging in the city, he supposedly shrugged and kept playingmusic.

Use it when you see someone in authority shirking their responsibility.


6/34

ROMAN

CULTURE


7/34

MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION

Is the assimilation of a vastamount of Greekmythology.

The roman mythology isthe combination of the

beliefs, the rituals, and theobservances ofsupernatural occurences bythe ancient Romans fromearly periods untilChristianity finally

completely replaced thenative religions of theRoman Empire.

Temples of ancient romethen called

PANTHEONS.


8/34

Major Gods in Roman mythology

were:

Apollo Greek(Apollo)->god of

music,playing a golden lyre.

Ceres Greek(Demeter)->Goddess

of agriculture, grain, crops,

initiation, civilization and

lawgiver.

Diana Greek(Artemis)->Mother of

Creatures, the Huntress or

Destroyer. Goddess of nature,

fertility and childbirth.

Juno Greek(Hera)->Queen of the

Gods, Protectress of the Romanstate.

Jupiter Greek(Zeus)->

Ruler of the Roman Gods.

JUNO

DIANA

APOLLO


9/34

LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS

The native language of the Romans was Latin,an Italic language .

Its alphabet was based on the Etruscan alphabet,which was in turn based on the Greek alphabets.

While Latin remained the main written languageof the Roman Empire, Greek came to be the

language spoken by the well-educated elite, asmost of the literature studied by Romans waswritten in Greek.

In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, whichlater became the Byzantine Empire, Latin wasnever able to replace Greek, and after the deathof Justinian, Greek became the official language

of the Byzantine government. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin

throughout Europe, and Vulgar Latin evolvedinto dialects in different locations, graduallyshifting into many distinct Romance languages.


10/34

AREAS WHERE ROMANCE LANGUAGES WERE SPOKEN

WHAT CONSTITUTES

THE

ROMANCE LANGUAGES??


11/34

ROMAN LITERATURE

Many Roman works wererecorded and preserved inthe original Latin, includingcomedy, history, rhetoric,

satire and poetry, and thewritten form continued toshape European languageand literature into thepresent day.

Some famous writers were:Ammianus Marcellinus,Appian ,Apuleius , Arrian,Athenaeus ,Caesar.

WORKS OF ATHENAEUS

MODIFIED BY ANOTHER.


12/34

Roman Numerals


13/34

Where are Roman numerals used today?

Superbowl, Wrestlemania, and the Olympics

Names of monarchs, Popes, and regular people (e.g.Robert Smith III)

Outline Notation Movie Copyright Dates

Sundials

Clocks and Watches

Building Construction

World Wars


14/34

ROMAN - ANCIENT ART

Roman painting provides a wide varietyof themes: animals, still life, scenes fromeveryday life, portraits, and somemythological subjects.

During the Hellenistic period, it evokedthe pleasures of the countryside and

represented scenes of shepherds, herds,rustic temples, rural mountainouslandscapes and country houses.Eroticscenes are also relatively common.

Topics included: still lifepaintings,portraits,vistas,genre scenes,

period paintings and frescoes Famous painters were: Leonardo Da

Vinci, Michaelangelo,Sandro Botticelliand Raphael.

Side:RAPHAEL

Bottom:raphaels

work-madonna


15/34

Botticellis Painting

Leonardo Da Vinci

Raphaels Painting

Michaelangelos Fresco


16/34

INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Special importance for the internal space

Integral view of the art combining: Beauty and sumptuosity with

Utility and practical sense

Buildings are integrated in the urban space It is practical and utilitarian

Interest in public works and engeneering

Monumentality

Great technical advances

Colossal to show Roman power

It is commemorative and propagandistic


17/34

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Building systems:

Lintelled: Copied from the Greeks

Spaces are closed by straight lines

Vaulted Taken from the Etrurian

Use of arches

Barrel vaults Use of domes

Strong walls so that they do not use external supports

Materials:LimestoneConcreteMortar

Arches:They used half point or semicircular archesThey could use lintels above these archesPediments were combined with them


18/34

General Characteristics: Building

techniques

Opus incertum Opus testaceum Opus reticulatum

Opus spicatum Mortar in thefoundations Barrel Vault


19/34

General Characteristics

Greek shapes assimilation:

Architectonical orders were used more in a

decorative than in a practical way

Order superposition The use of orders linked to the wall created a

decorative element

They used the classical orders and two

more: Composite

Tuscan


20/34

ROMAN TOWN PLANNING

Cities were the centre of Roman life Need for infrastructures

Water and sewer system

Transport and defence

Public spaces and markets

Psychological effect: power and control

There was a need of linking them through paved roads

The most important part of the city was the forum,where political, economic, administrative, social andreligious activity were centred.

Main buildings were in this forum In big cities there were theatres, circuses, stadiums,

odeons.


21/34

Roman Town Planning

The plan of the city wasbased on the camp

It had two main axes Cardus E-W

Decumanus N-S

Where the two convergedwas theforum

The rest of the space wasdivided into squares inwhich insulae or blocks offlats were built


22/34

Caesar Augustae (Zaragoza) plan
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Mapa_Caesaraugusta.svg


23/34

Ports and Lighthouses

Roman ships and those for commercialtrade should travel from port to port withthe speed and security adequate to thelife of a great Empire.

In these ports every necessity for the

execution of the usual works in a portensemble should be found: gateways with stores and bureaux, shipyards for stationing ships, roads for taking ships to earthly

ground,

drinkable water fountains and machinery for loading and

downloading merchandises. Indeed, a system of indication was

necessary in order to mark the rightaccess and exit to the port.


24/34


25/34

Spectacles: Amphitheatre

It comes from the

fusion of two theatres

It was the place forspectacles with

animals and fights

(gladiators)

There could be filledwith water for naval

battles.


26/34

POLITICAL SCENARIO


27/34

POLITICAL SCENARIO

Roman Law (de jure)

Legal Developments we still use today:

All Laws are written down for all to see. No secret laws.

Civil Law

Contract Law: Cases Dealing with Contract disputes

A claims B broke a contract. Landlord sues to get overdue rent fromtenant. Or, Tenant sues landlord because there is no heat in the apartment.

Tort Law: Cases Dealing with Damages but no Contract

A claims to have been damaged by B though no contract was broken.Example: Car Accident

Criminal Law

Roman Law is still studied by students in law schools today!


28/34

THE PROCESS OF ROMANIZATION

Built to Last: Roman Administration

1 - Militarization/Colonization

2 - Trade, Peace, and Taxation (Render unto Caesar what

is Caesars)

3 - Centralized Bureaucracy (Rules and Laws)

4 - Non-Roman Peoples are Civilized into Roman culturethrough urban centers language, religion, customs,and identity

5Constant Enlargement of the Empires Borders


29/34

MILITARY

ROMAN MILITARY WAS DIVIDED IN THREE PARTS

Legions

AuxilliaNavy


30/34

Legions The basic ancient

Roman army unitrecruitedspecifically fromRoman citizens.

They were typically

composed ofperhaps 60000soldiers.

The legions were apart of the Imperial

army and formed itselite heavy infantry,recruited exclusivelyfrom Romancitizens.

While the auxilia

are not as famousas the legionaries,they were ofmajor importance.

Unlike the

legionaries, theauxilia wererecruited fromamong the non-citizens.

After 25 years ofservice wererewardedwith Romancitizenship, alsoextended to their

sons.

The Roman navy not

only aided in thesupply and transportof the legions, butalso helped in theprotection of thefrontiers in the

rivers Rhine and Danube.

Another of its dutieswas the protection ofthe very important

maritime traderoutes against thethreat of pirates.

Auxillary Navy


31/34


32/34

Although the fall of the Roman

Empire did not happen overnight,many consider its fall the beginning

of the Middle Ages or Dark Ages.


33/34

MAJOR ERAS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY

Classical Era (Greece and Rome) 500 B.C.-600 A.D.

Middle Ages (time of knights and castles)500 A.D. 1500 A.D.

Early Modern Era (time of powerful kingsand exploration) 1500 A.D. 1776 A.D.


34/34

THANK YOU

final presentation (iwac)

Documents