final project aeie

8/6/2019 Final Project Aeie

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A REPORT ON

Thermal power station at

mejia thermal powerstation

BY

Sudeshna Roy

Discipline- A.E.I.E.

Roll-16905062011

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of

EI 683:INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AND EVALUATION.

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGYAEDCONAGAR,HOOGHLY-712121

WEST BENGAL

JULY 2009


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STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE

SUDESHNA ROY, THIRD YEAR, SECOND SEM. ,B.TECH.

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATIONENGINEERING,

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY,

WEST BENGAL.

I hereby state that the INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AND EVALUATION for B.Tech.

degree in Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering in MEJIATHERMAL POWER STATION(M.T.P.S) which is one of the branch ofDAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION is a report done by me to fulfill thepurpose of EI 683 during the month of JULY 2009 at Academy ofTechnology, affiliated to West Bengal University ofTechnology.

SIGNATURE


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project would not have taken shape without the valuableassistance and contributions of a few people who wasted their precioustime in making this project a success. Among them I would speciallymention a few names. Prof. H.Mondal who was the one to suggest meto complete my training at M.T.P.S..He was really never tired with myendless enquiries.

The professors and engineers of the M.T.P.S. supported throughout myefforts.They were really never tired with my endless enquiries.Iwould like to express my heart felt gratitude to the authority ofAcademy Of Technology and M.T.P.S. Management for providing methe rare opportunity to undertake the plant training in one of the mosttechnically advanced and renouned thermal power station in WESTBENGAL.I would like to personally thanking to Prof. P.K.Dubey, TapasSengupta(C & I department),Mr. Baneswar Das,Mr.S.C.Das,Mr. M.C.Deyand last but not the list the Chief Engineer Rupak Kumar Nag.

I also glad to express my best regards and gratitude to all the staffs of

C & I department of M.T.P.S.

Last but not the least,my parents who have always been by me with their whole-hearted

co-operation and patience. I express my gratitude to them. Hereby, I take this opportunity

to acknowledge the help of these people,who have made my project worthwhile.


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PREFACE:-

This report is based on training description of Mejia Thermal Power Station (MTPS).

Mejia Thermal Power Station , 1340 MW thermal power station of Damodar Valley

Corporation consists of 6 units.Among of them 4 units have 210 MW capacities and

other two have 250 MW capacities.

Location:-Bankura district of West Bengal.

Total generation:-6x210 MW.

Auxilliry consumption :-84 MW (for household & generation purpose).

Source of coal B.C.C.I,E.C.L collieries.

Required water consumption 53 cusecs.

Source of water Damodar river.

I have observed the total plant process with great attention on I & C system and on the

basis of observation an direct participation during the training period.This rport is

arranged in the sequence of plant overview,MTPS at a glance, various instruments,DDC and polution control.


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INTRODUCTION:-

Mejia Thermal Power Station , 1210 MW thermal power station of Damodar Valley

Corporation consists of 6 units.Among of them 4 units have 210 MW capacities and

other two have 250 MW capacities.

M.T.P.S AT A GLANCE

1210 MW MTPS is one of the five thermal power station of the D.V.C. situated in the

district of Bankura in the state of W.B. renouned by M.T.P.S.

INSTALLED CAPACITY:-

6x210 MW .

Total energy generation 5.15 NU/year at 70% plant load factor(PLF).Source of water Damodar river.

Source of coal B.C.C.I,E.C.L collieries.Required water consumption 53 cusecs.

Approximate requirement of coal six million per year.

Ash to be disposed 1.30 millions tons/year.

SPECIALLITIES OF THE PROJECT:-

1.Design and engineering by BHEL and DVC.

2.17 km long,1473 mm diameter ,spiral welded MS pipe laid to transport river waterfrom upstream of Durgapur Barrage by 500 kv pump motor set.

3.42 km merry-go-round railway system.

4.220 meter high RCC multi flue stack.

5.Ball tube mills with no mill rejects and minimum maintainance.


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6.Integrated DAS-DDC-PLC system of control.

7.dry type distribution transformer of 1250 KVA capacity.

COAL:-

The station will burn approx 52000 tons of coal a week to be brought from ECL.Bottom

discharge wagons will pass over track hopper having a cycle of three hours which

will be autometically emptied.The coal will be taken through conveyer belts to stock

pile through 2 nos. of stacker cum reclaimers.The capacity of stock yards is approx

165000 tons.Before the coal is burnt in boiler it is pulversied into fine powder by balland tube mills.

BOILER:-

It is a radiant,natural circulation single drum ,balanced draft, dry bottom ,tilting andtangential type coal and oil burners (24).The MCR is 690tons per hour of steam at

the sperheater outlet 155 kg/sq.cm and 540deg C.

TURBINE:-

210 MW turbine supplied by BHEL hardware.The turbine shaft rotates at 3000 rpm and itis a reaction turbine having HP,IP and LP stages.In HP steam enter at 150kg/sq.cm

with 535deg C and the HP exhaust goes to boiler reheater through CRH and reheated

steam enters into the IP double flow turbine through HRH pipes from top and bottom

at 34.8 kg/sq.cm at 535 deg C.The exhaust from IP turbine enters into the LP turbineto cross over pipe. The exhaust from LP turbine enters into the condensor.

COOLING WATER:-

The steam which drives the turbine and dumped into condensor is constantly being

cooled and recycled as boiler feed water.The cooling takes place in condensor where

the steam comes into contact with cold water tubes through which cooling water iscirculating through CW pump.The steam is thus condensed back into water.A

separate circuit of cooling water passes through cooling towers to keep itstemperature low.In cooling tower hot water is sprayed over FRP packings an cooled

by upward draft of air generated by cooling tower fans.There are 14 cooling tower

fans and the tower is approx 170meter long and 19 meter wide.The cold water is

collected in the basin and flows to CW pumps having 4000cu.m volume upto maxwater level of 7.54meter.


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AS H AND DUST:-

Ash from the boiler is sluiced into two sumps:-one bottom ash sump and other fly ash in

the form slurry and pumped out to the ash bundh through basalt line slurry disposalpipes.ESP removes over 99% of the fly ash from the flue gas before they pass out to

the chimney.

UNIT OVERVIEW:-

Each unit has six feed water heaters consists of three LPHS, one deaerator and twoHPHS.Condensate extracting pump (CEP) to the deaerator through a series of

LPHS.The condensate steam is then feed to the BFP to the booster pump which

provides a net positive suction head.The feed water is pump by BFP through HPHSand ECHONOMISER to the boiler drum of the boiler. The deaerating heater

removes the condensable gases from the feed water and heat the water.The removal

of gases is a very important item in high pressure an high temperature boiler.Thegases must be removed continuously and effectively from condensate system to

reduce corrosion. The function of Echonomiser is to pre heat boiler fee water by heat

exchanging with flue gases leaving from the boiler. The water is converted to

saturated steam located at the furnace wall by a series of tubes.The steam is feed intothe super heater to in order to convert it into dry steam(140kg/sq cm and 520 deg C

to 540 deg C).Super heated dry steam is feed into the turbine through the main steam

line.After passing through the HP steam enter at 150kg/sq.cm with 535deg C and the

HP exhaust goes to boiler reheater through CRH and reheated steam enters into theIP double flow turbine through HRH pipes from top and bottom at 34.8 kg/sq.cm at

535 deg C.The exhaust from IP turbine enters into the LP turbine to cross over pipe.The exhaust from LP turbine enters into the condensor. The steam which drives the

turbine and dumped into condensor is constantly being cooled and recycled as boiler

feed water.The cooling takes place in condensor where the steam comes into contact

with cold water tubes through which cooling water is circulating through CWpump.The steam is thus condensed back into water.A separate circuit of cooling

water passes through cooling towers to keep its temperature low.For combustion in

boiler coal and hot air is required.Coal is pulversied in mill and sent to boiler through primary air fan and air is sent through secondary air fan called FD fan.In the

continuous cycle the flue gas came out from the boiler used in air pre heater to makethe cold air hot and to maintain the negative pressure ID fan is used. Thecombination of FD fan and ID fan is used to controlled the pressure and is called

balaced draught. After using the heat of the flue gas ,it pass through ESP to minimise

the ash.Here near about 99% ash are removed and then comes out through thechimney in the air.


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Instrumentation :-

Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control.

An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates variables such as flow,

temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances which canbe as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.

Control instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, Valves, breakers, relays, etc.

These devices are able to change a field parameter, and provide remote and/or automatedcontrol capabilities.

Transmitters are devices which produce an analog signal, usually in the form of a 4-20

mA electrical current signal, although many other options are possible using voltage,

frequency, or pressure. This signal can be used to directly control other instruments, orsent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system or other type of computerized controller, where it

can be interpreted into readable values, or used to control other devices and processes inthe system.

Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field andchanging the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

PRESSURE:-

Pressure is an effect which occurs when aforce is applied on a surface. The symbol of

pressure is P

Formula :-

Mathematically:

P=F/A or P=dF/dA

where:

Conjugate variables

of thermodynamics

Pressure Volume

(Stress) (Strain)

Temperature Entropy

Chem. potential Particle no.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_number


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p is the pressure,Fis the normal force,A is the area.

Pressure is a scalar quantity, and has SI units ofpascals ; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2, and has EES

units ofpsi; 1 psi = 1 lb/in2.

Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to

these boundaries or sections at every point. It is a fundamental parameter in

thermodynamics and it is Pressure measurement

Many techniques have been developed for the measurement ofpressure and vacuum.

Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges orvacuum gauges.

A manometer could also be referring to apressuremeasuring instrument, usually limitedto measuring pressures near to atmospheric. The term manometeris often used to refer

specifically to liquid column hydrostatic instruments

. Membrane-type manometer

A vacuum gauge is used to measure thepressurein a vacuum --- which is further divided

into two subcategories: high and low vacuum (and sometimesultra-high vacuum). Theapplicable pressure range of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums have an

overlap. Hence, by combining several different types of gauge, it is possible to measure

system pressure continuously from 10 mbardown to 10-11 mbar.

Absolute, gauge and differential pressures - zero reference :-

Although pressure is an absolute quantity, everyday pressure measurements, such as for

tire pressure, are usually made relative to ambient air pressure. In other cases

measurements are made relative to a vacuum or to some other ad hoc reference. Whendistinguishing between these zero references, the following terms are used:

Absolute pressure is zero referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to

gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.

Gauge pressure is zero referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal toabsolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted.

Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between two points.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manometer_104026.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manometer_104026.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manometer_104026.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manometer_104026.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)


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BO URDEN TUBE GAUGE:-A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as it expands

due to pressure increase causes a rotationof an arm connected to the tube. In 1849

the Bourdon tube pressure gauge was patented in Franceby Eugene Bourdon.

The pressure sensing element is a closed coiled tube connected to the chamber or pipe in

which pressure is to be sensed. As the gauge pressure increases the tube will tend touncoil, while a reduced gauge pressure will cause the tube to coil more tightly. This

motion is transferred through a linkage to ageartrain connected to an indicating needle.The needle is presented in front of a card face inscribed with the pressure indications

associated with particular needle deflections. In a barometer, the Bourdon tube is sealed

at both ends and the absolute pressure of the ambient atmosphere is sensed. DifferentialBourdon gauges use two Bourdon tubes and a mechanical linkage that compares the

readings.

The transparent cover face of the pictured combination pressure and vacuum gauge has

been removed and the mechanism removed from the case. This particular gauge is a

combination vacuum and pressure gauge used for automotive diagnosis:

Mechanical side with Bourdon tube

the left side of the face, used for measuringmanifold vacuum, is calibrated in

centimetres of mercuryon its inner scale andinches of mercuryon its outer scale.

the right portion of the face is used to measure fuel pump pressure and iscalibrated in fractions of 1 kgf/cmon its inner scale andpounds per square inch

on its outer scale.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_(automotive_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_(automotive_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InHghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InHghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InHghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_centimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_centimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPPressGaugeMech.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bourdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_(automotive_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InHghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_centimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inch


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Diaphragm:-

A pile of pressure capsules with corrugated diaphragms in an aneroidbarograph.

A second type of aneroid gauge uses thedeflection of a flexiblemembranethat separates

regions of different pressure. The amount of deflection is repeatable for known pressures

so the pressure can be determined by using calibration. The deformation of a thindiaphragm is dependent on the difference in pressure between its two faces. The

reference face can be open to atmosphere to measure gauge pressure, open to a second

port to measure differential pressure, or can be sealed against a vacuum or other fixedreference pressure to measure absolute pressure. The deformation can be measured using

mechanical, optical or capacitive techniques. Ceramic and metallic diaphragms are used.

Useful range: above 10-2Torr[5](roughly 1Pa)

For absolute measurements, welded pressure capsules with diaphragms on either side areoften used.

Shape:

Flat

corrugated

flattened tube capsule

Bellows:-

In gauges intended to sense small pressures or pressure differences, or require that an

absolute pressure be measured, the gear train and needle may be driven by an enclosedand sealed bellows chamber, called an aneroid, which means "without liquid". (Early

barometersused a column of liquid such aswateror the liquid metalmercury suspended

by avacuum.) This bellows configuration is used in aneroid barometers (barometers with
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement#cite_note-schoonoverinc-4%23cite_note-schoonoverinc-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement#cite_note-schoonoverinc-4%23cite_note-schoonoverinc-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(pressure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(pressure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barograph_03.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement#cite_note-schoonoverinc-4%23cite_note-schoonoverinc-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(pressure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum


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an indicating needle and dial card),altimeters, altitude recordingbarographs, and the

altitude telemetry instruments used inweather balloonradiosondes. These devices use the

sealed chamber as a reference pressure and are driven by the external pressure. Othersensitive aircraft instruments such asair speed indicators and rate of climb indicators

(variometers) have connections both to the internal part of the aneroid chamber and to an

external enclosing chamber.

Calibration :-

Pressure gauges are either direct- or indirect-reading. Hydrostatic and elastic gauges

measure pressure are directly influenced by force exerted on the surface by incident

particle flux, and are called direct reading gauges. Thermal and ionization gauges readpressure indirectly by measuring a gas property that changes in a predictable manner with

gas density. Indirect measurements are susceptible to more errors than direct

measurements.

Dead weight tester :-

Deadweights are usually used for pressure gauge calibration as they come with high accuarcy,So they can be used as primerystandard (as mentioned before).there are many types ofthem depending on the application and they are operated with oil (hydrulic) or with air(penumatic).

DAMPER:-

.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_balloonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_balloonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosondehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosondehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_indicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_indicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_balloonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosondehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_indicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometer


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A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside aduct,chimney,VAV box,air handler, or other air handling equipment. A damper may be used

to cut off central air conditioning (heating or cooling) to an unused room, or to regulate itfor room-by-room temperature and climate control. Its operation can be manual orautomatic. Manual dampers are turned by a handle on the outside of a duct. Automatic

dampers are used to regulate airflow constantly and are operated byelectric orpneumatic

motors, in turn controlled by a thermostat orbuilding automation system.

In a chimney flue, a damper closes off the flue to keep the weather(andbirdsand otheranimals) out and warm or cool air in. This is usually done in the summer, but also

sometimes in the winter between uses. In some cases, the damper may also be partly

closed to help control the rate of combustion. The damper may be accessible only by

reaching up into the fireplace by hand or with a woodpoker, or sometimes by a lever or

knob that sticks down or out. On a woodburningstove or similar device, it is usually ahandle on the ventduct as in an air conditioning system. Forgetting to open a damper

before beginning a fire can cause serious smokedamage to the interior of a home, if not ahouse fire.

Airfoil :-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_air_volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_air_volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_air_volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke


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Components of the airfoil.

An airfoil (in American English) oraerofoil (in British English) is the shape of a wing orblade (of apropeller,rotororturbine) orsail as seen in cross-section.

An airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluidproduces a force perpendicular to the

motion called lift. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a roundedleading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with asymmetric camber. Foils of

similar function designed with water as the working fluid are calledhydrofoils.

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulkfluidmovement. It can be measured in a

variety of ways Venturi meter

Another method of measurement, known as a venturi meter, is to constrict the flow insome fashion, and measure the differential pressure (using apressure sensor) that results

across the constriction. This method is widely used to measure flow rate in the

transmission of gas throughpipelines, and has been used since Roman Empire times.

O RIFICE METER:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonic_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonic_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire


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Another simple method of measurement uses an orifice plate, which is basically a plate

with a hole through it. It is placed in the flow and constricts the flow.There are

three type of orifice.(1) concentric type (2)Eccentric (3) segmated type.It uses thesameprinciple as theventuri meter in that the differential pressure relates to thevelocity of the fluid flow (Bernoulli's principle).

A Venturi meterconstricts the flow in some fashion, andpressure sensors measure the

differential pressure before and within the constriction. This method is widely used tomeasure flow rate in the transmission of gas throughpipelines, and has been used since

Roman Empire times

The use of orifice plates for the measurement of flow of natural gas is covered by

American Gas Association Report Number 3.

Thermal mass flow meters :-

Thermal mass flow meters generally use combinations of heated elements and

temperature sensors to measure the difference between static and flowing heat transfer to

afluid and infer its flow with a knowledge of the fluid's specific heat and density. Thefluid temperature is also measured and compensated for. If the density and specific heat

characteristics of the fluid are constant, the meter can provide a direct mass flow readout,

and does not need any additional pressure temperature compensation over their specifiedrange.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orifice_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orifice_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gas_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orifice_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gas_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid


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Technological progress allows today to manufacture thermal mass flow meters on a

microscopic scale asMEMSsensors, these flow devices can be used to measure flow

rates in the range of nano litres or micro litres per minute.

Thermal mass flow metertechnology is used for compressed air, nitrogen, helium, argon,

oxygen, natural gas. In fact, most gases can be measured as long as they are fairly cleanand non-corrosive. For more aggressive gasses, the meter may be made out of special

alloys (e.g Hastelloy), and pre-drying the gas also helps to minimize corrosion.

Temperature at the sensors varies depending upon the mass flow

Electromagnetic, ultrasonic and coriolis flow meters :-

Modern innovations in the measurement of flow rate incorporate electronic devices that

can correct for varying pressure and temperature (i.e. density) conditions, non-linearities,

and for the characteristics of the fluid.

Coriolis flow meters ;:-

::

:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastelloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastelloy


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Using theCoriolis effect that causes a laterally vibrating tube to distort, a direct

measurement of mass flow can be obtained in a coriolis flow meter. Furthermore a direct

measure of the density of the fluid is obtained. Coriolis measurement can be veryaccurate irrespective of the type of gas or liquid that is measured; the same measurement

tube can be used forhydrogen gas andbitumen without recalibration.

The use of Coriolis flow meters for the measurement of natural gas flow is covered by the

American Gas Association Report Number 11.

LEVEL MEASUREMENT:-

Pneumatic Displacer Controller Liquid Level MeasurementBasics

The key elements of the Modulevel pneumatic control are

magnetic coupling, which allows the controller to be mechanicallyisolated from the sealed sensing unit; the range spring, whichtranslates the change in buoyancy force to motion of the attraction

ball; and the controller head, which provides a modulatedpneumatic signal in direct proportion to the input from the vertical

motion of the attraction ball.

As the liquid level in the vessel increases or decreases, thebuoyancy force on the displacer increases or decreases. The motioncreated by the change in force acting on the range spring, causes

movement of an attraction ball within an enclosed pressure-boundary tube.

A magnet encircling the tube follows the attractor ball, transferring

the motion to a rotating cam, which in turn operates a flapperagainst a nozzle increasing or decreasing the pressure within thepneumatic relay. The output pressure signal can be used in a

variety of ways to operate a control valve or signal to alarms,indicators, process controls or other devices.

With optional integral control, the pilot nozzle proportional signal isconditioned through an additional metering valve system, which will

eliminate offset from the desired control point.

Electronic Displacer Transmitter Liquid Level Measurement

Basics

Electronic displacer transmitters operate by detecting the change in

buoyancy force caused by liquid level change. These forces act uponthe spring-supported displacer causing vertical motion proportional

to the level change of a core within a linear variable differentialtransformer (LVDT).

As the core position changes with liquid level, voltages are inducedacross the secondary windings of the LVDT. These signals are

processed in the electronic circuitry and used to control the currentin the 4-20 mA current loop. The enclosing tube acts as a static

Pneumatic Modulevel Operating Prin

Electronic Modulevel Operating Prin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_drop_experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gas_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_drop_experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gas_Association


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isolation barrier between the LVDT and the process media.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:-

Thermocouple :-


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Thermocouple plugged to a multimeterdisplaying room temperature in C.

A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage

related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type oftemperaturesensor[1] and can also be used to convert heat into electric power. They are inexpensive[2]

and interchangeable, have standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of

temperatures. The main limitation is accuracy; System errors of less than onekelvin (K)

can be difficult to achieve.

Any circuit made of dissimilar metals will produce a temperature-related potential.

Themocouples for practical measurement of temperature are made of specific alloys,

which in combination have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperatureand voltage. Particular alloys are used for different temperature ranges. Other properties,

such as resistance to corrosion, may also be important when choosing which type of

thermocouple is most appropriate for a given application. Where the measurement pointis far from the measuring instrument, the intermediate connection can be made by

extension wires, which are less costly than the materials used to make the sensor.

Thermocouples are standardized against a reference temperature of 0 degrees Celsius;

practical instruments use electronic methods of cold-junction compensation to adjust forvarying temperature at the instrument terminals. Electronic instruments can also

compensate for the varying characteristics of the thermocouple, and so improve the

precision and accuracy of measurements.

Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry; a few applications would include

temperature measurement forkilns, measurement of exhaust temperature ofgas turbines

ordiesel engines, and many other industrial processes.

Types :-A variety of thermocouples are available for different measuring applications. They areusually selected based on the temperature range and sensitivity needed. Thermocoupleswith low sensitivities (B, R, and S types) have correspondingly lower resolutions. Otherselection criteria include the inertnessof the thermocouple material, and whether or not itis magnetic. The thermocouple types are listed below with the positiveelectrode first,followed by the negative electrode

K Type:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temperature_sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temperature_sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temperature_sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple#cite_note-tcs_html-0%23cite_note-tcs_html-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple#cite_note-tcs_html-0%23cite_note-tcs_html-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple#cite_note-Ramsden2000-1%23cite_note-Ramsden2000-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermocouple0002.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temperature_sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temperature_sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple#cite_note-tcs_html-0%23cite_note-tcs_html-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple#cite_note-Ramsden2000-1%23cite_note-Ramsden2000-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode


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K type thermocouple.

.

Type K (chromelalumel) is the most common general purpose thermocouple. It isinexpensive and available in a wide variety of probes. They are available in the 200 C

to +1350 C range. The type K was specified at a time when metallurgy was less

advanced than it is today and, consequently, characteristics vary considerably betweenexamples. Another potential problem arises in some situations since one of the

constituent metals, nickel, is magnetic. One characteristic of thermocouples made with

magnetic material is that they undergo a deviation in output when the material reaches itsCurie point; this occurs for type K thermocouples at around 150 C. Sensitivity is

approximately 41 V/C.

RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR:-

Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), aretemperaturesensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some

materials with changing temperature. As they are almost invariably made ofplatinum, theyare often called platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs). They are slowly replacing theuse ofthermocouplesin many industrial applications below 600 C, due to higheraccuracy and repeatability[edit]General description

There are two broad categories, "film" and "wire-wound" types.

Film thermometers have a layer of platinum on asubstrate; the layer may be

extremely thin, perhaps one micrometer. Advantages of this type are relatively

low cost and fast response. Such devices have improved in performance althoughthe different expansion rates of the substrate and platinum give "strain gauge"

effects and stability problems.

Wire-wound thermometers can have greater accuracy, especially for wide

temperature ranges. The coil diameter provides a compromise betweenmechanical stability and allowing expansion of the wire to minimize strain and

consequential drift.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resistance_thermometer&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_K_and_type_S.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermocouple0003.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resistance_thermometer&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gauge


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Coil Elements have largely replaced wire wound elements in the industry. This

design allows the wire coil to expand more freely over temperature while stillprovided the necessary support for the coil. This design is similar to that of a

SPRT, the primary standard which ITS-90is based on, while still providing thedurability necessary for an industrial process.

The current international standard which specifies tolerance and the temperature toelectrical resistance relationship for platinum resistance thermometers is IEC 751:1983.

By far the most common devices used in industry have a nominal resistance of 100 ohms

at 0 C, and are called Pt-100 sensors ('Pt' is the symbol for platinum). The sensitivity ofa standard 100 ohm sensor is a nominal 0.385 ohm/C. RTDs with a sensitivity of 0.375

and 0.392 ohm/C are also available.

Function:-

Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability,

accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples usethe Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance

and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies linearly with

temperature.

Resistance thermometers are usually made usingplatinum, because of its linear

resistance-temperature relationship and its chemical inertness. The platinum detecting

wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film issupported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or otherstrains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made

from iron or copper are also used in some applications.

Commercial platinum grades are produced which exhibit a change of resistance of 0.385

ohms/C (European Fundamental Interval) The sensor is usually made to have aresistance of 100 at 0 C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC

60751:1995) . The American Fundamental Interval is 0.392 /C, based on using a purer

grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from theScientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this

standards field.

Resistance thermometers require a smallcurrent to be passed through in order to

determine the resistance. This can cause resistive heating, and manufacturers' limitsshould always be followed along with heat path considerations in design. Care should

also be taken to avoid any strains on the resistance thermometer in its application. Lead

wire resistance should be considered, and adopting three and four wire connections caneliminate connection lead resistance effects from measurements - industrial practice is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITS-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITS-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeatabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebeck_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_path&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITS-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeatabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebeck_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_path&action=edit&redlink=1


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almost universally to use 3-wire connection. 4-wire connection need to be used for

precise application.

Advantages and limitations:-Advantages of platinum resistance thermometers:

High accuracy Low drift

Wide operating range

Suitability for precision applications

Limitations:

RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 C. At temperatures

above 660 C it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent the platinum from

becoming contaminated by impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer.This is why laboratory standard thermometers replace the metal sheath with a

glass construction. At very low temperatures, say below -270 C (or 3 K), due to

the fact that there are very fewphonons, the resistance of an RTD is mainly

determined by impurities andboundary scattering and thus basically independentof temperature. As a result, the sensitivity of the RTD is essentially zero and

therefore not useful.

Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperaturechanges and have a slower response time. However thermistors have a smaller

temperature range and stability

Thermometer :-

A clinical mercury thermometer

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature ortemperature gradient using avariety of different principles; it comes from theGreekroots thermo, heat, and meter, to

measure. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. thebulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature,

plus some means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g. the scale on a

mercury thermometer). Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to provide a

digital display or input to a computer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boundary_scattering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boundary_scattering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)


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PH MEASURING INSTRUMENT:-

Continuous emissions monitoring system :-

CEM systems were historically used as a tool to monitorflue gas foroxygen, carbon

monoxide, and carbon dioxide to provide information forcombustion control in industrialsettings. They are currently used as a means to comply with airemission standards such

as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Acid Rain Program , other

federal emission programs, or state permitted emission standards. Facilities employ theuse of CEMS to continuously collect, record, and report the required emissions data.

HUMIDITY MEASURING INSTRUMENT:-

In thephysical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity

of obtaining and comparingphysical quantities of real-world objects and events.Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the measurement results in

a given number for the relationship between the item under study and the referenced unit

of measurement. Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which define theiruse, are the means by which this translation is made. All measuring instruments are

subject to varying degrees ofinstrument errorand measurement uncertainty.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Rain_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertaintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Rain_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty


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Physicists use a vast range of instruments to perform their measurements. These range

from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron microscopes andparticle

accelerators.Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the development of modernmeasuring instruments.

CONCLUSION:-
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At the end of the training report,provision for a conclusion is not mean for an added

formality, but also for realization that comes normally after going through one month

training from 27.05.2011 to 07.06.2011.After spending this time in MTPS I have realizedthat one month training is not sufficient for me to conceptualized the basic process and to

know about the basic operation principle and featuers of the field instruments in an

organization of esteem like MTPS.In this short period I have tried to cover as much aspossible.Here I got various opportunities to observe conventional and as well as smart,

ultra modern instruments and DCS of different companies.The knowledge which I have

got from the books here I can get the chance to vitualised all those equipments whichmake me surprised which expand my knowledge in practical way.I shall remain thankful

to all those who have extended their heartiest co operation , guidance and help during

training period, spending their valuable time to make me understand the applicaton field

of Instrumentation, Electronics and Mechanical engineering and other technologies atMTPS.The MTPS makes me realize that I am not only an Instrumentation Engineer but

also a Power engineer who should have the knowledge in all fields.

final project aeie

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