final project planning and desing.index 1. survey drafting/drawngs. 2. map scale. 3. method of...
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SURVEY DRAFTING.
Exploitation plan of the Handlová mine for the month of October 2016.
doc. Ing. Hana Staňková, Ph.D
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INDEX1.SURVEY DRAFTING/DRAWNGS. 2.MAP SCALE. 3.METHOD OF MAPPING. 4.CONSTRUCTION MAPS. 5.TACHEOMETRY.
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1-SURVEY DRAFTING Is important to take legitivily, clarance and accuracy to create a
worthy product
Survey drafters Need to know things about survey and methods of measurement Also needs training in mechanical drawing and mathematics
Is important to take awareness of the method to choose the best
Drafters don’t spend time tracing maps. Sometimes Transverse survey Topography notes Reduce cross-section
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2-SURVEY DRAWINGS There are three general categories:
Control maps to reestablish ownership lines Showing elevations and form of the Earth Construction maps to control the location
Most maps have few dimensions so a person must rely on the scale → We will see in next step
Survey drawings Are made to be copied and reproduced There are an infinite variety to copy and reproduce them But depends of the quality you have to choose which is the best
One of the most recent and usefull types os Drawing is CAD
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CAD:Computer assisted drafting
CAD make a revolution in the survey draftings. In CAD you can make a map without mechanical drawing. Nowadays is the most usefull technique to make maps The big companies use this. To use CAD you need some level of training in survey drafter
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2. SURVEY DRAWINGS TRIANGULATION LIFTING METHOD.
Ra/ Representation in three dimensions. b/ Proposed representation of the land.
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LEVEL CURVES
e= Equidistance.
Plot of land on a horizontalplane.
Level Curves: Projection of traces on a common horizontal plane.
Horizon plane N4
Horizon plane N3
Horizon plane N2
Horizon plane N1
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LEVEL CURVE DEFINITION:
It is the trace that the surface of the land marks on a horizontal plane thatintersects it, so we could define it as the continuous line joining points of equalheight or elevation.
If the surface of the terrain is cut or intercepted by different horizontal planes,at different elevations equidistant from each other, an equal number of contourlines will be obtained when projected or superimposed on a common plane.
They will be represent the SURFACE.
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EQUIDISTANCE
DEFINITION:
The vertical or slope distance between two consecutive curves is constant and is called equidistance.
En = Dscale/1000
En= normal equidistance.
Dscale = Denominator of the scale.
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METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LEVEL CURVES.
ANALITIC METHOD.
GRAPHIC METHOD.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LEVEL CURVES.
b/ Soft slope.a/ High slope.
a/ Elevation. b/ Depression.
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3-MAP SCALE The scale is a ratio of the distance on the map to the corresponding on the
ground
Earths’s curvature if it’s small town, we can ignore it → plane
if it’s big we have to consider it → Map
The scale is indicated with numbers or by a graphic
With the scale we can determinate the real distance between 2 points in the map
Multiplying the distance in the map with the inverse of the scale fraction
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3. MAP SCALENUMERICAL
GRAPHIC
TRANSVERSAL
SIZE OF PLANE
REAL SIZE
1. SIZE2. SURFACE3. PROYECTION
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MAP SCALE IN CZECH REPUBLIC
MAP ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
District Maps → 1:10000
Regional Maps → 1:200000
Czech Maps → 1:500000
THEMATIC STATE MAPS
Review of the trigonometrics and densification points → 1:50000
Road map → 1:50000
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PROBLEMATIC SCALES CONDITIONED.
TECHNICAL PLAN
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
GEOGRAPHICAL MAP
GENERAL MAPS
SIZE SCALES
BIG SCALES
MEDIUM SCALES
SMALL SCALES
GENERAL SCALES
ONWARDS
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PROBLEMATIC SCALES CONDITIONED.
SIZE SCALES VISUAL PERCEPTION LEVEL
It is defined as a limit of visual perception at the distance to which two point that are very close thehuman eye confuses them with one.It is usually assumed to be 0,2mm.
PAPER SCALE REAL
That is an uncertainly when observing a map or a plane as well to disguise the error committed in thefunction of the scale.
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4. METHOD OF MAPPING The field method to be used for the lifting and representation of a Surface
depends on multiple factors about which can speak:
Study Area.
Map Scale.
Kind of Surface.
Equidistance of the level curves.
Characteristics and type of Project to be developed.
Equipment Available.
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MOST COMMON METHODS CLASSIC METHOD
Grid method.
Radiation method.
Cross sections method.
PHOTOGRAMETRIC METHOD.
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4-METHOD OF MAPPING There are two classification
maps shown land ownership
maps that show land form
This manuscript must have
High accuracy
Made with hard-grade pencil
Precisely located work
The final map must have this sequence
1. lay out control points and lines
2. plot details
3. compile the topography and other details
4. finish the map with lettering and notes
Another method → SCRIBING : in this process, the lines are photografically transferred to a sheet of drafting film. And using specially scribing tools the drafter scrapes and cuts the coating to reproduce the manuscript.
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DATUM FOR MAPPING
All the maps must have a reference to something to determinate elevations and horizontal positions
In America they use he ‘American Datum of 1983’ but only for state plans
Most states use Lambert projection or Mercator projection
The elevations in the U.S are referred to a vertical datum → North American Vertical Datum of 1988 → determinated by the average of 26 sea level stations
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TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
A topographic map is a representation of a portion of the Earth’s surface
It is drawn by → field survey data
→ aerial photographs
It represents → Boundaries
→ Cities
→ Roads
→ Electric lines
→ Buildings
→ Railroads
→And others
A topographic map without contour line is defined as → Planimetric Map
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5- CONSTRUCTION MAPS A map should be drawn in 3 phases
producing a framework for plotting details
plot all points of known elevation and location
construct contour lines form plotted points
The charectiristics of contours are:
Counterlines spaced closes represent steeper slopes
Counterlines spaced farther represent gentler slopes
Mounds or depressions are portrayed by closed contour lines
Counter lines never cross or merge each other
Contour lines are perpendicular to the direction of the represented slope
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DRAWING CONTOURS BY INTERPOLATION
Interpolation is a procedure to locate contour lines in the correct proportion between two elevate points
There are some ways to do it
Estimated: by mental calculations
Direct calculation: measure the horizontal distance and the correct position for the line
Mechanical interpolation: is an instrument that could change to make the right proportion
Graphic: the interpolation is made with a transparent piece of drafting film.
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5. CONSTRUCTION MAPS PHOTOGRAMMETRY.
Uses photographs to obtain land maps.
These photographs are taken from the planes.
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Basic information about one frame. Mark and model of the camera.
Focal distance.
Spherical level – verticality photo.
Altimeter / Height about level of the sea.
Scale of photography.
Clock.
Automatic counter.
Date of flight.
Flying Company.
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LONGITUDINAL COATING.
Covering.
Two frames.
Three frames.
Four frames.
N frames.
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TRANSVERSAL COATING.
Transversal coating.
One pass.
Two passes.
Three passes.
N passes.
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SCALE CONCEPT OF A PHOTOGRAPH.
Height of the sun.Height of the sun.
Principal point.
Shadow point.
Height of objects.
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STEREOSCOPIC VISION
FLY.
Parallaging.
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STEREOSCOPIC PARALLAGING
Photo 1. Photo 2.
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6. TACHEOMETRY
Tacheometry is a method of measuring both horizontal distance andvertical elevation of a point in the distance, without use ofsohpisticated technology, such as electronic distance measurement(EDM) or satellite transmissions.
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FIXED HAIR METHOD.
This is a method of finding the distance and elevation of staff from the tacheometer.
Different formulas are used in finding distance for different cases.
There are three cases.
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CASE 1: When line of sight is horizontal and staff is heal vertically.
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EXPLANATION:
Now as i,f and d are constants we can write that the total horizontal distance.
i.e D= K . S + C WHERE,
f/i ; K= Multiplying constant.
C= f+ d = Additive constant (here, VERTICAL DISTANCE IS ZERO).
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CASE 2: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held vertically.
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CASE 2: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held vertically.
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CASE 3: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held normal to the line of sight.
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CASE 3: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held normal to the line of sight.
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TANGENTIAL METHOD: No stadia hairs.
Levelling staff with vanes or targets at known distance.
Horizontal and vertical distances are measured bymeasuring the angels of elevation or depression.
There are three cases.
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CASE 1: Both angles of target are angles of elevation.
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CASE 2: Both angles of target are angles of depression.
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CASE 3: One angle is angle of elevation and the other is angle of depression.
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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION