final psychology 101 presentation april 28 2011

8/4/2019 Final Psychology 101 Presentation April 28 2011

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Psychological

Disorders


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Anxiety

Disorders


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What is Anxiety?Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress. If you start to

experience excessive, irrational dread of everydaysituations, it has become a disorder.

Affect about 40 million American adults a year.


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5 Major Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Panic Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)


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Symptoms UnconOverwhelming feelings of panic and fear

trollable obsessive thoughts

Painful, intrusive memories Recurring nightmares

Physical things like feeling sick, tense, heartpounding, easily startled


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Causes Unknown; there is plenty of research, but no

concrete answer. Areas of the brain that control fearresponses could serve a role. Anxiety disorders canrun in families, which means the root could possiblystem from a combination of genes andenvironmental stresses.


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TreatmentAromatherapyCymbaltaEffexor XRKlonopinLexaproPassionflowerProzacPsychotherapy

XanaxZoloft


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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have

persistent, upsetting thoughts (obsessions) and use rituals

(compulsions) to control the anxiety these thoughts

produce. Most of the time, the rituals end up controlling

them.

OCD affects about 2.2 million American adults. It can be

accompanied by eating disorders,other anxiety disorders,

or depression.


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Causes The exact cause(s) of OCD are still unknown. Research suggests

that differences in the brain of those affected may play a role.

Research also suggests that OCD involves problems in

communication between the front part of the brain and deeperstructures. These brain structures use a chemical messenger called

serotonin.

Research shows that OCD does run in families and that genes

likely play a role in the development of the disorder.


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If you have OCD, the warning system in your brain is not working

correctly. Your brain is telling you that you are in danger when you

are not.


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1fz_r6fM7I

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWslbsNM

&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETFQ9fyRP0s&f

eature=related
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TreatmentCitalopram (Celexa)

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

Paroxetine (Paxil)

Sertraline (Zoloft)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001041/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000885/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000955/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001037/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001017/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001017/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001037/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000955/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000885/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001041/


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What is a Mood Disorder?

It is a disturbance in emotional experience that is

strong enough to intrude on everyday living. Video Overview http://youtu.be/IeZCmqePLzM


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Major Depression

Also referred to as major depressive disorder and clinical depression,

it affects how you feel, think and behave. Depression can lead to avariety of emotional and physical problems. You may have troubledoing normal day-to-day activities, and depression may make you feelas if life isn't worth living.

Mania and Bipolar DisorderA disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric

feelings (intense happiness, power, and energy) and periods of depression.


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Biological differences.People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains.

NeurotransmittersThese naturally occurring brain chemicals linked to mood are thought toplay a direct role in depression.

Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or

triggering depression. Hormone changes can result from thyroid problems,menopause and a number of other conditions. In addition, 25-50% ofwomen who take oral contraceptives report symptoms of depression, anddepression occur after the birth of a child is linked to hormonal changes.

Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose biological family membersalso have the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may beinvolved in causing depression.

Life events.Events such as the death or loss of a loved one, financial problems and highstress can trigger depression in some people.

Early childhood trauma.Traumatic events during childhood, such as abuse or loss of a parent, maycause permanent changes in the brain that make you more susceptible todepression.


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Feelings of sadness or unhappinessIrritability or frustration, even over small mattersLoss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

Reduced sex driveInsomnia or excessive sleepingChanges in appetiteAgitation or restlessnessSlowed thinking, speaking or body movementsIndecisiveness, distractibility and decreased concentration

Fatigue, tiredness and loss of energyFeelings of worthlessness or guiltTrouble concentrating, making decisions and remembering thingsFrequent thoughts of death, dying or suicideCrying spellsUnexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches


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PsychotherapyPsychological counseling is another type of depressiontreatment. Psychotherapy is a general term for a way of treating

depression by talking about your condition and related issueswith a mental health provider. Psychotherapy is also known astherapy, talk therapy, counseling or psychosocial therapy.

MedicationsA number of antidepressant medications are available to treatdepression. There are several different types of antidepressants.

Antidepressants are generally categorized by how they affect thenaturally occurring chemicals in your brain to change your mood.


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeZCmqePLzM

http://www.vh1.com/video/misc/629392/is-charie-sheen-

bipolar.jhtml#id=1659368
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S hi h i i f b i di d i hi h


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Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in whichpeople interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia mayresult in some combination of hallucinations, delusionsand disordered thinking and behavior.

Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia isn't splitpersonality or multiple personality. The word

"schizophrenia" does mean "split mind," but it refers to adisruption of the unsual balance of emotions andthinking.


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Symptoms

Positive symptoms

Negative symptoms

Cognitive symptomsAffective symptoms

Suicidal thoughts


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Positive Symptoms Delusions a false belief

Hallucinationsseeing or hearing things that dontexist

Thoughtdisorder difficulty speaking or organizingthoughts, and meaningless words aka word salad

DisorganizedBehaviorchildlike silliness to

unpredictable agitation


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Negative Symptoms Loss of interest in everyday activities

Appearing to lack emotion

Reduced ability to plan or carry out activities Neglect of personal hygiene

Social withdrawal

Loss of motivation


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Cognitive symptoms Involves problems with thought processes. Which

interferes with the ability to perform routine dailytasks.

Problems with making sense of information

Difficulty paying attention

Memory problems


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Affective symptoms Mood swings

Depression

In addition, people with schizophrenia often seeminappropriate and odd, causing others to avoid them,which leads to social isolation.


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Suicidal Thoughts


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auses o

Schizophrenia


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Researchers still do not know what causesschizophrenia but they believe that it is a

combination of genetics and the environment thatcontributes to the development of this disease.

Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brainstructure and central nervous system of peoplewith schizophrenia.


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Risk Factors Having a family history of schizophrenia

Exposure to viruses, toxins, or malnutrition in thewomb

Stressful life circumstances

Older paternal age

Taking psychoactive drugs during adolescence and

young adulthood


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5 Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid

Disorganized

Catatonic Undifferentiated

Residual


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Paranoid type Delusions and hallucinations

This type is relatively stable.

People with this can also display anger, aloofness, andanxiety


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Disorganized type Characterized by speech and behavior that are difficult

to understand.

Inappropriate emotions

Ex: People with disorganized type may laugh at achanging color of traffic light

May also disrupt normal activities like showering and

dressing


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Catatonic Type Characterized by disturbances of movement

People with this may keep themselves completelyimmobile or move all over the place.

They may not say anything for hours or repeatanything you say.

This type is considered high risk because it impairs

their ability to take care of themselves


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Undifferentiated TypeWhen people have symptoms that are not specific

enough to classify.

Symptoms can fluctuate

Difficult to diagnose without any history ofhallucinations and delusions.


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Residual Type Is diagnosed when the patient no longer displays

prominent symptoms. Hallucinations or delusionsmay still be present but their symptoms significantly

diminish compared to their acute phase


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