Final ReportFinal Report

Luisa Kuroiwa Luisa Kuroiwa

National Institute of HealthNational Institute of Health

PeruPeru

((1) 1) Purpose for attending this training Purpose for attending this training coursecourse

To learn new methods of analysis of To learn new methods of analysis of contaminants for Monitoring purposes in contaminants for Monitoring purposes in environmental samples, foods, drinking water, environmental samples, foods, drinking water, that are related to human and public health.that are related to human and public health.

To have a wide point of view from different To have a wide point of view from different perspectives from agricultural and perspectives from agricultural and environmental specialists and more over to environmental specialists and more over to learn how this is used in ecological and learn how this is used in ecological and health risk assessment.health risk assessment.

2) What you have studied mainly on environmental 2) What you have studied mainly on environmental science and technology in this coursescience and technology in this course

The chemical contaminants and their metabolites The chemical contaminants and their metabolites can pollute and persist in the environment for many can pollute and persist in the environment for many years and magnified through the food chain can years and magnified through the food chain can accumulate in living organisms causing adverse accumulate in living organisms causing adverse effects to the healtheffects to the health. .

There are two important conditions for this There are two important conditions for this situation:situation:

1.- The presence of the chemical contaminant1.- The presence of the chemical contaminant

2.- Exposure to these contaminants2.- Exposure to these contaminants

The exposure is controlled The exposure is controlled preventingpreventing the the Environment pollution (regulation of emission, Environment pollution (regulation of emission, effluents, waste disposals) and by effluents, waste disposals) and by MonitoringMonitoring Air, Air, Water quality and Foods.Water quality and Foods.

In order to maintain low the exposure to In order to maintain low the exposure to contaminants, there are many contaminants, there are many Laws, Laws, regulations, Standars and Indicators regulations, Standars and Indicators

(NOEL, LD50, TERs, ADI, MRL,TLV,BEI,HERP (NOEL, LD50, TERs, ADI, MRL,TLV,BEI,HERP index, half life of pesticides in plants, Bio index, half life of pesticides in plants, Bio concentration factor, water quality standards.)concentration factor, water quality standards.)

These index are used in different kind of studies : These index are used in different kind of studies : Toxicological (No Observable Effect Level, Lethal Dose 50) , Toxicological (No Observable Effect Level, Lethal Dose 50) , limit in foods ( Acceptable Daily Intake, Maximum Residue limit in foods ( Acceptable Daily Intake, Maximum Residue Level), occupational health ( Thereshold Limit Value, Level), occupational health ( Thereshold Limit Value, Biological Exposure Index)Biological Exposure Index)

Monitoring of chemical contaminants is Monitoring of chemical contaminants is the tool for scientific verification if they the tool for scientific verification if they are within those levels. are within those levels.

  The chemical contaminants became The chemical contaminants became from agricultural (pesticides), industrial from agricultural (pesticides), industrial (heavy metals, atmospheric pollutants, (heavy metals, atmospheric pollutants, PCBs) and waste (dioxins, PCBs) and waste (dioxins, benzopyrenes) processesbenzopyrenes) processes

Safety assesment must involve safety Safety assesment must involve safety for the farmers workers, for the for the farmers workers, for the consumers and for the environment.consumers and for the environment.

RegulationsRegulations

There are Laws to Control the pollution of Air, There are Laws to Control the pollution of Air, Water, Agricultural land soil; Waste and Public Water, Agricultural land soil; Waste and Public Cleansing , Food Sanitation and Promotion of Cleansing , Food Sanitation and Promotion of effective utilization of resources.effective utilization of resources.

  MonitoringMonitoring

Institutions that makes continuous Monitoring of Institutions that makes continuous Monitoring of contaminants:contaminants:

1.- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Kobe 1.- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Kobe Quarantine Station : Pesticides in Imported FoodQuarantine Station : Pesticides in Imported Food

2.- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and 2.- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences : particles, SO2, CO2, N2O, Environmental Sciences : particles, SO2, CO2, N2O, sulfur , ozone in Air sulfur , ozone in Air

pH, conductivity, ions in River waterpH, conductivity, ions in River water

Dioxins from incinerators.Dioxins from incinerators.

  

Waste Management Oriented to:Waste Management Oriented to:

Reduce the volume of wastesReduce the volume of wastesSolid wastes are separated in domestic, industrial Solid wastes are separated in domestic, industrial and special controlled wastes.The wastes are and special controlled wastes.The wastes are sorted out, the flammable wastes are treated in sorted out, the flammable wastes are treated in Incinerators or Biological decomposition, the Incinerators or Biological decomposition, the emission are controlled and vapor used. Land fields emission are controlled and vapor used. Land fields . . Water Effluents from industries are treatedWater Effluents from industries are treatedRe-cycleRe-cycle tv, refrigerators, computers, washing machines, tv, refrigerators, computers, washing machines, foods, containers and packings, construction foods, containers and packings, construction materialsmaterials

Endocrine Disrupting chemicalsEndocrine Disrupting chemicals

They are a group of substances that consist of synthetic and They are a group of substances that consist of synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals that affect the balance of naturally occurring chemicals that affect the balance of normal hormonal functions in animals. The list of ED based normal hormonal functions in animals. The list of ED based on list from CDC, EPA and WWF from Canada includes on list from CDC, EPA and WWF from Canada includes pesticides, sexual hormones, heavy metals, styrene, pesticides, sexual hormones, heavy metals, styrene, benzopyrene, dioxins and PCBs, is expected that the number benzopyrene, dioxins and PCBs, is expected that the number in the list will increase over the results of current researches.in the list will increase over the results of current researches.

  Persistent Organic PollutantsPersistent Organic Pollutants

They are a group of chemicals that do not degrade and can They are a group of chemicals that do not degrade and can accumulate in biological systems. Way down the food chain, accumulate in biological systems. Way down the food chain, gets larger dosage of contaminants.gets larger dosage of contaminants.

The man is in the top of food chain and the effects of them, The man is in the top of food chain and the effects of them, even though in the scale of ppm or ppb, can affect our health even though in the scale of ppm or ppb, can affect our health in a chronic basis. in a chronic basis.

  PesticidesPesticides There are some pesticides which use There are some pesticides which use are banned but they can persist in the soil for many are banned but they can persist in the soil for many years, there are other pesticides that have fast years, there are other pesticides that have fast degradability but have hormone disrupters activity, degradability but have hormone disrupters activity, is necessary to study also their metabolites. is necessary to study also their metabolites.

The tendency now is to produce more safety The tendency now is to produce more safety pesticides, to reduce the amount applied, to protect pesticides, to reduce the amount applied, to protect the workers that spray the pesticides and to follow the workers that spray the pesticides and to follow Good Agricultural Practices and many farmers are Good Agricultural Practices and many farmers are not using pesticides now. not using pesticides now.

Natural pesticides (cyanides) and natural toxins Natural pesticides (cyanides) and natural toxins (aflatoxines, ochratoxines, solanine, patulin)(aflatoxines, ochratoxines, solanine, patulin)

Safety assessment of pesticidesSafety assessment of pesticides

Toxicological, Metabolism studiesToxicological, Metabolism studies

  

Dioxins Dioxins One of the sources came from incinerators, so it’s One of the sources came from incinerators, so it’s monitored permanently in Japanese incinerators.monitored permanently in Japanese incinerators.Special attention is given to dioxins because the major Special attention is given to dioxins because the major sources are in our diet (meat and dairy products).sources are in our diet (meat and dairy products).The most potent dioxin 2,3,7,8-TCDD is considered a Class The most potent dioxin 2,3,7,8-TCDD is considered a Class 1 carcinogen.1 carcinogen.

Cadmium in soil, plants and waterCadmium in soil, plants and waterPollluted from impurities in fertilizers, effluent water Pollluted from impurities in fertilizers, effluent water from metal mines and from coating and painting industry.from metal mines and from coating and painting industry.

Sex steroids contamination of waterSex steroids contamination of water The sources became from natural sources, found close to The sources became from natural sources, found close to sewage treatment plants. The assays for estrogenic sewage treatment plants. The assays for estrogenic substances in environmental water includes E-screen, substances in environmental water includes E-screen, Ishikawa cell-ALP, YES, ELISA and GC/MS. Ishikawa cell-ALP, YES, ELISA and GC/MS.

Laboratory PracticesLaboratory Practices

MethodologyMethodology

SamplingSampling

Pre-treatmentPre-treatment

Standard Operational ProceduresStandard Operational Procedures

Good Laboratory PracticesGood Laboratory Practices

SamplesSamples

Different matrixes were analyzed and each one have it’s own Different matrixes were analyzed and each one have it’s own difficulties : Air , Soil, River Water, Drinking water, Foods, difficulties : Air , Soil, River Water, Drinking water, Foods, Vegetables, Solid wastesVegetables, Solid wastes

  MethodsMethods

ELISA, G C/M S, HPLC-uv, Ion Chromatography, ELISA, G C/M S, HPLC-uv, Ion Chromatography,

G C/ PID, A A / hydride generator, I C P, Mercury analyzerG C/ PID, A A / hydride generator, I C P, Mercury analyzer

Luminometer , Test packsLuminometer , Test packs

(3) Which subjects are most useful to solve (3) Which subjects are most useful to solve environmental problems in your country?environmental problems in your country?

Rapid analysis and with high specificity as Rapid analysis and with high specificity as ELISAELISA method method is need for is need for screening screening a large number of samplesa large number of samples..

Multi residues and confirmatoryMulti residues and confirmatory methods by methods by GC/MS and GC/MS and LC/MSLC/MS are need to identify and accurate quantification. are need to identify and accurate quantification.

The most useful subjects are that ones which can be The most useful subjects are that ones which can be appliedapplied in our laboratory as: in our laboratory as:

Analysis of pesticides in crops.Analysis of pesticides in crops.Analysis of Pesticides in foodsAnalysis of Pesticides in foodsAnalysis of dioxins in foods.Analysis of dioxins in foods.Analysis of Pesticides in drinking waterAnalysis of Pesticides in drinking waterAnalysis of Pesticides and PVC plasticizers Analysis of Pesticides and PVC plasticizers (DEHP (DEHP 2-Diethylhexyl phthalate) in food2-Diethylhexyl phthalate) in foodAnalysis of heavy metals in foods and food Analysis of heavy metals in foods and food

containers.containers.

(4) Your Action Plan to transfer your technology studied (4) Your Action Plan to transfer your technology studied in this coursein this course

The National Institute of Health gives technical support to The National Institute of Health gives technical support to Ministry of Healht and other Government Institutes as General Ministry of Healht and other Government Institutes as General Direction of Health . Direction of Health .

Many samples involving intoxication cases are derived to our Many samples involving intoxication cases are derived to our center including foods, river water, fruits and vegetables, center including foods, river water, fruits and vegetables, drinking water, fishes and aquatic organisms among othersdrinking water, fishes and aquatic organisms among others The National Center for Feeding and Nutrition have The National Center for Feeding and Nutrition have equipments as GC/MS, LC/MS, HPLC, ELISA equipments as GC/MS, LC/MS, HPLC, ELISA microplates reader, AA and ICPmicroplates reader, AA and ICP and is our need to and is our need to perform more methods of analysis, including perform more methods of analysis, including environmental contaminants in foods and environmental contaminants in foods and drinking water. drinking water.

..

Action PlanAction Plan

1.- Make a report to the Chief of 1.- Make a report to the Chief of National Institute of Health and my National Institute of Health and my superiors, so they can be informed on superiors, so they can be informed on which subjects I had learned. Give which subjects I had learned. Give copies of the materials given to me.copies of the materials given to me.2.- Propose the new objectives of 2.- Propose the new objectives of Monitoring carbamate and pyretroid Monitoring carbamate and pyretroid pesticides in foods, crops and drinking pesticides in foods, crops and drinking water., to the Action Plan 2004 of the water., to the Action Plan 2004 of the CenterCenter3.- Review which methodologies are 3.- Review which methodologies are more convenient or are harmonized more convenient or are harmonized with international testing.with international testing.

4.- Propose a protocol including 4.- Propose a protocol including validation, implementation of the validation, implementation of the methodology and monitoring , request methodology and monitoring , request for the materials need in the budget for the materials need in the budget plan.plan.5.- Spread the importance of chemical 5.- Spread the importance of chemical contaminants (endocrine disrupters, contaminants (endocrine disrupters, persistent organic pollutants), persistent organic pollutants), monitoring of them and it’s monitoring of them and it’s consequences for the health.consequences for the health.6.- Collaborate with the Occupational 6.- Collaborate with the Occupational Health Centre which now belongs to Health Centre which now belongs to National Institute of Health.National Institute of Health.7.- Training personnel in the new 7.- Training personnel in the new techniques learnedtechniques learned

I came to Japan to learnI came to Japan to learn

And that’s what I got.And that’s what I got.

I’m leaving to my home withI’m leaving to my home with

My mind and heart full of good memories, knowledge, and more My mind and heart full of good memories, knowledge, and more understanding of people and life.understanding of people and life.

All these is deeply recorded in stone, so I’ll never forget what All these is deeply recorded in stone, so I’ll never forget what you taught me. you taught me.

To JICA, JICE, sensei, Training Institutes, To JICA, JICE, sensei, Training Institutes, Professor leader, coordinator, my group Professor leader, coordinator, my group

colleaguescolleagues

Domo arigato godaimashitaDomo arigato godaimashita