final revision segundo
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Final revision
Present Perfect
The Future
Have to / Don’t have to / Must
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Giving advice
Present Perfect TenseFORM: have / has + past participle
Affirmative: I have seen the film before. She has seen the film before.
Interrogative: Have you seen the film before? Has she seen the film before?
Negative: They haven’t seen the film before. He hasn’t seen the film before.
1- Recent events: It is used to describe recent events without a definite time. We use just in positive sentences to say that something happened very recently.
Present Perfect TenseUses of the present perfect
Would you like a coffee?
No, thanks. I´ve just had one.
Present Perfect Tense
2- Personal experiences: It is used to express personal experiences, there is not a definite time given. The time expressions ever and never are very often used with this meaning
Have you ever been to Japan?
No, I’ve never been there.
Present Perfect Tense
3- It is used to express actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present, the time period is not finished.
I have lost my keys.
(And I haven’t found them yet.)
Present Perfect + already and yet
We often use the present perfect tense with already and yet.
Already: Something happened before now or earlier than expected
You can use already in positive sentences. Put already before the main verb.
Yet: Until now.
You can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.
Example: A) Have you done your homework yet?
B) No, I haven’t done it yet. / Yes, I’ve already done it.
Present Perfect + for and since
To talk about actions and states which started in the past and are still true now.
- How long have you lived in Granada?
- I’ve lived in Granada since 1990 / for 20 years.
(I live in Granada now.)
Present Perfect or Past Simple
We use definite expressions with the Past simple tense: yesterday, last week, … ago, etc, while we don’t use definite time expressions with the Present perfect tense.
I have been to France three times.
When did you go there?
I went there last summer.
Present Perfect or Past Simple
• Use the present perfect + how long? / for and since to talk about a period of time from the past until now. - How long have you been married?- I´ve been married since 1999 / for 10 years.(I am still married).
• Use the past simple + how long? / for or from to to talk about a period of time in the past.
- How long were you married?- I was married for 3 years / from 1995 to 1998.(I am divorced now).
Present Perfect or Past SimplePresent Perfect or Past Simple?
Rose works in a factory. She ___________ (work) there for six months. Before that she ___________ (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She ___________ (work) there for two years but she ___________ (not/enjoy) it very much.
A ___________ (you/ever/been) to Florida?
B Yes, we ___________ (go) there two years ago.
A ___________ (you/have) a good time?
B Yes, it ___________ (be) great.
Present Perfect + Superlatives
We often use a superlative with the present perfect.
That is the smallest house I have ever seen.
Make sentences as in the example. • It / noisy pub / I be to• He / boring person / meet• It / bad book / I / read
WILL / WON’T(BE) GOING TOPRESENT CONTINUOUS
THE FUTURE
PredictionsPromisesOffersInstant decisions
You will win the lottery…
Will: Predictions
I will always love you.
I will take you sightseeing.
Shall I open the window?
I’ll have the steak, pleaseMeat or
fish?I will have the steak,
please
Meat or fish?
PredictionsDecisions that you have planned before:
future plans and intentions
It is going to rain
(be) going to: predictions
She’s going to save money.
(be) going to: future plans and intentions
Future arrangementsThe sentence usually contains an adverb
which refers to the future
I am going to the dentist tomorrow.
18.30: Dentist
FIRST CONDITIONAL
2 You can also use the imperative or can.
If you need my car, take it.
If you miss the bus, you can get a taxi.
1 Use IF + PRESENT SIMPLE ... WILL/WON’T + INF to talk about a future situation and its consequence.
If he wakes up early, we will go for a walk.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Complete the following sentences.
1 I will go to the cinema if I .................... (have) time.
2 If it is foggy this evening, I .................... (stay) at home.
3 .................... (you, come) to a picnic next Sunday if it’s sunny?
4 If the road .................... (be) wet, (watch out).
SECOND CONDITIONAL
1 Use IF + PAST SIMPLE ... WOULD/WOULDN’T + INF to talk about an improbable / impossible or hypothetical situation and its consequence.
If he woke up early, we would go for a walk.
2 Remember with can, use could + INF:
If I had money, I could go on holiday.
3 With the verb be you can use were (instead of was) after I, he/she/it:
If he was/were here, he’d help youIf I were you….
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Complete the following sentences.
1 If I could go anywhere in the world, ……………..
2 I would be very happy if ……………..
3 I’d buy a house if ……………..
4 If I had more free time ……………..
Have to / Don’t have to / Must / Mustn’t
Use have to + INF to talk about rules and obligations.She has to get up very early.
Use don’t have to + INF to say there is no obligation, or something is not necessary.
You don’t have to work on 11 June.
Use must + INF to talk about rules and obligations.You must do your homework.
Use mustn’t + INF to say something is prohibited.You mustn’t smoke here.
Have to / Don’t have to / Must / Mustn’t
Mustn’t and don’t have to have completely different meanings:
You mustn’t go. = It’s prohibited.
You don’t have to go. = You can come if you want, but it’s not necessary.
Use must or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion:
Its a fantastic film. You must see it or You have to see it.
When you are not giving your opinion, use have to (not must):
In many countries, men have to do military service.
(This is not my opinion, it’s the law in those countries.)
Have to / Don’t have to / Must / Mustn’t
Complete the following sentences with mustn’t or dont have to.
1 Gary gave me a letter to post. I __________ forget to post it.
2 There’s plenty of time. You __________ to decide now.
3 This is a valuable book. You __________ lose it.
4 A What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?
B Well, it __________ be big - that’s not so important, but it must have a nice garden.
GIVING ADVICE
Use should / shouldn’t + INF to give somebody advice. You can also use ought to / ought not to + INF or If I
were you, I would + INF.
A I’ve got a cold. What should I do?
B You should go to the doctor. / If I were you I’d go to the doctor.
GIVING ADVICE
Let’s see if you know how to give advice.
1 I´m always late.
2 I don’t have many friends.
3 I eat too much chocolate.
4 I´m late for work and my car broke down.