final slideshow the second
TRANSCRIPT
The Engineering Education Scheme
Team Dirac:
Trevor Kennish Max Stevensen Farri Gaba Phillip Gajland
Colin Tai Kit McCrystal
Image from telegraph.co.ukImage from telegraph.co.uk
The BriefThe Brief
Task:
Design and make a intermediary storage system
Specifications:
12V 8 Ah battery
1 hour to convert all our energy from the battery
Energy must be measured at input and output to calculate energy loss
Limitations:
Cannot be another battery
Must be a controlled release
Must have an end-state of electrical energy
Basis of the TaskBasis of the Task
Peak timings:
Energy usage is not constant throughout the day
Power stations can no longer can control their energy as effectively
Fossil fuel burning no longer as viable
Image from maximintegrated.comImage from maximintegrated.com
Images from wikipedia.orgImages from wikipedia.org
How Have People Solved This Problem?How Have People Solved This Problem?
Rio Grande-Cerro Pelado Hydroelectric Complex
So how can we store energy?
99% of worlds energy is stored in the form of GPE water systems
Reservoirs store the water at height
Falls through piping
Spins a turbine
Generates electricity
Part of Coo-Trois-Ponts Hydroelectric Power Station
Image from objectifterre.over-blog.orgImage from objectifterre.over-blog.org
Image from objectifterre.over-blog.orgImage from objectifterre.over-blog.org
For a heavy revolving wheel:For a heavy revolving wheel:E=IωE=Iω22
Culham Fusion Centre.Culham Fusion Centre.
3 main factors affecting flywheel:3 main factors affecting flywheel:Rotational speed.Rotational speed.Inertia constant of ring.Inertia constant of ring.Strength of the metal.Strength of the metal.
Image from Modified.comImage from Modified.com
Pros:Pros: Spin for long time before stopping.Spin for long time before stopping.High efficiency.High efficiency.
Cons:Cons: DangerousDangerousExpensiveExpensiveEven small friction has large affect on output.Even small friction has large affect on output.
FlywheelsFlywheels
Pros:Pros:
Powerful.Powerful.
High efficiency in a good systemHigh efficiency in a good system
Cons:Cons: Extremely expensive in electricity alone.Extremely expensive in electricity alone.
Buying decent fuel cell costs >£1000Buying decent fuel cell costs >£1000
ChemicalChemical
Electrolysis of water.2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) Store the gases, then react them to form water kinetic (thermal energy)
Boil water, steam turns turbine to produce electricity.
Image from armavir-chemicals.comImage from armavir-chemicals.com
Image from lsaaby.wordpress.comImage from lsaaby.wordpress.com
ElasticElastic
Pros:Extremely cheap as only a few parts required.
Cons: Almost negligible amount of energy produced.
Types:Mainspring/elastic band.Wind up the wire (clocks) then release energy storedEasily repeatable process
Images from symagsprings.comImages from symagsprings.com
Images form wikipedia.orgImages form wikipedia.org
Method 2:
Weights lifted
Allowed to drop
Pros:
Simple engineering
cables and weights easily altered
Cons
Energy loss (Friction)
not practical, prone to damage
Method 1: Weights displace fluid Small tube leads into generatorPros:Versatilitymany options for lifting system.Cons:Fluid replaces itselfhighly inefficientrequires a lot of spaceLots of specialised equipment
GPE of WeightsGPE of Weights
Images from cora.nwra.comImages from cora.nwra.com
Pros:
Used all around the world
Invested in by large countries
At industrial scale
Safety
Enclosed system
Materials
Energy requirements
Cons:
Storage water
Impeller speed
Friction inside pipes
Why Water GPE?Why Water GPE?
Images from consumerenergy.comImages from consumerenergy.com
Bath County Pumped Storage Station:
48,000 cm3 per minute
78% efficient
Helps out stations nearby by keeping them at peak efficiency
Huizhou Pumped Storage power station:
75% efficient
Examples at an Industrial ScaleExamples at an Industrial Scale
Images from dom.comImages from dom.com
Photo from energystorageexchange.orgPhoto from energystorageexchange.org
Mild Steel:
Compressive Strength: 407.3 MPa
Young Modulus: 210GPa
Choice of materials:Choice of materials:
Images from depts.washington.edu Images from depts.washington.edu
Images from maccmodels.co.uk Images from maccmodels.co.uk
Cross Bracing Structure:
Supports Compression and Tension forces
Easy to construct
Lightweight
Structure:Structure:
Images from monstersciences.com Images from monstersciences.com
PVC (Polyvinyl
Chloride):
Very economical- around
£2 per meter
Young Modulus: 3.4GPa
Piping
Specifics of tubing:
Diameter: 15mm
Material thickness: 1.5mm
Length: 3.5 m
Price: £6.00
Image from irragationdirect.comImage from irragationdirect.com
Image from decodedscience.com
What is used instead of a battery?
Coal, nuclear or the national power system
Why this is more useful in industry? .
It can be produced by other companies & batteries can not power the pumps.
What generators or impellers do they use?
8 X 300 MW turbine generators. 300 X 60 X 60= 1.1m Mega-Joules per hour. 1.1m X 8 generators = 8.8m Mega-Joules per hour.
What dimensions are used?
Upper reservoir is 380 metres higher then lower, UR has a volume of 23.1m m3, the LR has a volume of 23.4m m3. The flow rate can be as high as 10.5m GPH.
Scaling our Solution/ In Industry
Guangdong nuclear power station, Ling Ao nuclear power station
We would have used the mains for We would have used the mains for powering our pumps, however we could powering our pumps, however we could have used a petrol powered pump.have used a petrol powered pump.150 litres per minute. Which is 3000 litres 150 litres per minute. Which is 3000 litres is 20 minutes (our time frame), is 20 minutes (our time frame), 3000 X 5 = 15000 litres 3000 X 5 = 15000 litres Cost £5,200 each so £26000.Cost £5,200 each so £26000.We need a 1500 litre water tank, cost = We need a 1500 litre water tank, cost = £2044 new£2044 new100W generators cost £600, 100W generators cost £600, 100 X60 X 60= 360000 Joules per hour100 X60 X 60= 360000 Joules per hour
What if we Had More Money
Image from alltank.co.ukImage from alltank.co.uk
Image from hydroturbine.en.hisupplier.com Image from hydroturbine.en.hisupplier.com
What improvements are used in industry?What improvements are used in industry?
Main Components in our ModelMain Components in our Model
a)a) Pump: 12V; 1100GPH; 110mm Pump: 12V; 1100GPH; 110mm high with 29mm nozzle.high with 29mm nozzle.
b)b) Generator: 3.5V 0.2 A gives 0.7 Generator: 3.5V 0.2 A gives 0.7 watts outputwatts output
c)c) Piping: low resistance plastic Piping: low resistance plastic piping, with connections.piping, with connections.
d)d) Flow rate, The flow rate is enough Flow rate, The flow rate is enough to turn 3.5volts through our to turn 3.5volts through our impellers, as our pressure is very impellers, as our pressure is very little.little.
Main Components in Industry
i. Pump: Reversible pump-generator units. Pumping power = 2400 MW.
ii. Generator: 300W that is almost 430 times the energy output.
iii. Piping: Lowest resistance metal piping, it is as straight as possible and it is pumped at an angle.
iv. The flow rate generates huge quantities of potential difference as the exact flow rate can reach 10.5m gallons per hour.