final year project on nzeb

1 A Project on Net Zero Energy Sports Center

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | BBDNIIT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the environment. Commercial

and residential buildings account for about 33% of the total electricity in India. With rapid

urbanisation, there has been a steady exodus from rural parts of the country to urban areas,

leading to increased energy consumption especially in the commercial sector. According to

India’s Central Electricity Authority (CEA), while the electricity consumption in the

commercial sector at present accounts for about 9% of the total electricity consumption in the

country; this has been growing at a rate of about 12- 14% annually over the last few years,

compared to the overall electricity consumption growth rate of about 6% in India. This is driven

primarily by strong growth in the services sector leading to ever increasing energy consumption

in the existing buildings, as well as increasing energy intensity of newly constructed

commercial buildings. Furthermore, due to the shortage of electricity supply from utilities, on-

site power generation systems using diesel and natural gas have increasingly become the norm

in commercial establishments in India.

The energy used by the building sector continues to increase, primarily because new

buildings are constructed faster than old ones are retired. Electricity consumption in the

commercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2000, and is expected to increase

another 50% by 2025 (EIA 2005). Energy consumption in the commercial building sector will

continue to increase until buildings can be designed to use energy efficiently and produce

enough energy to offset the growing energy demand of these buildings.

There have been many technological changes in the past decades and many new

concepts have emerged that can tackle the energy crisis. One big achievement is the possibility

of the concept of a building that can generate as much energy as it consumes and can contribute

towards zero carbon emission. The development of modern zero-energy buildings became

possible not only through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and

techniques, but it has also been significantly improved by academic research, which collects

precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides

performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering

designs. In recent years, Zero energy building (ZEB) and zero carbon building (ZCB) have



attracted much attention in many countries because they are considered as an important strategy

to achieve energy conservation and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Zero energy

building (ZEB) and zero carbon building (ZCB) are general terms applied to a building with

zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions, respectively. They are the potential

areas that can be explored and exploited for offsetting the growing energy demand.

The commonly used definitions of ZEB are:

• Net Zero Site Energy: A site ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in a year, when

accounted for at the site.

• Net Zero Source Energy: A source ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in year,

when accounted for at the source. Source energy refers to the primary energy used to generate

and deliver the energy to the site. To calculate a building’s total source energy, imported and

exported energy is multiplied by the appropriate site-to-source conversion multipliers.

• Net Zero Energy Costs: In a cost ZEB, the amount of money the utility pays the building

owner for the energy the building exports to the grid is at least equal to the amount the owner

pays the utility for the energy services and energy used over the year.

• Net Zero Energy Emissions: A net-zero emissions building produces at least as much

emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissions-producing energy sources.

Torcellini, et al. (2006), authors use the general definition for ZEB given by The U.S.

Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Program: “A net zero-energy building

(ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly reduced energy needs through

efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable

technologies.”

ZEB can be defined as a building that produces as much energy on-site as it consumes

on an annual basis. Torcellini, et al. (2006) provided four definitions of ZEB: net zero site

energy, net zero source energy, net zero energy costs, and net zero energy emissions. A

classification system based on renewable energy supply options is also used to distinguish

different types of ZEB.



Table 1.1. Terms and Definitions of ZEB and ZCB [adapted from Torcellini, et al. (2006)]

Terms Definitions/Meaning

Zero energy building (ZEB) or net zero

energy building (NZEB)

A building that produces as much energy on-

site as it consumes on an annual basis

Net zero site energy building (site ZEB) Amount of energy provided by on-site

renewable energy sources is equal to the

amount of energy used by the building

Net off-site zero energy building (off-site

ZEB)

Similar to previous one, but consider

purchasing of energy off-site from 100%

renewable energy sources

Net zero source/primary energy building

(source ZEB)

It produces as much energy as it uses in a

year, when accounted for the source. For

electricity, only around 35% of the energy

used in a fossil fuel power plant is converted

to useful electricity and delivered. Site-to-

source conversion multipliers are used to

calculate a building’s total source energy

Net zero energy cost building (cost ZEB) The cost of purchasing energy is balanced by

income from sales of electricity to the grid of

electricity generated on-site

Net zero energy emissions building, zero

carbon building (ZCB), zero emission

building

The carbon emissions generated from the on-

site or off-site fossil fuel use are balanced by

the amount of on-site renewable energy

production

Mertz, et al. (2007) distinguish two definitions for ZEB: a net-zero energy building or

a net-zero CO2 (CO2 neutral) building. Mertz, et al. (2007) describe a net-zero energy home

“… as a home, that over the course of year, generates the same amount of energy as it

consumes. A net-zero energy home could generate energy through photovoltaic panels, a wind

turbine, or a biogas generator. The net-zero energy home consider in this paper uses

photovoltaic panels (PV) to offset electricity purchased from the grid.”

“In a CO2 neutral home, no CO2 is added to the atmosphere due to the operation of the

building. This could be accomplished by purchasing tradable renewable certificates



(TRC’s) generated by solar, wind, or biogas. It could also be accomplished by purchasing

CO2 credits on a carbon trading market form some who has CO2 credits to sell. In addition,

the home could generate all of its energy on-site like a net-zero energy home”.

Laustsen, (2008) gives the general definition for ZEB: “Zero Energy Buildings do not

use fossil fuels but only get all their required energy from solar energy and other renewable

energy sources” however, at the same time emphasize its weak points by saying: “Compared

to the passive house standards there is no exact definition for the way to construct or obtain a

zero energy building. In principle this can be a traditional building, which is supplied with

very large solar collector and solar photo voltage systems. If these systems deliver more energy

over a year than the use in the building it is a zero net energy building.”

The Zero Energy Building is a complex concept thus the development of one ZEB

definition applicable for all cases is not a simple task. The definition changes according to the

needs and requirements but the concept remains at its core form. Different countries approach

ZEB in their own way and as mentioned by many researchers, it is difficult to sum up the whole

concept into one definition. The construction of a ZEB again demands a huge effort and

knowledge. At the same time requires intense computer modelling techniques to accomplish

the task.

1.1 Related Concepts

There are also other terms which are similar or closely related to ZEB/ZCB. Table 1.2

describes these terms and their meanings.

Table 1.2. Related Concepts of ZEB and ZCB

Terms Definitions/Meaning

Autonomous or self-sufficient

Building

A building designed to be operated

independently from infrastructural support

services e.g. electricity grid, municipal water

systems, sewage treatment systems, storm

drains, communication services

Energy-plus/-positive building

(E+B)

A building that produces a surplus of energy

during a year



Green building (GB) A building that reduces the environmental

impact while improving environmental

sustainability

Low energy building (LEB) Building developments that facilitate or use low

levels of energy (than regular buildings)

Off-the grid building A building that is completely self-sufficient and

stand-alone. It is not connected to an off-site

energy utility facility. It requires distributed

renewable energy sources and energy storage

capability

Passive (energy) building Passive house (passivhaus in German); passive

solar building; ultra-low energy, through

passive design; does not include active systems

e.g. mechanical ventilation or photo voltaic

1.2 Zero Energy Building Versus Green Building

The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use resources more

efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment. Zero energy buildings

achieve one key green-building goal of completely or very significantly reducing energy use

and greenhouse gas emissions for the life of the building. Zero energy buildings may or may

not be considered "green" in all areas, such as reducing waste, using recycled building

materials, etc. However, zero energy, or net-zero buildings do tend to have a much lower

ecological impact over the life of the building compared with other "green" buildings that

require imported energy and/or fossil fuel to be habitable and meet the needs of occupants.

Because of the design challenges and sensitivity to a site that are required to efficiently

meet the energy needs of a building and occupants with renewable energy (solar, wind,

geothermal, etc.), designers must apply holistic design principles, and take advantage of the

free naturally occurring assets available, such as passive solar orientation, natural ventilation,

day lighting, thermal mass, and night time cooling.



1.3 Certification

Many green building certification programs do not require a building to have net zero

energy use, only to reduce energy use a few percentage points below the minimum required by

law. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification developed by

the U.S. Green Building Council, and Green Globes, involve check lists that are measurement

tools, not design tools. Inexperienced designers or architects may cherry-pick points to meet a

target certification level, even though those points may not be the best design choices for a

specific building or climate. In November, 2011, the International Living Future Institute

developed the Net Zero Energy Building Certification. Designed as part of the Living Building

Challenge, Net Zero Energy Building Certification is simple, cost effective and critical for

integrity and transparency.

Figure 1.1: Logos of various Building Standard Organisations

1.4 Why Zero Energy Building?

Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the environment. Amid growing

concerns about rising prices, energy independence, and the impact of climate change, statistics

show buildings to be primary energy consumers in the country. Standards of energy efficiency

in almost all part of the world are very low. Commercial and residential buildings use almost

40% of the primary energy and approximately 70% of the electricity in the United States (EIA

2005) and about 33% in India. The energy used by the building sector continues to increase,

primarily because new buildings are constructed faster than old ones are retired.

2010

659 million m2

2030

1,900 million m2 “66% building stock is yet to

be constructed”



Figure 1.2: Growth in Indian Building Sector (Commercial Building Growth Forecast)

Electricity consumption in the commercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2000,

and is expected to increase another 50% by 2025 (EIA 2005). Energy consumption in the

commercial building sector will continue to increase until buildings can be designed to produce

enough energy to offset the growing energy demand of these buildings. NZEBs and other recent

developments in the construction sector have paved the path to the possibility of mitigating the

energy crisis. The following points lays out the necessity of NZEBs:

NZEBs should lead to both net-zero energy and carbon buildings

Including grid green electricity within the NZEB scope is a good solution especially for

commercial buildings

ZNE buildings use no more energy over the course of the year than they produce from on-

site renewable sources. Additionally, zero net energy-capable buildings achieve energy

performance similar to ZNEs by do not have sufficient on-site power generation.

In many cases, the entire energy consumption (heating, cooling and electrical) of a net-zero

energy home can be provided by renewable energy sources. A net-zero energy home will

always cost less to operate. Over many years, this savings will add up, providing below

market costs for heating, electricity and cooling. The second benefit is lowered carbon

footprint for developments. The third and most critical benefit is the health of the occupants

of a net zero home, since fuels are not burned, emissions are non-existent, lighting is



abundant, the environment of a net zero home is much healthier to live in. This rewarding

trend is spreading across the country.

Certain issues often encountered in a NZEB project:

Need to improve:

Compliance/enforcement

Workforce skills

Need to promote good practices and to enhance exchange of knowledge

Need to integrate the buildings policies into sustainable cities strategies

Need for more information and awareness on low-energy buildings

Need to foster the market transformation towards more efficient technologies and

techniques

In several cases, NZEB are financially attractive right from today but support measures are

still necessary to bridge the financial gap

Need for NZEB definition for refurbishment of the existing building stock

1.5 Location and Site

Site selected for the proposed SPORTS CENTER is situated in Vibhuti Khand,

GomtiNagar Extension. It is available land near East End Mall (Waves) as shown in

location map below.



Figure 1.3 Location of Site

We knew the site we selected would have a huge impact on the design and the

ability to reach our net-zero energy target.

A site will often impact on:

Construction costs and, in some cases, the construction materials,

The layout of the sport center,

Passive solar features that can be included in the design,

The ability to utilize natural ventilation,

The general ambience of the sport center and the occupant's well-being and

happiness.

PROPOSED

SITE



We spent many hours determining our requirements and critically reviewing each

potential site. The site we chose was selected because of following factors:

It is conveniently located for access to amenities, work, the city, friends, and

local cycle & public transport networks.

It was easy to build on because it has a flat topography.

Its south-facing aspect allowed us to design-in passive solar features.

Ample space available in required direction for windows

Open surrounding space

1.6 Orientation

One of the most important criteria to be considered while deciding orientation of

building is the movements of Sun. The sun is a vital part for energy. So, it is paramount

to make solar orientation one of the first priorities in a building's design for its site.

When a building is sited correctly, it will continue to provide opportunities for energy

efficiency and conservation.

Figure 1.4 Movement of Sun



Based on the movements of the sun, structure should have windows (glazing)

on the southern facing side of the building in order to absorb the sun’s heat energy to

warm building during the winter. In order to stay cool in the summer, structure should

rely on a system of shading (or an overhang) to keep the building cool. In order to

fulfill these requirements following points were undertaken:-

Because the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, the side of the building that is

utilized for solar gain is been faced the south to take maximum advantage of the

sun’s potential energy.

Most of the window openings are in south east direction with minimum opening in

west direction to avoid returning sun heat.

Providing maximum openings in north-south direction and minimizing on west and

east direction.

1.7 Architectural Planning

The architectural planning of the center is done keeping in mind the various

facilities to be provided to the players, the capacity and the various other important

factors. The sports center designed has two floors comprising of an office room,

meeting room, kids zone, waiting room, store room, first aid room, squash room,

badminton court, basketball court, boxing ring, table tennis court, pool table, bowling

arena, sitting area and washroom etc.

Therefore while making the architectural plan for the building following factors

were considered:-

Site

Requirement of energy

Capacity of sports center

Types of sports practiced

Seating capacity

Facilities provided

Standards and guidelines applied to different sports facility



Maintenance of comfortable room temperature

The ground floor of Sports center has an Office room, meeting room, waiting

room, and basketball court, kid’s zone, sitting area, first aid room, wash room and two

badminton courts. First floor comprises of four boxing rings, three pool tables, and

two squash rooms, bowling arena, two table tennis and washroom.

Figure 1.5: Architectural Plan for the Ground Floor



Figure 1.6: Architectural Plan for the Second Floor

1.8 Criteria Satisfied by Our Building

1. Reduce Heating, Cooling, and Lighting Loads through Climate-Responsive

Design and Conservation Practices

Use of passive solar design; orient, size, and specify windows; and located landscape

elements with solar geometry and building load requirements.



Use of high-performance building envelopes; select walls, roofs, and other assemblies

based on long-term insulation, air barrier performance, and durability requirements.

We have consider an integrated landscape design that provides trees and plantation for

summer shading, appropriate planting for windbreaks, and attractive outdoor spaces

so that occupants wish to be outdoors—thereby reducing the occupant driven

additional heat load to the building.

2. Employ Renewable or High-Efficiency Energy Sources

Photovoltaic (PV) system is used as Renewable energy source. Use of renewable

energy will increase energy security and reduce dependence on imported fuels, while

reducing or eliminating greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy use.

3. Specify Efficient HVAC and Lighting Systems

Use of energy system HVAC equipment and systems.

Evaluated energy recovery systems that pre-heat or pre-cool incoming ventilation air

in our sports center.

Investigate the use of integrated generation and delivery systems, such as co-

generation, fuel cells and off-peak thermal storage.

4. Optimize Building Performance and System Control Strategies

Use of Photo sensors to control loads based on occupancy, schedule and/or the

availability of natural resources such as daylight or natural ventilation.

Use of PHILIPS DALI SYSTEM.

Employ an interactive energy management tool that allows you to track and assess

energy and water consumption.

1.9 Green Roof Design

1.9.1 Definition

A green roof is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop. As with trees and vegetation

elsewhere, vegetation on a green roof shades surfaces and removes heat from the air through

evapotranspiration. These two mechanisms reduce temperatures of the roof surface and the



surrounding air. The surface of a vegetated rooftop can be cooler than the ambient air, whereas

conventional rooftop surfaces can exceed ambient air temperatures by up to 90°F (50°C). Green

roofs can be installed on a wide range of buildings, including industrial, educational, and

government facilities, offices, other commercial property and residences.

Figure 1.7 Green roof components

1.9.2 Why Green Roof?

Green roofs may not be a familiar site in our cities. International examples show they

make a unique contribution to the quality of our urban environment. Green roofs can

address many of the challenges presented by urbanisation. Following are the benefits of green

roofs:

• Reduce the urban heat island effect: On a hot day, an urban area can be 10 degrees

(F) hotter than the surrounding area, green roofs stay 40-50 degrees (F) cooler than

conventional roofs reducing the ambient air temperature.

• Reduce storm water runoff: In the summer, green roofs retain 70- 100% and in the

winter they retain 40-50% of storm water, reducing the volume and velocity and

reducing erosion and sedimentation of our water sources.



• Improve water quality: Through filtration, green roofs prevent nitrogen, phosphorus,

and toxins from entering streams and waterways.

• Improve air quality: Green roofs filter air borne particles such as smog, sulphur

dioxide and carbon dioxide through vegetation foliage.

• Create wildlife habitat: Green roofs provide urban green infrastructure for native

species repatriation and maintaining species biodiversity.

• Reduce the life cycle cost of the roof: Green roofs may last 3 times as long as a

conventional roof.

• Reduce waste and decrease the need for land-fill expansion: The extended life of

green roofs reduces construction waste and cost.

• Increase property values: As an added amenity, green roofs attract higher rents and

maintain higher tenant retention.

• Save on energy costs: Green roofs may reduce energy costs 10- 20% by keeping the

floor directly below 3-4 degrees (F) cooler and reducing need for expansive HVAC

systems.

• Provide sound insulation: 4” of substrate reduces noise pollution by 40 decibels

adding to the desirability of the building.

• Decrease need for storm water infrastructure expansion: Green roofs provide on-

site retention, saving vital public resources

• Credits for storm water impact fees: Green roofs provide possible credits for storm

water impact fees, saving money on regulatory fees.

• Education opportunities: Green roofs provide areas for instruction in ecology, science

and mathematics.

• Provide space for food production: Green roofs create opportunities for urban

agriculture and help increase food security in urban areas.

• Provide aesthetic appeal: The vegetation and natural beauty of green roofs provide

respite from the concrete hard-scape of urban areas.

• Creates usable green space: Green roofs may provide green space throughout urban

areas where open space is limited.

• Create jobs and economic security: The establishment of a green roofing industry

creates new jobs in manufacturing, construction, design, installation, maintenance and

horticulture.



Figure 9.2: Types of Green Roof

Table 1.3 Comparison between Extensive & Intensive Green Roof

EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF INTENSIVE GREEN ROOF

Thin growing medium; little or no irrigation;

stressful conditions for plants; low plant

diversity.

Deep soil; irrigation system; more

favourable conditions for plants; high plant

diversity; often accessible.

Advantages:

• Lightweight; roof generally does not

require reinforcement.

• Suitable for large areas.

• Dutiable for roofs with 0 - 30° (slope).

• Often no need for irrigation and specialized

drainage systems.

• Less technical expertise needed.

• Often suitable for retrofit projects.

• Can leave vegetation to grow

spontaneously.

• Relatively inexpensive, low maintenance

and long life.

Advantages:

• Greater diversity of plants and habitats.

• Good insulation properties.

• Can be made very attractive visually.

• Often accessible, with more diverse

utilization of the roof i.e. for recreation,

growing food, as open space.

• More energy efficiency and storm water

retention capability.

• Longer membrane life.

Disadvantages:

• Greater weight loading on roof.

• Need for irrigation and drainage systems

requiring energy, water, materials.

Types of Green Roof

Extensive Intensive



• Looks more natural.

• Easier for planning authority to demand as

a condition of planning approvals.

Disadvantages:

• Less energy efficiency and storm water

retention benefits.

• More limited choice of plants.

• Usually no access for recreation or other

uses.

• Unattractive to some, especially in winter.

• Higher capital & maintenance costs.

• More complex systems and expertise.

Based on the above criteria, we will be choosing ‘Extensive Green Roof System’ which is the

obvious and most suited option for our project.

1.9.3 Maintenance of Green Roof

1. Weeding:

Weeds and native grasses are carried to the roof by wind, birds and insects. These

invasive plants can be problematic, as they compete with the green roof flora for moisture,

nutrients and sunlight.

In order to keep the green roof healthy, all invasive plants (weeds) must be removed regularly

and hence a proper inspection should be scheduled for the same on a regular basis.

2. Water:

For sedum-planted roof, rain is often adequate. Water one time a week for a newly

planted roof. Water one time a month for an established green roof in times of extreme draught.

Supplemental watering can often be done through a sprinkler attached to a garden hose. For

green roofs planted with more traditional landscaping, more frequent watering may be needed.



3. Nutrients

One time a year. Lightly apply a specially blended organic fertilizer to help keep a green

roof looking at its peak. Sometimes, due to wind shear and other factors, some green roofs’ soil

media is blown away. Supplemental soil media may be needed, preferably with jute netting as

wind protection.

Figure 1.8 a: Temperature Differences between a Green and Conventional Roof

Figure 1.9 b: Temperature Differences between a Green and Conventional Roof



A typical comparison between green roof and conventional roof reveals that there is a

temperature difference of almost 35 to 40oC on hot days; green roof being on the cooler side.

1.10 What is Daylight Harvesting?

Daylight harvesting systems use daylight as a primary source of general illumination to

offset the amount of electric lighting needed to properly light a space, in order to reduce energy

consumption. Day lighting is controlling the quantity and quality of daylight entering in a

building. The term Daylight Harvesting has become the standard in the fields of lighting,

sustainable architecture, and active delighting industries.

1.10.1 Benefits of Daylight Harvesting System:

The benefits of buildings illuminated with daylight can be listed as:

Healthier and higher quality interior environments for occupants

Increased individual productivity

Increased human comfort

Mental and visual stimulation necessary for the proper regulation of human brain

chemistry

Its economic and eco friendly

1.11 Ventilation:

Ventilation is the intentional movement of air from outside a building to the inside.

Ventilation air, as defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers in ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and the ASHRAE Handbook, is that air

used for providing acceptable indoor air quality. Ventilation is not only the intentional

movement of air; it is the refreshment of inside air. So the main advantage of the proper

ventilation system is to improve the inside air quality and to improve mental and physical health

level of the workers working inside the building. When people or animals are present in

buildings, ventilation air is necessary to dilute odors and limit the Concentration of carbon

dioxide and airborne pollutants such as dust, smoke and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).



1.11.1 Types of Ventilation:

Ventilation can be provided naturally and artificially both. Generally natural ventilation

is not sufficient as per as the environmental air quality standards, hence mechanical or forced

ventilation is provided. This is done through an air handling unit or direct injection to a space

by a fan. Mixed Mode Ventilation or Hybrid ventilation: uses both mechanical and natural

ventilation processes. Infiltration is separate from ventilation, but is often used to provide

ventilation air.

1.11.2 Ventilation rate:

The ventilation rate for buildings is normally expressed by the volumetric flow-rate of

outside air being introduced to the building. The typical units used are cubic feet per minute

(CFM) or liters per second (L/s). The ventilation rate can also be expressed on as per person or

per unit floor area basis, such as CFM/p or CFM/ft², or as air changes per hour. For residential

buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, the common

ventilation rate measure is the number of times the whole interior volume of air is replaced per

hour, and is called air changes per hour (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may

range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly insulated house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely insulated house.

ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon floor area, as a revision to the

62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than 15 CFM/person (7.1

L/s/person). As of 2003, the standard has been changed to 3 CFM/100 sq. ft. (15 l/s/100 sq. m.)

plus 7.5 CFM/person (3.5 L/s/person).

1.11.3 Ventilation Standards:

In 1973, in response to the 1973 oil crisis and conservation concerns, ASHRAE

Standards 62-73 and 62-81) reduced required ventilation from 10 CFM (4.76 L/S) per person

to 5 CFM (2.37 L/S) per person. This was found to be a primary cause of sick building

syndrome. Current ASHRAE standards (Standard 62-89) states that appropriate ventilation

guidelines are 20 CFM (9.2 L/s) per person in an office building, and 15 CFM (7.1 L/s) per

person for schools. In commercial environments with tobacco smoke, the ventilation rate may

range from Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Atlanta, 2002.

In certain applications, such as submarines, pressurized aircraft, and spacecraft,

ventilation air is also needed to provide oxygen, and to dilute carbon dioxide for survival.



Batteries in submarines also discharge hydrogen gas, which must also be ventilated for health

and safety. In any pressurized, regulated environment, ventilation is necessary to control any

fires that may occur, as the flames may be deprived of oxygen.

ANSI/ASHRAE (Standard 62-89) sets maximum CO2 guidelines in commercial

buildings at 1000 ppm, however, OSHA has set a limit of 5000 ppm over 8 hours. Ventilation

guidelines are based upon the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels

of bio-effluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, as it is the gas of highest emission

at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/s. The mass balance equation is:

Q = G/(Ci − Ca)

Q = ventilation rate (L/s)

G = CO2 generation rate

Ci = acceptable indoor CO2 concentration

Ca = ambient CO2 concentration

1.11.4 Ventilation Equipments:

Ventilation equipments are mainly to enhance the ventilation. These are mechanical

equipments which are used to maintain the mixed mode of ventilation. Some of significant

equipments are listed as below:

Fume hood

Biological safety

Dilution ventilation

Room air distribution

Heat recovery ventilation

Exhaust Fan



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

It is difficult to find a building, which can be named the first Zero Energy/Emission

Building (ZEB). One of the reasons could be that maybe ZEB is not a new concept for a

building, it is just a modern name for buildings; as before district heating and electricity, houses

were being heated with wood or straw and lighted with candles. One such instance is of ‘Salt

Box’ in 1700s; though it was not much of a ZEB but was an early step towards such

development. By observing the creative ideas, successes and failures of early American home

designers, and with the addition Ben Franklin’s energy frugality ideas, the New England “Salt

Box” became a popular reduced-energy comfortable home design.

Nevertheless, in the late seventies and early eighties appeared few articles, in which

phrases ‘a zero energy house’, ‘a neutral energy autonomous house’ or ‘an energy-independent

house’ were used. It was the time when the consequences of the oil crisis became noticeable

and the issue of the fossil fuels sources and the energy use started to be discussed. However,

those papers were mainly focused on the energy efficient technologies and passive solutions

implemented in the building. Furthermore, only energy demand for space heating, domestic

hot water and cooling were accounted in the ‘zero’.

Early attempts in the Net zero energy building started in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the

U.S. and Europe. The projects were mainly restricted to small homes. The academic and

industry research on ZEB started in the 1990s due to the U.S and European energy standards.

The U.S. Standards were Energy Star, LEED and Green Point Rated Homes. The Europe

Standards were Minergie Standard (Switzerland), Passivehaus (Germany) and National Home

Energy Rating System (U.K.). With the incorporation of such standards, the revolution for ZEB

started. However, it did not gain much attention in nascent stages. Moreover, along with the

concept of zero energy building many related and easy concepts such as green buildings, low

energy buildings and passive buildings were also prevailing.

The standard organisations of U.S. and Europe did put in efforts in constructing early

ZEBs and spread the information about the need and efficiency of such buildings to tackle the

rising energy crisis and carbon emissions. With constant efforts and development the number

of LEED certified ZEBs in Europe increased from <5 in 2006 to about 50 in 2011. With the



advent of new and improved technology and materials, the designing and construction of ZEB

were now easy. The reduction in construction costs of such buildings also encouraged the

engineers and architects to favour them. The aesthetics of such buildings were also improved

significantly. Hence, the count of ZEBs surpassed two digits on the globe within a decade.

The past decade has been the period of ZEBs revolution. Between 2008 and 2013, researchers

from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Korea,

New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and

USA were working together in the joint research program “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar

Buildings” under the umbrella of International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and

Cooling Program (SHC) Task 40 / Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC, formerly

ECBCS) Annex 52 in order to bring the Net ZEB concept to market viability. The joint

international research and demonstration activities are divided in subtasks. The objective is to

develop a common understanding, a harmonized international applicable definition framework

(Subtask A), design process tools (Subtask B), advanced building design and technology

solutions and industry guidelines for Net ZEBs (Subtask C). The scope encompasses new and

existing residential and non-residential buildings located within the climatic zones of the

participating countries. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is India's first on-site net zero building built

by adoption of solar passive design and energy efficient building material.

Some international vision towards such buildings are mentioned below:

United Kingdom

“The policy statement confirms the Government's intention for all new homes to be

zero carbon by 2016 with a major progressive tightening of the energy efficiency building

regulations - by 25 per cent in 2010 and by 44 per cent in 2013 - up to the zero carbon target

in 2016”

Austria

“Vision 2050 on energy in buildings: The building stock of the year 2050 should be in

total over the entire life cycle (production and operation of buildings) free of any carbon

emissions”



Netherlands

“In the Netherlands, the government and the construction sector aim at achieving

energy neutral new construction in 2020”

USA

“The long-term strategic goal is to create technologies and design approaches that lead

to marketable zero-energy houses by 2020 and to zero-energy commercial buildings by 2025”

Canada

“The Equilibrium House Initiative aims the community-scale demonstration of 1,500

Net Zero Energy Houses by 2010 and all new houses to be Net Zero by 2025”

2.1 NZEBs Examples

This topic gives the superficial details of the existing NZEBs in the world.

Figure 2.1: Net Zero Energy Buildings in the World

United States

In the US, ZEB research is currently being supported by the US Department of

Energy (DOE) Building America Program, including industry-based consortia and researcher

organizations at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Florida Solar Energy

Center (FSEC), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and Oak Ridge National



Laboratory (ORNL). From fiscal year 2008 to 2012, DOE plans to award $40 million to four

Building America teams, the Building Science Corporation; IBACOS; the Consortium of

Advanced Residential Buildings; and the Building Industry Research Alliance, as well as a

consortium of academic and building industry leaders. The funds will be used to develop net-

zero-energy homes that consume at 50% to 70% less energy than conventional homes.

The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 created 2008 through 2012

funding for a new solar air conditioning research and development program, which should soon

demonstrate multiple new technology innovations and mass production economies of scale.

Figure 2.2: LPL Financial La Jolla Commons Tower - Largest Net-Zero Energy Commercial

Office Building in the U.S.

http://cleantechnica.com/2013/08/18/arizona-desert-hosts-worlds-largest-net-zero-energy-building/



Figure 2.3: Zero-Energy Lab construction on UNT campus in Denton, Texas

Denmark

Strategic Research Centre on Zero Energy Buildings was in 2009 established at Aalborg

University by a grant from the Danish Council for Strategic Research (DSF), the Programme

Commission for Sustainable Energy and Environment, and in cooperation with the Technical

University of Denmark, Danish Technological Institute, Danfoss A/S, Velux A/S, Saint Gobain

Isover A/S, and The Danish Construction Association, the section of aluminium facades.

Switzerland

The Swiss MINERGIE-A-Eco label certifies zero energy buildings. The first building

with this label, a single-family home, was completed in Mühleberg in 2011.

Canada

The EcoTerra House in Eastman, Quebec is Canada's first nearly net-zero energy housing

built through the CMHC Equilibrium Sustainable Housing Competition. The house was

designed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Masa Noguchi of the University of Melbourne for Alouette

Homes and engineered by Prof. Dr. Andreas K. Athienitis of Concordia University.

The Eco Plus Home in Bathurst, New Brunswick. The Eco Plus Home is a prefabricated

test house built by Maple Leaf Homes and with technology from Bosch Thermotechnology.



The first net-zero passive house in Northshore, Vancouver, BC, is designed by

Dr. Homayoun Arbabian. The design and construction of this Super Eco House is

undertaken by Vancouver Green Homes LTD.

Figure 2.4: An Eco Terra House

Figure 2.5: A Typical Zero Energy House



China

One example of the new generation of zero energy

office buildings is the 71-story Pearl River Tower, which

opened in 2009, as the Guangdong Company headquarters.

India

India is getting its first net-zero energy building - the

Paryavaran Bhavan building in New Delhi. It is expected

to achieve LEED INDIA-Platinum and a five star

rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment from the

national government's Energy and Resource Institute.

New Office Building for HAREDA, Panchkula.

Sun Carrier Omega Commercial Building, Bhopal.

Figure 2.7: Paryavaran Bhavan Building in New Delhi

Figure 2.6: Pearl River Tower,

China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower



CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Project methodology offers a straight forward approach to the criteria we will be

following for the design of our Net Zero Energy Sports Center.

Our building will cater to the requirements of Net Zero Site Energy, Net Zero Source

Energy and Net Zero Energy Emission. The methods used and specifications provided in the

project are kept in agreement with the net zero building standards and/or appropriate ones. The

LEED standards have always been a preferred option in case of conflicts. They are used in

unison with the Indian Standards provided for segments such as water proofing and bitumen,

so as to suit the conditions and situations prevailing in India or more precisely Lucknow, Uttar

Pradesh.

This project is broadly classified under two heads viz. structural designing and

functional designing.

Structural Design: We are designing a G+1 zero energy building along with a green roof on

terrace. We have considered Limit State Method of design for concrete structure. STAAD.Pro

is used for design calculations of columns and beams.

For design of beam and column we have assumed a section of 500 mm x 500 mm

overall, having grade of concrete as M28 and reinforcement as Fe415.

Footing is designed by calculating load transferred by the column. We are providing

‘Isolated Footing’ having grade of concrete as M20 and reinforcement as Fe415.

We are providing ‘Grid Slab’ for our building.

Design of staircase is done manually and waist type slab is provided for the staircase.

Functional Design: Functional design focuses on steps to achieve a Net Zero Energy Building

by using:

Day Light Harvesting System.

Efficient Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) System.

Green Roof.

Solar Panel System.

Thermal Efficient Materials and Added Insulation.



The methodology adopted is summed up in the following figure:

Figure 3.1 Project Methodology

Design of Sports Center

Structural Design

Sub Structure

Soil Testing

Bearing Capacity

Design of Footing

Super Structure

Calculation of Loads

Design of Beam

Design of Column

Design of Stair Case

Functional Design

Design of Solar Panel

Daylight Harvesting

Design of Green Roof

Ventilation System



CHAPTER 4

SURVEYS AND SOIL DATA

4.1 Wind Speed and Direction:

Wind is the main mechanism of wind driven ventilation for supplying and removing

air through an indoor space without using mechanical systems. For effective design of natural

ventilation system it is important to study about wind direction and speed over a particular

location.

In the design of ventilation system, we had collected data about wind direction and

speed in the form of wind rose direction. A Wind rose diagram is used to study the direction

and speed of wind in a particular location. Wind rose diagram for Lucknow is:

Figure 4.1 Wind Rose Plot of Lucknow



4.2 Climate Condition:

Weather plays a critical role in construction projects, affecting everything from safety

issues to the day to day running of any building site. Our site is situated in Lucknow, which

have a warm humid subtropical climate with cool, dry winters from December to February

and dry, hot summers from April to June. Climate data of Lucknow is represented in the form

of table, as follows:

Climate data for Lucknow, India

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Averag

e high

°C (°F)

22.6

(72.7)

26.0

(78.8)

32.2

(90)

38.1

(100.6

)

40.5

(104.9

)

38.7

(101.7

)

33.6

(92.5)

32.5

(90.5)

33.0

(91.4

)

32.5

(90.5

)

28.9

(84)

24.1

(75.4)

31.9

(89.4)

Daily

mean

°C (°F)

14.7

(58.5)

17.6

(63.7)

23.2

(73.8)

29.3

(84.7)

32.6

(90.7)

32.9

(91.2)

29.8

(85.6)

29.0

(84.2)

28.6

(83.5

)

25.7

(78.3

)

20.3

(68.5

)

15.7

(60.3)

24.9

(76.8)

Averag

e low

°C (°F)

6.9

(44.4)

9.3

(48.7)

14.2

(57.6)

20.5

(68.9)

24.7

(76.5)

27.1

(80.8)

26.1

(79)

25.6

(78.1)

24.3

(75.7

)

19.0

(66.2

)

11.8

(53.2

)

7.4

(45.3)

18.1

(64.6)

Rainfal

l mm

(inches)

21.9

(0.862

)

11.2

(0.441

)

7.7

(0.303

)

4.9

(0.193

)

16.5

(0.65)

107.4

(4.228

)

294.3

(11.587

)

313.9

(12.358

)

180.6

(7.11

)

45.2

(1.78

)

3.8

(0.15

)

7.3

(0.287

)

1,014.7

(39.949

)

Avg.

rainy

days (≥

0.1 mm)

1.6 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.0 4.2 11.6 13.1 7.4 2.0 0.3 0.7 44.2

Mean

monthly

sunshine

hours

203.4 217.5 248.7 271.0 283.5 198.0 167.4 166.7 219.0 269.7 246.0 217.0 2,707.9

Figure 4.2 Climate Data for Lucknow

4.3 Solar Insolation:

In the design of solar panel, we had collected information about solar insolation which

gives the following results:



Table 4.1 Solar Insolation

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Avg 22

years

(kWh/m2

/day)

3.72 4.67 5.75 6.32 6.57 5.91 4.80 4.48 4.52 4.87 4.27 3.6

4.4 Total Electricity Consumption:

For the design of solar panel system, we had calculated total electricity required in our

building, which is shown in the following table:

Table 4.2 Total Electricity Consumption

Appliance Watts Quantity Hour of

Operations

Daily

Demand

Lights 20

30

36

40

120

138

46

47

20

12

6

6

6

6

6

16560

8280

10152

4800

8640

Exhaust 40 48 10 19200

Laptop 600 01 4 2400

Fans 35 33 10 11550

T.V. 40 06 8 1920

Total

Consumption

83502



4.5 Soil Sampling by Auger Boring

Various characteristics of soil have been identified at various depth.

Table 4.3 Soil Description, Identification, Colour, Texture and Moisture Content

Depth below G.L. Soil Description & identification, colour,

texture, moisture

Sample no.

From To

G.L. 0.75 m Colour- light yellow, texture-granular &

glossy (sandy soil),water content w=16%

1

G.L.

1.50 m Colour-brownish, texture, smooth, well

graded, clayey soil(size of less than 0.002

mm) water content w=19%

2

4.6 Determination of the Liquid Limit of Soil

This test is done to determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) – 1985.

The liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which soil behaves practically like

a liquid, but has small shear strength. Its flow closes the groove in just 25 blows in

Casagrande’s liquid limit device.

The apparatus used:-

Casagrande’s liquid limit device

Grooving tools of both standard and ASTM types

Oven

Evaporating dish

Spatula

IS Sieve of size 425µm

Weighing balance, with 0.01g accuracy

Wash bottle

Air-tight and non-corrodible container for determination of moisture content

4.6.1 Preparation of Sample

1. Air-dry the soil sample and break the clods. Remove the organic matter like tree roots,

pieces of bark, etc.



2. About 100g of the specimen passing through 425µm IS Sieve is mixed thoroughly

with distilled water in the evaporating dish and left for 24hrs. for soaking.

Figure 4.3 Casagrande’s Liquid Limit Apparatus

4.6.2 Procedure to Determine the Liquid Limit of Soil

1. Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device.

2. Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1cm.

3. Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup,

holding the tool perpendicular to the cup.

4. For normal fine grained soil: The Casagrande’s tool is used to cut a groove 2mm wide

at the bottom, 11mm wide at the top and 8mm deep.

5. For sandy soil: The ASTM tool is used to cut a groove 2mm wide at the bottom, 13.6mm

wide at the top and 10mm deep.

6. After the soil pat has been cut by a proper grooving tool, the handle is rotated at the rate

of about 2 revolutions per second and the no. of blows counted, till the two parts of the

soil sample come into contact for about 10mm length.

7. Take about 10g of soil near the closed groove and determine its water content.

8. The soil of the cup is transferred to the dish containing the soil paste and mixed

thoroughly after adding a little more water. Repeat the test.

9. By altering the water content of the soil and repeating the foregoing operations, obtain

at least 5 readings in the range of 15 to 35 blows. Don’t mix dry soil to change its

consistency.



10. Liquid limit is determined by plotting a ‘flow curve’ on a semi-log graph, with no. of

blows as abscissa (log scale) and the water content as ordinate and drawing the best

straight line through the plotted points.

4.6.3 Liquid Limit Determination Record

Table 4.4 Liquid Limit Determination Record

Determination no. 1 2 3 4

Container no. 1 2 3 4

Wt. of container W0 g 26.08 25.30 26.95 26.06

No. of blows 34 23 18 12

Wt. of container + wet soil W1 g 38.86 46.63 60.36 43.43

Wt. of container + oven dry soil

W2 g

34.91 39.59 49.02 37.22

Wt. of water (W1-W2) g 3.95 7.04 11.34 6.21

Wt. of oven dry soil (W2-W0 ) g 8.83 14.29 22.07 11.16

Water content

(W1-W2)×100/(W2-W0 )

44.60 49.40 51.40 55.60

4.6.4 Reporting of Results

Hence the liquid limit of the soil is 48.50%

4.7 Determination of the Plastic Limit of Soil

This test is done to determine the plastic limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) – 1985.The

plastic limit of fine-grained soil is the water content of the soil below which it ceases to be

plastic. It begins to crumble when rolled into threads of 3mm dia. The apparatus used:



1. Porcelain evaporating dish about 120mm dia.

2. Spatula

3. Container to determine moisture content

4. Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g

5. Oven

6. Ground glass plate – 20cm x 15cm

7. Rod – 3mm dia. and about 10cm long

4.7.1 Preparation of Sample

Take out 30g of air-dried soil from a thoroughly mixed sample of the soil passing

through 425µm IS Sieve. Mix the soil with distilled water in an evaporating dish and leave the

soil mass for nurturing. This period may be up to 24hrs.

4.7.2 Procedure to Determine the Plastic Limit of Soil

1. Take about 8gm of the soil and roll it with fingers on a glass plate. The rate of rolling

should be between 80 to 90 strokes per minute to form a 3mm dia.

2. If the dia. of the threads can be reduced to less than 3mm, without any cracks appearing,

it means that the water content is more than its plastic limit. Knead the soil to reduce

the water content and roll it into a thread again.

3. Repeat the process of alternate rolling and kneading until the thread crumbles.

4. Collect and keep the pieces of crumbled soil thread in the container used to determine

the moisture content.

5. Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples of plastic soil each time.



Table 4.5 Plastic Limit Determination Record

Determination no. 1 2 3

Container no. 1 2 3

Wt. of container W0 g 24.01 22.79 23.42

Wt. of container + wet soil W1 g 31.39 30.39 30.87

Wt. of container + oven dry soil W2

gm

20.80 28.75 29.27

Wt. of water (W1-W2) gm 1.54 1.64 1.60

Wt. of oven dry soil (W2-W0) gm 5.74 5.96 5.85

Water content

(W1-W2)×100%/(W2-W0)

26.80 27.50 27.30

Plastic limit Wp (avg. of 3

determinations)

27.20


Hence plastic limit of the soil is 27.20%

4.8 Constant Head Permeability Test:

Permeability is a soil property indicating the ease with which water will flow through the

soil. Permeability depends on the following factors:

the size of soil grains

the properties of pore fluids

the void ratio of the soil

the shapes and arrangement of pores

the degree of saturation



The coefficient of permeability, k, is a product of Darcy’s Law. In 1856, Darcy established

an empirical relationship for the flow of water through porous media.

Q = kiA

Where:

Q = flow rate (volume/time)

i = hydraulic gradient (unit less)

A = cross-sectional area of flow (area)

k = coeff. of permeability (length/time)

It should be noted that the coefficient of permeability is often referred to as hydraulic

conductivity by hydrologists and environmental scientists. In their notation, permeability has

an entirely different definition.

Permeability is necessary for the calculation of seepage through earth dams or under

sheet pile walls, the calculation of the seepage rate from waste storage facilities (landfills,

ponds, etc.), and the calculation of the rate of settlement of clayey soil deposits.

The constant-head method is limited to disturbed granular soils containing not more than 10%

passing the No.200 sieve.

Table 4.6 Types of Soils, Their Coefficient and Degree of Permeability

The constant head test method is used for permeable soils (k>10-4 cm/s), and the falling

head test is mainly used for less permeable soils (k<10-4 cm/s).

Test Apparatus-:

Permeameters

Ruler

Tamper



Balance

Watch (or Stopwatch)

Thermometer

Filter

Figure 4.4 Permeameter

4.8.1 Test Procedure:

1. Using the relative densities given determine the density of the specimen, γ Measure the

diameter and length of specimen mold, calculate the volume, V. Then, determine the

weight of the sample needed at the particular relative density, W.

2. Set up the permeameter

a. Loosen the lower hose clamp on the top coupling and remove the reservoir tube.

b. Place test sample in the mould, level with a straight edge, place in the bucket.

c. Measure the diameter of both the reservoir tube and bubble tube, length of mold,

L.



d. Measure the distance between the top of the mold and top of bucket, H1

e. Take the mold out of the bucket, place the reservoir tube back on the mold and

tighten the clamps.

f. Measure the distance from the bottom of the bubble tube to the top of the mold,

H2; the water head difference will be H2-H1

g. Place permeameters in the bucket and fill slowly allowing water to saturate the

sample from the bottom up.

h. When water overflows, open the upper and lower ports to allow water in the

reservoir tube, keep the water overflowing the bucket.

i. Seal the top of the bubble tube, use vacuum, draw the water into the bubble tube

so that the water level is between 20 and 25cm high as marked on the reservoir

tube. Close the ports with clamps. Note the mark at which it starts.

j. Open the bubble tube and start the timer, end test when the water level drops to

the bottom of the bubble tube, or stop after between 15 and 30 minutes.

4.8.2 Computation of Coefficient of Permeability

Head (h) = 14 cm

Hydraulic Gradient (i) = h/L = 1.09375 (h=14cm & L=12.8cm)

Table 4.7 Computation of Coefficient of Permeability

Sr. no. Time t (seconds) Quantity Q (cm³) K=Q/Ait

1 0 0 0

2 1×3600 13.5 6.13×10^-6

3 3.45×3600 43.90 6.106×10^-6

Weight of wet soil + mould after test (W2) = 3590 gm

Weight of dry soil + mould after test (W3) = 3850 gm

Weight of water (Ww = W2-W3) =135 gm

Weight of dry soil (Ws = W3-Wm) = 1849.5 gm

Water content during test (Wt = Ww × 100/ Ws) = 7.30%

Void ratio {e=(Gsγw)-1/ γd} = 0.117

Degree of saturation during tests {Sr = WtGs/e} = 1.65




Hence the permeability of the soil is 6.105×10-6 cm/sec.

4.9 Bearing Capacity of the Foundation Soil:

Safe Bearing Capacity of soil has been determined by IS: 6403-1981 (I.S Code

Method)

q = 1/F (C.Nc.Sc.dc.ic + p (Nq-1) sq.dq.iq + ½B.γ.Nγ.Sγ.dγ.iγ.W)

q = Safe bearing capacity, Kg/Cm2

c = Cohesion of soil, Kg/Cm2

γ = Unit weight of soil, Kg/Cm2

p = Effective overburden pressure, Kg/Cm2

Nc ,Nq,Nγ= Non dimensional bearing capacity factors

Depending upon angle of internal friction.

Sc, Sq, Sγ = Shape factors

dc,dq,dγ = Depth factors

ic,iq,iγ = Inclination factor

D = Proposed depth of foundation, Cms.

B = Proposed width of foundation, Cms.

W = Correction factor for location of water table.

F = Factor of Safety

4.9.1 Estimation of Bearing Capacity:

Shear Value of tri axial shear test are used in the estimation of the bearing capacity for

Rectangular raft footing of 6.00 mt. width to be placed at a depth of 2. 0 mt. below ground

level. The soil properties of each bore hole were taken into consideration. However, the

governing values were obtained from bore hole no. 1 and the calculation therefore are produced

below:

1. Cohesion of Soil, Kg/Cm2 = 0.18

2. Angle of internal friction = 11

3. Natural density of Soil, Kg/Cm3 = 1.87x103



4. Void ratio = 0.58

5. Bearing Capacity factors as worked out on the

Basis of N Value by interpolation

Nc = 8.63

Nq = 2.65

Nγ = 1.40

6. Shape Factors

Sc = 1.10

Sq = 1.10

Sγ = 0.80

7. Inclination Factors

Ic, Iq, Iγ = 1. 00

8. Depth Factors

dc = 1.080

dq=dγ = 1.040

9. Proposed depth of foundation (Cm = 200

10. Proposed width if foundation ( = 600

11. Efficient overburden pressure, Kg/Cm2 = 0.374

12. Correction factor for location of water table = 1.00

13. Factor of safety = 3.00

14. Net safe bearing capacity, Kg/Cm2 = 0.90

The Bearing Capacity of the soil is taken as 9 ton/m².

4.9.2 Foundation Provided

As per the results we found from soil testing and its properties that the best suitable

type of foundation that has to be laid is Isolated Footing.



CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL DESIGNING

5.1 Structural Detailing

Structure Details of Ground floor and Second floor.

Figure 5.1 Isometric View of the Building



Figure 5.2 Top View of the Building



5.2 Design of Beams:

There are eight types of beam used in whole struture:

B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8.

Figure 5.3 Structural Detailing of Beam B1






5.3 Design of Columns:

There are two types of column used in our struture: C1 and C2.



Figure 5.11 Structural Detailing of Column C1

Figure 5.12 Structural Detailing of Column C2:

5.4 Design of Foundation

The design of foundation involves following steps:

5.4.1 Calculation of Load

Dead load of slab = 0.125 x 25 =3.125 kN/m2

Load from wall = 20 x 8 x 0.25 = 40.0 kN/m2

(Assume overall thickness of wall 230 + 20 = 250 mm)

Live Load = 2.5 kN/m2

Total load = 45.63 kN/m2



Total factored load = 45.63 x 1.5 = 68.44 kN/m2

5.4.2 Size of Footing

From the soil data the bearing capacity of soil is 90 kN/m2.

Assuming the weight of the footing + backfill to be 10 % of the load

P = 45.63 kN/m2,

Total area of the panel = 4 x 4 = 16 m2

Total concentrated load = 45.63 x 16 = 731 kN

Base area required = (731 x 1.1) / 90 = 8.93 m2

⇒ Minimum size of square footing = √(8.93) = 2.98 m

Assume a 3.5 m × 3.5 m footing base

5.4.3 Thickness of Footing Slab Based on Shear

Net soil pressure at ultimate loads (assuming a load factor of 1.5)

qu= (731 x 1.5)/(3.5 x 3.5) = 89.51 kN/m2

= 0.0895 N/mm2

(a) One-way shear

The critical section is at a distance d from the column face

⇒ Factored shear force Vu1

= 0.0895 × 3000 × (1250 – d)

= (335625 – 269d) N.

Assuming τc= 0.36 MPa (for M 20 concrete with, say, pt = 0.25)

[Refer Table 13 of the Code],

One-way Shear Resistance, Vc1

= 0.36 × 3000 × d

= (1080d) N

Vu1

≤ Vc1 ⇒335625 – 269d ≤ 1080d

⇒d≥ 250 mm

(b) Two-way shear

The critical section is at d/2 from the periphery of the column,

⇒ Factored shear force Vu2

= 0.0895 × [30002

– (500 + d)2]



Assuming d = 250 mm

Vu2

= 755.15 × 103N

Two-way shear resistance Vc2

= ksτc × [4 × (500 + d) d]

Where ks = 1.0 for a square column, and τc= 0.2520= 1.118 MPa (refer Cl. 31.6.3.1 of the Code)

⇒ Vc2

= 1.0 × 1.118 × 4d (500 + d)

= (2236d + 4.472d2) N

Vu2

≤ Vc2 ⇒755.15 × 10

3 ≤ 2236d + 4.472d

2

Solving, d ≥ 231 mm

The thickness of footing here is govern by one way shear, assuming a clear cover of 75 mm

and 16 φ bars in both directions, with an average d = 250 mm,

thickness D ≥ 250 + 75 + 16 = 341 mm

Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 24 kN/m3

and 18 kN/m3

respectively, actual

gross pressure at footing base (under service loads).

q= [ 731/(3.5 x 3.5) ]+ (24 x 0.341) + (18 x 0.341)

= 74 kN/m2 > 90 kN/m2 — O.K.

5.5 Design of Flexural Reinforcement

Factored moment at column face (in either direction):

Mu

= 0.0895 × 3000 × 12502/2

= 209.77 × 106

Nmm

⇒R ≡ Mu/Bd2

= 1.042 MPa

⇒pt,min

= 100 × 1260 / (3000 × 259)

= 0.162 < 0.00308

Hence, area of reinforcement in each direction is given by:

⇒Ast,

= 0.0012 B x D

= 0.0012 x 3000 x 350



= 1260 mm2

Using 16 mm φ bars, number of bars required = 1260/201 = 7

Provide 7 nos. 16 φ bars both ways,

Required development length Ld = φ(0.87 fy)/4τbd [refer Cl. 26.2.1 of Code]

For M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel,

Ld

= φ (0.87 × 415)/(4 × 1.2 × 1.6)

= 47.0 φ

For 16 φ bars in footing, Ld=47.0 × 16 = 752 mm

Length available = 1250 – 75 = 1175 mm > 752 mm — Hence, OK.

Note:-The design for the foundation is given for only one type of the panel, all the other designs

can be done similarly. This design is done for the maximum load transferred to the soil from

the structure.

5.6 Design of Staircase:

We will provide “Waist Slab” type staircase.

Rise: 150 mm

Tread: 300 mm

√(R2 + T2) = 335.4 mm

Assume a nominal waist slab thickness t = 100

Further assuming the flexural resistance to be provided entirely by the waist slab, with 20 mm

clear cover (mild exposure) and 10 φ bars.

Effective depth d= 100 – 20 – 10/2 = 75 mm.

5.6.1 Loads Acting Vertically Over Each Tread Width

The load component wt = w sinθ acting tangentially in the longitudinal direction (i.e.,

in the plane of the waist slab) results in very low flexural stresses owing to the large depth of

the waist slab in its own plane; hence, this is ignored.

Self-weight of slab @ 25 kN/m3

x (0.1 x 0.335) m2

= 0.0.838 kN/m

Self-weight of step @ 25 kN/m3 x (0.5x0.15x0.30) m = 0.563 kN/m

Finishes @ 0.6 kN/m2 x 0.30 m = 0.180 kN/m

Live loads @ 3.0 kN/m2 x 0.30 m = 0.90 kN/m



Total load = 2.481 kN/m

Factored load causing flexure in the transverse direction

(w x 1.5) cosθ = (2.481 x 1.5) x (300/335.4) =3.32 kN/m

Distributed factored load per m width along inclined slab

= 3.32/0.335 =9.91 kN/m2

5.6.2 Design of Main Bars (Spanning Transversely)

Maximum moment at mid span:

Mu= (9.91 x 3.02)/8 = 11.15 kNm/m

R= Mu/(Bd^2) = 11.15 x 10^6 / (1000 x 75 x75) = 1.98

As per Annex –G of IS: 456-2000

(Ast)reqd = 473 mm2/m ( assume M20 & Fe 415)

Required spacing of 10 ɸ bars = (78.5 X 103)/473 = 165 mm

Required spacing of 8 ɸ bars = (50.0 X 103)/473 = 105 mm

Minimum spacing =3d = 3 X 75= 225 mm

5.6.3 Distributer (Spanning Longitudinally)

(Ast)min = 0.0015 bt (for Fe 250 Bars)

= 0.0015 X 1000 X 100 = 150 mm2/m

Spacing of 6ɸ bars = (28.3 X 103)/150 = 190 mm

Provide 8ɸ bars @ 215 mm c/c as Main Bars & 6ɸ distributors @ 185 c/c.



CHAPTER 6

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN

6.1 Solar Panel Design:

In the design of solar panel, first aim is to calculate the total electricity consumption of

the building and then select the number of solar panels required. Once the number of panels

required is finalized, the final step is to compute the total energy that can be produced by the

system.

Table 6.1 Total Electricity Consumption

Calculation of Loads:

Weekly average daily load = 83502 Wh/day = 83.5 kWh/day

Battery round trip efficiency = 1.3

Required array output per day = 1.3 * 83502 Wh/day

=108552.6 Wh/day

Watts Quantity Hour of

Operations

Days/ Week Weekly

Demand

Lights 20

30

36

40

120

138

46

47

20

12

6

6

6

6

6

1

1

1

1

1

16560

8280

10152

4800

8640

Exhaust 40 48 10 1 19200

Computer 600 01 4 1 2400

Fans 35 33 10 1 11550

T.V. 40 06 8 1 1920



Total PV panels needed = Wh/d/Wp

= Sunlight of lowest solar month x 0.62

= 3.60 x 0.62

= 2.232

Total Wp of PV panel capacity needed = 108552.6 / 2.32

= 48634.68 Wp

No. of panel needed = Total electricity consumption / Power of a solar panel

= 48634.68 / 215

= 230

Now, area of 1 panel = 1.459 m^2

Therefore, area of 230 panels = 1.459 x 230

= 335.57 m^2

6.1.1 Assumptions:

Solar PV system is considered

Type of Panel is Polycrystalline

Latitude 26° 86’ and Longitude 80°98’

Clear south faced direction is considered for installation of solar panel

Effective solar collector area is 335 m2 (considered)

6.1.2 Solar Insolation

Solar insolation is defined as the amount of solar energy received by earth’s surface.

Higher solar insolation value for a particular region means a higher solar radiation is available

to that area. The solar insolation value decides the size of solar collector that is required. Higher

the value, lower the collector size and vice versa. This value is generally described as the



amount of solar radiation coming to the earth in a meter square area on a single day, which is

Kwh/meter2/day.

Solar Insolation of the site:

Table 6.2 Solar Insolation

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Avg. 22

years

(kWh/m2

/day)

3.72 4.67 5.75 6.32 6.57 5.91 4.80 4.48 4.52 4.87 4.27 3.6

Avg. Solar Insolation for different season:

Table 6.3 Avg. Solar Insolation

Season Months Avg. Solar Insolation

Winter Nov-Feb 4.07

Summer Mar – Jun 6.14

Monsoon Jul – Sept 4.60

Post Monsoon Oct. 4.87

6.1.3 Solar energy generation:

E = A x Y x H x PR

where A = Total solar panel area

Y = Solar panel yield

H = Solar irradiance

PR = Performance Ratio



Winter:

Energy generation = Area x Avg. Solar Insolation

= 335.57 x 0.1473 x 4.07 x 0.75

= 150.883 kWh > 108.55 kWh

Summer:


= 335.57 x 0.1473 x 6.14 x 0.75

= 227.62 kWh > 108.55 kWh

Monsoon:


= 335.57 x .1473 x 4.6 x 0.75

= 170.52 kWh > 108.55 kWh

Post Monsoon:


= 335.57 x 4.87 x 0.75

= 180.53 kWh > 108.55 kWh



6.1.4 Overall Specification of the design:

Table 6.4 Specification for Design

Particulars Solar Power Plant

Application Solar power back up for existing electrical

appliances viz., Tube lights, Fans, etc.,

Solar Panel Wattage 215 Wp, 230 Panels

Battery Rating 48 V

Life Years

Solar Modulus 20 – 25 years

Battery 3 – 5 years

Inverter 5 years

6.2. Extensive Green Roof

The designing of an extensive green roof system demands the following prospective to be

checked in:

1. Structural design of green roof

2. Different component layers of green roof

6.2.1 Structural Design:

In structural design, calculation of live load, dead load, wind load, snow load and the

structural support requirements are calculated. Following loads are considered in the design:

1. Dead Load

As per IS 875-1987 (Part-I) dead load of concrete structure = 2.5 KN/m2

2. Finish Load

Finish load is considered as 1.0 KN/m2

3. Wind Load

Wind load is considered in case of multi storey buildings.



As per IS 875:1987 (Part III), buildings of up to ten stories designed for gravity loading

can accommodate wind loading without any additional support for lateral system. Hence,

no consideration for wind load is done.

We are designing an extensive type of green roof which is non-accessible and the dead load

of this type of roof is 0.7 KN/m2. Since at terrace there is no finishing work done, so we can

design this green roof without no special provision of structural support for the roof.

6.2.1.1 Area Provided:

Total terrace area = 1344 m2

Area of evaporative cooling system provided in ground floor = 16 m2

Area of evaporative cooling system provided in first floor = 11.55 m2

Area of water tank = 10 m2

Area provided for stair case = 18 m2

Total area to be deducted due to above considerations = 16 + 11.55 + 10 + 18 = 55.55 m2

………….. (1)

Total solar panel area (area of solar panels + maintenance area) = 335 + 15 = 350 m2

Total number of panels used = 230

Area of one panel = 1.459 m2

Considering 30% of this area is used as installation spaces which are to be covered by gravels.

Therefore, remaining area for green roofing through one panel = 1.0213 m2

For 230 panels, total available area for green roof system = 69 m2

…………. (2)

Therefore, total area of green roof provided = area of terrace – deducted area (equation 1) –

maintenance area of solar panel – available area under solar panels (equation 2)

= 1344 – 55.55 – 15 – 69



= 1204.45 m2, which is 89.60% of the total terrace area.

Hence, as per design procedure of green roof, total area provided for green roof construction is

89.60% of gross terrace area.

6.2.1.2 Slope:

Slope of 1 in 20 is provided to carry excess water safely to the drainage.

6.2.2 Design of layers of Green Roof:

To design a green roof, the following layers are generally used either in unison or as

appropriate:

Water Proofing Membrane

Protection Layer – Root Barrier

Drainage Layer

Moisture Retention Layer

Filter Fabric and Growing Medium

Vegetation Layer

Figure 6.1: Various Layers of Green Roof



6.2.2.1 Water proofing Membranes:

Installing a green roof over a waterproof membrane will significantly extend the life of

the membrane and the life cycle cost of the roof.

There are several factors to consider when choosing a waterproof membrane to be used

in conjunction with a green roof beyond waterproofing such as durability,

environmental friendliness, tensile strength and root resistance.

Based on the suitability for Indian climate, we are selecting bitumen membrane for the

water proofing of the Sports Center.

The 40-50 grade bitumen and 60-70 grade bitumen are the most sought ones for our

project. Both the grades are available in Uttar Pradesh, India and are priced almost same.

We can alter between these two grades based on the future availability at the required time.

For the time being we are providing a 10mm coating of bitumen with a grade of 40-50.

The designing and requirements are fulfilled according to IS code 1322:1993 and 7193:1974.

6.2.2.2 Protection Layer – Root Barrier:

As green roofs contain living and growing materials, a protection layer and a root barrier

are one of the most important elements of the assembly. As roots grow they can penetrate the

waterproofing membrane and create leak locations. The membranes employed for protection

are:

• PVC

• TPO (Thermoplastic Polyolefin single-ply)

• EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer single ply)

• Built-up hot applied high-polymer asphalt

• 2 layers of high polymer SBS modified bitumen with root barrier

We are providing a 2 mm thick sheet of EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)

because of following:

Increased life expectancy of roof

Light weight

Low maintenance

Perfect for sedum vegetation

Ease of installation



Extra sound proofing and insulation

6.2.2.3 Drainage Layer:

A drainage layer can be classified into two basic types: Granular and Non-Granular.

We are providing a non- granular type which includes mats, boards and modules.

A drainage course allows moisture to move laterally through the green roof system. It

prevents oversaturation, ensures root ventilation and provides additional space for the roots to

grow. It is a porous, continuous layer over the entire roof surface just above the concrete slab.

As moisture is essential for successful plant propagation, a moisture retention layer retains or

stores moisture for plant growth. It is an absorptive mat and which is typically located above

the drainage layer or above the aeration layer.

Figure 6.2: Images of Different Kinds of Drainage Matting

6.2.2.4 Drainage Cell:

Figure 6.3: Drainage Cell



Drain cell is a lightweight, high strength modular drainage cell which is especially

designed for sub-surface drainage and waterproofing membrane protection. Drain cells are

manufactured from high strength polypropylene and are used in various applications like

terrace gardens, planter and podium systems, basement retaining walls, landscape decks, pond

filtration systems, sports fields and agri-horti applications. Drain cells are unaffected by

moulds, algae, soil borne chemical, alkalis and bitumen.

We are providing 9636 drain cells.

Temperature Range = -30 oC to 120 oC

Dimensions (L x W x H) = 500 mm x 250 mm x 30 mm

Total area of green roof provided = 1204.45 m2

Therefore, number of drain cells required = 9635.6 ~ 9636

6.2.2.5 Root Permeable Filter Layer:

The filter layer separates the growing medium from the drainage layer and protects the

medium from shifting and washing away. This layer restricts the flow of fine soil particles and

other contaminants while allowing water to pass through freely to avoid clogging. They are

often made of tightly woven fabric and are in the form of filter cloth or mats.

Filter Fabric:

• Geotextile fabric placed beneath growing media to retain fine particles

• Resistant to weathering and puncture

Types of filter fabric includes:

• Landscape fabric, non-woven, non-biodegradable

• Polyester fibre matting

• Polypropylene-polyethylene matting

Figure 6.4: Images of Different Types of Filter Fabrics Used in a Green Roof Installation



We are providing non-woven geotextile fabric considering availability and economy.

Figure 6.5: Geotextile Fabric

The specifications of fabric are as follows:

1. Width available = 1. 5 m to 3 m

2. Paper density = 100 gsm (grams per square meter)

3. Colour: Off white

4. Packing = 150 m

Total area provided for green roof = 1204.45 m2

Numbers of roll required = (Area of green roof) / (Area of one sheet roll)

= (1204.45)/ (150*1.5)

= 5.3531

~ 6 rolls

6.2.2.6 Growing Medium:

For an extensive system, growing media can be 7.62-15.24 cm (3.00-6.00 in) thick.

However, we will try to keep the thickness of our growing media to be about 12.70 cm or 5 in.

The growing media is engineered accordingly to suit the conditions. Expanded shale accounts

for maximum contribution in inorganic content, which is in the range of 90-95% of total depth.

The compost is used as organic content. The following table gives the details about the

characteristics/properties provided in the growing media:



Table 6.5 Properties of Growing Media

Particle Size Distribution

Proportion of silting components <

0.063 mm

Mass % < 10

Proportion of particles < 0.25 mm

60 mesh

Mass % 5 - 20


18 mesh

Mass % 10 - 40


10 mesh

Mass % 30 - 50


1/8 inch

Mass % 40 - 70


1/4 inch

Mass % 65 - 95


3/8 inch

Mass % 80 - 100


1/2 inch

Mass % 100

Density Measurements

Bulk Density (dry weight basis) g/cm3 0.55 - 0.80

Bulk Density (dry weight basis) lb/ft3 35 - 50

Bulk Density (at max. water-

holding capacity)

g/cm3 1.05 - 1.15

Bulk Density (at max. water-

holding capacity)

lb/ft3 66 – 72

Water/Air Measurements

Total Pore Volume Vol. % > 60

Maximum water-holding capacity Vol. % 35 – 65

Air-filled porosity at max water-

holding capacity

Vol. % > 10

Water permeability (saturated

hydraulic conductivity)

cm/sec 0.001 – 0.12



Water permeability (saturated

hydraulic conductivity)

in/min 0.024 – 2.83

pH and Salt Content

pH (in CaCl2) 6.0 - 8.5

Soluble salts (water, 1:10, m:v) g (KCl)/L < 3.5

Organic Measurements

Organic matter content g/L 25 - 60

Nutrients

Phosphorus, P205 (CAL) mg/L < 200

Potassium, K2O (CAL) mg/L < 700

Magnesium, Mg (CaCl2) mg/L < 200

Nitrate + Ammonium (CaCl2) mg/L < 80

All values are based on compacted materials according to laboratory standards and testing

methods defined by the Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V.

(FLL) Landscape Development and Landscaping Research Society, Guidelines for the Planning

Construction and Maintenance of Green-Roofing, Green Roofing Guideline, 2008

6.2.2.7 Vegetation Layer:

The selection of appropriate plants is essential to both the aesthetic and environmental

function of the green roof. There are various planting propagation methods like pre cultivated

mats, modular systems, plugs, cuttings and seeds, all of which vary by cost and type of coverage

desired. Selection of plants requires consideration as traditional rules for ground level plant

selection do not work on green roofs due to the environmental and geographical location.

Microclimate conditions on the roof like sun, shade and wind patterns which do not affect the

ground gardens influence the growth of plants on the rooftop. Thus, plant variety needs to be

tougher and less nutrient reliant than ones on the ground.

Plants cool the air around the rooftop through evapo-transpiration and shading from the

plant cover. Evapo-transpiration is the sum effect of evaporation and plant transpiration from

the surface of the vegetation that results in the cooling of the surface as water evaporates from

it. Reductions of up to 90% in solar gain on roof area shaded by plant cover compared to un-

shaded location can be achieved and indoor temperature decrease of 3-4˚C (6-8 ˚F) may be

attained.



Figure 6.6: Vegetation Layer

Extensive green roofs rely on a mixture of grasses, mosses, sedums, sempervivums,

festucas, irises, and wildflowers -plants that are native to dry lands, tundras, alvars, and alpine

slopes.

Our green roof will have varieties of grasses, sedums and wildflowers as the

vegetative layer.

6.3 Daylight Harvesting

There are three avenues of the design:

1. Interior surface design

2. Shading for glare control

3. Shading for thermal comfort

6.3.1 Design:

We are providing Philips DALI system.

DALI means Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. IEC 60929 and IEC 62386 are

technical standards for network based systems that controls lighting in building automation.

DALI network consists of a controller and one or more lighting devices (e.g. electrical ballasts

and dimmers) that have DALI interfaces. DALI provides simplified installation and

communication, yet maximum control and flexibility. Wiring is simpler. Installation costs are

lower.



There are following designing areas for daylight harvesting:

Photo sensors

Control Module

Control zones

Glazing

Roofing and flooring

Daylight integrations

1. Light sleeves

2. Light pipes

3. Light pipes at riel

4. Mirror system

6.3.1.1 Photo-sensors:

Photo sensor is designed in the ceiling to detect the prevailing light level, luminance or

brightness, in open-loop and closed-loop systems. Photo sensors are used to adjust electric

lighting based on the available daylight in the space.

6.3.1.2 Control Module (Open Loop):

We are using switching method of open loop system for our building. Open-loop

systems measure only the incoming daylight, not the contribution from the electric lighting.

The photo sensor should not see any electric light and therefore it is mounted outside the

building or inside near a daylight aperture. Because there is no feedback, it is an open loop. In

the case of a switching system, the photo sensor signals the lights to shut off when daylight

reaches a predetermined level. In the case of a dimming system, the photo sensor measures

incoming daylight and signals a controller to proportionately dim the lights based on the

estimated daylight contribution.

The signal from the photo sensor is interpreted by a lighting control system module, an

automated light switching device, in the electric lighting system which can reduce the electric

lighting, by shutting off or dimming fixtures as appropriate. A typical control system of

daylight harvesting system is shown in figure below:



Figure 6.7: Day Lighting System

(This system was given by Courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)

6.3.1.3 Control Zones:

Near the walls we have sufficient light for our purposes and it is in accord with the

environment and health standards. But as we approach towards the interior of the building, the

light intensity decreases. That’s why some artificial arrangements are provided to ensure proper

light (min 300 lux for indoor sports). As we move further, requirement of artificial lights

increases. Hence, the whole volume of the building space is divided in some zones (according

to need of the building). And artificial lights are arranged in these zones in increasing manner

i.e., more intense lights inside and the lesser outside. In this project, we are dividing the whole

space of the building into two zones. The outer part (area close to boundary walls) doesn’t need

any artificial light in day and very less in evening and the inner zone needs intense artificial

lights according to purposes. Generally, a 60 watt fluorescent rod is sufficient for official

purposes in night for every 1500 cubic meters of space.



The whole space is divided into two zones:

Side-lighted zone

Top-lighted zone

According to IECC 2009 the side-lighted zone will be: L x W

Where, L= depth (lesser value of 15ft or distance from vertical fenestration and nearest

opaque ceiling-height partition)

W= width (the lowest width of window+2ft. on each side or width of window + distance to

opaque partition.

For Ground Floor:

4.572 x (3+1.2192) = 19.2901824 m2

The above value is calculated for complete height and per window.

Total number of windows on ground floor of width 3 m = 24

Total side-lighted area by these windows = 462.96442 m2

Side-lighted area near stairs = 4.572 x (6+1.2192) = 33.006182 m2

Side-lighted area of the front zone = 4.572 x (12+1.2192) = 60.438182 m2

Total side-lighted area = 556.40878 m2

Total area for the day-lighting = 1920 - 96 = 1824 m2

Hence top-lighted zone area = 1267.5912 m2



Figure 6.8: The Blue Shaded Area is Side-Lighted Area and the Yellow Shaded Area is Top-

Lighted Area.

For Top Floor:

4.572 x (3+1.2192) = 19.2901824 m2

The above value is calculated for complete height and per window.

Total no of windows = 28

Total side-lighted area by these = 28 x 19.2901824 = 540.1251072 m2

Side-lighted area near stairs = 4.572 x (6+1.2192) = 33.006182 m2

Side-lighted area of the front zone = 4.572 x (20+1.2192) = 97.014182 m2

Total side-lighted area = 689.43564 m2



Total area for day-lighting = 1888 m2

Total area of top-lighted zone = 1888 – 540.1251072 - 33.006182 - 97.01418

= 1217.854531 m2

Figure 6.9: Blue Shaded Area is Side-Lighted Area and Yellow Shaded Area is Top-Lighted

Area.

6.3.1.4 Glazing:

Main purpose of glazing is to increase the intensity and quality of light with the look.

Glazing is done on the walls and by the windows. We are providing double glazed windows.

Special types of shining and thermal resistant windows are fixed for this purpose. Glazing

provide us ease in attaining the normal required intensity of light (300 to 500 lux - as required

by the building) near the walls and windows but in the deeper and inner portion of the building

some artificial lighting (LEDs) are provided to attain the official requirement of light.



Figure 6.10: Glazing System

6.3.1.5 Roofing and Flooring:

Roofing and flooring is designed on the basis of DALI system. Shining floors are better

for the purpose of day-lighting. Photo sensors are mounted on the roofs to measure the level of

present coming daylight. This is called ceiling photo sensors and is designed by Philips DALI

system.

6.3.1.6 Daylight Integrations:

This is the most important section of the daylight system designing. We cannot increase

the incoming daylight. So, we have to use some advanced methods for integrating the light

entering and its intensity inside the building.

Light pipes, glazing and automated window are provided for this purpose. Windows

are of double glazing glasses.



6.3.1.7 Light Tubes:

We are providing light pipes at sides and corners. The entrance point in the light tubes

generally comprises a dome, which has the function of collecting and reflecting as much

sunlight as possible into the tubes. Many units also have directional ‘collectors’, ‘reflectors’ or

even ‘Fresnel Lens’ devices that assist in collecting additional directional light down the tube.

A set-up in which a laser cut acrylic panels arranged to redirect sunlight into a horizontally or

vertically oriented mirrored pipe, combined with a light spreading system with a triangular

arrangement of laser cut panels that spread light into the room. Light transmission efficiency

is greatest if the tube is short and straight. At end point (point of use), a diffuser spreads the

light into the room. One light tube concentrates 1000 lumens per square meter. We are

providing 17 light pipes on ground floor and 17 on the top floor. This makes the total to 34

light pipes in the building.

Figure 6.11: Light Pipes



Figure 6.12: Light Pipes at REIL

6.4 Ventilation System Design:

Steps required for the ventilation system design are discussed under the following sub

heads.

6.4.1 Ground Floor Design:

We have divided our plan into 4m x 4m grid. That is the center to center column

distance is kept 4 m. Height of the wall is 8 m. Thickness of wall is 228.6 mm. Windows

fittings of ground floor on this wall are shown in the figure below:



Figure 6.13: Ground Floor Plan of the Building

Specifications of windows provided:

15 cm length is excluded of the wall from very top of the wall for fitting of top stack

of windows. These are windows of size 3 m x 0.5 m. These are automated windows

provided in the building to squeeze out the warm air from inside of the building.

These are single glazing windows and are provided at a distance of 1m from each

other. These are of single glazing glass.

1 m above the floor second stack of the windows from top are provided in the wall.

These are of size 3 m x 3 m and provided at 1 m distance from each other. These are

double glazed windows.

The vertical gap between these two stacks of windows is 3.35 m.



In washrooms stripped windows of fibre are fitted. Each are of cross-section 0.5 m x

1.5 m. Any one can’t see inside through these windows from outside of the building

but the person inside the washroom can peep a little. These are fitted at 0.5 m height

below very top of the wall or at a height of 6 m from the floor. Total 6 such windows

are provided on the ground floor. 4 in the washrooms and showers and 2 are provided

on each side of point P.

In the top stack of windows total 25 windows are provided in ground floor (size = 3 m

x 0.5 m). And in the second stack of windows total 24 windows are provided in

ground floor (size = 3 m x 3 m).

Total 14 exhaust fans of 40 watts are provided in the ground floor and are fitted in 0.5

m x 0.5 m cavity in the wall. These are to squeeze out mechanically, the old and

unpleasant warm air from inside to outside. These are at a distance of 1.75 m from

each side of the grid.

Figure 6.14: Front View of the Ventilation Plan

Figure 6.15: Back View of the Ventilation Plan



Figure 6.16: Side View of the Ventilation Plan

Figure 6.17: Top Floor Design

6.4.2 Top Floor Design

We have divided our plan in 4 m x 4 m grids similarly as the ground floor. But this

time the height of the wall is 4m. Thickness of wall is 228.6 mm. Windows fittings of top

floor on this wall are as shown in the figure below:



Figure 6.18: Windows Shown by Red Colour on the Outer Walls

Specifications of Windows Provided:

15 cm length is excluded of the wall from very top of the wall for fitting of top stack

of windows. These are windows of size 3 m x 0.5 m and are at a distance of 1m from

each other. The glasses of these are single glazing. Total 28 such windows are

provided on the top floor.

1m above the floor second stack of the windows from top are provided in the wall.

These are of size 3 m x 1.5 m and provided at 1 m distance from each other. These are

thrombe walls and sliding in nature. Total 28 such windows are provided on the top

floor.

The vertical gap between these two stacks of windows is 0.75 m.

Similarly as in the ground floor in washroom of top floor a stripped window of fiber is

fitted. These are of cross-section 0.5 m x 1.5 m.



Total 11 exhaust fans of 40 watts are provided in the top floor and are fitted in 0.5 m x

0.5 m cavity in the wall. These are at a distance of 1.75 m from each side of the grid

column.

We are providing automatic windows. These are glazing but thermal resistant and easily

available in market. These work on stake effect. The cold air has some weight and due to

which it wants to come down by the action of gravity and the warm air is lighter and lifts up.

It is thrown out by the automated windows installed at the top of the walls and at the same

time the fresh cold air comes in from the wall windows installed at lesser height in the middle

of the walls. The upper automated windows are provided throughout the wall and the lower

windows are provided of small rectangular shape, their width is less. The upper windows are

shaded outside by an overhanging roof. This is to minimize the heat effect of sun.

Figure 6.19: Natural Ventilation Cooling

6.4.3 Evaporative Cooling:

We are providing one 4 m x 4 m vent of evaporative cooling at front of the stairs. This

is very effective and old system of cooling a large building space. This is provided in some

ancient buildings and forts. This system is very useful in our project because by this the sky-

open and vent can be utilized very well. The light air upside enters in a vent and flows

downward. The wall surface of the vent is kept wet. The air inside gets wet and gains some



weight and also due to hitting the wall loses some energy. Hence this heavy air becomes very

cold and flows downward to come out very fast. This system works as a cooler and cools

entire space and also provides fresh air.

Figure 6.20: Evaporative Cooling System



Figure 6.21: Downdraft Cool Tower



CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The intended project aims to incorporate the designing of a NZEB. This project

focusses on providing the structural and functional designing of a building which will have the

potential to satisfy the requirements of Net Zero Site Energy, Net Zero Source Energy and Net

Zero Carbon Emission.

Net Zero Site Energy: A site ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in a year,

when accounted for at the site. The solar panel system provided in the design of the intended

building satisfies this requirement. The overall energy consumption of the building is

calculated to be equal to 108552.6 Wh/day. The design will provide 150.883 kWh during

the coldest months of the year with a peak of about 227.62 kWh when the condition favours

(summers).

Net Zero Source Energy: A source ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in

year, when accounted for at the source. Source energy refers to the primary energy used to

generate and deliver the energy to the site. To calculate a building’s total source energy,

imported and exported energy is multiplied by the appropriate site-to-source conversion

multipliers. The minimum energy provided by the solar panel systems 150.88 kWh. Thus,

will have a clear difference of about 41 kWh which will be used to tackle the transmission

losses and other fluctuations arising in the future. The building may require energy from

some other sources and the extra energy will act as a buffer for the future needs and losses.

Net Zero Energy Emissions: A net-zero emissions building produces at least as much

emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissions-producing energy sources. The

building provided in this project utilizes passive and active solar techniques and efficient

and non-polluting materials. The PV systems are the most popular renewable source of

energy. The building provided does not use any other source of energy and does not favour

the use of non-renewable energy sources. The walls are kept insulated to tackle the thermal

heat and the materials used are highly efficient in making the building more efficient and

non- carbon emissive.

Green roof provided is effective in reducing the heat transfer to about 60% in summers.

Thus, effective in reducing the electricity consumption by upto 60%, as found in many

researches. Green roof is also effective in maintaining a temperate atmosphere in the building.



Plants used in green roof provided have the capability to absorb Carbon Foot Print and prove

beneficial for environment.

The outcomes of this project is listed below:

The structural and functional designing of the project are completed.

The structure designing of columns, beams and footing is completed.

In the functional designing, the Philips DALI system is provided which is effective in

harvesting day light. Light tubes are also installed at the corners of the building.

The use of an extensive green roof and its designing is recommended and elaborated, which

will help in reducing the electricity consumption to about 60% and reducing the carbon

foot print. As per design procedure of green roof, total area provided for green roof

construction is 89.60% (1204.45 m2) of gross terrace area.

The solar panel system is of poly crystalline type and is more than efficient in satisfying

the need of energy consumption in the building. The minimum energy provided by the solar

panel systems 150.88 kWh, while the peak during summers is 227.62 kWh.

The ventilation system is provided for good air circulation in the building. Two evaporative

cooling system is provided of 4 m x 4 m. The use of double glazed system is suggested for

tackling the solar heat. The top stack of windows are sized 3 m x 0.5 m for one window

while the bottom stack has 3 m x 3 m sized windows. In washrooms stripped windows of

fibre are fitted. Each are of cross-section 0.5 m x 1.5 m.

The use of efficient and non- polluting materials in the construction of the building is

suggested. The wall of the building are thermally insulated.

The surrounding of the building and the space provided outside the building is used to plant

native plants to provide more functional efficiency and aesthetic appeal.



CHAPTER 8

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8.1 Advantages of ZEB

1. Insolation for building owners from future energy price increases

2. Increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures (this can be demonstrated

with comparative isotherm maps)

3. Reduced requirement for energy austerity

4. Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency

5. Reduced total net monthly cost of living

6. Improved reliability – photovoltaic systems have 25-year warranties and seldom fail during

weather problems – the 1982 photovoltaic systems on the Walt Disney World EPCOT

Energy Pavilion are still working fine today, after going through three recent hurricanes

7. Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared to an afterthought retrofit

8. Higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than available supply

9. the value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building should increase every

time energy costs increase

10. Future legislative restrictions, and carbon emission taxes/penalties may force expensive

retrofits to inefficient buildings

8.2 Disadvantages of ZEB

1. Initial costs can be higher – effort required to understand, apply, and qualify for ZEB

subsidies

2. Very few designers or builders have the necessary skills or experience to build ZEBs

3. Possible declines in future utility company renewable energy costs may lessen the value of

capital invested in energy efficiency

4. New photovoltaic solar cells equipment technology price has been falling at roughly 17%

per year – It will lessen the value of capital invested in a solar electric generating system –

Current subsidies will be phased out as photovoltaic mass production lowers future price



5. Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building – appraisers are uninformed

– their models do not consider energy

6. While the individual house may use an average of net zero energy over a year, it may

demand energy at the time when peak demand for the grid occurs. In such a case, the

capacity of the grid must still provide electricity to all loads. Therefore, a ZEB may not

reduce the required power plant capacity.

7. Without an optimised thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy

and resource usage is higher than needed. ZEB by definition do not mandate a minimum

heating and cooling performance level thus allowing oversized renewable energy systems

to fill the energy gap.

8. Solar energy capture using the house envelope only works in locations unobstructed from

the South. The solar energy capture cannot be optimized in South (for northern hemisphere,

or North for southern Hemisphere) facing shade or wooded surroundings.



CHAPTER 9

SCOPE, LIMITATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

9.1 Scope:

The design and construction of a net zero energy building require an integrated

approach. The designing involves intense computer modelling and advanced techniques to

make the system performed as intended. At the same time, proper maintenance is required so

that the building efficiently functions as a net zero energy building.

Our project is intended for structural designing and functional planning of a Net Zero

Energy Sports Center, a G+1 structure. The ground floor of the building contains a Badminton

court and a Basketball court. While the top floor contains two Squash courts, two Table Tennis

tables, two Boxing rings, four Pool tables and a Bowling arena.

Our building aims at balancing energy by the use of various advanced and efficient

methods which include passive solar techniques, extensive green roof, daylight harvesting,

efficient ventilation system (including evaporative cooling), heat resistant and energy efficient

materials, double glazed windows, non VOC paints and LED lighting. The building (L shaped)

is spread over an area of 1344 m2 and it is designed in such a way that it consumes very less

energy and is environment friendly.

The motive of using green roof is to tackle the summer heat. Green roof is effective in

reducing the heat transfer to about 60% in summers. Thus, effective in reducing the electricity

consumption by upto 60%, as found in many researches. Green roof is also effective in

maintaining a temperate atmosphere in the building. Plants used in green roof have the

capability to absorb Carbon Foot Print and prove beneficial for environment. Further, they

require very little maintenance i.e., 1- 2 times in a year.

The materials used in building during construction, reduce the use of virgin material

and thereby preventing environmental degradation. The materials are selected on the basis of

their energy efficiency. The concrete structure is properly insulated to keep the thermal

convection checked. Thus, the walls of the building are also thermally efficient.

Day Light Harvesting System is provided which utilizes sun power. The remaining supply of

power for lighting system is provided by the system of solar panels. Philips DALI system is



formulated to be used for the day lighting which is an automated system that is sold and

installed in the buildings by Philips.

An efficient ventilation system is provided which along with exhaust fans also includes

two evaporative cooling systems, one in each floor. Windows are doubly glazed to cut off the

heat transfer but at the same time, be the entrance paths for day light.

9.2 Limitations:

In the previous decades, the scenario of India for NZEB was not at all exciting.

However, over the past few years some NZEBs have popped up, which is indeed a good

indication of the new revolution. The construction of NZEB, though, always remains a

challenging one. The construction of such building demands skilled labour and highly efficient

materials, which are not easily available in abundance in every region of India.

The following are some limitations that the project has:

A net zero building design requires intense computer modelling to calculate various energy

loads, energy balances and analyze the whole building design to check if it fits the required

standards. Due to the limited skill set of the team, it was difficult to research and deal with

the same.

Due to non-availability of certain high quality materials in intended region/State of

proposed building site, the bests among the available alternatives from different categories

were selected.

The project do not focus on creating the building as a Net Zero Cost Building.

No prototype, model or actual building construction is done.

No prior education and expertise of team for construction of a Net Zero Energy Building.

NZEBs require a post construction working test for at least one year to assure that the

performance and efficiency of building is upto the intended standards. This project only

caters to the design and construction phases of the building.

9.3 Future Scope:

The design and construction of NZEBs offer a great space for accommodating many

different approaches and technologies to attain the intended standards. As seen in different

countries, the design and construction steps follow different methodology based on the project



definition. Our project also includes various existing as well as new areas where the new

possibilities can be explored. Few of them are as follows:

There always remains a room for accommodating new and emerging techniques, materials

and machines and replacing the obsolete ones.

The building can be made more eco-friendly by adopting green techniques and

incorporating approaches such as waste water reuse, check on indoor air quality and

harmful gases removal systems.

The utilization of solar energy can be extended to provide solar water heaters in showers

and water tanks during winters.

With effective and innovative approach, the project can be made to serve the requirements

of a Net Zero Cost Building.

A rain water harvesting system can also be provided.

A separate sewage treatment plant can help the building to fulfill one more step towards a

self-sufficient building.

New and more efficient maintenance techniques and control systems can be looked upon

whenever possible to increase the performance of the building.

Indulging in selling extra electricity generated by the system of solar panels in the building

and receiving carbon credits.

This project includes detailed structural designing and functional planning of the ‘Net Zero

Energy Sports Center’ in Gomti Nagar, Lucknow (U.P.). The soil data presented in the project

can be utilized and used in other similar and/or related projects in the nearby regions as a

reference. The system of day light harvesting can also be incorporated on a large scale in

different buildings aiming for high efficiency. The green roof provided is designed by

considering Indian climatic conditions of the North- Eastern region of India; but it can be

adopted with minute changes in other parts of India as well.



CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

The project on ‘A Net Zero Energy Sports Center’ is accomplished for the partial

fulfilment of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering. The main objective encloses the

structural and functional designing of a ‘Sports Center’ in Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, which is

intended to perform as a Net Zero Energy Building. The building is designed according to the

Indian and appropriate standards. The design and construction of a net zero energy building

require an integrated approach. The results obtained in the making of the building were

inspiring. The steps and methodologies given by various standards and researches for the

designing of a net zero energy building were readily adopted. The use of technologies and

material supporting the desired outcome were preferred. The criteria for the Sports Center to

be an NZEB were satisfied in the designing phase of the building. However, the testing phase

and computer modelling of the building were not possible due to the limited skills and

resources. This project served as a source for constant learning and growing during its making.



ANNEXURE 1

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page No.

1. Terms and Definitions of ZEB and ZCB [adapted from Torcellini, et al

(2006) ]

2. Related Concepts of ZEB and ZCB

3. Comparison between Extensive and Intensive Green Roof

4. Climate Data for Lucknow

5. Solar Insolation

6. Total Electricity Consumption

7. Soil Description, Identification, Colour, Texture and Moisture Content

8. Liquid Limit Determination Record

9. Plastic Limit Determination Record

10. Types of Soils, Their Coefficient and Degree of Permeability

11. Computation of Coefficient of Permeability

12. Total Electricity Consumption

13. Solar Insolation

14. Avg. Solar Isolation

15. Specification for Design

16. Properties of Growing Medium

3

4

17

33

34

34

35

37

39

40

42

56

58

58

60

67



ANNEXURE 2

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page No.

1. Logos of various Building Standard Organisations

2. Growth in Indian Building Sector (Commercial Building Growth

Forecast)

3. Location of Site

4. Movement of Sun

5. Architectural Plan for the Ground Floor

6. Architectural Plan for the Second Floor

7. Green Roof Components

8. Types of Green Roof

9. Temperature Differences between a Green and Conventional Roof

10. Net Zero Energy Building in the World

11. LPL Financial La Jolla Commons Tower - Largest Net-Zero Energy

Commercial Office Building in the U.S.

12. Zero-Energy Lab construction on UNT campus in Denton, Texas

13. An Eco Terra House

14. A Typical Zero Energy House

15. Pearl River Tower,China

16. Paryavaran Bhavan Building in New Delhi

17. Project Methodology

18. Wind Rose Plot of Lucknow

19. Climate Data for Lucknow

20. Casagrande’s Liquid Limit Apparatus

21. Permeameter

22. Isometric View of the Building

23. Top View of the Building

24. Structural Detailing of Beam B1



6

7

9

10

12

13

15

17

19

25

26

27

28

28

29

29

31

32

33

36

41

45

46

47

47

48








32. Structural Detailing of Column C1

33. Structural Detailing of Column C2

34. Various Layers of Green Roof

35. Images of Different Kinds of Drainage Matting

36. Drainage Cell

37. Images of Different Types of Filter Fabrics Used in a Green Roof

Installation

38. Geotextile Fabric

39. Vegetation Layer

40. Day Lighting System

41. The Blue Shaded Area is Side-Lighted Area and the Yellow Shaded Area

is Top-Lighted Area

42. Blue Shaded Area is Side-Lighted Area and Yellow Shaded Area is Top-

Lighted Area

43. Glazing System

44. Light Pipes

45. Light Pipes at REIL

46. Ground Floor Plan of the Building

47. Front View of the Ventilation Plan

48. Back View of the Ventilation Plan

49. Side View of the Ventilation Plan

50. Top Floor Design

51. Windows Shown by Red Colour on the Outer Walls

52. Natural Ventilation Cooling

53. Evaporative Cooling System

54. Downdraft Cool Tower

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

62

64

64

65

66

69

71

73

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83

84



REFERENCES

Introduction:

1. Anna Joanna Marszal and Per Heiselberg (December 2009), ‘A literature review of Zero

Energy Buildings (ZEB) Definitions’

2. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building

3. Program for Net Zero Energy Buildings in India, United States Agency for International

Development (USAID)

4. Dr. Sam C. M. Hui, ‘Zero Energy and Zero Carbon Buildings: Myths And Facts’

Literature Review:

1. Anna Joanna Marszal and Per Heiselberg (December 2009), ‘A literature review of Zero

Energy Buildings (ZEB) Definitions’

2. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building

3. International vision examples:

a. Department for Communities and Local Government: London, 07/2007

b. www.e2050.at/pdf/energie_gebauede.pdf

c. Chiel Boonstra, Trecodome

d. DOE’s current construction technologies program

e. www.cmhc.ca

4. Zero Energy Design: http://www.zeroenergydesign.com/history.html

5. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan : http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104214 and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Paryavaran_Bhawan

Green Roof:

1. Vivian W. Y. Tam, Xiaoling Zhang, Winnie W. Y. Lee and L. Y. Shen, ‘Applications of

Extensive Green-roof Systems in Contributing to Sustainable Development in Densely

Populated Cities: a Hong Kong Study’

2. Green Roof Toolkit: http://www.dcgreenworks.org/

3. Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, ‘Design guidelines for green roofs’

4. Eva Wong, Kathleen Hogan, Julie Rosenberg and Andrea Denny, ‘Reducing Urban Heat

Islands: Compendium of Strategies’, Climate Protection Partnership Division in the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Atmospheric Programs

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104214

http://www.dcgreenworks.org/



5. Sidonie Carpenter, ‘Design & Installation of Green Roofs,’ Eco forum, Griffith University

2010

6. Indian Standard Code of Practice for Waterproofing of Roofs with Bitumen Felts, IS

1346:1991, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New

Delhi 110002

7. Brian Taylor, P.E. (March 2010), ‘Green Roofs: Restoring Urban Landscapes One Roof at

a Time’, WSU LID Workshop, Puyallup

8. Rohini Srivastava (August 2011), ‘Green Roof Design and Practices: A Case of Delhi’, A

thesis submitted to the College of Architecture and Environmental Design of Kent State

University

9. Drain Cells: http://www.tradeindia.com/manufacturers/drain-cell.html

10. Non-Woven Geofabric Price:

http://www.alibaba.com/premium/Geotextile_Fabric.html?uptime=20140102&ptsid=101

2000052574008&crea=33722603947&plac=&netw=g&device=c&ptscode=011020201

0040001

11. Suvi Fabrics and Linings Private Limited

Retailer: http://www.suvifabrics.com/non-woven-needle-punch-fabrics.html#roof-garden-

fabric-geotextile-nonwoven

Address: No. RZ-137/15, Tuglagabad Extension, opposite Tara Apartments, New Delhi,

India

12. Green Globe Enterprises

Retailer: http://www.indiamart.com/greenglobe/drainage-cell.html#drain-cells

Daylight Harvesting:

1. ‘Day lighting for Commercial, Institutional, and Industrial Buildings’, Consumer Energy

Information, EREC Reference Briefs: www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/cb4.html

2. ‘Tips for Day lighting with Windows: The Integrated Approach’, Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory http://windows.lbl.gov/pub/designguide/designguide.html

3. Lightscape by Autodesk:

http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/section/0,,775058-123112,00.html

4. ‘Day lighting in Buildings’, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chapter 4,

http://gaia.lbl.gov/iea21/documents/sourcebook/hires/daylighting-c4.pdf

5. Laboratories for the 21st Century: www.epa.gov/labs21century

6. Philips DALI System: www.philips.com/dynalite

http://www.tradeindia.com/manufacturers/drain-cell.html

http://www.alibaba.com/premium/Geotextile_Fabric.html?uptime=20140102&ptsid=1012000052574008&crea=33722603947&plac=&netw=g&device=c&ptscode=0110202010040001



http://www.suvifabrics.com/non-woven-needle-punch-fabrics.html#roof-garden-fabric-geotextile-nonwoven

http://www.suvifabrics.com/non-woven-needle-punch-fabrics.html#roof-garden-fabric-geotextile-nonwoven

http://www.indiamart.com/greenglobe/drainage-cell.html#drain-cells

http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/cb4.html

http://windows.lbl.gov/pub/designguide/designguide.html

http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/section/0,,775058-123112,00.html

http://gaia.lbl.gov/iea21/documents/sourcebook/hires/daylighting-c4.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/labs21century

http://www.philips.com/dynalite



7. Vishal Garg, ‘Daylighting, lighting & Controls for Net Zero buildings’

8. M Siddartha Bhatt, N Raj Kumar, S Jothi Basu, R Sudir Kumar, G Pandian and K R C Nair,

‘Commercial and Residential Building Energy Labeling’, Journal of Scientific & Industrial

Research, Vol.64, January 2005, pp30-34

9. Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings, Developed by

ASHRAE, IESNA, USGBC, USDOE, Accessed 4/4/13

10. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_harvesting

11. Daylight Harvesting: http://durabletechnologies.com/daylightharvesting

12. Energy Standards and Zone Division: http://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/energy-

standards-take-on-daylight-harvesting/

13. IECC 2009 (Area Adjacent to Side Lighting)

Ventilation:

1. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)

2. Building Design: www.ecu.edu.au___data_assets_pdf_file_0011_232112_02-Building-

Design

3. P. Torcellini, R. Judkoff, and S. Hayter, ‘Zion National Park Visitor Center: Significant

Energy Savings Achieved through a Whole-Building Design Process’,

www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32157.pdf

4. FEMP Federal Technology Alert, Transpired Collectors (Solar Preheaters for Outdoor

Ventilation Air): www.eren.doe.gov/femp/prodtech/transfta.html

5. Radiance: http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOME.html

6. Mrs. Gautami Pujare, ‘Green Building - Structural & Civil Techniques’

7. The WBDG Functional / Operational Committee; Functional / Operational/Whole Building

Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/design/func_oper.php

8. Net Zero energy Building Design Guide, Steven Winter Associates:

http://www.swinter.com

Structure Designing:

1. Dr. B.C.Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, ‘R.C.C Designs (Reinforced

Concrete Structures)’

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_harvesting

http://durabletechnologies.com/daylightharvesting

http://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/energy-standards-take-on-daylight-harvesting/

http://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/energy-standards-take-on-daylight-harvesting/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)

http://www.ecu.edu.au___data_assets_pdf_file_0011_232112_02-building-design/

http://www.ecu.edu.au___data_assets_pdf_file_0011_232112_02-building-design/

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32157.pdf

http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/prodtech/transfta.html

http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOME.html

http://www.wbdg.org/design/func_oper.php

http://www.swinter.com/



2. Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, IS 456:2000, Bureau

of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002

3. National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC 2005)

Solar Panel System Designing:

1. Solar PV Energy Generation Calculation: http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-

energy-calculation.php

2. Solar PV System Designing:

http://www.leonics.com/support/article2_12j/articles2_12j_en.php

3. Solar Insolation Data by NASA: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-

bin/sse/grid.cgi?uid=3030

http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php

http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php

http://www.leonics.com/support/article2_12j/articles2_12j_en.php

final year project on nzeb

Documents

new energy

energy use

energy building zeb

energy conservation

energy crisis

net energy consumption

increased energy consumption

net zero site energy