final year project report- be mechanical engineering
TRANSCRIPT
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A[V@E@L@[] R@B@VCM ZDKKIMDACR
Autd`rs
AIC ALLAR EAQWC 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13
N@LAI X[IGCQAR 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1
L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?
]upkrvcs`r
Fr.SA]AR ASAX
D`F, R`b`tcms & Artcgcmcai Cetkiicjkemk
FK_ARVLKEV @G LKMDAECMAI KEJCEKKRCEJ
]MD@@I @G LKMDAECMAI& LAE[GAMV[RCEJ KEJCEKKRCEJ
EAVC@EAI [ECWKR]CVS @G ]MCKEMK] AEF VKMDE@I@JS
C]IALABAF
H[EK, 2?16
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Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr
Autd`rs
AIC ALLAR EAQWC 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13
N@LAI X[IGCQAR 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1
L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?
A tdkscs sublcttkf ce partcai guigciilket `g tdk rkqucrklkets g`r tdk fkjrkk `g
B] Lkmdaecmai Kejcekkrcej
Vdkscs ]upkrvcs`r8
Fr. SA]AR ASAX
Vdkscs ]upkrvcs`r –s ]cjeaturk8 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
FK_ARVLKEV @G LKMDAECMAI KEJCEKKRCEJ
]MD@@I @G LKMDAECMAI & LAE[GAMV[RCEJ
KEJCEKKRCEJ,
EAVC@EAI [ECWKR]CVS @G ]MCKEMK] AEF VKMDE@I@JS,
C]IALABAF
H[EK, 2?16
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Fkmiaratc`e
Zk mkrtcgy tdat tdcs rkskarmd w`rn tctikf ’ Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr “ cs `ur `we w`rn. Vdk
w`rn das e`t bkke prksketkf kiskwdkrk g`r assksslket. Vdk latkrcai tdat das bkke uskf gr`l `tdkr
s`urmks das bkke pr`pkriy amne`wikfjkf / rkgkrrkf.
]cjeaturk `g ]tufkets
AIC ALLAR EAQWC
1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13
N@LAI X[IGCQAR
1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1
L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG
1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?
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Iaejuajk M`rrkmtekss Mkrtcgcmatk
Vdcs tdkscs das bkke rkaf by ae Kejicsd kxpkrt aef cs grkk `g typcej, syetax, sklaetcm, jrallatcmai
aef spkiicej lcstanks. Vdkscs cs ais` amm`rfcej t` tdk g`rlat jcvke by tdk uecvkrscty.
]cjeaturk `g ]tufkets
AIC ALLAR EAQWC
1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13
N@LAI X[IGCQAR
1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1
L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG
1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?
]cjeaturk `g ]upkrvcs`r
Fr.SA]AR ASAX
D`F, R`b`tcms & Artcgcmcai Cetkiicjkemk
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M`pyrcjdt ]tatklket
M`pyrcjdt ce tdk tkxt `g tdcs tdkscs rksts wctd tdk stufket autd`rs. M`pcks (by aey pr`mkss)
kctdkr ce guii, `r `g kxtramts, lay bk lafk `eiy ce amm`rfaemk wctd cestrumtc`es jcvke by tdkautd`rs aef i`fjkf ce tdk Icbrary `g E[]V, ]LLK. Fktacis lay bk `btacekf by tdk
Icbrarcae. Vdcs pajk lust g`rl part `g aey sumd m`pcks lafk. Gurtdkr m`pcks (by aey
pr`mkss) lay e`t bk lafk wctd`ut tdk pkrlcssc`e (ce wrctcej) `g tdk autd`rs.
Vdk `wekrsdcp `g aey cetkiikmtuai pr`pkrty rcjdts wdcmd lay bk fksmrcbkf ce tdcs tdkscs ark
vkstkf ce E[]V, ]LLK, subhkmt t` aey prc`r ajrkklket t` tdk m`etrary, aef lay e`t bk
lafk avaciabik g`r usk by tdcrf partcks wctd`ut tdk wrcttke pkrlcssc`e `g tdk ]md``i `g
Lkmdaecmai & Laeugamturcej Kejcekkrcej (]LLK), wdcmd wcii prksmrcbk tdk tkrls aef
m`efctc`es `g aey sumd ajrkklket.
Gurtdkr ceg`rlatc`e `e tdk m`efctc`es uefkr wdcmd fcsmi`surks aef kxpi`ctatc`e lay tank
piamk cs avaciabik gr`l tdk Icbrary `g E[]V ]LLK, D-12, Csialabaf.
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Amne`wikfjklkets
Zk ark tdaengui t` ̀ ur Mrkat`r Aiiad ]ubdaea-Zataia g`r davcej jucfkf us tdr`ujd`ut tdcs pr`hkmt
at kvkry stkp aef g`r kvkry ekw td`ujdt tdat Dk sktup ce `ur lcefs t` clpr`vk ct. Cefkkf wk m`uifdavk f`ek e`tdcej wctd`ut Dcs prcmkikss dkip aef jucfaemk. Zd`s`kvkr dkipkf us tdr`ujd tdk
m`ursk `g `ur tdkscs, wdktdkr `ur parkets `r aey `tdkr cefcvcfuais was Dcs wcii, s` cefkkf e`ek bk
w`rtdy `g pracsk but Dcl.
Zk ark pr`guskiy tdaengui t` `ur bki`vkf parkets wd` racskf us wdke wk wkrk e`t mapabik `g
waincej aef m`etceukf t` supp`rt us tdr`ujd`ut ce kvkry fkpartlket `g `ur icvks.
Zk w`uif ais` icnk t` kxprkss spkmcai tdaens t` `ur supkrvcs`r Fr. SA]AR ASAX g`r dcs dkip
tdr`ujd`ut `ur tdkscs aef ais` g`r Cetr` t` Lkmdatr`ecms & R`b`tcms m`ursk wdcmd dk das taujdt
us. Zk mae sagkiy say tdat wk davke't ikarekf aey `tdkr kejcekkrcej subhkmt ce sumd fkptd tdae tdk
`ek wdcmd dk das taujdt.
Zk w`uif ais` icnk t` pay spkmcai tdaens t` Iab Kejcekkr Ndawaha Gadaf Cqbai g`r dcs trklkef`us
supp`rt aef m``pkratc`e. Kamd tclk wk j`t stumn ce s`lktdcej, dk malk up wctd tdk s`iutc`e.
Zctd`ut dcs dkip wk w`uife–t davk bkke abik t` m`lpiktk `ur tdkscs. Zk apprkmcatk dcs patckemk
aef jucfaemk tdr`ujd`ut tdk wd`ik tdkscs.
Zk w`uif ais` icnk t` tdaen Fr. @lkr Jciiaec aef Fr. L`dsce Halci, g`r bkcej `e `ur tdkscs
jucfaemk aef kvaiuatc`e m`llcttkk aef kxprkss `ur spkmcai Vdaens t` Iab Kejcekkr Adlkf
Dussace Qurksdc g`r dcs dkip. Zk ark ais` tdaengui t` Aic Bce Zadcf, [sala ]crah aef Ludallaf
Aggae g`r tdkcr supp`rt aef m``pkratc`e.
Gceaiiy, wk w`uif icnk t` kxprkss `ur jratctufk t` aii tdk cefcvcfuais wd` davk rkefkrkf vaiuabik
asscstaemk t` `ur stufy.
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Fkfcmatkf t` `ur kxmkptc`eai parkets aef af`rkf scbicejs wd`sk
trklkef`us supp`rt aef m``pkratc`e ikf us t` tdcs w`efkrgui
amm`lpicsdlket
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Abstramt
Vdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr cs bkcej fkscjekf t` kedaemk tdk mapabcictcks `g tdk
h`ystcmn-m`etr`iikf ]AN[RA Zdkkimdacr lafk avaciabik tdr̀ ujd ]AN[RA–s m`iiab`ratc`e wctd
RC]K Iab, ]LLK. Zdcik ae kikmtrcm wdkkimdacr mae bk summkssguiiy eavcjatkf by l`st pkrs`es,
pk`pik wctd _arnces`e–s, Luitcpik ]mikr`scs `r `tdkr skvkrk lketai fcggcmuitcks rklace ueabik t`
eavcjatk a staefarf aut`latkf wdkkimdacr ce tdk salk way. Zk davk kefkav`rkf t` fkscje tdk
Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr s` tdat tdksk pk`pik mae rkiy `e `ur slart wdkkimdacr t` f` tdk
eavcjatc`e g`r tdkl. @ur Gceai Skar _r`hkmt cs a slaii stkp t`warfs tdcs albctc`us aef clp`rtaet
j`ai bkcej pursukf by a varckty `g stufket tkals w`rncej uefkr tdk ulbrkiia `g tdk L`bcik
R`b`tcms Jr`up at RC]K Iab, ]LLK. @ur pr`hkmt j`ais rkqucrkf tdat tdk wdkkimdacr sd`uif bk
abik t` pkrmkcvk tdk iay`ut `g cts surr`uefcejs, i`maiczk ctskig wctdce tdat iay`ut, aef jcvke
partcmuiar start aef kefp`cets, ct sd`uif bk abik t` stkkr ctskig gr`l `ek t` tdk `tdkr g`ii`wcej a
rkas`eabik m`iicsc`e-grkk patd. V` tdcs kef, wk aeaiyzkf tdk darfwark m`egcjuratc`es `g varc`us
`tdkr aut`e`l`us wdkkimdacrs aef af`ptkf tdk darfwark m`egcjuratc`es wdcmd appkaikf t` us tdk
l`st. Zk l`fcgckf tdk kxcstcej wdkkimdacr darfwark t` cem`rp`ratk ae IRG skes`r aef a tabik-
uect g`r ae `e-b`arf iapt`p aef kikmtr`ecms d`uscej. G`ii`wcej tdat, wk fkvki`pkf `ur `bstamik
av`cfaemk aef eavcjatc`e m`fks baskf `e M++ aef _iaykrY]tajk. @ur `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fks ark
lancej usk `g rkai-tclk iaskr skescej by tdk IRG aef `ur eavcjatc`e m`fks ark bkcej m`etr`iikf
kctdkr by tdk p`tketcai gckif eavcjatc`e aij`rctdl `r by tdk cectcai p`sctc`e aef dkafcejs pr`vcfkf
by tdk _iaykrY]tajk —mgj– gciks. @ur `bstamik av`cfaemk aij`rctdls ark bkcej l`ect`rkf by
_iaykrY]tajk rueecej `e tdk [buetu `pke-s`urmk piatg`rl wdcmd m`evkys IRG ceputs t` `ur M++
m`fk aef `ur M++ m`fk, ce ture, skefs tdk g`rwarf aef turecej vki`mctcks t` `ur wcef`ws-baskf
IABWCKZ pr`jral `vkr a skmurk V_-Icen Zcrkikss Ektw`rn. @emk `ur Zdkkimdacr bkm`lks
guiiy guemtc`eai, pr`babiy agtkr a skrcks `g m`fcej l`fcgcmatc`es, cetkjratc`e `g gurtdkr typks `g
skes`rs, rcj`r`us iab-tkstcej aef `ptclczatc`e g`r kevcr`elkets bcjjkr tdae tdk RC]K Iab tkst
spamk, wk wcii tdke kefkav`r t` pr`t`typk aef larnkt tdcs wdkkimdacr as a dkaitdmark pr`fumt lkaet
t` pr`vcfk l`bcicty aef kedaemkf cefkpkefkemk t` tdk fcsabikf aef lketaiiy mdaiikejkf pk`pik
wk d`pk t` asscst.
Nky Z`rfs8 Aut`e`l`us Zdkkimdacr, @bstamik Av`cfaemk, Eavcjatc`e, _iaykrY]tajk
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Vabik `g M`etkets
Fkmiaratc`e ....................................................................................................................................................................c
Iaejuajk M`rrkmtekss Mkrtcgcmatk ............................................................................................................................. cc
M`pyrcjdt ]tatklket ................................................................................................................................................. ccc
Amne`wikfjklkets .....................................................................................................................................................cv
Abstramt .......................................................................................................................................................................vc
Vabik ̀ g M`etkets ................................................................................................................................................ vcc,vccc
Icst ̀ g Gcjurks ............................................................................................................................................................ xx
Icst ̀ g Vabiks ...............................................................................................................................................................xc
MDA_VKR 18 CEVR@F[MVC@E............................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Bamnjr`uef, ]m`pk aef L`tcvatc`e ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Darfwark ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Zdkkimdacr LM-2??? .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ 6
1.2.2 Iaskr Raejk Gcefkr ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... ;
1.2.= EC-FAQ .............................................................................................................................................. 7
1.= ]`gtwark ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.=.1 [buetu ................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.=.2 _iaykr/]tajk ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.=.= EktBkaes ............................................................................................................................................. 7
1.=.6 IabWckw ............................................................................................................................................. 7
MDA_VKR 28 FK]CJE & GABRCMAVC@E................................................................................................................
2.1 Zdkkimdacr Fkscje .........................................................................................................................................
2.1.1 L`tcvatc`e........................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 _r`p`skf L`fki ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .... ;
2.2 Gabrcmatc`e ................................................................................................................................................... ;
2.2.1 Latkrcais aef _r`mkssks ........... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .. ;
2.2.2 IRG L`uet ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.= Iapt`p Vabik ....................................................................................................................................... ;
MDA_VKR =8 ZDKKIMDACR M@EVR@I ...............................................................................................................
=.1 H`ystcmn M`etr ì .............................................................................................................................................
=.2 ]dcgtcej M`etr ì ........................................................................................................................................... ;=.= IabWckw M`etr`i ......................................................................................................................................... 7
=.6 M`etr`i Jrapd Aeaiyscs ......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. ;
MDA_VKR 68 @B]VAMIK AW@CFAEMK .................................................................................................................
6.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw ..........................................................................................................................................
6.2 _skuf` M`fk ............................................................................................................................................... 6
6.= Cetkjratcej IRG aef _iaykr/]tajk ......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ ;
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6.6 ]cluiatc`es ................................................................................................................................................. ;
MDA_VKR ;8 EAWCJAVC@E ......................................................................................................................................
;.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw ..........................................................................................................................................
;.2 _`tketcai Gckif Aij`rctdl ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ 6
;.= BrusdGcrk _skuf` m`fk ......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. ;
;.6 BrusdGcrk ]cluiatc`es .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. ;
;.; Ruetclk Eavcjatc`e ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ...... ;
MDA_VKR 78 EKVZ@RNCEJ ....................................................................................................................................
7.1 Cetr`fumtc`e ...................................................................................................................................................
7.1.1 Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... 6
7.1.2 Afvaetajks ̀ g wcrkikss Ektw`rncej .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ....... ;
7.2 ]m`pk .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
7.= Ictkraturk Rkvckw ....................................................................................................................................... ;
7.6 ]krvkr/Micket ............................................................................................................................................... ;
7.6.1 ]`mnkts ................................................................................................................................................. ;
7.6.2 C_ Afrkssks .......................................................................................................................................... ;
7.6.= Bytk @rfkr ........................................................................................................................................... :
7.; Appicmatc`es .................................................................................................................................................. 6
MDA_VKR :8 VK]VCEJ & @_VCLCXAVC@E .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ...
:.1 Vkstcej Iclctatc`es .......................................................................................................................................
:.2 @bstamik Av`cfaemk Vkstcej .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .... ;
:.2.1 ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... 7
:.2.2 3?◧ Av`cfaemk ..................................................................................................................................... 6
:.2.2 Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... ;
:.= Fyealcm @bstamik Av`cfaemk........ ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .... ;
:.6 Eavcjatc`e Vkstcej ...................................................................................................................................... ;
MDA_VKR 48 M@EMI[]C@E] & RKM@LLKEFAVC@E] ...................................................................................
4.1 M`emiusc`e ....................................................................................................................................................
4.2 Ikarecej @utm`lks ......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. 6
4.2 Guturk Rkm`llkefatc`es ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ ;
A__KEFCT A ............................................................................................................................................................. 6;
RKGKRKEMK] .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
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Icst `g Gcjurks
Gcj 1.18 ]AN[RA Kikmtrcm Zdkkimdacr LM 2???……………………………………………………………………1
Gcj 1.28 IRG ]kes`r…………………………………………………………………………………………………...=
Gcj 1.=8 EC 7??3 []B…………………………………………………………………………………………………= Gcj 1.68 _iaykrY]tajk [skr Cetkrgamk…………………………………………………………………………………..;
Gcj 1.;8 IabWCKZ Jrapdcmai Cetkrgamk ……………………………………………………………………………....7
Gcj 2.18 Zdkkimdacr Lkmdaecmai Fkscje Gkaturks…………………………………………………………………….:
Gcj 2.28 _R@YK L`fki g`r tdk Zdkkimdacr ……………………………………………………………………………4
Gcj 2.=8 Gceai Darfwark Rkprksketatc`e `g tdk Zdkkimdacr…………………………………………………………..3
Gcj 2.68 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatc`e Latkrcais………………………………………………………………………… 1?
Gcj 2.;8 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatc`e _r`mkssks………………………………………………………………………… 11
Gcj 2.78 IRG ]kes`r L`uet…………………………………………………………………………………………..1=
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Icst `g Vabiks
Vabik 2-18 Jk`lktrcmai Fata `g C]V Vurbcek ^3?\ ......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... . 7
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MDA_VKR 18 CEVR@F[MVC@E
1.1 Bamnjr`uef, ]m`pk aef L`tcvatc`e
Vdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr cs `ek `g tdk giajsdcp rkskarmd pr`hkmts `g tdk L`fuiar
R`b`tcms Jr`up at RC]K Iab, ]LLK. Zk ark w`rncej `e tdk ]AN[RA aut`latkf wdkkimdacr
LM-2??? aef cem`rp`ratcej skes`rs `et` tdk wdkkimdacr ce `rfkr t` keabik cetkiicjket l`tc`e.
G`r tdk purp`sk `g `ur Gceai Skar _r`hkmt, wk davk w`rnkf wctd ae IRG skes`r aef uskf ct t`
keabik tdk wdkkimdacr t` pkrmkcvk tdk `bstamiks ce cts kevcr`elket aef t` eavcjatk cts patd ar`uef
td`sk `bstamiks. @tdkr uefkrjrafuatk aef jrafuatk jr`ups w`rncej `e tdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm
Zdkkimdacr ark w`rncej wctd a iarjk varckty `g skes`rs sumd as tdk wkbmals aef dkafskts ktm.
G`r us, tdk l`tcvatc`e g`r w`rncej `e tdk Aut`e`l`us Zdkkimdacr pr`hkmt was tdk `pp`rtuecty
t` w`rn `e s`lktdcej tdat cs at tdk muttcej kfjk `g r`b`tcms rkskarmd aef scluitaek`usiy a
m`lprkdkescvk kejcekkrcej mdaiikejk ce ctskig. E`t `eiy tdat tdk aut`e`l`us wdkkimdacr cs ais` a
fkkpiy dulaectarcae pr`hkmt as wkii g`r ct skkns t` klp`wkr aef l`bciczk fcsabikf pk`pik
suggkrcej gr`l _arnces`e–s, Luitcpik ]mikr`scs aef Vktrapikjca ktm.
Vdk sm`pk `g `ur pr`hkmt cs t` kedaemk tdk mapabcictcks `g tdk ]AN[RA wdkkimdacr ce `rfkr t`
stcluiatk dcjd laekuvkrabcicty aef eavcjatc`eai cetkiicjkemk g`r tdk wdkkimdacr. Ct cs fkscrkf tdat
tdk wdkkimdacr sd`uif bk abik t` pkrmkcvk tdk iay`ut `g cts surr`uefs, i`maiczk ctskig wctdce tdat
iay`ut aef jcvke partcmuiar start aef kef p`cets, tdk wdkkimdacr sd`uif bk abik t` stkkr a
rkas`eabik m`iicsc`e-grkk patdway.
Gcj 1.18 ]anura Kikmtrcm Zdkkimdacr LM 2???
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1.2 Darfwark
1.2.1 ]AN[RA ZDKKIMDACR LM-2???
Zk davk uskf tdk ]AN[RA Zdkkimdacr L]-2???. Vdk wdkkimdacr cs murrketiy h`ystcmn
m`etr`iikf wctd tw` `e-b`arf battkrcks m`eekmtkf ce skrcks pr`vcfcej ekt 26W t` tdk wdkkimdacr.Vdk gr`et tw` wdkkis `g tdk wdkkimdacr ark passcvk wdkkis aef tdk bamn tw` wdkkis ark p`wkrkf
wctd a fcggkrketcai frcvk. Vdk h`ystcmn pr`vcfks vki`mcty vaiuks t` tdk wdkkimdacr ce tdk g`rl `g
g`rwarf `r aejuiar vki`mctcks. Vdk wdkkimdacr ais` das ae kggcmcket miutmd systkl aef a sagkty
brkancej lkmdaecsl wdcmd m`lks cet` amtc`e cg tdk wdkkimdacr cs e`t startkf pr`pkriy.
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1.2.2 IRG ]KE]@R
Zk davk uskf tdk ]CMN IL]-2?? ICFAR Iaskr smaeekr aef cetkrgamkf ct wctd [B[EV[ aef
_iaykrY]tajk. Vdk m`ek aejik g`r IL]-2?? cs 14?˘ aef ct das a lkasurklket raejk `g 4?l wctd
1?ll rks`iutc`e aef +/-1;ll systklatcm krr`r. Vdk IRG wkcjds appr`xclatkiy 6.;nj aef cs
21?ll Ú 1;7ll Ú 1;;ll ce sczk. Ce `rfkr t` w`rn, tdk IRG skes`r rkqucrks 26W suppiy
v`itajk aef ar`uef ?.7:Alps murrket. Vdk IRG wk davk uskf was pr`vcfkf t` us by tdk RC]K
Iab. Zk davk tkstkf aef cestaiikf `et` tdk wdkkimdacr tdk IRG skes`r wdcmd sd`wkf tdk l`st
m`escstket IRG smae rksuits.
Gcj 1.28 IRG
]kes`r
1.2.= EC-FAQ
Vdk EC []B-7??3 pr`vcfks bascm FAQ guemtc`eaicty g`r appicmatc`es
sumd as sclpik fata amqucsctc`e, p`rtabik lkasurklkets aef amafklcm
kxpkrclkets. Vdk EC []B 7??3 pr`vcfks m`eekmtc`es t` kcjdt scejik-
kefkf aeai`j ceput (AC) mdaeekis, tw` aeai`j `utput (A@) mdaeekis,
12 fcjctai ceput/`utput (C@) mdaeekis, aef a =2 bct m`uetkr wctd a guii
spkkf []B cetkrgamk. Ce `rfkr t` usk tdk EC []B-7??3 wk mae usk tdk
FAQ Asscstaet uscej IabWCKZ ce `rfkr t` m`egcjurk tdk vcrtuai aef
lkasurklket mdaeekis wdcmd wcii frcvk `ur wdkkimdacr.
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Gcj 1.=8 EC 7??3 []B
1.= ]`gtwark
1.=.1 [B[EV[
[buetu cs ae @pke-]`urmk Iceux `pkratcej systkl. Zk davk `ptkf t`
usk tdcs g`r tdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr pr`hkmt scemk ct cs
aetcmcpatkf tdat tdk pr`hkmt wcii ikaf t` `ej`cej dcjd ikvki rkskarmd
aef fkvki`plket ce tdk gckif `g aut`e`l`us l`tc`e piaeecej aef
eavcjatc`e at tdk RC]K Iab. Vdk Wkrsc`e `g [buetu wk davk w`rnkf
`e g`r tdk purp`sk `g `ur pr`hkmt cs8 [buetu 12.?6. Ct `ggkrkf rkjuiar
upjrafks, s`gtwark patmdks aef f`wei`afabik appicmatc`es wdcmd wk
avacikf at varc`us tclks furcej `ur pr`hkmt.
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1.=.2 _IASKRY]VAJK
Vdk _iaykr _r`hkmt mrkatks @pke-]`urmk s`gtwark uefkr tdk JE[ _ubicm Icmkesk tdat keabiks
afvaemkf rkskarmd ce r`b`tcms. Ct cs tdk l`st wcfkiy uskf r`b`t m`etr`i cetkrgamk ce tdk w`rif.
Vdk _iaykr r`b`t fkvcmk cetkrgamk pr`vcfks a ektw`rn skrvkr g`r r`b`t m`etr`i. _iaykr das a micket-
skrvkr armdctkmturk wdcmd aii`ws r`b`t m`etr`i pr`jrals t` bk wrcttke ce aey pr`jrallcej
iaejuajk aef t` rue `e aey m`lputkr tdat das a ektw`rn m`eekmtc`e t` tdk r`b`t. S`ur _iaykr
mickets mae tain t` _iaykr `vkr a VM_ s`mnkt, rkafcej fata gr`l skes`rs, wrctcej m`llaefs t`
amtuat`rs, aef m`egcjurcej fkvcmks `e tdk giy.
Vdk ]tajk cs _iaykr–s bamnkef scluiat`r. Ct scluiatks luitcpik
r`b`ts l`vcej ar`uef m`emurrketiy aef skescej a tw` fclkesc`eaibctlap kevcr`elket. Vdk skes`r l`fkis pr`vcfkf cemiufk s`ear, IRG,
wkbmal aef `f`lktkry. But _iaykr–s l`fuiar armdctkmturk lanks ct
kasy t` aff supp`rt g`r ekw darfwark aef m`ll`eiy tdk m`etr`i
pr`jrals wrcttke g`r ]tajk–s scluiatkf r`b`ts w`rn hust as wkii `e
rkai darfwark as wkii.
Bkg`rk clpiklketcej `ur aij`rctdls `e tdk wdkkimdacr g`r traci-rues,
wk tkstkf tdkl ce _iaykrY]tajk scluiatc`es `e a _=AV r`b`t l`fki.
_iaykr das a varckty `g r`b`t l`fkis avaciabik g`r scluiatc`es, a
fkmket al`uet `g `eicek ikarecej latkrcais aef pr`jrallcej
kxalpiks, aef ae amtcvk uskr/fkvki`pkr m`lluecty wdcmd m`etceuaiiy
m`etrcbutks ekw frcvkrs. Vdk g`ii`wcej cs a i``n at tdk _iaykr [skr
Cetkrgamk.
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Gcj 1.68 _iaykrY]tajk [skr Cetkrgamk
1.=.= EKVBKAE]
EktBkaes cs ae @pke-]`urmk cetkjratkf fkvki`plket kevcr`elket g`r
fkvki`pcej pr`jrals ce Hava, _D_, M/M++, aef DVLI;. Vdk
EktBkaes piatg`rl aii`ws appicmatc`es t` bk fkvki`pkf gr`l a skt `g
l`fuiar s`gtwark m`lp`ekets maiikf l`fuiks. EktBkaes ais` `ggkrs
mr`ss-piatg`rl supp`rt g`r b`td Zcef`ws aef Iceux-baskf @] aef
das eulkr`us piujces aef A_Cs avaciabik.
1.=.6 IABWCKZ
IabWCKZ cs a vcsuai fkscje aef fkvki`plket kevcr`elket gr`l Eatc`eai
Cestrulkets. Cts pr`jrallcej iaejuajk —J– cs a fatagi`w pr`jrallcej
iaejuajk uscej wdcmd wk mae fkvki`p pr`jrals `r subr`utceks maiikf
—vcrtuai cestrulkets– `r WCs. IabWCKZ das tdrkk lace m`lp`ekets8 tdk
gr`et paeki, tdk bi`mn fcajral, aef tdk cm`e m`eekmt`r paek.
Ce IabWCKZ, wk mae bucif tdk gr`et paeki uskr-cetkrgamk uscej m`etr`isaef cefcmat`rs. M`etr`is ark ne`bs `r fcais ktm. wdcik cefcmat`rs ark jrapds,
IKFs `r `tdkr fcspiays. Agtkr wk davk bucit tdk uskr cetkrgamk, wk mae
ceskrt `ur m`fk cet` tdk bi`mn fcajral uscej WCs aef strumturks t` m`etr`i
`ur gr`et paeki `bhkmts. Gurtdkrl`rk, IabWCKZ m`lluecmatks wctd
darfwark g`r fata amqucsctc`e, vcsc`e aef l`tc`e m`etr`i uscej fkvcmks
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sumd as tdk EC 7??3 []B wdcmd wk davk uskf, aef IabWCKZ das cebucit
gkaturks g`r m`eekmtcej `ur pr`jrals t` tdk wkb uscej tdk IabWCKZ wkb
skrvkr aef s`gtwark staefarfs sumd as VM_/C_ ektw`rncej.
G`r `ur pr`hkmt, wk davk uskf IabWCKZ ce `rfkr t` rkmkcvk `ur
vki`mcty vaiuks gr`l amr`ss tdk V_-Icen wcrkikss ektw`rn. Zk gkkf ce `ur
iapt`p–s C_ affr kss t` keabik a Zcef`ws-baskf m`lputkr aef [buetu-
baskf m`lputkr t` ektw`rn. Zk usk EktBkaes aef VM_ br`afmastcej t`
rkpkatkfiy upfatk `ur g`rwarf aef aejuiar vki`mcty vaiuks g`r tdk
wdkkimdacr. IabWCKZ traesiatks tdksk cet` p`wkr vaiuks g`r tdk
wdkkimdacr –s fcggkrketcai frcvk aef tdksk varcabik p`wkr scjeais ark tdke
sket t` tdk wdkkimdacr m`etr`i uscej tdk EC FAQ []B. Vdk g`ii`wcej cs aseapsd`t `g IabWCKZ–s
cetkrgamk.
Gcj 1.;8 IabWCKZ Jrapdcmai
Cetkrgamk
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MDA_VKR 28 FK]CJE & GABRCMAVC@E
Vdk wdkkimdacr jcvke t` us was pr`vcfkf by ]N[RA (Hapae) aef ct was h`ystcmn m`etr`iikf. Ce
`rfkr t` lank tdcs wdkkimdacr aut`e`l`us/cetkiicjket, mkrtace aitkratc`e ce cts fkscje was ekkfkf.
]` `ur gceai ykar pr`hkmt w`rn fcstrcbutc`e cemiufks a lah`r tasn wdcmd wk ealkf Fkscje & Gabrcmatc`e.
2.1 Fkscje
Zk wkrk rkqucrkf t` lank a fkscje wdcmd was t`taiiy fktamdabik aef m`uif amm`ll`fatk IRG
(Iaskr Raejk Gcefkr) `e ct. Gurtdkrl`rk wk wkrk ais` rkqucrkf t` fkscje a iapt`p tabik ce gr`et `g
tdk wdkkimdacr uskr wdcmd m`uif scluitaek`usiy skrvk as a l`uetcej g`r s`ear skes`rs `r
wkbmals as wkii. Vdcs tabik ais` was ais` lkaet t` davk a sdkig wdkrk fcggkrket kikmtr`ecm
mcrmuctry m`uif bk piamkf.
]` wk fkscjekf tdk g`ii`wcej ekw gkaturks ce `ur wdkkimdacr8
c. IRG skes`r l`uet>
cc. Iapt`p tabik (cemiufcej s`ear l`uet & kikmtr`ecm d`uscej )
@ur fkscje das g`ii`wcej tdrkk mdaramtkrcstcms8
Gcj 2.18 Zdkkimdacr Lkmdaecmai Fkscje Gkaturks
FktamdabikLkmdaecmaiiy
]tabik
IcjdtZkcjdt
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2.1.1 L`tcvatc`e
Zk stufckf varc`us fkscjes `g tdk aut`e`l`us wdkkimdacrs tdat ark bkcej fkvki`pkf ar`uef tdk
w`rif ce fcggkrket uecvkrsctcks icnk8
• Vdk Cetkiicjket Zdkkimdacr _r`hkmt O LCV M]ACI
• Vdk ]lartZdkkikr R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr _r`hkmt O LmJcii
• Vdk Zdkkimdacr _r`hkmt O Marekjck Lkii`e
• —R`iiaef– Brklke Aut`e`l`us Zdkkimdacr - [ecvkrsctæt Brklke
Gcj 2.28 _R@YK L`fki g`r tdk Zdkkimdacr Darfwark
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2.1.2 _r`p`skf L`fki
Vdk ab`vk fcajral cs tdk assklbiy `g tdk wdkkimdacr m`escstcej `g fcggkrket skparatkiy lafk
m`lp`ekets. Zk fkscjekf `ur pr`p`skf wdkkimdacr l`fki ce _r`-K s`gtwark. Ce tdk pcmturk ab`vk,
tdk f`ttkf rkjc`e sd`ws tdk ekwiy fkscjekf p`rtc`e `g tdk wdkkimdacr. Vdk ab`vk frawe l`fki
das kxamtiy tdk salk fclkesc`es as `g tdk ̀ rcjceai wdkkimdacr. Furcej l`fkicej fcggkrket m`lpikx
h`cets wkrk sclpicgckf. Vdcs l`fkicej javk us a r`ujd cfka ab`ut d`w ct wcii i``n agtkr gabrcmatc`e
aef tdcs ais` dkipkf us ce rkvckwcej `ur fkscje ajace aef ajace t` lank ct l`rk ammuratk. Agtkr
tdcs aii `ur fktacikf fcajrals, wk uskf g`r tdk ekxt stajk c.k. Gabrcmatc`e.
2.2 Gabrcmatc̀ e
G`r gabrcmatc`e purp`sks, wk uskf tdk
w`rnspamk `g Laeugamturcej
Rks`urmk Mketkr- ]LLK.
Vdrkk tdcejs wkrk gabrcmatkf ealkiy8
c. IRG L`uet
cc. Iapt`p Vabik
ccc. Kxtkefkf arl rksts (t` supp`rt tabik)
Gcj 2.=8 Gceai Darfwark Rkprksketatc`e `g tdk Zdkkimdacr
2.2.1 Latkrcais & _r`mkssks
G`ii`wcej latkrcais wkrk uskf furcej tdcs gabrcmatc`e8
Gcj 2.68 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatc`e Latkrcais
]taceikss
]tkkiAiulcecul Mast Cr`e Z``f
IRG L`uet
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G`ii`wcej pr`mkssks wkrk uskf ce gabrcmatc`e8
Gcj 2.;8 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatc`e _r`mkssks
2.2.2 IRG L`uet
Gcj 2.78 IRG ]kes`r L`uet
2.2.= Iapt`p Vabik
Gcj 2.:8 Zdkkimdacr Iapt`p Vabik
Zkifcej Rcvktcej Frciicej Vdrkafcej Muttcej
IRG ]kes`r
IRG ]kes`r L`uet
(c)Aiulcecul ]dkkt
(cc) Mast Cr`e d`ii`w pcpk
(ccc) Busd
Iapt`p
]`ear ]kes`r L`uetKxtkefkf Arl Rksts
Iapt`p Vabik
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MDA_VKR =8 ZDKKIMDACR M@EVR@I
=.1 H`ystcmn M`etr`i
Cectcaiiy tdk wdkkimdacr pr`vcfkf by ]AN[RA (Hapae) cs h`ystcmn m`etr`iikf. Vdk pkrs`e scttcej
`e tdk wdkkimdacr das a h`y stcmn `e dcs rcjdt scfk. Vdk pkrs`e das t`
l`vk h`y stcmn ce tdk fcrkmtc`e ce wdcmd dk/sdk cs cetkefkf t` j`. G`r
kxalpik cg pkrs`e pusdks h`y stcmn g`rwarf tdke wdkkimdacr wcii l`vk
ce tdk g`rwarf fcrkmtc`e. ]clciariy cg pkrs`e pusdks h`y stcmn bamnwarf
tdke wdkkimdacr wcii l`vk ce tdk bamnwarf fcrkmtc`e.
H`y stcmn mae bk l`vk at aey aejik. Vdk al`uet by wdcmd tdk h`y stcmn
cs l`vkf cs pr`p`rtc`eai t` tdk al`uet `g v`itajk scjeai skef t` tdk
cetkreai mcrmuctry aef tdke tdat spkmcgckf v`itajk scjeai cs traesiatkf
cet` a spkmcgcm spkkf. Vdcs wdkkimdacr cs rark wdkki frcvke aef ct das
fcggkrketcai frcvk.
Gcj 1=8 H`ystcmn
=.2 ]dcgtcej M`etr`i 8 H`ystcmn IabWCKZ
Ce `rfkr t` lank wdkkimdacr aut`e`l`us, wk sdcgtkfcts m`etr`i gr`l h`ystcmn t` IabWckw. G`r
tdcs purp`sk tdk wcrks wkrk fktamdkf gr`l tdk h`ystcmn aef tdky wkrk ceskrtkf cet` tdk EC-FAQ.
EC-FAQ cs tdk rkai tclk []B fkvki`pkf by Eatc`eai Cestrulkets aef ct m`eekmts darfwark wctd
s`gtwark. Ce tdcs mask darfwark cs `ur wdkkimdacr aef s`gtwark cs IabWckw.
Gcj 168 Zdkkimdacr M`etr`i Rkprksketatc`e
ZdkkimdacrEC-FAQ
IabWckw
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Gcj 1;8 ]dcgtcej m`etr`i g`rl h`ystcmn t` IabWckw
=.= IabWCKZ M`etr`i
Gcj 178 Jrapdcmai IabWCKZ M`etr`i
Fksmrcptc`e8
Vdcs IabWckw pr`jral was lafk t` m`etr`i wdkkimdacr l`tc`e. _rkvc`usiy tdcs was m`etr`iikf
by h`ystcmn. A m`etceu`us wdcik i``p cs clpiklketkf s` tdat a rkqucrkf vaiuk cs bkcej sket t`
wdkkimdacr at aii tclks. Vdkrk cs a st`p butt`e ce tdk pr`jral by wdcmd m`fk mae bk tkrlceatkf at
aey tclk. Amtuaiiy ae aejuiar vki`mcty aef a g`rwarf vki`mcty vaiuks ark jcvke t` tdk pr`jral
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tdke tdksk vaiuks ark m`evkrtkf t` a spkmcgcm v`itajk vaiuk. Vdcs m`evkrsc`e cs f`ek by tw`
guemtc`es> `ek lafk g`r g`rwarf spkkf aef ae`tdkr g`r aejuiar spkkf. Vdcs guemtc`e cs lafk by
uscej stracjdt icek kquatc`e c.k. y< lx + m `e tdk vki`mcty-v`itajk jrapds (jrapd cs kxpiacekf ce
tdk ekxt skmtc`e). Vdksk v`itajk vaiuks g`r g`rwarf aef aejuiar spkkf tdk tdke skef t` wdkkimdacr
vca EC-FAQ. M`estaet v`itajks `g 1.4; v`its ark bkcej pr`vcfkf t` wdkkimdacr wdke wdkkimdacr
cs statc`eary.
=.6 M`etr`i Jrapd Aeaiyscs
G`ii`wcej tabik sd`ws `ur amqucrkf `bskrvatc`es furcej m`etr`i sdcgtcej8
W`itajk vs. Rpl vs. Wki`mcty
Vabik 18 W`itajk Ws. R_L Ws. Wki`mcty g`r tdk Zdkkimdacr
W`itajks wkrk pr`vcfkf by IabWckw s`gtwark vca EC-FAQ. R_L `g tdk rark wdkkis wkrk
lkasurkf by tdk tamd`lktkr. Vdke vki`mcty was maimuiatkf `e tdk bascs `g rpl.
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Gcj 1:8 W`itajk-Wki`mcty Jrapd
Vdk jrapd ab`vk sd`ws tdk trkef `g v`itajk vs. vki`mcty. Zk javk wdkkimdacr fcggkrket skts `g
v`itajks tdr`ujd IabWckw aef tdke lkasurkf tdk rksuitaet spkkf `g wdkkimdacr by lkasurcej
rpl `g cts rark wdkkis.
G`ii`wcej m`emiusc`es mae bk frawe gr`l tdk ab`vk jrapd8
Laxclul g`rwarf spkkf `g wdkkimdacr cs 1.22 l/s O ? v`its
Laxclul bamnwarf spkkf `g wdkkimdacr cs ?.:;l/s O =.: v`its
Zdkkimdacr cs statc`eary c.k. zkr` vki`mcty O 1.4; v`its
Vdkrk cs a v`itajk wcef`w wdkrk wdkkimdacr f`ks e`t l`vk fuk t` cekrtca aef tdat cs 1.2;
v`its ” 2.= v`its
Zdkkimdacr laxclul g`rwarf spkkf cs jrkatkr tdae laxclul bamnwarf spkkf
Jrapd bktwkke v`itajk aef vki`mcty cs fcsm`etceukf aef appr`xclatkiy icekar
Vdk lace purp`sk `g frawcej tdcs jrapd was t` ne`w kxamtiy ab`ut tdk spkkf `utput wdke a
spkmcgckf v`itajk cs pr`vcfkf. Vdcs ne`wikfjk dkipkf furcej tdk fkvki`pcej `g `bstamik
av`cfaemk aef eavcjatc`e m`fks aef ct ais` dkipkf us furcej rkai-tclk wdkkimdacr tkstcej pdask.
-1
-?.;
?
?.;
1
1.;
? ?.; 1 1.; 2 2.; = =.; 6
W`itajk-Wki`mcty Jrapd
W`itajk (W)
W k i ` m c t y ( l / s )
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MDA_VKR 68 @B]VAMIK AW@CFAEMK
6.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw
@bstamik Av`cfaemk cs a lkaes `g a r`b`t bkcej abik t` l`vkar`uef ce ae uene`we kevcr`elket wctd`ut uene`we `bstamiks
m`lcej ce cts patd. Ct cs `ek `g tdk l`st clp`rtaet aspkmts `g l`bcik
r`b`tcms.
Amm`rfcej t` ]kcjwart kt ai, i`mai `bstamik av`cfaemk g`musks `e
mdaejcej tdk r`b`t–s trahkmt`ry as ceg`rlkf by cts skes`rs furcej rkai -
tclk r`b`t l`tc`e. Vdk rksuitcej guemtc`e cs b`td a guemtc`e `g r`b`t–s
murrket `r rkmket skes`r rkafcejs aef cts j`ai p`sctc`e aef rkiatcvk
i`matc`e t` tdk j`ai p`sctc`e.
Ce fkvki`pcej `ur `bstamik av`cfaemk aij`rctdls g`r tdk Aut`e`l`us
R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr, wk wkrk abik t` bkekgct scjecgcmaetiy gr`l tdk
w`rn m`lpiktkf ce icku `g `ur LRF] sklkstkr pr`hkmt g`r `ur Cetr` t`
Lkmdatr`ecms aef R`b`tcms miass taujdt iast sklkstkr by Fr. Sasar
Ayaz aef Fr. [lar Jciiaec.
Zk stufckf aef pramtcmkf m`fcej g`r prclarciy tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk
aij`rctdls prksketkf ce tdk Cetr`fumtc`e t` Aut`e`l`us L`bcik
R`b`tcms by ]kcjwart kt ai. G`r kxalpik8
1) Vdk Buj Aij`rctdl8
Vdk Buj Aij`rctdl cs tdk sclpikst l`st cetuctcvk `bstamik av`cfaemk
aij`rctdl. Vdk bascm cfka cs t` g`ii`w tdk m`et`ur `g tdk `bstamik ce
`rfkr t` mcrmuleavcjatk ar`uef ct. Ct das tw` fcggkrket g`rls Buj1
aef Buj2.
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Ce Buj1 aij`rctdl, tdk r`b`t guiiy mcrmiks ar`uef tdk `bstamik
aef tdke l`vks ai`ej tdk icek `g sd`rtkst patd t`warfs tdk kefp`cet.
Vdcs cs tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk tkmdecquk wk davk bkke abik t`
clpiklket ce `ur m`fk. Zctd Buj2 aij`rctdl, tdk r`b`t starts t`
g`ii`w tdk `bhkmt–s m`et`ur but fkparts cllkfcatkiy wdke ct abik t`
l`vk fcrkmtiy t`warfs tdk `bhkmt. Vdcs w`uif davk bkke l`rk kggcmcket
aef guturk m`fcej `e tdk Aut`e`l`us Zdkkimdacr m`uif attklpt t`
fkvki`p tdcs.
Gcj 148 Buj Aij`rctdls
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2) Vdk WGD Aij`rctdl8
Fkvki`pkf by Br`estkce & N`rke, tdk WGD aij`rctdl mrkatks a i`mai
lap `g tdk kevcr`elket ar`uef tdk r`b`t wdcmd traesiatks `et` ae
`mmupaemy jrcf p`puiatkf by skes`r rkafcejs. Vdk WGD aij`rctdl
jkekratks a p`iar dcst`jral, ce wdcmd tdk T-axcs rkprkskets tdk aejik
aipda at wdcmd tdk `bstamik was g`uef, aef tdk S-axcs rkprkskets tdk
pr`babcicty jrcf tdat tdkrk cs ae `bstamik ce tdat fcrkmtc`e baskf `e tdk
`mmupaemy jrcf–s mkii vaiuks.
Zk wkrk abik t` `btace aef stufy a bascm clpiklketatc`e `g
tdk WGD aij`rctdl ce tdk kxalpik gciks g`r _iaykrY]tajk. D`wkvkr, wk
fcf e`t pursuk ct gurtdkr fuk t` cts rkfuefaemy wctd tdk p`tketcai gckifpatd-piaeecej aij`rctdl wdcmd wk wkrk w`rncej `e clpiklketcej at
tdk tclk. Ais` tdk tdkrk ark e`w l`rk kggcmcket WGD+ aef tdk WGD*
aij`rctdls wdcmd davk ais` bkke fkvki`pkf. Vdkrk ark a daefgui `g
`tdkr pr`lcscej `bstamik av`cfaemk aij`rctdls prksketkf ce ]kcjwart
kt ai, d`wkvkr wk wkrk abik t` cevkstcjatk aef uefkrstaef `eiy tdk
`eks fcsmusskf.
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Gcj 138 WGD
p`iar dcst`jral
6.2 _skuf`-M`fk
Gr`l Hkeecgkr @wke–s —D`w t` [sk _iaykrY]tajk– laeuai wk
wkrk abik t` `btace a bascm `bstamik av`cfaemk guemtc`e wdcmd wk wkrk
abik t` kxpaef up`e ce fcggkrket ways. @ur `bstamik av`cfaemk
guemtc`es attklpt t` upfatk l`t`r spkkfs cg tdkrk cs ae `bstamik t` bk
av`cfkf. Zk upfatk tdk guemtc`e hust bkg`rk skefcej fata t` tdk
l`t`rs. Vdus, `bstamik av`cfaemk `vkrwrctks `et` `ur eavcjatc`e
bkdavc`r g`r tdk r`b`t.
@emk tdk `bstamik cs e` i`ejkr ce cts way, tdk r`b`t l`vks ai`ej as ct
was. Vdcs aii`ws us t` traesctc`e gr`l aey eavcjatc`e bkdavc`r cet`
`bstamik av`cfaemk aef tdke bamn ajace, as pkr tdk rkqucrklkets `g
`ur m`etr`i strumturk.
Zk wr`tk tdrkk fcstcemt `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fks g`r tdk Aut`e`l`us
R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr. Vdksk ark fcsmusskf as g`ii`ws8
1) Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk8
Vdcs was tdk gcrst `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fk tdat wk fkvki`pkf. Ct was
baskf `e tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk kxalpik m`fk `btacekf gr`l tdk
_iaykrY]tajk tut`rcai gciks. Ct mrkatkf aef cectcaiczkf tw` varcabiks
—ekwspkkf– aef —ekwtureratk– wctdce a m`etceu`us g`r i``p. Ekxt, ct
uskf tdk cebucit _iaykrY]tajk IRG m`llaefs —ip.JktLceRcjdt()– aef
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—ip.JktLceIkgt()– ce `rfkr t` skk t` tdk ikgt aef rcjdt `g tdk r`b`t g`r
`bstamiks. Vdk rkafcejs `btacekf ark pr`mksskf aef wk mdkmn t` skk cg
kctdkr tdk ikgt `r tdk rcjdt fcstaemks t` tdk `bstamik ark jrkatkr tdae
1??. Baskf `e tdat, wk maimuiatk r`b`t–s —ekwspkkf– aef —ekwtureratk–
wdcmd cs iclctkf t` vaiuks `g -6?˘ t` +6?˘. Aef usk tdk ]kt]pkkf
m`llaef t` skt tdksk l`t`r spkkfs.
_skuf`m`fk g`r Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk8
Keabik L`t`rs
Cectcaiczk Ekwspkkf & EkwVureRatk
@btace lceR & lceIMdkmn t` skk cg `bstamik cs mi`sk ke`ujd t` av`cf0
Cg kctdkr fcstaemk cs slaiikr> Vure tdk @tdkr Zay
Maimuiatk Ekw]pkkf uscej lceR & lceI
Maimuiatk EkwVureRatk uscej lceR & lceI
]kt]pkkfs
Vdcs m`fk was clpiklketkf wctd tdk r`b`t waefkrcej ce tdk
—Mavk– mgj kevcr`elket. Ct was e`t tkstkf ce rkai-tclk `e tdk
wdkkimdacr bkmausk wk wkrk pr`vcfcej tdk wdkkimdacr wctd tdk patd
bkg`rkdaef gr`l `ur eavcjatc`e aij`rctdl aef wk waetkf prclarciy
tdat tdk wdkkimdacr sd`uif bk abik t` fktkmt aef av`cf tdk `bstamiks ce
cts patd ratdkr tdae tdk `bstamiks m`lcej t` tdk ikgt aef rcjdt mi`sk t`
cts patd. A seapsd`t `g tdk Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik av`cfaemk scluiatc`e
das bkke pr`vcfkf ce tdk ]kmtc`e 6.6.
2) J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8
Vdcs was tdk skm`ef @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk wk fkvki`pkf. @ur
J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk M`fk m`uetkrkf tdk pr`bikls `g tdk
Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk. D`wkvkr, wk m`uif e`t clpiklket
tdcs `ek ce tdk amtuai iab trcais as wkii.
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Ce J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk, wk fkmiarkf `ur Fata varcabiks
—r`b`t]pkkf.g`rwarf]pkkf– aef —r`b`t]pkkf.turecej]pkkf–, wk
cectcaiczkf tdkl t` zkr` aef skt tdk l`t`r spkkfs t` tdkcr vaiuks. Vdke
cescfk a m`etceu`us g`r i``p, wk javk g`rwarf spkkf ae cectcai vaiuk `g
?.2; aef zkr` turecej spkkf t` jkt tdk r`b`t l`vcej ai`ej cts pr`vcfkf
patd. Vdk R`b`t.Rkaf() m`llaef was uskf t` upfatk IRG vaiuks
`btacekf gr`l tdk IRG scluiatc`e pr`xy aef wk rkaf ce tdk IRG
rkafcejs `g lceclul fcstaemks at aejiks 44˘ t` 31˘ uscej tdk
ip.JktRaejk() m`llaef. F`cej s` mdkmns t` skk cg tdkrk cs ae `bstamik
fcrkmtiy ce gr`et `g tdk r`b`t wdcmd cg tdk r`b`t was t` m`etceuk
l`vcej ai`ej cts jcvke patd ct w`uif m`iicfk wctd. Cg tdk `bstamik cs ce
gr`et `g tdk r`b`t aef tdk ip.JktRaejk() vaiuk `g fcstaemk ce gr`et `g
tdk `bstamik m`lks `ut as ikss tdae 1.; wk lank tdk r`b`t ture ar`uef
ae `bstamik wd`sk fclkesc`es wk assulk t` bk ne`we. ]`, cg tdkrk cs
ae `bstamik mi`skr tdae 1.;l, tdk r`b`t w`uif cllkfcatkiy st`p. Ct
w`uif fktkmt cts T aef S m``rfceatks at tdat p`cet uscej tdk
r`b`t.JktT_`s() aef r`b`t.JktS_`s() m`llaefs. Vdkrkagtkr, ct
w`uif usk td`sk x aef y p`sctc`e vaiuks t` eavcjatk ar`uef tdk`bstamik uscej a skqukemk `g J`V` m`llaefs tdat tank tdk r`b`t `ut
`g cts patd, keabik ct t` mr`ss tdk `bstamik gr`l cts ikgt aef lanks ct
m`lk bamn fcrkmtiy ce tdk p`sctc`e ct w`uif davk bkke l`vkf ai`ej t`
daf tdkrk bkke e` `bstamik ce cts patd. Iastiy ct mdkmns t` skk cg tdk
kefp`cet das bkke rkamdkf, at wdcmd p`cet ct w`uif st`p cllkfcatkiy.
_skuf`m`fk g`r J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8
Keabik L`t`rs
Cectcaiczk r`b`t]pkkf.G`rwarf]pkkf t` s`lk cectcai vaiuk
Cectcaiczk r`b`t]pkkf.Vurecej]pkkf t` zkr`
[sk R`b`t.Rkaf()
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[sk JktRaejk() t` i``n ce gr`et `g tdk r`b`t
Mdkmn t` skk cg `bstamik ce gr`et mi`sk tdae skt fcstaemk (1.;)0
Cg Sks, rkaf r`b`t m``rfceatks at murrket p`sctc`e
[sk J`V` m`llaefs wctd murrket p`sctc`e m``rfceatks t` l`vk
ar`uef `bstamik
Kisk M`etceuk l`vcej ai`ej `rcjceai patd
Mdkmn t` skk cg Kef_`cet das bkke rkamdkf0
Cg Sks, ]t`p.
=) ]kt]pkkfs-Baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8
Vdcs was tdk @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk wdcmd wk kvketuaiiy uskf g`rtrcai rues ce tdk iab. I`jcmaiiy ct g`ii`ws tdk salk skqukemk `g
cestrumtc`es as `ut J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk kxmkpt tdat
ct usks a skt `g ]kt]pkkf m`llaefs ce m`ehuemtc`e wctd varc`us sikkp()
maiis ce `rfkr t` eavcjatk ar`uef tdk `bstamik cestkaf `g tdk J`V`
m`llaefs. Ct was clp`rtaet t` fkvki`p tdcs m`fk bkmausk uitclatkiy
wk ekkfkf tdat tdk g`rwarf spkkf aef turecej spkkf vaiuks g`r tdk
r`b`t sd`uif mdaejk ajacest fcggkrket tclk maiis aef wk sd`uif bk abik
t` pass tdksk mdaejcej g`rwarf aef turecej spkkf vaiuks t` frcvk `ur
wdkkimdacr.
G`r tdcs m`fk, wk ajace fkmiark `ur fata varcabiks
—r`b`t]pkkf.g`rwarf]pkkf– aef —r`b`t]pkkf.turecej]pkkf–, wk
cectcaiczkf tdkl t` zkr` aef skt tdk l`t`r spkkfs t` tdkcr vaiuks. Vdcs
cs ae clp`rtaet gcrst stkp bkmausk e`t skttcej tdksk spkkf vaiuks t` zkr`
cectcaiiy mausks tdk wdkkimdacr–s aut`latcm sagkty systkl t` amtcvatk
mauscej tdk wdkkimdacr t` i`mn ctskig aef jcvk a bkkp s`uef.
@emk wk–vk passkf zkr` vaiuks t` tdk l`t`rs g`r s`lk tclk, wk jcvk
tdk wdkkimdacr ae cectcai g`rwarf spkkf `g ?.4. Vdcs cs tdk lceclul
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cectcai spkkf g`r wdcmd tdk wdkkimdacr w`uif l`vk. G`r p`wkr vaiuks
bki`w tdcs vki`mcty ikvki, tdk wdkkimdacr f`ks e`t l`vk. Vdkrkagtkr,
cescfk a m`etceu`us g`r i``p wk usk R`b`t.Rkaf() m`llaef t` upfatk
IRG vaiuks `btacekf gr`l tdk IRG attamdkf t` tdk wdkkimdacr.
Fktacis `g d`w wk mae skt up _iaykrY]tajk ce `rfkr t` rkaf ce tdksk
IRG vaiuks wcii bk m`vkrkf ce tdk ekxt skmtc`e. As bkg`rk, wk rkaf ce
IRG rkafcejs `g lceclul fcstaemks at aejiks 44˘ t` 31˘ uscej tdk
ip.JktRaejk() m`llaef. Aef wk mdkmn t` skk cg at s`lk p`cet aii `g
tdksk JktRaejk() vaiuks w`uif bk ikss tdae 1.= `r s`lk `tdkr spkmcgckf
fcstaemk fcrkmtiy ce gr`et `g `ur r`b`t0 Cg tdk `bstamik cs prksket, tdk
r`b`t daits aef rkafs cts T aef S m``rfceatks uscej tdk
r`b`t.JktT_`s() aef r`b`t.JktS_`s() m`llaefs. Vdkrkagtkr, ct usks
td`sk x aef y p`sctc`es t` eavcjatk ar`uef tdk `bstamik uscej a
skqukemk `g ]kt]pkkf m`llaefs tdat tank tdk r`b`t `ut `g cts patd,
lank ct mr`ss tdk `bstamik aef lanks ct m`lk bamn t` cts patd agtkr
davcej mr`sskf tdk `bstamik. Iastiy, ct mdkmns t` skk cg tdk kefp`cet das
bkke rkamdkf at wdcmd p`cet tdk r`b`t st`ps.
_skuf`m`fk g`r ]kt]pkkfs-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8
Keabik L`t`rs
Cectcaiczk G`rwarf]pkkf & Vurecej]pkkf t` zkr`
Cectcaiczk G`rwarf]pkkf t` ?.4
[sk R`b`t.Rkaf()
[sk JktRaejk() t` i``n ce gr`et `g tdk r`b`t
Mdkmn t` skk cg `bstamik ce gr`et mi`sk tdae skt fcstaemk (1.=)0
Cg Sks, rkaf r`b`t m``rfceatks at murrket p`sctc`e
[sk ]kt]pkkf m`llaefs wctd murrket p`sctc`e m``rfceatks t` l`vk
ar`uef `bstamik
Kisk M`etceuk l`vcej ai`ej `rcjceai patd
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Mdkmn t` skk cg Kef_`cet das bkke rkamdkf0
Cg Sks, ]t`p.
Ce tdcs @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk, tdk wdkkimdacr tanks 3?˘ tures
ar`uef tdk `bstamik. Zk davk ais` wrcttke aef tkstkf a l`fcgckf g`rl
`g tdk ]kt]pkkfs baskf `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fk. Ce tdcs vkrsc`e,
cestkaf `g uscej 3?˘ tures, tdk wdkkimdacr l`vks ar`uef tdk `bstamik
at s`lk aejik. Zk ark uscej fcggkrket vaiuks g`r sikkp() t` jcvk
fcggkrket vaiuks g`r tdk aejik at wdcmd tdk wdkkimdacr l`vks `ut `g cts
patd. Vdk afvaetajk `g tdcs varcatc`e cs tdat tdk wdkkimdacr das t`
m`vkr ikss `vkraii fcstaemk wdcik ct cs av`cfcej tdk `bstamik. But tdk
pr`bikl wctd tdcs tkmdecquk cs tdat tdk wdkkimdacr cs grkquketiyueabik t` pr`pkriy swkrvk ar`uef tdk `bstamik. Fkpkefcej `e wdkrk
tdk IRG wcii amtuaiiy fktkmt tdk `bstamik, tdk aejik rkqucrkf g`r
`bstamik av`cfaemk wcii mdaejk gr`l `ek traci rue t` tdk ekxt. @ur
m`fk f`ks e`t davk tdk mapabcicty g`r maimuiatcej a mdaejcej `bstamik
av`cfaemk aejik ce tdcs way kvkry scejik tclk aef tdcs cs `ek arka
wdcmd maiis g`r gurtdkr m`fcej ce `rfkr t` pkrgkmt tdk pkrg`rlaemk `g
tdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr.
6.= Cetkjratcej IRG aef _iaykrY]tajk
Ce `rfkr t` cetkjratk tdk ]CMN IL] 2?? wctd tdk _iaykrY]tajk
s`gtwark g`r rkai tclk `bstamik av`cfaemk, `ek das t` gcrst kxkmutk a
skrcks `g tkrlceai wcef`w cestrumtc`es s` tdat tdk IRG mae bk d``nkf
up wctd `ur _iaykr m`fk. Vdk m`llaefs ark as g`ii`ws8
mfYfkv // mrkatk a fkvcmk g`ifkris ” i tty* // fcspiays p`cetkrs g`r aii tdk r``t
m`llaefs
suf` mdl`f +r tty[]B? // keabiks rkaf at p`rt zkr`
suf` mdl`f +w tty[]B? // keabiks wrctk at p`rt zkr`
is ” i tty[]B? // fcspiays tdk `utput at []B _`rt zkr`
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is ” i tty[* // sd`ws tdk []B `utputs
suf` mdl`f a+w tty[]B? //ammkss aef wrctk g`r []B?
is ” i tty[*
Ai`ej wctd g`ii`wcej tdcs skqukemk `g cestrumtc`es, wk ais`
l`fcgy `ur —mgj– gcik s` tdat cestkaf `g scluiatcej ae IRG skes`r
piaykr rkm`jeczks tdk amtuai IRG ]CMN IL] 2?? aef trcks t` tank tdk
rkafs gr`l ct. Zk p`cet tdk iaskr pr`xy t` fkv/tty[]B? ce tdk mgj gcik
aef skt bauf ratk g`r salpicej aef rks`iutc`e paralktkrs.
Vdkrkagtkr, wk `pke a skm`ef tkrlceai wcef`w aef usk tdk g`ii`wcej
m`llaef8piaykrv --iaskr --p`sctc`e2f
Vdcs m`llaef mausks a stajk wcef`w t` `pke ce wdcmd wk mae
vcsuaiiy skk tdk `utput `g `ur IRG skes`r. Vdcs stajk wcef`w mae bk
nkpt `pke aef wk mae usk a tdcrf tkrlceai wcef`w t` `pke a skm`ef
]tajk wcef`w ce wdcmd wk mae rue `ur r`b`t wdcik wk–rk f`cej
`bstamik av`cfaemk ce rkai tclk.
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6.6 ]cluiatc`es
Ce tdcs skmtc`e, wk wcii fcsmuss tdk scluiatc`es wk jkekratkf uscej `ur
Ikg-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk aef J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk
m`fks.
Ce Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk, tdk r`b`t waefkrs ar`uef ce tdk
mavk kevcr`elket aef tures rcjdt `r ikgt baskf `e tdk p`sctc`e `g
`bstamiks. Vdk
g`ii`wcej cs a seapsd`t
`g tdk Ikgt-Rcjdt
@bstamik Av`cfaemk
m`fk.
Gcj 2?8 Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk
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Ce tdk J`V`-baskf @bstamik
Av`cfaemk, tdk r`b`t l`vks ai`ej cts patd
aef cg ct gcefs `bstamiks ct eavcjatks
ar`uef ct aef rktures t` nkkp l`vcej
ai`ej cts `rcjceai patd uetci kefp`cet cs
rkamdkf. Vdk g`ii`wcej seapsd`ts sd`w
`ur J`V`-baskf `bstamik av`cfaemk
scluiatc`es g`r a stracjdt axcs aef g`r ae
cemicekf axcs.
Gcj 218 J`V` Baskf @bstamik
Av`cfaemk ce T aef S Axcs
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MDA_VKR ;8 EAWCJAVC@E
;.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw
Amm`rfcej t` Cetr`fumtc`e t` Aut`e`l`us L`bcik R`b`ts by ]kcjwart
kt ai, g`r a l`bcik r`b`t, tdk spkmcgcm aspkmt `g m`jectc`e fcrkmtiy icenkf
t` r`bust l`bcicty cs eavcjatc`e m`lpktkemk. Jcvke partcai ne`wikfjk
ab`ut cts kevcr`elket aef a j`ai p`sctc`e `r a skrcks `g p`sctc`es,
eavcjatc`e kem`lpassks tdk abcicty `g a r`b`t t` amt baskf `e cts
ne`wikfjk aef skes`r vaiuks s` as t` rkamd cts j`ai p`sctc`es as
kggcmcketiy aef as rkicabiy as p`sscbik.
Vdkrkg`rk, eavcjatc`e rkgkrs t` tdk r`b`t–s abcicty t` fktkrlcek cts `we
p`sctc`e ce cts gralk `g rkgkrkemk aef tdke t` piae a patd t`warfs cts
j`ai p`sctc`e. Vdus, g`r eavcjatc`e, tdk r`b`t rkqucrks rkprksketatc`e
c.k. a lap `g tdk kevcr`elket aef tdk abcicty t` cetkrprkt tdat
rkprksketatc`e. Eavcjatc`e mae bk fkgcekf as a m`lbceatc`e `g tdrkk
guefalketai m`lpktkemcks8 (c) ]kig-I`maiczatc`e (cc) _atd-_iaeecej (ccc)
Lap-bucifcej aef lap cetkrprktatc`e.
Ais` tdkrk ark tw` fcggkrket typks `g Eavcjatc`e8
(c) Ji`bai _atd _iaeecej8 wdcmd fkais wctd gcefcej a suctabik patd
gr`l a startcej p`cet t` a j`ai p`cet uscej a jcvke rkprksketatc`e `g
tdk kevcr`elket. Zk attklpt t` gcef tdk patd wctd tdk i`wkst m`st g`r
tdk h`ureky.
(cc) I`mai _atd _iaeecej8 fkgceks patd p`cets tancej cet` amm`uet tdk
vkdcmik fclkesc`es aef nceklatcm m`estracets. Vdus, ce i`mai patd
piaeecej wk ark i``ncej g`r a piaeekf patd wctd slaii fkvcatc`es
wdcmd brcej tdk r`b`t bamn t` cts piaeekf patd.
Ce fkvki`pcej `ur eavcjatc`e m`fk wk stufckf tdk varc`us aij`rctdls
prksketkf ce tdk Cetr`fumtc`e t` Aut`e`l`us L`bcik R`b`ts by
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]kcjwart kt ai. Vdk g`ii`wcej cs a brckg fcsmussc`e `g tdk aij`rctdls
tdat wk rkvckwkf8
1) Brkaftd Gcrst ]karmd8
Vdk Brkaftd Gcrst ]karmd aij`rctdl bkjces at tdk start e`fk aef
kxpi`rks aii `g cts ekcjdb`rcej e`fks. G`r kamd `g tdksk e`fks ct
kxpi`rks aii `g cts uekxpi`rkf ekcjdb`rs larncej cts e`fks as kctdkr
—vcsctkf– `r —`pke–. Ce tdcs way tdk aij`rctdl ctkratks uetci ct rkamdks ct
j`ai wdkrk ct tkrlceatks. Vdk brkaftd gcrst skarmd aiways rktures tdk
patd wctd tdk gkwkst eulbkr `g kfjks bktwkke tdk start aef kef
e`fks. Cg wk assulk tdat tdk m`st `g aii cefcvcfuai kfjks ce tdk jrapd cs
m`estaet tdae tdk brkaftd gcrst skarmd rktures tdk `ptclai-m`st patd.
2) Fkptd Gcrst ]karmd8
Ce m`etrast t` tdk Brkaftd Gcrst ]karmd, tdk Fkptd Gcrst ]karmd
Eavcjatc`e aij`rctdl kxpaefs kvkry scejik e`fk t` cts fkkpkst ikvki, cts
braemdks ark rkl`vkf aef tdk skarmd bamntramns by kxpaefcej tdk
ekxt ekcjdb`rcej e`fk `g tdk start e`fk uetci cts fkkpkst ikvki. Fkptd
Gcrst ]karmd `ggkrs tdk afvaetajk `g spamk m`lpikxcty, ce tdat ct st`rks`eiy tdk scejik patd gr`l tdk start e`fk t` tdk j`ai e`fk.
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;.2 _`tketcai Gckifs Aij`rctdl
G`r _`tketcai Gckif eavcjatc`e wk start `ut by mrkatcej a tw` fclkesc`eai fcsmrktczkf
m`egcjuratc`e spamk `g T aef S m``rfceatks. Zk mae tdke attamd a p`tketcai vaiuk t` kamd `g tdksk
jrcf m`egcjuratc`es aef fke`tk as a p`tketcai guemtc`e `r jrafcket sprkaf `vkr tdk ketcrk 2F gckif
wctdce wdcmd tdk r`b`t l`vks.
Vdk p`tketcai gckif lktd`f trkats tdk r`b`t as a p`cet uefkr tdk cegiukemk `g ae artcgcmcai p`tketcai
gckif [(q). Vdk r`b`t l`vks by g`ii`wcej tdk gckif hust as a baii wkrk r`iicej f`wedcii uefkr tdk
amtc`e `g jravcty. Vdk bascm cfka cs tdat tdk kefp`cet cs puiicej ae attramtcvk p`tketcai `et` tdk
r`b`t aef tdk `bstamiks wctdce tdk r`b`t–s kevcr`elket ark kxkrtcej a rkpuiscvk p`tketcai `et` tdk
r`b`t. Vdkrkagtkr tdk p`tketcai gckif `g tdk r`b`t cs m`lputkf as a sul `g tdk attramtcvk gckif `g tdk
j`ai aef tdk rkpuiscvk gckifs `g tdk `bstamiks.
[(q) < [attr (q) + [rkp(q)
At kvkry p`cet ce tclk, tdk r`b`t wcii i``n at tdk p`tketcai gckif vkmt`r at tdat p`cet aef
start j`cej ce tdat fcrkmtc`e. Vdk attramtcvk aef rkpuiscvk p`tketcais mae bk g`uef uscej aey
`g tdk icekar `r quafratcm g`rluiak wctd varc`us smaicej gamt`rs g`r tdk kefp`cet attramtc`e
aef tdk rkpuisc`e by `bstamiks. ]`lk `g tdk pr`bikls ass`mcatkf wctd tdk p`tketcai gckif
aij`rctdl ark tdk I`mai Lcecla _r`bikls ce wdcmd r`b`t cs ueabik t` eavcjatk cts way t` tdk
kefp`cet `g tdk rkpuiscvk p`tketcais fuk t` tdk `bstamiks md`mncej cts patdway.
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;.= BrusdGcrk _skuf`M`fk
Ce `rfkr t` clpiklket tdk _`tketcai Gckif Eavcjatc`e lktd`f g`r `ur m`fk, wk clpiklketkf tdk
BrusdGcrk Eavcjatc`e smdklk. Vdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl cs a mikaraemk-baskf patd gcefcej
aij`rctdl wdcmd `vkriays a jrcf `et` tdk ketcrk eavcjatc`eai spamk `g tdk r`b`t.
Ce tdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl wk–vk rkprksketkf tdk 2F eavcjatc`eai spamk `g `ur r`b`t as a jrcf `g
pcxkis. G`r kxalpik, cg wk–vk uskf a 6?? T 6?? hpj clajk g`r `ur r`b`t kevcr`elket, wk wcii
gcrst brkan ct f`we cet` a jrcf `g bi`mns. Kamd `g tdk bi`mn cs tdke mdkmnkf uscej ekstkf ctkratcvk
g`r i``p `g p`cetkrs, cg tdk pcxkis ark `mmupckf by `bstamiks wk larn tdkl wctd 1s aef cg tdky–rk
grkk aef tdk r`b`t mae travki t` tdkl wk larn tdkl as zkr`.
Ce `rfkr t` m`lputk tdk attramtcvk p`tketcai `g tdk kefp`cet wk m`lputk ct as a guemtc`e `g tdk
fcstaemk `g kamd pcxki gr`l tdk j`ai. @e tdk `tdkr daef, tdk rkpuiscvk p`tketcai `g tdk `bstamiks cs
jkekratkf by travkrscej tdk lap sumd tdat at kamd pcxki vcsctkf tdk 4 ekcjdb`rs m`eekmtkf t` ct ark
upfatkf t` a vaiuk `ek jrkatkr tdae tdk vaiuk `g tdk murrket pcxki. F`cej s` wk davk a jrcf wdkrk
tdk `mmupckf pcxkis ark bi`mnkf `ut aef tdk klpty pcxkis mi`sk t` tdk `bstamiks davk dcjdkr jrcf
vaiuks tdae td`sk afhamket t` tdkl aef tdk pcxkis as tdky j` t`warfs tdk kefp`cet davk a
fkmrkascej jrcf vaiuk.
Gcj 228 BrusdGcrk Aij`rctdl Jrcf
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Vdk armdctkmturk `g `ur BrusdGcrk Eavcjatc`e pr`jral was lafk ce tdk g`ii`wcej way8
(c) MrkatkLap8
tdk MrkatkLap pr`jral tanks a hpj `r a pej clajk as cts ceput aef ct `vkriays a jrcf `et` tdk
clajk larncej tdk `mmupckf jrcf bi`mns as (1) aef tdk ue`mmupckf grkk spamk jrcf bi`mns as (?)
(cc) BrusdGcrkLap8
tdk BrusdGcrkLap pr`jral jkekratks tdk BrusdGcrk jrcf. Ct usks ekstkf g`r i``p t` ammkss kvkry
jrcf bi`mn aef g`r kamd `mmupckf jrcf bi`mn larnkf wctd (1) pr`vcfkf by tdk MrkatkLap jrcf ct
upfatks tdk mkiis ar`uef td`sk `bstamiks t` sd`w rkpuisc`e. Vdke ct j`ks ar`uef t` tdk mkiis
ar`uef td`sk upfatkf bi`mns aef nkkps upfatcej vaiuks `e tdk jrcf t` sd`w t` tdk rcppicej kggkmt
`g tdk rkpuisc`e pr`fumkf by tdk `bstamiks ce tdk eavcjatc`e spamk.
(ccc) FcstaemkLap8
tdk FcstaemkLap pr`jral cs uskf t` jkekratk jrcf vaiuks t` fke`tk tdk attramtcvk p`tketcai `g tdk
kefp`cet g`r tdk r`b`t. @emk ajace wk lank usk `g ekstkf g`r i``ps t` ctkratk t` aii tdk jrcf
bi`mns aef tdk bi`mns mi`skr t` tdk kefp`cet ark larnkf wctd i`wkr aef i`wkr vaiuks wctd tdk
kefp`cet davcej tdk vaiuk `g zkr` aef tdk startcej p`cet davcej tdk laxclul vaiuk `e tdk jrcf
(cv) _`tketcaiLap8
tdk _`tketcaiLap pr`jral rkicks `e tdk `utputs `g tdk BrusdGcrkLap fke`tcej tdk rkpuisc`e
p`tketcai aef tdk FcstaemkLap fke`tcej tdk attramtcvk p`tketcai. Vdk _`tketcaiLap pr`jral uskstdk jrcf `utput gr`l b`td t` m`lputk a jrcf sd`wcej tdk ekt p`tketcai guemtc`e at kamd p`cet. Vdk
p`tketcai guemtc`e cs m`lputkf as g`ii`ws8
_`tketcai Guemtc`e < _ * FcstaemkLap^x\^y\ + E*p`w(1/BrusdGcrkLap^x\^y\, =)
Vdk vaiuks `g _ aef E ark varckf by i``ncej at tdk rksuits `g fcggkrket scluiatc`e trcais. [suaiiy _
cs ar`uef 2? aef E cs `e tdk `rfkr `g 1?U;
(v) RueBrusdGcrkLap
tdk RueBrusdGcrkLap pr`jral cs tdk uitclatk micket pr`jral `g MrkatkLap, BrusdGcrkLap,
FcstaemkLap, aef _`tketcaiLap. Baskf ̀ e tdk `utput `g tdk _`tketcaiLap pr`jral, tdk
rueBrusdGcrkLap mausks tdk r`b`t t` l`vk gr`l cts start p`cet t` cts kefp`cet. G`r `ur scluiatc`e
wk davk uskf a g`r i``p t` jkt tdk r`b`t l`vcej ai`ej cts _`tketcaiLap patd `g sd`rtkst m`st gr`l
tdk start t` kef. At kamd jrcf p`cet, ct mdkmns t` skk cg kefp`cet das bkke rkamdkf, cg e`t ct nkkps
l`vcej ai`ej cts _`tketcaiLap sd`rtkst m`st patd.
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;.6 BrusdGcrk ]cluiatc`es
Zk davk tkstkf tdk BrusdGcrk ce _iaykrY]tajk scluiatc`es `eiy. Zk wkrk abik t` `btace
summkssgui tkst tracis ce s`lk `g tdk BrusdGcrk scluiarc`es but e`t aii. ]`lk `g tdk pr`bikls
ar`sk t` tdk pr`jrallcej m`lpikxcty g`r tdk aij`rctdl aef fuk t` tdk i`mai lcecla pr`bikls `g
tdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl.
Vdk g`ii`wcej ark smrkke sd`rts `g `ur BrusdGcrk ]cluiatc`es wdcmd keabiks tdk r`b`t t` l`vk
gr`l start p`cet (pr`vcfkf by tdk mgj gcik) t` kefp`cet (spkmcgckf ce tdk m`fk). Zk startkf `ut by
uscej sclpikr hpj clajks g`r tkstcej as sd`we8
Gcj 2=8 BrusdGcrk Eavcjatc`e
Kvketuaiiy wk pr`jrksskf t` l`rk m`lpicmatkf smaik l`fki rkprksketatc`es `g `ur RC]K Iab
w`rnspamk aef l`rk rkaicstcm l`fki-typk `bstamiks piamkf wctdce tdat w`rnspamk. Ce ail`st aii `gtdksk scluiatc`es tdk r`b`t was abik t` fktkrlcek tdk sd`rtkst m`st patd t` cts kef p`cet spkmcgckf.
D`wkvkr, pkrdaps lancej tdk `bstamiks as l`fkis wctdce tdk mgj gcik `r g`r s`lk `tdkr rkas`e
tdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl ail`st aiways mrasdkf furcej l`rk mdaiikejcej tkst rues.
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;.; Rue-Vclk Eavcjatc`e
Zk wkrk e`t abik t` usk `ur BrusdGcrk pr`jrals g`r rkai rue-
tclk eavcjatc`e. Vdkrk wkrk e`t `eiy i`jcmai pr`bikls ce
clpiklketatc`e `g tdk aij`rctdl but ais` tdk tkst m`estracets wdcmd
bkmalk a scjecgcmaet durfik ce tdk way. G`r kxalpik, wk ekkf t`
pr`vcfk g`rwarf aef aejuiar vki`mctcks ce `rfkr t` pdyscmaiiy frcvk
`ur wdkkimdacr uscej tdk EC 7??3 []B. D`wkvkr, tdk BrusdGcrk m`fk
f`ks e`t eavcjatk baskf `e vki`mcty varcabiks, ct eavcjatks baskf tdk
rkiatcvk jrcf vaiuks gr`l start p`cet t` kef p`cet. I`jcmaiiy wk m`uif
e`t traesiatk tdk `utput `g tdk iattkr cet` jcvcej vki`mcty vaiuks t` tdk
p`wkr frcvk `g `ur wdkkimdacr. Ae`tdkr scjecgcmaet pr`bikl was tdk
slaii tkst spamk aef tdk iclctkf sm`pk `g `bstamik av`cfaemk aef
eavcjatc`e wk m`uif agg`rf wctdce tdat tkst spamk as wkii as tdk gr`et
tw` wdkkis `g tdk wdkkimdacr bkcej cfik aef mauscej scjecgcmaet
fkvcatc`es bktwkkes tdk kxpkmtkf aef amtuai wdkkimdacr l`tc`e.
Ce vckw `g tdksk aef `tdkr pr`bikls, wk sclpicgckf `ur eavcjatc`e
smdklk g`r tdk wdkkimdacr baskf `e a s`iutc`e pr`p`skf by Iab
Kejcekkr Adlkf Dussace Qurksdc. Zk uskf `ur _iaykrY]tajk —mgj– gcik
as `ur lkaes g`r sclpik eavcjatc`e. [scej `ur mgj gcik, tdk r`b`t was
jcvke ae cectcai start p`sctc`e aef ae cectcai aejuiar dkafcej ce `rfkr
t` l`vk tdk r`b`t ai`ej tdat dkafcej. Vdk r`b`t was tdus abik t`
l`vk ai`ej tdk icek wk waetkf ct l`vk ai`ej, lkaewdcik `ur m`fk was
uskf t` pr`vcfk ae kef p`cet ai`ej tdk ikejtd `g tdk icek tdk r`b`t
travkis ai`ej. @emk tdk r`b`t das rkamdkf tdat spkmcgckf p`cet ai`ej
tdk icek, tdk r`b`t l`tc`e tkrlceatks.]cemk l`st `g `ur tkstcej `e tdk wdkkimdacr rkqucrkf g`r tdk mdacr t`
l`vk ai`ej a stracjdt icek wdcik av`cfcej `bstamiks ce cts patd, wk
wkrk abik t` summkssguiiy usk tdcs eavcjatc`e tkmdecquk ce `ur
sclpicgckf scluiatc`es aef traci rues ce tdk iab.
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MDA_VKR 78 EKVZ@RNCEJ
7.1 Cetr`fumtc`e
ektw`rncej bktwkke m`lputkrs aii`ws m`lluecmatc`e bktwkke fcggkrket uskrs aef pr`jrals,
tdus keabicej sdarcej `g ceg`rlatc`e bktwkke m`lputkrs i`matkf at fcggkrket i`matc`es. Vdk
ceg`rlatc`e sdarkf `e ektw`rns cs ammksscbik t` aii tdk m`lputkrs m`eekmtkf `e tdk ektw`rn.
Vdkrk ark tw` lace typks `g M`lputkr ektw`rns,
(C) Zcrkikss Ektw`rn
(CC) Zcrkf Ektw`rn
Zk uskf Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej g`r `ur pr`hkmt as ct keabikf us t` m`lluecmatk wctd tdk
wdkkimdacr gr`l a fcstaemk wctd`ut aey wcrkf m`eekmtc`e, tdkrkg`rk keabicej grkk l`tc`e `g tdk
Zdkkimdacr wctd`ut aey dcefraemk.
7.1.1 Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej
Zcrkikss ektw`rncej cs a gikxcbik fata m`lluecmatc`es systkl, wdcmd usks wcrkikss lkfca
sumd as rafc` grkqukemy tkmde`i`jy t` traeslct aef rkmkcvk fata `vkr tdk acr, lceclczcej tdk
ekkf g`r wcrkf m`eekmtc`es. ]umd ektw`rns ark uskf t` rkpiamk wcrkf ektw`rns aef ark l`st
m`ll`eiy uskf t` pr`vcfk iast gkw stajks `g m`eekmtcvcty bktwkke a l`bcik uskr aef a wcrkf
ektw`rn.
Gcj. 268 Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej
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Zcrkikss ektw`rns usk kikmtr`lajektcm wavks t` m`lluecmatk ceg`rlatc`e gr`l `ek p`cet t`
ae`tdkr wctd`ut rkiycej `e aey pdyscmai m`eekmtc`e. Rafc` wavks ark `gtke rkgkrrkf t` as rafc`
marrckrs bkmausk tdky sclpiy pkrg`rl tdk guemtc`e `g fkicvkrcej kekrjy t` a rkl`tk rkmkcvkr.
Vdk fata bkcej traeslcttkf cs supkrclp`skf `e tdk rafc` marrckr s` tdat ct mae bk ammuratkiy
kxtramtkf at tdk rkmkcvcej kef. @emk fata cs supkrclp`skf (l`fuiatkf) `et` tdk rafc` marrckr,
tdk rafc` scjeai `mmupcks l`rk tdae a scejik grkqukemy, scemk tdk grkqukemy `r bct ratk `g tdk
l`fuiatcej ceg`rlatc`e affs t` tdk marrckr. Luitcpik rafc` marrckrs mae kxcst ce tdk salk spamk
at tdk salk tclk wctd`ut cetkrgkrcej wctd kamd `tdkr cg tdk rafc` wavks ark traeslcttkf `e
fcggkrket rafc` grkqukemcks. V` kxtramt fata, a rafc` rkmkcvkr tueks ce `ek rafc` grkqukemy wdcik
rkhkmtcej aii `tdkr grkqukemcks. Vdk l`fuiatkf scjeai tdus rkmkcvkf cs tdke fkl`fuiatkf aef
tdk fata cs kxtramtkf gr`l tdk scjeai.
7.1.2 Afvaetajks `g Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej
Zcrkikss ektw`rns `ggkr tdk g`ii`wcej afvaetajks `vkr trafctc`eai wcrkf Ektw`rns8
L`bcicty8 Vdky pr`vcfk l`bcik uskrs wctd ammkss t` rkai-tclk ceg`rlatc`e s` tdat tdky mae
r`al ar`uef ce tdk ektw`rn wctd`ut jkttcej fcsm`eekmtkf gr`l tdk ektw`rn. Vdcs l`bcicty
supp`rts pr`fumtcvcty aef skrvcmk `pp`rtuectcks e`t p`sscbik wctd wcrkf ektw`rns.
Cestaiiatc`e spkkf aef sclpicmcty8 Cestaiicej a wcrkikss systkl mae bk gast aef kasy aef mae
kiclceatk tdk ekkf t` puii mabik tdr`ujd waiis aef mkcicejs.
Rkamd `g tdk ektw`rn8 Vdk ektw`rn mae bk kxtkefkf t` piamks wdcmd maee`t bk wcrkf
L`rk Gikxcbcicty8 Zcrkikss ektw`rns `ggkr l`rk gikxcbcicty aef afapt kasciy t` mdaejks ce tdk
m`egcjuratc`e `g tdk ektw`rn.
Rkfumkf m`st `g `wekrsdcp8 Zdcik tdk cectcai cevkstlket rkqucrkf g`r wcrkikss ektw`rn
darfwark mae bk dcjdkr tdae tdk m`st `g wcrkf ektw`rn darfwark, `vkraii cestaiiatc`e
kxpkesks aef icgk-mymik m`sts mae bk scjecgcmaetiy i`wkr ce fyealcm kevcr`elkets.
]maiabcicty8 Zcrkikss systkls mae bk m`egcjurkf ce a varckty `g t`p`i`jcks t` lkkt tdk ekkfs
`g spkmcgcm appicmatc`es aef cestaiiatc`es. M`egcjuratc`es mae bk kasciy mdaejkf aef raejk
gr`l pkkr-t`-pkkr ektw`rns suctabik g`r a slaii eulbkr `g uskrs t` iarjk cegrastrumturk
ektw`rns tdat keabik r`alcej `vkr a br`af arka.
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7.2 ]m`pk
Ce tdcs pr`hkmt wk uskf tw` m`lputkrs `pkratcej ce paraiiki. Vdk gcrst m`lputkr daf [buetu as ae
@pkratcej ]ystkl wctd _iaykr/]tajk aef EktBkaes. Vdk w`rncej aij`rctdl javk tdk vki`mcty
`utput st`rkf ce varcabik g`rl tdat was t` bk traeslcttkf. Zk uskf wcrkikss m`lluecmatc`e t`
traeslct tdksk vki`mcty vaiuks gr`l tdk eavcjatc`e aij`rctdl t` tdk IabWckw `pkratkf m`lputkr.
Vdcs IabWckw m`fk gurtdkr traesiatkf tdksk vaiuks cet` v`itajk `utputs, tdkrkby keabicej tdk
ammuratk l`vklket `g tdk wdkkimdacr
7.= Ictkraturk Rkvckw
Vdk Ektw`rncej tasn rkqucrkf a i`t `g ictkraturk rkafcej as tdk m`fcej g`r mrkatcej a ektw`rn aef
fata traesgkr was a gacriy ekw g`r us. Vdcs cev`ivkf tdk stufy `g staefarf ektw`rncej tut`rcais
aef laeuais. G`ii`wcej ark s`lk `g tdk Vut`rcais tdat wkrk uskf g`r Ektw`rncej.
(C) Bkkh Ektw`rncej tut`rcai
(CC) Iaetr`ecx Ektw`rncej tut`rcai
7.6 ]krvkr/Micket
Vdk Ektw`rn m`lluecmatc`e cs baskf `e a skrvkr/micket systkl. Zk uskf tdk skrvkr t` traeslct
gi`at typk fata t` tdk micket by mastcej ct cet` a bceary vaiuk. Vdk Micket cetkrprktkf tdcs fata typk
ce bceary aef tdke rk-maimuiatkf tdk vaiuks ce gi`at typk fata.
7.6.1 ]`mnkts
Vdk gcrst stkp g`r mrkatcej a skrvkr was t` mrkatk a parket s`mnkt. Vdkrk ark tw` typks `g s`mnkts
]trkal s`mnkts aef Fatajral s`mnkts. Zk uskf ]trkal ]`mnkts g`r `ur skrvkr bkmausk ]trkal
s`mnkts ark rkicabik tw`-way m`eekmtkf m`lluecmatc`e strkals. Cg wk tw` `utput ctkls cet` tdk
s`mnkt ce tdk `rfkr ’1, 2“, tdky wcii arrcvk ce tdk `rfkr ’1, 2“ at tdk `pp`sctk kef aef tdky wcii bk
krr`r grkk.
Wki`mcty ]krvkr Micket
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7.6.2 C_ affrkssks
Vdk C_ affrkss `g tdk parket s`mnkt m`eekmtc`e t` tdk skrvkr was ne`we. Ct was ce tdk g`rl `g
C_v6. Vdcs C_ affrkss was uskf by tdk micket pr`jral t` m`eekmt wctd tdk skrvkr `e tdk ektw`rn
aef pcmn up tdk fata.
7.6.= Bytk `rfkr
Vdk m`lputkr st`rks fata bytks ce tw` fcggkrket `rfkrs.
(C) Icttik-Kefcae8 Zdke rkprksketcej a tw` bytk fcjct icnk b=6g, tdcs typk `g bytk `rfkr
wcii st`rk tdk skquketcai bytks 6g g`ii`wkf by b= ce tdk lkl`ry. Vdcs st`rajk lktd`f
cs maiikf Icttik-Kefcae.
(CC) Bcj-Kefcae8 Zdke wk waet t` rkprksket a tw` bytk icnk b=6g, tdke wk–ii ekkf t`
st`rk ct ce tw` skquketcai bytks b= g`ii`wkf by 6g. Vdcs eulbkr, st`rkf wctd tdk bcj
kef gcrst, aef tdk slaii kef iast cs maiikf tdk Bcj-Kefcae `rfkr
Vdus wk uefkrstaef tdat g`r Cetki lcmr`pr`mkss`rs tdat usk icttik-Kefcae, Vdk m`lputkr lay davk
bkke st`rcej bytks ce rkvkrsk `rfkr. V` m`uetkr tdcs pr`bikl wk mast tdk kiklket ce bceary `rfkr
aef usk tdk guemtc`e ektw`rn bytk `rfkr tdat lanks surk tdat tdk bytk `rfkr rklaces tdk salk ce
b`td m`lputkrs. Zk lank usk `g tdk i`ej typk varcabiks tdat keabik g`ur bytk st`rajk.
7.; Appicmatc`e
Vdk wd`ik ektw`rncej pr`mkss mae bk sullkf up ce tdk g`ii`wcej p`cets8
(C) ]kttcej up a ]krvkr
(CC) Lancej a Rksp`escvk Micket
(CCC) Kstabicsdcej a wcrkikss Ektw`rn g`r m`lluecmatc`e
(CW) ]kefcej aef Rkmkcvcej Fata
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MDA_VKR :8 VK]VCEJ AEF @_VCLCXAVC@E
:.1 Vkstcej Iclctatc`es
:.2 @bstamik Av`cfaemk Vkstcej
Zk pkrg`rlkf tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk tkstcej `e tdk wdkkimdacr
wctdce tdk RC]K Iab tkst spamk. Vdk wdkkimdacr was skt up by
m`eekmtcej tdk IRG t` cts p`wkr m`rfs d``nkf up t` tdk wdkkimdacr–s
battkry. Vdk []B _`rt gr`l tdk IRG was m`eekmtkf t` tdk _`rt? `g
Iapt`p 1 rueecej [buetu aef _iaykrY]tajk wdcmd was sktup ce `rfkr
t` keabik ct t` rkaf IRG rkafcejs ce rkai tclk. Lkaewdcik Iapt`p 2
rueecej IabWCKZ was skt up `et` tdk wdkkimdacr tabik aef tdcsiapt`p was m`eekmtkf wcrkikss wctd tdk `tdkr `ek `vkr tdk V_-Icen.
Iapt`p 2 was ais` d``nkf up t` tdk h`ystcmn m`etr`i `g tdk fcggkrketcai
frcvk `g tdk wdkkimdacr vca tdk EC 7??3 []B. Zk mdkmn tdk wdkkimdacr
klkrjkemy brank systkl `emk aef rue `ur m`fk `e _iaykrY]tajk aef
rue tdk IabWCKZ m`fk `emk a m`eekmtc`e das bkke kstabicsdkf
bktwkke tdk tw` m`lputkrs. Vdk g`ii`w ark tdk fksmrcptc`es `g tdk
lace typks `g @bstamik Av`cfaemk tracis wk pkrg`rlkf8
:.2.1 ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk
G`r `ur traci rue g`r ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk wk uskf `ur ]kt]pkkfs baskf @bstamik
Av`cfaemk aij`rctdl. Vdk aij`rctdl lafk tdk wdkkimdacr dait g`r a gkw skm`efs cectcaiiy ce `rfkr
aii`w a ektw`rn t` sktup aef ais` s` as e`t t` amtcvatk tdk klkrjkemy brank lkmdaecsl `g tdk
wdkkimdacr. Agtkr a wdcik, tdk wdkkimdacr cs pr`vcfkf g`rwarf vki`mcty `g ?.4 wdcmd cs tdk
lceclul vki`mcty rkqucrkf g`r frcvcej tdk wdkkimdacr. @emk tdk wdkkimdacr fktkmts `bstamik at
1.=l `r mi`skr fcrkmtiy ce gr`et `g ct, tdk wdkkimdacr e`tks cts m``rfceatks aef usks tdkl t` l`vk
ar`uef tdk `bstamik ce gr`et wd`sk fclkesc`es wk davk assulkf t` bk ne`we.
:.2.2 3?˘ Av`cfaemk
@ur ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk cs `g tw` typks b`td baskf `e ]kt]pkkfs @bstamik
av`cfaemk. @ek cs 3?˘ av`cfaemk wdcmd lanks usk `g 3?˘ aejiks ce `rfkr t` l`vk ar`uef tdk
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`bstamik. Agtkr fktkmtcej tdk `bstamik tdk wdkkimdacr l`vks `ut `g cts patd d`rcz`etaiiy, ct
mr`ssks tdk `bstamiks at a spkmcgckf fcstaemk gr`l ct aef m`lks bamn t` cts `rcjceai patd icek
d`rcz`etaiiy agtkr lancej ykt ae`tdkr 3?˘ ture. _r`bikls arcsk furcej 3?˘ @bstamik
Av`cfaemk wdke tdk gr`et wdkkis bkdavk fcggkrketiy aef tramk a fcggkrket aejik (e`t
kqucvaiket t` 3?˘) gr`l `ek trcai rue t` tdk `tdkr. A p`sscbik s`iutc`e g`r tdcs cs t` nkkp tdk
tkstcej m`efctc`es as sclciar as wk mae s` tdat tkst rksuits mae bk rkpkatkf baskf `e `ur tclk
maicbratc`es. Wcfk` 1 pr`vcfkf sd`ws ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk wctd 3?˘ tures.
:.2.= Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk
Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk cs kssketcaiiy tdk salk tdcej as 3?˘
av`cfaemk kxmkpt tdat ct lanks tdk wdkkimdacr av`cf tdk `bstamik ce
gr`et at ae aejik. M`eskquketiy, tdk wdkkimdacr travkis ikss fcstaemk
tdae ct f`ks ce mask `g 3?˘ av`cfaemk. As bkg`rk, wk ajace usk
]kt]pkkfs baskf av`cfaemk but tdcs tclk, cestkaf `g uscej tclk maiis
g`r i`ej ke`ujd t` aii`w tdk wdkkimdacr t` lank 3?˘ aejiks wk `eiy
aii`w ct t` lank slaiikr 6;-7?˘ aejiks aef t` j` `ut `g tdk patd `g tdk
`bstamik aef t` m`lk bamn t` tdk `rcjceai patd ce tdk salk way as
bkg`rk.
Vdkrk cs a lah`r pr`bikl wctd clpiklket aejuiar `bstamik av`cfaemk
uscej `ur m`fk, baskf `e tdk p`cet at gr`l wdcmd tdk wdkkimdacr
fktkmts tdk `bstamik ce gr`et `g ct. Cts turecej aejik m`estaetiy varcks
gr`l `ek trcai rue t` tdk ekxt. Vdcs p`cet nkkps mdaejcej bkmausk `g
tdk IRG smae varcatc`es aef tdk ceammuramcks mauskf by tdk gr`et
wdkkis, tdus `ek traci rue lay e`t ikaf t` a skm`ef summkssgui trcai rue
aef wk ekkf t` rkiy `e dct-aef-trcai t` jkt tdcs t` w`rn g`r aey spkmcgcm
tkst m`efctc`e. Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk cs sd`we ce Wcfk` =.
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Gcj 2;8
3? fkjrkks aef Aejuiar @bstamik Av`cfaemk
:.= Luitcpik @bstamik Av`cfaemk@ur Luitcpik @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk lanks usk `g tdk ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk wctd 3?˘
tures m`eskmutcvkiy. Icnk bkg`rk, wdkkimdacr cs prkppkf g`r l`tc`e by jcvcej ct zkr` vki`mcty
vaiuks. Agtkr a wdcik, ct cs jcvke a g`rwarf vki`mcty `g ?.4l t` jkt ct startkf. Zdke tdk gcrst
`bstamik cs fktkmtkf, tdk wdkkimdacr daits aef lanks a 3?˘ tures aef l`vks d`rcz`etaiiy t` av`cf
tdk gcrst `bstamik. Ct m`etceuks `e cts ekw patd tdcs tclk aef as ct kem`uetkrs a skm`ef `bstamik ce
gr`et `g ct. Ct ajace lanks a 3?˘ ture aef av`cfs tdk `bstamik by l`vcej d`rcz`etaiiy.
Ae`tdkr sicjdt varcatc`e wk m`uif davk pr`jrallkf g`r tdcs m`fk m`uif davk bkke luitcpik
`bstamik av`cfaemk sumd tdat tdk `bstamik rkturekf t` cts `rcjceai patd ai`ej wdcmd ct startkf. Ct cs
kasciy p`sscbik by lancej sicjdt l`fcgcmatc`es `e `ur murrket m`fk.
:.6 Fyealcm @bstamik Av`cfaemk
Vdcs cs ae`tdkr slaii tasn wk m`uif amm`lpicsd uscej `ur murrket m`fk d`wkvkr, wk davk e`t ykt
pkrgkmtkf ct furcej tracis rues. ]clpicstcm Fyealcm @bstamik Av`cfaemk cs ais` p`sscbik uscej `ur
murrket ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk M`fk. D`wkvkr, wk davk e`t daf tdk tclk t` clpiklket ct ce
iab as sumd. Zk ekkf t` usk tdk salk m`fk as tdat wk uskf bkg`rk g`r ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk.
D`wkvkr, tdcs tclk `emk tdk `bstamik das bkke fktkmtkf wk ekkf t` jcvk tdk wdkkimdacr a vki`mcty
s`lkwdat jrkatkr tdae ?.4 say 1.4 `r s`lktdcej wdcmd w`uif mausk tdk wdkkimdacr t` l`vk
gastkr tdae tdk `tdkr fyealcm `bhkmt l`vcej fcrkmtiy ce gr`et `g ct aef t` lacetace tdat spkkf
furcej aef agtkr `bstamik av`cfaemk. Gurtdkr tkstcej cs kem`urajkf ce tdcs fcrkmtc`e scemk ct w`uif
qucmniy yckif rksuits.
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:.; Eavcjatc`e Vkstcej@ur Rue-Vclk baskf Eavcjatc`e tkmdecquks lancej usk `g tdk mgj gcik t` f` sclpik eavcjatc`e
g`r tdk wdkkimdacr uscej cts start p`cet aef cts aejuiar dkafcej at tdk start p`cet w`rnkf pkrgkmtiy
ce kvkry traci rue. Vdk wdkkimdacr was abik t` kef up at kxamtiy wdkrk wk waetkf ct t` j` ce
ail`st kvkry scejik trcai rue.
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MDA_VKR 48 M@EMI[]C@E & RKM@LLKEFAVC@E]
4.1 M`emiusc`esVdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr cs ae clp`rtaet tkmdecmai s`iutc`e t` tdk pr`bikls p`skf
by tdk trafctc`eai p`wkrkf wdkkimdacrs. Ct mae keabik tdk kef-uskr t` usk tdk wdkkimdacr by
dclskig wctd`ut tdk ekkf `g aey `tdkr pkrs`e, crrkspkmtcvk `g tdkcr fcsabcicty `r pdyscmai
m`efctc`e. G`r pk`pik wctd _arnces`e–s, Luitcpik ]mikr`scs `r Vktrapikjca, ae aut`e`l`us
wdkkimdacr mae bk a lkaes t` ae cefkpkefket, guigciicej icgk.
Ce tdk m`ursk `g `ur Gceai Skar _r`hkmt ketctikf —Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr– wk davk bkke
abik t` lank fkmket pr`jrkss t`warfs `ur frkal `g fkvki`pcej sumd a wdkkimdacr dkrk ce
_ancstae. Zk m`uif e`t davk j`ttke aeywdkrk daf ct e`t bkke g`r tdk ]AN[RA aut`latkf
wdkkimdacr pr`vcfkf t` us at RC]K Iab. Vdk aut`latkf wdkkimdacr daf tdk kikmtr`ecm m`etr`i aef
tdk darfwark wdcmd was a ekmkssary prkrkqucsctk g`r `ur pr`hkmt.
Zk wkrk abik t` l`fcgy tdk kxcstcej darfwark `g tdk wdkkimdacr t` l`uet `ur IRG aef tdk
iapt`p tabik wctd kikmtr`ecms d`uscej. @ur darfwark fkscje cs l`fuiar, sclpicstcm aef m`lpiktkiy
fktamdabik. Ce tdk m`ursk `g guturk w`rn `e tdk wdkkimdacr darfwark, subskquket skes`r l`uetsmae tdk fkscjekf kctdkr `e t`p `g `ur `we l`uets `r ce piamk `g tdk d`iks aef gastkekrs tdat wk
davk airkafy uskf.
As g`r tdk pr`hkmt tasns `g @bstamik Av`cfaemk aef Eavcjatc`e, wk wkrk abik t` lank
rkspkmtabik pr`jrkss `e b`td tdk gr`ets. E`t `eiy m`uif wk summkssguiiy clpiklket @bstamik
Av`cfaemk aef Eavcjatc`e ce `ur scluiatc`es, wk wkrk abik t` clpiklket b`td furcej `ur tracis
rues ce tdk iab. D`wkvkr, `eiy `e a l`rk rkstrcmtkf smaik aef appr`xclatcej tdk bkdavc`r `g `ur
`rcjceai aij`rctdl m`llaefs by uscej sikkp maiis wctd fcggkrket tclk vaiuks.
Gceaiiy, wk wkrk abik t` summkssguiiy upjrafk tdk wdkkimdacr gr`l cts h`ystcmn m`etr`i t` iapt`p
m`etr`i wdcik lancej usk `g skes`r rkafcejs aii ce rkai tclk. A r`bust IabWCKZ pr`jral was
uskf t` frcvk tdk wdkkimdacr by jcvcej ct p`wkr/ vki`mcty vaiuks aef _iaykrY]tajk was uskf t`
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m`iikmt fata gr`l tdk IRG g`r summkssgui `bstamik av`cfaemk ce ail`st kvkry scejik trcai rue.
4.1.1 Ikarecej @utm`lks
Zdke wk startkf `ut wctd tdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr at tdk start `g tdk ykar wk fcf e`t
davk a i`t `g bamnjr`uef ne`wikfjk t` j` `e. Ce gamt, tdk `eiy tdcej wk daf was tdk cfka `g tdk
gceai sdapk `g tdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr tdat wk waetkf t` jkt t`. Aef as wk startkf
`ut, ct was uemikar d`w kxamtiy wk w`uif davk t` pr`mkkf ce `rfkr t` jkt t` tdat gceai stajk.
Zk t``n tdk gcrst stkps uefkr tdk jucfaemk `g Fr. Sasar Ayaz aef ]cr Ndawaha Gadaf Cqbai aef
kvketuaiiy tdk r`af adkaf bkmalk mikar stkp by stkp. Zk startkf by jkttcej amquacetkf wctd
[buetu aef tdk _iaykrY]tajk cetkrgamk. Zk stufckf gr`l tdk _iaykrY]tajk laeuai aef bucit aef
tkstkf skvkrai slaiikr _iaykrY]tajk pr`jrals. Kvketuaiiy wk startkf cetkjratcej `ur M++ m`fcej
cet` `ur _iaykrY]tajk ]cluiatc`es aef pr`jrallcej g`r l`rk m`lpicmatkf pr`bikl smkearc`s.
Zk ikarecej m`fcej ce IabWCKZ wctd Aic Bce Zadcf wd` daf airkafy fkvki`pkf a slaii
IabWCKZ pr`jral t` m`evkrt tdk wdkkimdacr–s h`ystcmn m`etr`i t` iapt`p m`etr`i. Zk
m`lpicmatkf up`e dcs `rcjceai pr`jral as wkii cem`rp`ratk tdk Zcrkikss skttcejs aef VM_
br`afmastcej g`r IabWCKZ s` tdat IabWCKZ m`uif m`lluecmatk ce rkai tclk wctd `ur
_iaykrY]tajk m`fk.
Ae`tdkr mdaiikejcej tasn was skttcej up tdk _iaykrY]tajk m`fks t` w`rn `e tdk darfwark ratdkr
tdae ce scluiatc`es. Vdk IRG daf t` bk upjrafkf gr`l tdk scluiatc`es pr`xy t` tdk []B _`rt ?
pr`xy aef ekxt, wk daf t` ektw`rn tdk m`lputkrs. Vdk mrux `g `ur ektw`rncej was baskf `e tdk
wcrkikss V_-Icen aef ce `ur M++ m`fk tdat uskf skefFata m`llaefs rkpktctcvkiy kamd tclk a
]kt]pkkf maii was lafk ce `ur m`fk.
Ae`tdkr ikarecej `utm`lk `g tdk pr`hkmt was jkttcej t` uefkrstaef tdk amtuai bkdavc`r `g tdk
wdkkimdacr as ct fcggkrkf gr`l tdk gauitikss scluiatc`es wk m`uif mrkatk ce _iaykrY]tajk. ]kvkrai
tkst varcabiks l`fcgckf tdk bkdavc`r `g `ur wdkkimdacr ce tdk rkai tclk k.j. tdk surgamk grcmtc`e `g
tdk tkst spamk, tdk uem`etr`iiabik varcatc`es ce tdk gr`et wdkkis l`tc`e aef tdk al`uet `g battkry
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p`wkr avaciabik t` tdk wdkkimdacr.
4.2 Guturk Rkm`llkefatc`es
Guturk w`rn `e tdk Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr m`uif cev`ivk clpr`vklkets `e tdk murrket
@bstamik Av`cfaemk aef Eavcjatc`e tdk`rkls. Zk davk `eiy lafk usk `g tdk l`st sclpicstcm
aij`rctdls at tdcs p`cet wdcmd ark j``f ke`ujd g`r r``l ikvki l`vklkets but ce `rfkr t` lank
tdk wdkkimdacr l`rk kedaemkf wk ekkf t` l`vk t`warfs bucifcej ikvki eavcjatc`e aef g`r tdat
m`lpicmatc`e eavcjatc`e aij`rctdls icnk tdk BrusdGcrk `r tdk FG] `r BG] aij`rctdls ekkf t` bk
clpiklketkf g`r wdkkimdacr l`tc`e.
Vdk wdkkimdacr darfwark ais` ekkfs sicjdt clpr`vklkets. Ce
cts murrket statk, tdk wdkkimdacr tabik cs e`t p`sctc`ekf m`rrkmtiy t`
amm`ll`fatk guiiy tdk wdkkimdacr uskr–s ikjs. Vdk tabik piatg`rl
ekkfs t` bk racskf aef ais` m`etraptc`es ekkf t` bk cestaiikf g`r `tdkr
skes`rs.
Iastiy tdkrk cs ais` a i`t `g sm`pk g`r clpr`vklket ce tdk fkscje `g `ur
murrket IabWCKZ pr`jral g`r frcvcej tdk wdkkimdacr. As ct cs `ur
IabWCKZ pr`jral cs gacriy sclpicstcm aef cs lkrkiy traesiatcej tdk
vki`mcty vaiuks bkcej rkmkcvkf gr`l tdk m`fk. Zk ekkf t` fkvki`p a
IabWCKZ pr`jral tdat m`uif cetkramt wctd luitcpik _iaykrY]tajk
M++ m`fks rkafcej aef pr`mksscej fata gr`l luitcpik skes`rs. @emk
wk davk fkvki`pkf tkmdecquks t` cem`rp`ratk sumd pr`mksscej wctdce
IabWCKZ ctskig tdk wdkkimdacr wcii bk bkm`lk vastiy l`rk cetkiicjket
tdae ct cs rcjdt e`w.
Vdkrk cs a i`ej r`af adkaf maiicej g`r kxtkescvk kgg`rts ce
pr`jrallcej kspkmcaiiy aef stufkets wctd a str`ej pr`jrallcej `r
tkmdecmai bamnjr`uef w`uif bk bkst suctkf t` tank `e tdcs pr`hkmt ce
tdk guturk.
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A__KEFCT A
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RKGKRKEMK]
dttp8//piaykrstajk.s`urmkg`rjk.ekt/
dttp8//piaykrstajk.s`urmkg`rjk.ekt/piaykr/piaykr.dtli
dttp8//www.ec.m`l/pfg/laeuais/=:1=?=l.pfg
dttp8//bkkh.us/jucfk/bjekt/
dttp8//bkkh.us/jucfk/bjekt/`utput/prcet/bjektP[]Ikttkr.pfg
dttp8//www.iaetr`ecx.m`l/rks`urmks/ektw`rncej.dtli
^1\ Ruggiks, _.M.>